CN103296479A - 电介质天线和根据雷达原理工作的料位测量设备 - Google Patents

电介质天线和根据雷达原理工作的料位测量设备 Download PDF

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CN103296479A
CN103296479A CN2013100582309A CN201310058230A CN103296479A CN 103296479 A CN103296479 A CN 103296479A CN 2013100582309 A CN2013100582309 A CN 2013100582309A CN 201310058230 A CN201310058230 A CN 201310058230A CN 103296479 A CN103296479 A CN 103296479A
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antenna
internal part
external component
feed element
lens
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C.贝尔
C.舒尔茨
M.格丁
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Krohne Messtechnik GmbH and Co KG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/02—Waveguide horns
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
    • G01F23/28—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring the variations of parameters of electromagnetic or acoustic waves applied directly to the liquid or fluent solid material
    • G01F23/284—Electromagnetic waves
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/225—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles used in level-measurement devices, e.g. for level gauge measurement
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/06—Waveguide mouths
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/02—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism
    • H01Q15/08—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism formed of solid dielectric material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/06—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens
    • H01Q19/08—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens for modifying the radiation pattern of a radiating horn in which it is located
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/12—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical relative movement between primary active elements and secondary devices of antennas or antenna systems
    • H01Q3/14—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical relative movement between primary active elements and secondary devices of antennas or antenna systems for varying the relative position of primary active element and a refracting or diffracting device
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/24—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the orientation by switching energy from one active radiating element to another, e.g. for beam switching
    • H01Q3/245—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the orientation by switching energy from one active radiating element to another, e.g. for beam switching in the focal plane of a focussing device

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Abstract

描述和示出了一种电介质天线（1），其具有馈送元件（2）和由电介质材料构成的透镜（3）。本发明所基于的任务是提出一种电介质天线，其允许以基本上恒定的测量精度测定介质表面。该任务在所谈及的天线方面通过如下方式来解决：透镜（3）具有外部部件（4）和内部部件（5）。在此，所述外部部件（4）具有部分球形构建的发射面（6）和球形构建的内表面（7），并且所述内部部件（5）具有球形构建的接触面（8）。此外，本发明涉及一种根据雷达原理工作的料位测量设备，其具有根据本发明的天线。

Description

电介质天线和根据雷达原理工作的料位测量设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种电介质天线，其具有至少一个馈送元件和至少一个由至少一种电介质材料构成的透镜，其中所述馈送元件发射电磁辐射并且给所述透镜施加该电磁辐射，其中所述透镜进一步引导和发射该电磁辐射。此外，本发明涉及一种根据雷达原理工作的料位测量设备。
背景技术
在工业测量技术中经常使用雷达料位测量设备，以便确定介质譬如液体、散装货以及在容器如罐或筒仓内的料浆的料位。通过该测量设备实现的传播时间方法基于物理规律，即例如电磁信号的运行路程等于传播时间与传播速度之积。在测量介质（例如液体或散装货）在容器中的料位的情况下，运行路程两倍于发射以及又接收电磁信号的天线与介质表面之间的距离。有用回波信号（即介质表面反射的信号）及其传播时间借助所谓的回波函数或数字化的包络曲线来确定。包络曲线代表作为“天线-介质表面”的距离的函数的回波信号的幅度。料位可以根据在天线距容器底部的已知距离与通过测量确定的介质表面距天线的距离之间的差来计算。被发射的和被接收的电磁信号大部分是微波辐射。
通常，电介质谐振器用作天线。这种电介质天线具有与波导类似的谐振特性，但也可以发射电磁能量和由此用作天线，因为其并不拥有金属壁。在不同技术领域中在此已经已知了多种结构形式，其中每种电介质材料例如陶瓷用于传导和发射电磁波。通常使用具有低介电常数的低损耗的材料（介电常数的另一名称是介质电导）。例如使用特氟龙或聚丙烯。
尤其是在散装货的情况下，由于出现堆料锥体而会产生确定料位时的困难。此外在任意类型的介质的情况下，在容器中还会有诸如搅拌器的物体，其反射雷达波并且由此干扰料位的测量。因此在一些应用中有利的是不仅测定介质表面的区域而且确定介质的分布，即表面分布。因此，在几种应用中针对相应地分布在介质表面上的多个测量点或测量区确定距天线的相应距离。
