CN103380698A - Greenhouse medium seedling method of seedless watermelon - Google Patents
Greenhouse medium seedling method of seedless watermelon Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a greenhouse medium seedling method of seedless watermelon. The method comprises variety selection, seed qualification, seedbed establishment, seeding, grafting, post-grafting seedbed management and disease control. According to the greenhouse medium seedling method of the seedless watermelon, by improving traditional grafting technologies and by means of patented key technologies and measures such as greenhouse electrical heating hotbed seedling heat and moisture preservation, sprouting seeding, patch grafting and large-tray-packed Chinese medicine residue seedling mediums, the aim of improving the seed germination rate, the planting rate and the grafted seedling surviving rate can be achieved. The greenhouse medium seedling method of the seedless watermelon greatly saves the cost, improves the working efficiency, reduces the damage to grafted seedlings due to transplantation, is easy to operate and improves the economic benefits.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the cultivating watermelon technical field, relate in particular to a kind of method of aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling.
Background technology
Aspermous watermelon is because being subject to consumer's favor without seed, the selling market market are better, and melon grower's planting benefit is good, and the enthusiasm of various places Cotton Varieties by Small Farming Households aspermous watermelon is higher.But because aspermous watermelon seed shell is thick, germination rate is low, and the rate of growing seedlings, survival rate are low, is ubiquitous problem in producing.
In recent years various places in succession study and reported the aspermous watermelon batch production, the professional rich and influential family's scale of growing seedlings, plantation family fragmentary multiple seedling-cultivating method.As, Wang Fengjuan, Deng Yangyong " research of aspermous watermelon graft seedling growth " [Agriculture of Anhui science, 2003,31 (3:453-454)] report, aspermous watermelon seedling growing process employing greenhouse by solar heat tip cutting in early spring connects, inarching method, and result shows: the shoot survival percent 66% of pegging graft January, be abutted against shoot survival percent 85%; The shoot survival percent 80% of pegging graft February is abutted against shoot survival percent 92%.Sun Xugang, Chen Zaixin, Chen Qiji " research of aspermous watermelon Grafting Effect " [Chinese melon dish, 2007] report adopts inarching method and tip cutting connection, and result shows that inarching method grafting survival rate is significantly higher than the tip cutting connection, and the black marshal of the kind of use is up to 90.3%.Urge fragrant lotus " aspermous watermelon graft seedling growth technology " [modern agriculture science and technology, 2008,4], make nutrient soil pot with plastic sack, adopting pegs graft sends out, inarching method is grown seedlings.Wang Pengcheng, Ren Huaifu, Gu Defa " impact of little aspermous watermelon factorial seedling growth grafting method on grafting efficiency and planting percent " [Anhui agronomy circular, 2009,15 (13)] report adopts the supporting younger ones in an age group's stock of above the average age for marriage scion seedling top oblique cutting connection, one side is cut in scion, graft survival rate is 94% as a result, and during grafting efficiency 220.5 strains/people, the seedling ratio reaches 0.57.Fan Houya, Wang Pengcheng " aspermous watermelon ' the supporting younger ones in an age group's stock of an above the average age for marriage scion top oblique cutting ' graft technology " literary composition [Chinese gardening digest, 2012,7] report, the intensive seedling production employing supporting younger ones in an age group's stock of above the average age for marriage scion seedling top oblique cutting connection, the two sides is cut in scion, but seedling grafting rate is more than 95%, seedling is than being 1.3-1.5: 1, and strong sprout, rate was more than 90%.About utilizing watermelon stem section tissue to carry out the report of batch production graft seedling growth, as Tang Yuefeng, thorough, julid flat " the aspermous watermelon tissue is cultivated and the graft seedling growth technical research " [Agriculture in Hunan science, 2006, (5): 43-45], the king rushes, Li Zhongyong, Liu Min, the beans favour is quick, Mao Zhiquan " aspermous watermelon stem section tissue is cultivated and the graft seedling growth technical research " [Chinese agronomy circular, 2010,5] etc.Above various places research report, suitable specialty grow seedlings the rich and influential family and the plantation family the aspermous watermelon seedling-cultivating method basically adopt booth or little shed nutrient soil pot to grow seedlings, grafting method mostly is tip cutting and connects, is abutted against seedling method, the greenhouse by solar heat measure such as grow seedlings in early spring, although planting percent and the survival rate of growing seedlings improve a lot, and also have variety of issue.As adopt nutrient soil pot to grow seedlings, and in a single day disease occurs seedling stage, should be transmitted to whole seedbed, be difficult to control; The soil-borne diseases such as root knot nematode disease, fusarium wilt also easily occur behind native alms bowl seedling raising and transplanting land for growing field crops, have a strong impact on plantation family production; The demand that the tip cutting connection is little because of the contact-making surface of scion and stock, when early spring, greenhouse by solar heat was grown seedlings, temperature can not satisfy the seedless watermelon seedlings growth, and cause the aspermous watermelon graft survival rate not high; Though the inarching method survival rate connects higher than tip cutting, after surviving, grafting also needs artificial disconnecting fringe root, time-consuming taking a lot of work.Also there is various problems in industrial breeding technique, cultivates with the graft seedling growth technology as the watermelon tissue that adopts also to exist the rugosity of the watermelon stem section trained with watermelon production cycle contradiction, through group and stock mutually unsuitable and cause that availability is low, graft survival rate is not high; Adopt the supporting younger ones in an age group's stock of above the average age for marriage scion seedling top oblique cutting connection, the two sides is cut in scion, exists the scion seedling to cultivate overlong time, increases the problems such as scion cost, management cost increasing of cutting.
The germination rate that existing aspermous watermelon graft seedling growth exists is low, the grafting survival rate is low, the watermelon tissue that adopts cultivates that to train the rugosity of seedling and stock mutually suitable and cause that availability is low, graft survival rate is not high with graft seedling growth technology and the group of watermelon production cycle contradiction, watermelon stem section, has restricted the great development of aspermous watermelon production.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the embodiment of the present invention is to provide a kind of method of aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling, be intended to solve the germination rate that existing aspermous watermelon graft seedling growth exists low, the grafting survival rate is low, the watermelon tissue that adopts cultivates that to train the rugosity of seedling and stock mutually suitable and cause that availability is low, graft survival rate is not high with graft seedling growth technology and the group of watermelon production cycle contradiction, watermelon stem section, has restricted the problem of the great development of aspermous watermelon production.
The embodiment of the present invention is achieved in that a kind of method of aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling, and the method for this aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling comprises the following steps:
Step 1, aspermous watermelon are selected the kind of high-quality, disease-resistant, good stress resistance; The pollination watermelon is selected good stress resistance, the plant strain growth gesture is strong, output is high, and what be convenient to distinguish aspermous watermelon has a seed Schepisi melon; Stock selects that affinity is strong, high resistance to wilt good, low temperature resistant, moisture-proof, drought-enduring first-filial generation cucurbit kind;
Step 2, the corresponding seed quality criteria of choosing watermelon should meet GB16715.1-melon dish crop seed; The seed of stock is full, neat and consistent, and percentage of seedgermination is greater than 85%;
Step 3, leeward on the sunny side, physical features high and dry place sets up the seedbed, adopts the booth electric seed bed heater to grow seedlings;
Step 4, sowing mid-February of little shed cultivation adopted in the selection of aspermous watermelon seedtime, adopts the sowing in about March 20 of outdoor cropping, and scion is than stock late sowing 2d～3d; Aspermous watermelon is 4～5: 1 with pollination watermelon ratio;
Step 5, adopt the cultivation of little shed in the early March grafting, adopt the grafting at the beginning of 4 months of outdoor cropping; Grafting tool uses blade, special plastic Grafting clip; Adopt the pith-cambium grafting method grafting;
Step 6, the seedbed after grafting, canopy temperature is controlled at 25 ℃～30 ℃ of daytimes in 2d～3d, and at 18 ℃～20 ℃ of nights, booth is airtight, the humidity state that reaches capacity in canopy; After 2d～3d, humidity reaches 90%～95% moisturizing; Shading in 2d～3d, the canopy chamber will all seal;
Before step 7, grafting, 2d sprays 600 times of liquid of 75% tpn wetting powder to the seedbed, or 1500 times of liquid of 50% Sukeling prevent downy mildew, anthracnose, the tpn aerosol prevention of one-tenth current; Spray 1 time with 400～500 times of liquid of 70% mancozeb wettable powder after grafting survival; Grafting sprays prevention 1 time with 400 times of liquid 70% thiophanate methyls before going out the garden.
Further, in step 1, aspermous watermelon can be chosen Heimi 2, and the pollination watermelon can be selected No. 8, western agriculture, and stock can be selected super rich F1.
Further, in step 3, the method for building up of booth electric seed bed heater is:
The first step, booth are built length and decided by growing seedlings sum: bamboo wood booth is wide is 4.5m, high 1.8m～2.2m; Steelframe booth arch spacing 0.6cm～1.0cm, span 6m, shoulder height 1.4m～1.6m, the high 2.5m of canopy establishes little shed in canopy;
Second step, cave dish, matrix are prepared, and adopt the large cave in 48 holes or 32 holes dish; Select the Chinese medicine slag vegetable seedling substrate, add in vermiculite, slag adjustment EC value to 3.0, make watermelon seedling culturing substrate, concrete proportioning Chinese medicine slag: vermiculite: slag is 3: 1: 1;
In the 3rd step, electric seed bed heater is made, and the wide 1.5m of hotbed ploughs deeply 20cm, after an end, is smooth, and thick straw or the wheat bran of paving 5cm～7cm, paving one deck thin soil after the having peace of mind of watering, upper berth heating wire; The DV series heating wire that use Shanghai or Beijing produce, the long power of 60m is 600W, and the long power of 100m is 800W, and the long power of 120m is 1000W, how much can select the heating wire of different length according to the seedbed size with growing seedlings, and every square metre needs 50 watts～70 watts of electric thermal powers; During wiring at the bottom of bed two ends hammer into the long small wood of 20cm every 10cm～15cm, bury 2/3, adopt wiring back and forth, two connects automatic control switch; After completing heating wire, the paving layer of fine sand repaves one deck straw, discharges at last the cave dish, fills the watermelon seedling culturing substrate that is mixed with the Chinese medicine slag vegetable seedling substrate in the dish of cave, and waters permeable.