为了测定这样的表面轮廓，特别有利的是，所使用的天线具有尽可能窄的主发射方向即在主发射方向上的窄的方向性特征。窄方向性特征在此通常要求发射区段的大孔径即开口面积。为了也在窄主发射方向的意义下使用孔径，由天线的发射区段发射的电磁辐射必须具有尽可能平坦的相前。在现有技术中已知的波导中，窄的方向性特征随着天线的大几何尺寸而出现。然而在工业测量技术中通常优选小的并且紧凑的测量设备。因此在现有技术中也使用电介质透镜，其通常由于树脂（例如聚丙烯、聚乙烯或聚苯乙烯）和陶瓷粉末构成。例如凸面的放大透镜的作用在于，透镜将近轴的射束相对于边缘射束延迟。折射的射束在穿过透镜之后是平行的且同相的。
EP 1 701 142 A2描述了一种用于根据雷达原理测量介质的表面分布的装置，其中使用多个发射天线和多个接收天线。发射天线和接收天线单独彼此组合，以便测定介质表面的多个区域。然而由于有多个天线所以该结构非常复杂。
例如在DE 10 2008 020 036 A1中找到构造拥有作为带有透镜状的发射区段的馈送元件的波导的电介质天线的细节。
DE 10 2008 008 715 A1示出了一种至少在发射方向上椭圆体构造的透镜天线。通过天线的形状将球形波转换成具有平行相前的波。如果在馈送元件和天线之间的距离改变，则发射方向由此也改变。然而缺点在于，在发射方向移动时天线特性劣化。随之出现在测量对象的不同部位处即在测定的容器中的介质表面处的分辨率降低。
从US 2003/0006941 A1可以获知雷达测量设备的圆形透镜。在此，设置多个馈送元件，其被单独地激励，以便有目的地改变发射方向。
从DE 38 40 451 A1可以获知带有馈送元件的透镜天线。透镜轮廓在此特别地构建，使得球形波在几个平面中转换成具有平坦的相前的波并且转换成具有非平坦的相前的波。为了调节发射的平面，设计的是使馈送元件转动。此外，为了调节目的可以改变馈送元件与天线之间的距离。
在DE 602 03 320 T2中描述了一种用于校准雷达天线的设备。在此，设置一种透镜，其具有凹面侧和凸面侧。
在现有技术中总共已知了许多种天线，利用其可以实现对介质的表面测量。通常有问题的是大开销或位置需求或在所有测定的空间区域中不均匀的测量精度。
发明内容
因此，本发明所基于的技术问题是提出一种电介质天线和一种具有这种天线的料位测量设备，其允许以基本上恒定的测量精度测定介质表面。
所说明的技术问题根据本发明首先并且基本上在谈及的天线方面通过如下方式来解决：透镜具有至少一个外部部件和内部部件。在此，馈送元件通过内部部件给透镜施加电磁辐射。此外，外部部件具有至少一个部分球形构建的发射面和至少部分球形构建的内表面，并且内部件具有至少部分球形构建的接触面。在此，内部部件的接触面和外部部件的内表面在一个实施例中构建并且相互协调为使得在内部部件和外部部件相对彼此的至少一种布置中内部部件基本上无间隙地靠置在外部部件上并且外部部件至少部分包围内部部件。根据本发明的天线由两个部件构成（这两个部件传导馈送元件的电磁辐射）并且在可能存在的电介质边界层中折射和偏转（并且朝着待测定的表面发射）。这两个部件设计用于传输电磁信号或电磁辐射。在此，这些部件相对彼此布置为使得内部部件的接触面背离馈送元件而朝向外部部件的内表面。外部部件的发射面基本上是透镜的发射面。
馈送元件的电磁辐射通常在入射到内部部件的区域中具有球形相前，通过透镜由所述相前形成具有平坦的相前的波。在此，对于波形的转换重要的尤其是波在外部部件和内部部件中的传播时间，馈入点（即馈送元件为内部部件施加球形波的部位）相对于透镜的位置和馈送元件的馈送角度，波在这两个部件中的弯曲程度和有效孔径的大小即天线的开口宽度。
根据给定的边界条件或要求可以确定相关的参量如内部部件和外部部件的尺寸、馈送元件的构造和布置等。计算例如可以基于传播时间考虑和折射考虑。适于该设计的传播时间判据是：为了产生平坦的相前，不同的射束从馈入点经由内部部件和外部部件至垂直于平坦的相前的传播方向的平面的传播时间必须相同。在此应注意的是，电磁波在连续材料（通过介电常数εr表征）中的传播速度c可以通过如下相关性来描述：c=c0/√εr，其中真空光速c0。