Further, in step 4, before watermelon seed sowing, seed is put into the warm water of 55 ℃～60 ℃, stop when being stirred to 35 ℃, immersion 4h～5h, the stock seed 1h that basks seeds, soak at room temperature 48h; Aspermous watermelon seed after seed soaking is picked up clean the surface of the seed mucus, dry moisture, kind of a shell is manually cracked out at the place gently between the teeth at hilum, is placed on vernalization under the condition of 31 ℃～33 ℃ with wet towel or after binding up with gauze, and picks sowing when radicle grows to 0.5cm; Stock vernalization under the condition of 25 ℃～28 ℃ picks sowing when radicle grows to 0.5cm;
The stock seed is broadcast in the dish of cave, before sowing, the cave dish is watered vola water, again the stock seed base-root is lain in cave dish central authorities downwards, rear covering matrix, thickness 1cm～1.5cm, epiphragma heat and moisture preserving after planting, with the aspermous watermelon kind and the pollination watermelon seed respectively uniform broadcasting in matrix being housed and watering permeable seedling-cultivating tray, after planting cover one deck matrix, thickness 1cm, last cover film is with heat and moisture preserving;
The aspermous watermelon seed needs higher temperature before cotyledon is unearthed, seedling raising greenhouse keeps 31 ℃～35 ℃, 25 ℃ of nights daytime, the stock seed keeps 28 ℃～32 ℃ daytime, keeps 20 ℃～25 ℃ night, throws off film during seedling arch soil, the rear venting of emerging cooling, daytime, the canopy temperature kept 22 ℃～25 ℃, and if 20 ℃ of nights are the seedbed lack of water, can water at noon flood, aspermous watermelon comes up and is often clamped by kind of a shell, needs manually shelling, namely " rehabilitates ".
Further, in step 5, after the scion seedling is extracted in advance, in being housed, embathe successively 3 times by 3 basins of 1000 times of 50% carbendazim solution; With blade with the scion seedling from 2cm place, stem top, become 30 degree angles to cut out a smooth single wedge surface, the long 0.4cm～0.6cm in inclined-plane; Stock is become miter angle plane prune a true leaf and core leaf along the stem top; The scion seedling that to cut immediately and rootstock seedling inclined-plane fit together, and clip with the special plastic Grafting clip.
Further, in step 6, in the 2d～3d after grafting, canopy temperature is controlled at 25 ℃～30 ℃ of daytimes, 18 ℃～20 ℃ of nights, after 3d, begin a small amount of ventilation when the morning and evening, air humidity was high, keep 28 ℃ daytime, be not less than 15 ℃ night, wound healing after 7d strengthens ventilation gradually, and temperature treatment recovers normal management, keep 25 ℃ of left and right daytime, evening is greater than 15 ℃;
After grafting, in 2d～3d, booth is airtight, the humidity state that reaches capacity in canopy, and after 2d～3d, humidity reaches 90%～95% moisturizing, does not wilt as standard take cotyledon, and watermelon seeds leaf withering, available thin mouth watering can be to aerial spraying, normal management after 10d;
Shading in 2d～3d after grafting, the canopy chamber will all seal, little shed enrobe, avoid the direct sunlight seedbed, can accept scattered light or low light level 30min～60min after 3d, can slowly increase illumination after 4d, sooner or later each 120min removes covering, increase gradually after 5d and see between the light time, enter normal management after 10d, can all remove covering;
Grafting survives about 10d, survives lateral bud and the Grafting clip of growing on rear timely removal stock.
The method of aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling provided by the invention, the booth electric seed bed heater is grown seedlings by adopting, vernalization sowing, pith-cambium grafting method grafting, the equipped practicable technical measures of Chinese medicine slag substrate seedling of large cave dish; The booth electric seed bed heater of the present invention heat and moisture preserving of growing seedlings satisfies that aspermous watermelon germinates, seedling growth is to the temp. and humidity requirement, and germination vigor is good, and seedling and grafting grow neat; Scion only need be cut one side, and work efficiency is improved.When border investigation statistics factually, grafting efficiency of the present invention are 208.3 strains/people.Adopt pith-cambium grafting method to need not to go disconnecting fringe rooter again after grafting survival and saved cost, also having reduced the damage to grafting; Plug media is grown seedlings to grow seedlings than nutrient soil pot and has greatly been saved transport when making native alms bowl and transplanting artificial, according to the practice contrast, everyone can every day of cave dish can matrix 15000 caves, everyone every day, nutrient soil pot processed was approximately 1500, and the work efficiency of cave dish can matrix is 10 times of nutrient soil pot processed; Sprout term disease is easily controlled, and is comprehensive because of matrix nutrition, need not seedling stage to topdress; The present invention adopts the equipped substrate seedling of 48 holes or 32 holes large cave dish, and grafting finished product shoot root system is flourishing, easily cultivates strong sprout; The present invention grows seedlings, and the percentage of seedgermination of aspermous watermelon reaches 95%, but grafting rate 85%～90%, grafting planting percent 96%～98%, the seedling ratio is 1.19～1.32:1.Reach 95% strong sprout.The eighties in more local 20th century of grafting rate, the nineties improve respectively 25%～30% and 10%～15% but aspermous watermelon is grown seedlings, and the grafting planting percent improves 21%～23% and 6%～13%.In addition, the inventive method is simple, and production cost is low, is conducive to a large amount of productions of aspermous watermelon.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the flow chart of the method for the aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling that provides of the embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment
In order to make purpose of the present invention, technical scheme and advantage clearer, below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is further elaborated.Should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein only in order to explain the present invention, is not intended to limit the present invention.
Fig. 1 shows the method flow of aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling provided by the invention.For convenience of explanation, only show part related to the present invention.