另一方面，可以考虑通过外部部件和内部部件产生的电磁辐射的折射。在此有关的是斯涅尔折射定理，其在两种被波穿过的材料之间的过渡部处折射时表明：在相应材料中的相速度与波相对于入射轴线的角度的正弦之积相等，该入射轴线垂直于这些材料之间的边界面。相速度在此由相应介电常数的根得到。在观察根据本发明的天线时，在此应注意的是，在内部部件和外部部件具有不同介电常数的情况下，应用折射定理两侧。尤其是如果外部部件的介电常数选择得大于内部部件的介电常数，则由此可以增大孔径。然而，如果外部部件的介电常数选择得小于内部部件的介电常数，则射束由此在过渡部处从垂直线折射开并且在孔径中接近所期望的平行光路。所有其他量可以根据相应几何学观察来确定。尤其是，如果内部部件是具有可预给定的半径的球体，则垂直线在任何部位都对应于通过球体中心点的直线。前面两种观察允许内部部件和外部部件的尺寸。在此，馈送元件的类型及其相对于两个部件的布置也是重要的。
内部部件和/或外部部件在此可以均匀或不均匀地构建。均匀的构型能够在馈送元件与天线之间实现任意多的相对调节，其分别基本上引起相同的辐射特征并且仅在主发射的方向方面不同。在此，通常形成带有多个旁瓣的主瓣并且发射装置相应地枢转（geschwenkt）以便借助天线能够测定多个空间区域。
在非均匀构建的变型方案中，仅存在有限数目的彼此间分立的布置。然而在此必要时可以实现对发射特征的特别优化。内部部件与外部部件之间无间隙的布置在一个扩展方案中涉及持久状态并且在一个可替选的扩展方案中是暂时状态，即在天线作为料位测量设备的一部分运行时存在部件彼此间的多个设置（并且尤其是距离）；后者尤其是针对在内部部件与外部部件之间的距离是可变的情况。
在一个扩展方案中设计的是，内部部件可运动地（尤其是可转动地）与外部部件连接。通过内部部件与外部部件之间的相对运动，天线的发射特征可以不同，使得在根据本发明的天线在料位测量设备中的应用中例如测定容器的不同空间区域。例如，如果馈送元件牢固地与内部部件连接或馈送元件跟随内部部件的运行，则在内部部件转动时电磁辐射的发射方向跟随该转动并且由此该波也传播进入其他空间区域中。在此，该转动可以连续地或以离散的步长进行。这尤其也取决于内部部件、外部部件和馈送元件如何构建并且相对彼此如何布置。在一个可替选的扩展方案中，内部部件牢固地与外部部件连接。
在本发明的另一扩展方案中，内部部件和外部部件一体式地构建，天线的内部部件和外部部件于是好像形成一体式构建的天线的内部区域和外部区域。
另一扩展方案设计的是，外部部件部分构建为球形壳或空心球体的一部分。在作为空心球体的扩展方案中，外部部件用凹面侧朝着内部部件并且凹面侧从内部部件离开地指向。外部部件在此尤其构建为使得其至少部分容纳内部部件。
内部部件在一个扩展方案中基本上实施为球体或球形壳，并且在一个可替选的扩展方案中至少部分实施为球体。如果内部部件是球体而外部部件构建为空心球体的一部分，则在一个扩展方案中部件的半径选择并且彼此协调为使得在相对彼此布置时内部部件布置在外部部件的内表面上而基本上无间隙地接触该外部部件。在随之出现的或对此可替选的扩展方案中，内部部件和外部部件的半径构建并且彼此协调为使得外部部件至少包围构建为球体的内部部件的半部。
在一个扩展方案中设计的是，外部部件和内部部件由具有基本上不同的介电常数的材料构建。如果介电常数不同，则由此尤其可以附加地影响波在部件中的偏转并且由此提供了透镜的其他设计因素及其发射特征。在一个扩展方案中，介电常数高到使得形成如下优点：通过透镜形成阻压器和/或阻爆器。根据扩展方案，透镜由一种电介质材料或至少两种电介质材料构成。
一种扩展方案在于，在至少一个馈送元件与内部部件之间的距离可改变。通过在馈送元件与内部元件之间的距离改变，波引导改变，其中馈送元件通过内部部件耦合输入到透镜中，通过内部部件和外部部件形成的透镜入射的波经历该波引导。如果距离是可变的，则所安装的天线可以改变射束特征以便获得其他测量值。在一个可替选的扩展方案中，内部部件直接与馈送元件接触并且距离保持恒定。在另一扩展方案中，馈送元件构建为使得球形波的输出点距内部部件的距离是可变的，该球形波由馈送元件发射。
在一个有利的扩展方案中，设置馈送元件、至少一个电子单元和至少一个分配网络。在此，电子单元产生至少一个电磁信号。此外，通过分配网络可调节哪个馈送元件或哪些馈送元件发射由电子单元产生的电磁信号或与此有关的电磁信号。在该扩展方案中，设置多个馈送元件，其优选在不同的区域与内部部件连接并且所述馈送元件因此优选也引起由透镜射出的电磁辐射的不同传播方向。在与此连接的扩展方案中，所关联的发射特征彼此不同，所述发射特征通过各馈送元件形成。在另一扩展方案中，多个馈送元件构建并且彼此协调使得它们一起与透镜并且必要时与在馈送元件、内部部件和/或外部部件之间的关联的取向结合产生确定的辐射特征。通过分配网络可以选择各馈送元件，随之也出现相应所测量的空间区域或关联的辐射特征的选择。电磁信号在此是馈送元件发射的电磁辐射。