The method of the aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling of the embodiment of the present invention, the method for this aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling comprises the following steps:
Step 1, aspermous watermelon are selected the kind of high-quality, disease-resistant, good stress resistance; The pollination watermelon is selected good stress resistance, the plant strain growth gesture is strong, output is high, and what be convenient to distinguish aspermous watermelon has a seed Schepisi melon; Stock selects that affinity is strong, high resistance to wilt good, low temperature resistant, moisture-proof, drought-enduring first-filial generation cucurbit kind;
Step 2, the corresponding seed quality criteria of choosing watermelon should meet GB16715.1 one melon dish crop seed; The seed of stock is full, neat and consistent, and percentage of seedgermination is greater than 85%;
Step 3, leeward on the sunny side, physical features high and dry place sets up the seedbed, adopts the booth electric seed bed heater to grow seedlings;
Step 4, the selection of aspermous watermelon seedtime: adopt sowing mid-February of little shed cultivation, adopt the sowing in about March 20 of outdoor cropping, scion is than stock late sowing 2d～3d; Aspermous watermelon is 4～5: 1 with pollination watermelon ratio;
Step 5, adopt the cultivation of little shed in the early March grafting, adopt the grafting at the beginning of 4 months of outdoor cropping; Grafting tool uses blade, special plastic Grafting clip; Adopt the pith-cambium grafting method grafting;
Step 6, the seedbed after grafting, canopy temperature is controlled at 25 ℃～30 ℃ of daytimes in 2d～3d, and at 18 ℃～20 ℃ of nights, booth is airtight, the humidity state that reaches capacity in canopy; After 2d～3d, humidity reaches 90%～95% moisturizing; Shading in 2d～3d, the canopy chamber will all seal;
Before step 7, grafting, 2d sprays 600 times of liquid of 75% tpn wetting powder to the seedbed, or 1500 times of liquid of 50% Sukeling prevent downy mildew, anthracnose, the tpn aerosol prevention of one-tenth current; Spray 1 time with 400～500 times of liquid of 70% mancozeb wettable powder after grafting survival; Grafting sprays prevention 1 time with 400 times of liquid 70% thiophanate methyls before going out the garden.
As a prioritization scheme of the embodiment of the present invention, in step 3, the method for building up of booth electric seed bed heater is:
The first step, booth are built length and decided by growing seedlings sum: bamboo wood booth is wide is 4.5m, high 1.8m～2.2m; Steelframe booth arch spacing 0.6cm～1.0cm, span 6m, shoulder height 1.4m～1.6m, the high 2.5m of canopy establishes little shed in canopy;
Second step, cave dish, matrix are prepared: adopt the large cave in 48 holes or 32 holes dish; Select the Chinese medicine slag vegetable seedling substrate, add in vermiculite, slag adjustment EC value to 3.0, make watermelon seedling culturing substrate, concrete proportioning Chinese medicine slag: vermiculite: slag is 3: 1: 1;
In the 3rd step, electric seed bed heater is made: the wide 1.5m of hotbed, plough deeply 20cm, and after an end, is smooth, thick straw or the wheat bran of paving 5cm～7cm, paving one deck thin soil after the having peace of mind of watering, upper berth heating wire; The DV series heating wire that use Shanghai or Beijing produce, the long power of 60m is 600W, and the long power of 100m is 800W, and the long power of 120m is 1000W, how much can select the heating wire of different length according to the seedbed size with growing seedlings, and every square metre needs 50 watts～70 watts of electric thermal powers; During wiring at the bottom of bed two ends hammer into the long small wood of 20cm every 10cm～15cm, bury 2/3, adopt wiring back and forth, two connects automatic control switch; After completing heating wire, the paving layer of fine sand repaves one deck straw, discharges at last the cave dish, fills the watermelon seedling culturing substrate that is mixed with the Chinese medicine slag vegetable seedling substrate in the dish of cave, and waters permeable.
As a prioritization scheme of the embodiment of the present invention, in step 4, before watermelon seed sowing, seed is put into the warm water of 55 ℃～60 ℃, stop immersion 4h～5h, the stock seed 1h that basks seeds, soak at room temperature 48h when being stirred to 35 ℃; Aspermous watermelon seed after seed soaking is picked up clean the surface of the seed mucus, dry moisture, kind of a shell is manually cracked out at the place gently between the teeth at hilum, is placed on vernalization under the condition of 31 ℃～33 ℃ with wet towel or after binding up with gauze, and picks sowing when radicle grows to 0.5cm; Stock vernalization under the condition of 25 ℃～28 ℃ picks sowing when radicle grows to 0.5cm;
The stock seed is broadcast in the dish of cave, before sowing, the cave dish is watered vola water, again the stock seed base-root is lain in cave dish central authorities downwards, rear covering matrix, thickness 1cm～1.5cm, epiphragma heat and moisture preserving after planting, with the aspermous watermelon kind and the pollination watermelon seed respectively uniform broadcasting in matrix being housed and watering permeable seedling-cultivating tray, after planting cover one deck matrix, thickness 1cm, last cover film is with heat and moisture preserving;
The aspermous watermelon seed needs higher temperature before cotyledon is unearthed, seedling raising greenhouse keeps 31 ℃～35 ℃, 25 ℃ of nights daytime, the stock seed keeps 28 ℃～32 ℃ daytime, keeps 20 ℃～25 ℃ night, throws off film during seedling arch soil, the rear venting of emerging cooling, daytime, the canopy temperature kept 22 ℃～25 ℃, and if 20 ℃ of nights are the seedbed lack of water, can water at noon flood, aspermous watermelon comes up and is often clamped by kind of a shell, needs manually shelling, namely " rehabilitates ".
As a prioritization scheme of the embodiment of the present invention, in step 5, after the scion seedling is extracted in advance, in being housed, embathe successively 3 times by 3 basins of 1000 times of 50% carbendazim solution; With blade with the scion seedling from 2cm place, stem top, become 30 degree angles to cut out a smooth single wedge surface, the long 0.4cm～0.6cm in inclined-plane; Stock is become miter angle plane prune a true leaf and core leaf along the stem top; The scion seedling that to cut immediately and rootstock seedling inclined-plane fit together, and clip with the special plastic Grafting clip.
As a prioritization scheme of the embodiment of the present invention, in step 6, in the 2d～3d after grafting, canopy temperature is controlled at 25 ℃～30 ℃ of daytimes, 18 ℃～20 ℃ of nights, after 3d, begin a small amount of ventilation when the morning and evening, air humidity was high, keep 28 ℃ daytime, be not less than 15 ℃ night, wound healing after 7d strengthens ventilation gradually, and temperature treatment recovers normal management, keep 25 ℃ of left and right daytime, evening is greater than 15 ℃;
After grafting, in 2d～3d, booth is airtight, the humidity state that reaches capacity in canopy, and after 2d～3d, humidity reaches 90%～95% moisturizing, does not wilt as standard take cotyledon, and watermelon seeds leaf withering, available thin mouth watering can be to aerial spraying, normal management after 10d;
Shading in 2d～3d after grafting, the canopy chamber will all seal, little shed enrobe, avoid the direct sunlight seedbed, can accept scattered light or low light level 30min～60min after 3d, can slowly increase illumination after 4d, sooner or later each 120min removes covering, increase gradually after 5d and see between the light time, enter normal management after 10d, can all remove covering;
Grafting survives about 10d, survives lateral bud and the Grafting clip of growing on rear timely removal stock.
Below in conjunction with drawings and the specific embodiments, application principle of the present invention is further described.
As shown in Figure 1, the method for the aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling of the embodiment of the present invention comprises the following steps:
S101: aspermous watermelon is selected the kind of high-quality, disease-resistant, good stress resistance, the pollination watermelon is selected good stress resistance, the plant strain growth gesture is strong, output is high, what be convenient to distinguish aspermous watermelon has a seed Schepisi melon, and stock selects that affinity is strong, high resistance to wilt good, low temperature resistant, moisture-proof, drought-enduring first-filial generation cucurbit kind;
S102: the corresponding seed quality criteria of choosing watermelon should meet GB16715.1-melon dish crop seed, and the seed of stock is full, neat and consistent, and percentage of seedgermination is not less than 85%;
S103: leeward on the sunny side, physical features high and dry place sets up the seedbed, adopts the booth electric seed bed heater to grow seedlings;
S104: the selection of the seedtime of aspermous watermelon, adopt sowing mid-February of little shed cultivation; Adopt the sowing in about March 20 of outdoor cropping, scion is than stock late sowing 2d～3d, and aspermous watermelon is 4～5: 1 with pollination watermelon ratio;
S105: adopt the cultivation of little shed in the early March grafting, adopt the grafting at the beginning of 4 months of outdoor cropping; Grafting tool uses blade, special plastic Grafting clip; Adopt the pith-cambium grafting method grafting;
S106: the seedbed after grafting, in 2d～3d, canopy temperature is controlled at 25 ℃～30 ℃ of daytimes, 18 ℃～20 ℃ of nights, booth is airtight, the humidity state that reaches capacity in canopy, and after 2d～3d, humidity reaches 90%～95% moisturizing, shading in 2d～3d, the canopy chamber will all seal;
S107: before grafting, 2d sprays 600 times of liquid of 75% tpn wetting powder to the seedbed, or 1500 times of liquid of 50% Sukeling prevent downy mildew, anthracnose.Become current with the prevention of tpn aerosol, spray 1 time with 400～500 times of liquid of 70% mancozeb wettable powder after grafting survival, grafting sprays prevention 1 time with 400 times of liquid 70% thiophanate methyls before going out the garden.
Concrete steps of the present invention are:
Step 1, kind is selected, aspermous watermelon is selected the kind of high-quality, disease-resistant, good stress resistance, as Heimi 2, the pollination watermelon is selected good stress resistance, the plant strain growth gesture is strong, output is high, what be convenient to distinguish aspermous watermelon has a seed Schepisi melon, and as No. 8, western agriculture etc., stock selects that affinity is strong, high resistance to wilt good, low temperature resistant, moisture-proof, the super rich F1 of first-filial generation cucurbit kind such as drought-enduring;
Step 2, seed quality, the corresponding seed quality criteria of watermelon should meet GB16715.1 one melon dish crop seed, the quality requirement of stock seed, and seed is full, neat and consistent, percentage of seedgermination is not less than 85%.
Step 3, the seedbed choosing is built.The seedbed should be selected in leeward on the sunny side, physical features high and dry place, adopt the booth electric seed bed heater to grow seedlings;
Booth is built length and is decided by growing seedlings sum, and bamboo wood booth is wide is 4.5m.High 1.8m～2.2m, steelframe booth arch spacing 0.6cm～1.0cm, span 6m, shoulder height 1.4m～1.6m, the high 2.5m of canopy establishes little shed in canopy.
Cave dish, matrix are prepared, adopt the large cave in 48 holes or 32 holes dish, the present invention selects the Chinese medicine slag vegetable seedling substrate that obtains national inventing patent [ZL02148594.1 (2006)], add in vermiculite, slag adjustment EC value to 3.0, concrete proportioning Chinese medicine slag: vermiculite: slag is 3: 1: 1, makes watermelon seedling culturing substrate.
Chinese medicine slag seedling medium advantage: Chinese medicine slag and vermiculite are primary raw material, add appropriate inorganic fertilizer, comprehensive nutrition; Add degeneration-resistant material, improve watermelon seedling low temperature tolerance ability; Add a certain amount of extraordinary novel water-retaining agent, water saving fat-reducing, saving of labor's abridged edition.Chinese medicine slag matrix is compared with other matrix, and shock-absorbing capacity is good, and available nutrient and slow nutrients ratio are suitable, and watermelon seed is emerged does not have obvious negatively influencing.