在另一有利的扩展方案中，设置至少一个转动装置，所述转动装置使内部部件在外部部件内枢转。尤其是，如果内部部件与馈送元件或馈送元件牢固连接，则内部部件随馈送元件的转动引起相应辐射特征相对于容器或空间运动，在容器或容器内进行测量。在另一扩展方案中，多种运动尤其是内部部件在外部部件内的转动彼此叠加。
在一个扩展方案中，至少一个馈送元件至少部分构建为空心导体和/或喇叭形辐射器和/或平板天线和/或电纤维导体构成地构建。在馈送元件的该扩展方案中，相前弯曲（Phasenfrontkrümmung）的类型对于透镜的构建是重要的。在通过作为馈送元件的空心导体馈送透镜时，空心导体被置于内部电介质部件的表面上。在此，填充空心导体的电介质的介电常数相对于内部部件的介电常数对在空心导体与内部部件之间的过渡的匹配有影响。空心导体例如可以是刚性、笔直地、弯曲地、柔韧地、一件式或多件式例如由盘制造。可替选地，喇叭形辐射器用作馈送元件。为了缩短天线的几何长度，在一个变型方案中仅使用喇叭形辐射器的最后的段，其激发进行为使得在喇叭的端部形成如正常喇叭长度情况下一样的相前。另一可替选方案在于使用平板天线，其例如直接安置在内部部件上。平板天线的优点在于天线的结构大小缩小。另一变型方案在于，由合适电介质制造的纤维导体用作馈送元件。
此外，前面所导出的和所示出的技术问题在本发明的其他教导中在前面所描述的根据雷达原理工作的料位测量设备方面通过如下方式来解决，该料位测量设备具有根据上述扩展方案之一的至少一个天线。
附图说明
具体而言，存在许多可能性来扩展和改进根据本发明的天线和根据本发明的料位测量设备。为此，一方面参考从属于权利要求1的权利要求，另一方面参照以下结合附图对实施例的描述。在附图中
图1以剖面示出了基本上阐明功能上的相互作用的、具有形成的辐射特征的天线的示意图，
图2示出了基本上阐明功能上的相互作用的、根据第一变型方案的具有关联的元件的天线的示意图，
图3示出了基本上阐明功能上的相互作用的、根据第二变型方案的具有关联的元件的天线的示意图，
图4示出了利用根据本发明的料位测量设备的料位测量的示意性且不合比例的视图。
具体实施方式
在图1中示出了通过示意性示出的根据本发明的天线1的剖面，该天线1具有所标明的形成的辐射特征。在图2和图3中分别示意性地示出了根据本发明的天线1的变型方案。图4示意性地且不合比例地示出了利用根据本发明的料位测量设备来测量介质表面的测量结构。
图1示出了根据本发明的天线1。馈送元件2在此发射电磁辐射，例如为球形波形式，并且将其施加到电介质透镜3。透镜3在此由外部部件4和内部部件5构成。外部部件4在该例子中具有空心球体的一部分的形状，其在此包括半球体的半部。示出了在外部部件4的外置的发射面6的与馈送元件2对置的位置上如何形成主瓣并且在此两个旁瓣形式的辐射。在所示的例子中，内部部件5用接触面8基本上无间隙地靠置在外部部件4的内表面7上。内部部件5在此构建为球体。内部部件5和外部部件4的相关半径在此彼此协调使得内部部件5精确地与外部部件匹配。在可替选的（在此未示出的）扩展方案中，内部部件和外部部件仅分区段地球形构建或具有其他彼此匹配的几何形状，其中在不同布置的情况下必要时也可以在这两个部件之间存在间隙或距离。
电子单元9产生电磁辐射，电磁辐射由馈送元件2发射并且对透镜3施加电磁辐射。在此例子中，透镜3的主发射方向与馈送元件2（相对于球形内部部件5）在直径方向上对置。基于此得到的是，馈送元件2通过其对透镜3施加电磁辐射的区域的改变也导致主发射方向的改变。透镜3的对称结构在此伴随基本上相同的发射特征而出现。因此可能的是，利用具有透镜的天线测量不同的空间区域，而不显著改变测量精度。该有点在此恰好在于主发射方向的略微可改变性。
在图2和图3中示出了根据本发明的天线1的两个变型方案，其允许改变主发射方向。
在图2的扩展方案中，设置有三个不同的馈送元件2，其分别在不同的区域与内部部件5连接并且馈送元件在那里分别施加以电磁辐射。辐射在此如在图1中那样由电子单元9产生，然而电子单元9在所示的扩展方案中通过分配网络10与这三个馈送元件2连接。分配网络10在此也可以是电子单元9的组成部分。通过分配网络10选择哪个馈送元件2发射辐射。由于图2的天线1的主发射方向要基本上与图1的天线相同，图2的天线1的馈送单元2的选择导致将辐射分别发射到其他空间区域中并且由此测定在其他区域中的料位。如果在测量期间电磁辐射通过分配网络10交替地提供给这三个馈送元件2，则由此测定（在此外示出的）介质的表面的三个区域，并且由此可以相应更为精确地预测料位。