The physicochemical character index of Chinese medicine slag vegetable seedling substrate
Electric seed bed heater is made, and the wide 1.5m of hotbed ploughs deeply 20cm.After the bed end, is smooth, thick straw or the wheat bran of paving 5cm～7cm, the steady and sure rear paving one deck thin soil that waters, the upper berth heating wire, the DV series heating wire that uses Shanghai or Beijing to produce, the long power of 60m is 600W; The long power of 100m is 800W; The long power of 120m is 1000W, how much can select the heating wire of different length all can according to the bed size with growing seedlings, general every square metre needs 50 watts～70 watts of electric thermal powers, during wiring at the bottom of bed two ends hammer into the long small wood of 20cm every 10cm～15cm, bury 2/3, wiring back and forth therebetween, line will be strained, and heating wire can not cut off, and two connects automatic control switch, after completing heating wire, its upper berth layer of fine sand repaves one deck straw, discharges at last the cave dish, fill the watermelon seedling culturing substrate that is mixed with the Chinese medicine slag vegetable seedling substrate in the dish of cave, and water permeable;
Step 4, seedtime, aspermous watermelon adopts sowing mid-February of little shed cultivation; Adopt the sowing in about March 20 of outdoor cropping, scion is than stock late sowing 2d～3d, and aspermous watermelon is 4～5: 1 with pollination watermelon ratio;
Seed treatment: before the watermelon seed sowing, seed is put into the warm water of 55 ℃～60 ℃, stop when being stirred to 35 ℃ of left and right, soak 4h～5h.The stock seed 1h that basks seeds, soak at room temperature 48h;
Vernalization: the aspermous watermelon seed after soaking seed picks up cleans the surface of the seed mucus, dries moisture, and kind of a shell is manually cracked out at the place gently between the teeth at hilum, is placed on vernalization under the condition of 31 ℃～33 ℃ with wet towel or after binding up with gauze, and picks sowing when radicle grows to 0.5cm; Stock vernalization under the condition of 25 ℃～28 ℃ picks sowing when radicle grows to 0.5cm;
Sowing: the stock seed is broadcast in the dish of cave, before sowing, the cave dish is watered vola water, again the stock seed base-root is lain in cave dish central authorities downwards, rear covering matrix, thickness 1cm～1.5cm, epiphragma heat and moisture preserving after planting, with aspermous watermelon kind and pollination watermelon seed respectively uniform broadcasting in matrix being housed and watering permeable seedling-cultivating tray, after planting cover one deck matrix, about thickness 1cm, last cover film is with heat and moisture preserving;
Management after planting, the aspermous watermelon seed needs higher temperature before cotyledon is unearthed, and seedling raising greenhouse keeps 31 ℃～35 ℃ daytime, night 25 ℃ of left and right, the stock seed requires slightly low, keeps 28 ℃～32 ℃ daytime, keeps 20 ℃～25 ℃ night, throw off film during seedling arch soil, the rear venting of emerging cooling, daytime, the maintenance of canopy temperature was 22 ℃～25 ℃, night 20 ℃ of left and right, if the seedbed lack of water can be watered flood at noon.Aspermous watermelon comes up and is often clamped by kind of a shell, needs manually shelling, namely " rehabilitates ";
Step 5, grafting:
Adopt the cultivation of little shed in the early March grafting, adopt the grafting at the beginning of 4 months of outdoor cropping, main grafting tool blade, special plastic Grafting clip;
Scion is revealed core with true leaf and is advisable.Close being advisable of cane rugosity of stock and scion.After the scion seedling is extracted in advance, embathe successively 3 times in 3 basins of 1000 times of 50% carbendazim solution are housed, play sterilization and fresh-keeping effect.
Grafting method: adopt pith-cambium grafting method.With blade with the scion seedling from 2cm place, stem top, one-tenth 30 is spent the angle and is cut out a smooth single wedge surface, long 0.4cm～the 0.6cm in inclined-plane, stock is become miter angle plane prune a true leaf and core leaf along the stem top, the scion seedling that to cut immediately and rootstock seedling inclined-plane fit together, and clip with the special plastic Grafting clip;
Step 6, seedbed management after grafting:
Temperature: in the 2d～3d after grafting, canopy temperature is controlled at 25 ℃～30 ℃ of daytimes, 18 ℃～20 ℃ of nights.After 3d, began a small amount of ventilation when the morning and evening, air humidity was high, keep 28 ℃ daytime, be not less than 15 ℃ night, wound healing after 7d strengthens ventilation gradually, and temperature treatment recovers normal management, keeps 25 ℃ of left and right daytime, is not less than 15 ℃ evening;
Humidity: after grafting, in 2d～3d, booth is airtight, the humidity state that reaches capacity in canopy, and after 2d～3d, humidity reaches 90%～95% moisturizing, does not wilt as standard take cotyledon, and watermelon seeds leaf withering, available thin mouth watering can be to aerial spraying, normal management after 10d;
Illumination: shading in 2d～3d after grafting, the canopy chamber will all seal, little shed enrobe, avoid the direct sunlight seedbed, can accept scattered light or low light level 30min～60min after 3d, can slowly increase illumination after 4d, sooner or later each 120min removes covering, increase gradually after 5d and see between the light time, enter normal management after 10d, can all remove covering;
Except sprouting: grafting survives about 10d, survives lateral bud and the Grafting clip of growing on rear timely removal stock.Notice that operation is light, in order to avoid damage cotyledon and loosening scion;
Step 7, disease control:
Agricultural chemicals uses and meets GB4285-chemistry security Application standard and GB/T8321 (all parts) agricultural chemicals reasonable application, disease control is to put prevention first, before grafting, 600 times of liquid of 75% tpn wetting powder are sprayed in the 2d left and right to the seedbed, or 1500 times of liquid of 50% Sukeling prevent downy mildew, anthracnose.Become current with the prevention of tpn aerosol, spray 1 time with 400～500 times of liquid of 70% mancozeb wettable powder after grafting survival, grafting sprays prevention 1 time with 400 times of liquid 70% thiophanate methyls before going out the garden.
As shown in table 1, the present invention grows seedlings, and the percentage of seedgermination of aspermous watermelon reaches 95%, but grafting rate 85%～90%, grafting planting percent 96%～98%, the seedling ratio is 1.19～1.32:1.Reach 95% strong sprout.The eighties in more local 20th century of grafting rate, the nineties improve respectively 25%～30% and 10%～15% but aspermous watermelon is grown seedlings, and the grafting planting percent improves 21%～23% and 6%～13%.In addition, the inventive method is simple, and production cost is low, is conducive to a large amount of productions of aspermous watermelon.
Table 1: various years aspermous watermelon nursery effect contrast
The above is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, not in order to limiting the present invention, all any modifications of doing within the spirit and principles in the present invention, is equal to and replaces and improvement etc., within all should being included in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. the method for an aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling, is characterized in that, the method for this aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling comprises the following steps:
Step 1, aspermous watermelon are selected the kind of high-quality, disease-resistant, good stress resistance; The pollination watermelon is selected good stress resistance, the plant strain growth gesture is strong, output is high, and what be convenient to distinguish aspermous watermelon has a seed Schepisi melon; Stock selects that affinity is strong, high resistance to wilt good, low temperature resistant, moisture-proof, drought-enduring first-filial generation cucurbit kind;
Step 2 determines that the seed of stock is full, neat and consistent, and percentage of seedgermination is greater than 85%;
Step 3, leeward on the sunny side, physical features high and dry place sets up the seedbed, adopts the booth electric seed bed heater to grow seedlings;
Step 4, sowing mid-February of little shed cultivation adopted in the selection of aspermous watermelon seedtime, adopts the sowing in about March 20 of outdoor cropping, and scion is than stock late sowing 2d～3d; Aspermous watermelon is 4～5: 1 with pollination watermelon ratio;
Step 5, adopt the cultivation of little shed in the early March grafting, adopt the grafting at the beginning of 4 months of outdoor cropping; Grafting tool uses blade, special plastic Grafting clip; Adopt the pith-cambium grafting method grafting;
Step 6, the seedbed after grafting, canopy temperature is controlled at 25 ℃～30 ℃ of daytimes in 2d～3d, and at 18 ℃～20 ℃ of nights, booth is airtight, the humidity state that reaches capacity in canopy; After 2d～3d, humidity reaches 90%～95% moisturizing; Shading in 2d～3d, the canopy chamber will all seal;
Before step 7, grafting, 2d sprays 600 times of liquid of 75% tpn wetting powder to the seedbed, or 1500 times of liquid of 50% Sukeling prevent downy mildew, anthracnose, the tpn aerosol prevention of one-tenth current; Spray 1 time with 400～500 times of liquid of 70% mancozeb wettable powder after grafting survival; Grafting sprays prevention 1 time with 400 times of liquid 70% thiophanate methyls before going out the garden.
2. the method for aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, in step 1, aspermous watermelon can be chosen Heimi 2, and the pollination watermelon can be selected No. 8, western agriculture, and stock can be selected super rich F1; The corresponding seed quality criteria of choosing watermelon should meet GB16715.1-melon dish crop seed.
3. the method for aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, in step 3, the method for building up of booth electric seed bed heater is:
The first step, booth are built length and decided by growing seedlings sum: bamboo wood booth is wide is 4.5m, high 1.8m～2.2m; Steelframe booth arch spacing 0.6cm～1.0cm, span 6m, shoulder height 1.4m～1.6m, the high 2.5m of canopy establishes little shed in canopy;
Second step, cave dish, matrix are prepared: adopt the large cave in 48 holes or 32 holes dish; Select the Chinese medicine slag vegetable seedling substrate, add in vermiculite, slag adjustment EC value to 3.0, make watermelon seedling culturing substrate, concrete proportioning Chinese medicine slag: vermiculite: slag is 3: 1: 1;
In the 3rd step, electric seed bed heater is made: the wide 1.5m of hotbed, plough deeply 20cm, and after an end, is smooth, thick straw or the wheat bran of paving 5cm～7cm, paving one deck thin soil after the having peace of mind of watering, upper berth heating wire; The DV series heating wire that use Shanghai or Beijing produce, the long power of 60m is 600W, and the long power of 100m is 800W, and the long power of 120m is 1000W, how much can select the heating wire of different length according to the seedbed size with growing seedlings, and every square metre needs 50 watts～70 watts of electric thermal powers; During wiring at the bottom of bed two ends hammer into the long small wood of 20cm every 10cm～15cm, bury 2/3, adopt wiring back and forth, two connects automatic control switch; After completing heating wire, the paving layer of fine sand repaves one deck straw, discharges at last the cave dish, fills the watermelon seedling culturing substrate that is mixed with the Chinese medicine slag vegetable seedling substrate in the dish of cave, and waters permeable.