馈送元件2尤其牢固地与内部部件5连接。由于透镜3总共使用仅仅三个区域来对波进行转换/引导/成形，所以在一个扩展方案中外部部件4和内部部件5非均匀地构建，其方式是仅相应的区域针对从馈送元件2出来的波至具有平坦相前的波的转换而被优化。在此，在一个扩展方案中包含球形形状的两个部件4、5。
图3示出了对图2的扩展方案的可替选方案，而其中两个变型方案也可以彼此组合。在图3的扩展方案中，设置仅仅一个馈送元件2，其牢固地通过馈入区域与内部部件5连接。在此，还形成了具有主方向的透镜3的发射特征，该主方向相对于馈送元件2的内部部件5在直径方向上对置。内部部件5可转动地支承在外部部件4中，其中转动在此通过转动装置11进行，该转动装置与内部部件通过轴线连接。箭头阐明了内部部件5的转动的可能的轨道，通过该轨道也描述了透镜3的主发射方向的轨道。内部部件5与固定的馈送元件2一起枢转由此允许多次测量（在此未示出的）介质的表面的不同区域。在此也绘出了（虚点）天线1的主轴。
在图4中示意性地示出了借助根据本发明的料位测量设备12的测量。测量设备12拥有上面所描述的天线3，其通过馈送元件2与电子单元9连接。电子天线9产生电磁波，电磁波通过馈送元件2传输到天线3上并且被天线3转换成具有平坦的相前的波。所发射的波射到介质13的表面上，在那里被反射并且又到达天线3。在罐14中的介质13在所示的例子中为散装货，其表面具有堆料锥体。因此，对于精确测量料位而言，一次测量并不充分，而是优选测定表面的多个区域。这在此通过天线3来实现，该天线简单地允许改变微波的主发射方向，而在此不会出现天线3的发射特征的显著改变。

Claims (10)

1.一种电介质天线（1），其具有至少一个馈送元件（2）和至少一个由至少一种电介质材料构成的透镜（3），其中所述馈送元件（2）发射电磁辐射并且给所述透镜（3）施加该电磁辐射，其中所述透镜（3）进一步引导和发射该电磁辐射，
其特征在于，
所述透镜（3）具有至少一个外部部件（4）和内部部件（5），所述馈送元件（2）通过内部部件（5）对所述透镜（3）施加所述电磁辐射，所述外部部件（4）具有至少一个部分球形构建的发射面（6）和至少部分球形构建的内表面（7），而所述内部部件（5）具有至少部分球形构建的接触面（8）。
2.根据权利要求1所述的天线（1），其特征在于，所述内部部件（5）的接触面（8）和所述外部部件（4）的内表面（7）构建并且相互协调为使得在所述内部部件（5）和外部部件（4）相对彼此的至少一种布置中所述内部部件（5）基本上无间隙地靠置在所述外部部件（4）上并且所述外部部件（4）至少部分包围所述内部部件（5）。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的天线（1），其特征在于，所述内部部件（5）以可运动的方式，尤其以可转动方式与所述外部部件（4）连接。
4.根据权利要求1至3之一所述的天线（1），其特征在于，所述外部部件（4）部分构建为球形壳或构建为空心球体的一部分。
5.根据权利要求1至4之一所述的天线（1），其特征在于，所述内部部件（5）基本上构建为球体或球形壳或所述内部部件（5）部分构建为球体。
6.根据权利要求1至5之一所述的天线（1），其特征在于，所述外部部件（4）和所述内部部件（5）由具有不同的介电常数的材料构成。
7.根据权利要求1至6之一所述的天线（1），其特征在于，在所述至少一个馈送元件（2）与所述内部部件（5）之间的距离能够改变。
8.根据权利要求1至7之一所述的天线（1），其特征在于，设置多个馈送元件（2）、至少一个电子单元（9）和至少一个分配网络（10），其中所述电子单元（9）产生至少一个电磁信号，并且其中通过所述分配网络（10）能够调节哪个馈送元件（2）或哪些馈送元件（2）发射由所述电子单元（9）产生的电磁信号或与此有关的电磁信号。
9.根据权利要求3和/或根据权利要求4至8之一所述的天线（1），其特征在于，设置至少一个转动装置（11），所述转动装置（11）使所述内部部件（5）在所述外部部件（4）内转动或枢转。
10.一种根据雷达原理工作的料位测量设备（12），其具有根据权利要求1至9之一所述的至少一个天线（1）。
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