4. the method for aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, in step 4, before the watermelon seed sowing, seed is put into the warm water of 55 ℃～60 ℃, stop when being stirred to 35 ℃, soak 4h～5h, the stock seed 1h that basks seeds, soak at room temperature 48h; Aspermous watermelon seed after seed soaking is picked up clean the surface of the seed mucus, dry moisture, kind of a shell is manually cracked out at the place gently between the teeth at hilum, is placed on vernalization under the condition of 31 ℃～33 ℃ with wet towel or after binding up with gauze, and picks sowing when radicle grows to 0.5cm; Stock vernalization under the condition of 25 ℃～28 ℃ picks sowing when radicle grows to 0.5cm;
The stock seed is broadcast in the dish of cave, before sowing, the cave dish is watered vola water, then the stock seed base-root is lain in cave dish central authorities, rear covering matrix, thickness 1cm～1.5cm, after planting epiphragma heat and moisture preserving downwards; Aspermous watermelon and pollination watermelon seed uniform broadcasting respectively in matrix being housed and watering permeable seedling-cultivating tray, after planting cover one deck matrix, thickness 1cm, and last cover film is with heat and moisture preserving;
The aspermous watermelon seed needs higher temperature before cotyledon is unearthed, seedling raising greenhouse keeps 31 ℃～35 ℃, 25 ℃ of nights daytime, the stock seed keeps 28 ℃～32 ℃ daytime, keeps 20 ℃～25 ℃ night, throws off film during seedling arch soil, the rear venting of emerging cooling, daytime, the canopy temperature kept 22 ℃～25 ℃, and if 20 ℃ of nights are the seedbed lack of water, can water at noon flood, aspermous watermelon comes up and is often clamped by kind of a shell, needs manually shelling, namely " rehabilitates ".
5. the method for aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, in step 5, after the scion seedling is extracted in advance, embathes successively 3 times in 3 basins of 1000 times of 50% carbendazim solution are housed; With blade with the scion seedling from 2cm place, stem top, become 30 degree angles to cut out a smooth single wedge surface, the long 0.4cm～0.6cm in inclined-plane; Stock is become miter angle plane prune a true leaf and core leaf along the stem top; The scion seedling that to cut immediately and rootstock seedling inclined-plane fit together, and clip with the special plastic Grafting clip.
6. the method for aspermous watermelon booth substrate seedling as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, in step 6, in 2d～3d after grafting, canopy temperature is controlled at 25 ℃～30 ℃ of daytimes, and 18 ℃～20 ℃ of nights are after 3d, began a small amount of ventilation when the morning and evening, air humidity was high, keep 28 ℃ daytime, be not less than 15 ℃ night, wound healing after 7d, strengthen gradually ventilation, temperature treatment recovers normal management, keeps 25 ℃ of left and right daytime, and evening is greater than 15 ℃;
After grafting, in 2d～3d, booth is airtight, the humidity state that reaches capacity in canopy, and after 2d～3d, humidity reaches 90%～95% moisturizing, does not wilt as standard take cotyledon, and watermelon seeds leaf withering, available thin mouth watering can be to aerial spraying, normal management after 10d;
Shading in 2d～3d after grafting, the canopy chamber will all seal, little shed enrobe, avoid the direct sunlight seedbed, can accept scattered light or low light level 30min～60min after 3d, can slowly increase illumination after 4d, sooner or later each 120min removes covering, increase gradually after 5d and see between the light time, enter normal management after 10d, can all remove covering;
Grafting 10d left and right survives, and survives lateral bud and the Grafting clip of growing on rear timely removal stock.
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| CN104982216A (en) * | 2015-08-07 | 2015-10-21 | 蔡鹏� | Method for cultivating watermelons with mulch film |
| CN105123498A (en) * | 2015-07-24 | 2015-12-09 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院园艺研究所 | Seedless watermelon pollination method |
| CN105850516A (en) * | 2016-04-06 | 2016-08-17 | 宁夏天瑞产业集团现代农业有限公司 | Watermelon seedling grafting technology and management method thereof |
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| CN109418039A (en) * | 2017-06-24 | 2019-03-05 | 江苏省农业科学院泰州农科所 | The production method of organic ecological potting living body vegetables |
| CN109729858A (en) * | 2019-02-02 | 2019-05-10 | 衢州中恒农业科技有限公司 | Grafting healing process and grafting healing system |
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| CN104982216A (en) * | 2015-08-07 | 2015-10-21 | 蔡鹏� | Method for cultivating watermelons with mulch film |
| CN105850516A (en) * | 2016-04-06 | 2016-08-17 | 宁夏天瑞产业集团现代农业有限公司 | Watermelon seedling grafting technology and management method thereof |
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| CN109418039A (en) * | 2017-06-24 | 2019-03-05 | 江苏省农业科学院泰州农科所 | The production method of organic ecological potting living body vegetables |
| CN107711125A (en) * | 2017-11-29 | 2018-02-23 | 江苏徐淮地区淮阴农业科学研究所 | A kind of greenhouse full dose aspermous watermelon grafting cultivation method |
| CN107853022A (en) * | 2017-12-10 | 2018-03-30 | 四川省现代农人种苗科技有限公司 | A kind of greenhouse breeding box |
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| CN109729858A (en) * | 2019-02-02 | 2019-05-10 | 衢州中恒农业科技有限公司 | Grafting healing process and grafting healing system |
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| CN110809934A (en) * | 2019-08-26 | 2020-02-21 | 中国科学院华南植物园 | Method for germinating and raising seedlings of haematemesis suis seeds |
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