CN103250321A - 用于为蓄电池充电的方法 - Google Patents

用于为蓄电池充电的方法 Download PDF

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CN103250321A
CN103250321A CN2011800562018A CN201180056201A CN103250321A CN 103250321 A CN103250321 A CN 103250321A CN 2011800562018 A CN2011800562018 A CN 2011800562018A CN 201180056201 A CN201180056201 A CN 201180056201A CN 103250321 A CN103250321 A CN 103250321A
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storage battery
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CN103250321B (zh
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S·布茨曼
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Robert Bosch GmbH
Samsung SDI Co Ltd
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    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
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Abstract

本发明描述了一种用于为具有至少一个蓄电池单元(11-1，…，11-n)的蓄电池(10)充电的方法，其中，充电装置(20)的第一连接端经由整流装置(23)与所述至少一个蓄电池单元(11-1，…，11-n)的第一极(27)相连。所述整流装置(23)被如此地设置，以使得充电电流能够流过。此外提出了一种充电装置、一种蓄电池(10)和一种机动车，借助于它们能够实施依据本发明所述的方法。

Description

用于为蓄电池充电的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及用于为蓄电池充电的方法以及充电装置、蓄电池和机动车，借助于它们能够实施该方法。
背景技术
在未来，无论是在静态的应用中(例如在风力发电设备中)，还是在诸如混合动力和电动车辆中，都将应用更多的新型的蓄电池***，对于这样的新型的蓄电池***，在可靠性方面则提出了非常高的要求。这样高的要求的背景在于，蓄电池的故障能够引起整个***的故障或者甚至引起安全相关的问题。所以例如在风力发电设备中使用蓄电池，以便在强风时通过转子叶片调节来保护该设备免于不允许的运行状态。
为了借助于蓄电池***获得所需的功率和能量数据，将单个的蓄电池单元串联地并且部分地附加并联连接。
在行驶状态(Fahrbetrieb)下，蓄电池典型地借助于两个接触器与车辆连接。在车辆中，为了缓冲电压和电流尖峰还有所谓的中间电路电容器。然而，该中间电路电容器提供了这两个主接触器的直接接通，因为在这种情况下将会有非常大的电流通过该些接触器流入中间电路电容器并且可能将其损毁。因此，通常来说在蓄电池中使用所谓的预充电单元，该预充电单元首先以受限制的电流为中间电容器充电。然后，在该电容器充电之后才接通两个主接触器。
图1为这样的预充电单元的原理图，该预充电单元用于由根据现有技术的蓄电池来为中间电路电容器充电。多个蓄电池单元1-1，…，11-n串联以及可选地附加并联连接，以便针对各个应用达到所期望高的输出电压和蓄电池容量。在蓄电池单元的正极27和正的蓄电池端子12之间连接有充电和分离装置14。可选地，能够附加地在蓄电池单元的负极28和负的蓄电池端子13之间连接分离装置15。
正的蓄电池端子12和负的蓄电池端子13是这样的连接端，在这样的连接端处能够将负载连接至蓄电池。例如在包括蓄电池的机动车中，能够在行驶状态下将电机连接至正的蓄电池端子12和负的蓄电池端子13。
分离和充电装置14和分离装置15分别包括接触器16或17，它们被设置为将蓄电池单元从蓄电池端子12、13分离，以便无电压地连接后者。否则，由于串联连接的蓄电池单元的高的直流电压将会给维修人员或者诸如此类的人员带来巨大的危险电势。在该充电和分离装置14中除了充电接触器18之外还设置有与充电接触器18串联连接的充电电阻19。当蓄电池连接至车辆(未示出)的中间电路时，该充电电阻19限制中间电路电容器(未示出)的充电电流。为此，首先断开接触器16并且仅闭合接触器18。如果在正的蓄电池端子12处的电压达到了蓄电池单元的电压，那么能够闭合接触器16并且必要时断开充电接触器18。该接触器16、17和充电接触器18显著地提高蓄电池的成本，因为对其可靠性和对由其引起的电流的要求较高。
蓄电池的充电要么通过将充电装置耦接至车辆中间电路要么通过将充电装置连接至蓄电池借助于第二附加的接触器来进行。
图2是借助于根据现有技术的第二附加接触器来将充电装置耦接至蓄电池的原理图。该充电装置20经由接触器21与蓄电池单元的正极27连接并且经由接触器22与蓄电池单元的负极28相连接。该接触器21、22也必须如此地设置，使得其在充电装置侧可能的短路的情况下能够断开。这将是昂贵的并且成本密集的。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种用于为具有至少一个蓄电池单元的蓄电池充电的方法，其中，充电装置的第一连接端经由整流装置与所述至少一个蓄电池单元的第一极相连。其中，所述整流装置被如此地设置，以使得充电电流能够流过。通过整流装置允许充电电流能够流过，并且相反地在充电装置侧上短路时整流装置截断(sperren)并且不允许电流以相反的方向流过，从而能够阻止所述蓄电池的放电，能够省掉所述接触器中的一个接触器。
其中，整流装置应该理解为这样的元件，该元件允许以一个方向的电流通过并且截断以相反的方向的电流。优选地，所述整流装置为二极管，尤其是半导体二极管。
接下来，开关装置应该理解为这样的元件，该元件能够被如此地驱动，即其要么建立要么断开一个电连接。特别地，开关装置能够为接触器。
所述充电装置的第二连接端能够经由开关装置与所述至少一个蓄电池单元的第二极相连。如果所述蓄电池包括多个串联连接的蓄电池单元，那么所述第一极为串联连接的末端处的蓄电池单元的第一极，并且所述第二极为串联连接的相反的末端处的蓄电池单元的第二极。
本发明还提供了一种充电装置，其中，在所述充电装置的第一连接端处如此地安置整流装置，以使得当所述充电装置与蓄电池连接时可实施依据本发明所述的方法。
本发明还提供了一种蓄电池，其包括至少一个蓄电池单元和整流装置，其中，所述整流装置的第一连接端与所述至少一个蓄电池单元的第一极相连，其中，所述整流装置的第二连接端与第一充电连接端连接并且其中所述整流装置被如此地安置，以使得当所述蓄电池与充电装置连接时可实施依据本发明所述的方法。所述蓄电池优选地为锂离子蓄电池。
所述蓄电池还包括第一开关装置，其中，所述第一开关装置的第一连接端与所述至少一个蓄电池单元的第二极相连并且其中所述第一开关装置的第二连接端与第二充电连接端相连。
所述第一开关装置的所述第二连接端能够与第一蓄电池端子连接。可选地，所述蓄电池还包括第二开关装置，其中，所述第二开关装置的第一连接端与所述至少一个蓄电池单元的第二极相连并且其中所述第二开关装置的第二连接端与第一蓄电池端子连接。
所述蓄电池还能够包括第三开关装置，其中，所述第三开关装置的第一连接端与所述至少一个蓄电池单元的所述第一极相连并且其中所述第三开关装置的第二连接端与第二蓄电池端子相连接。
所述蓄电池优选地为锂离子蓄电池。
本发明还提供了一种机动车，尤其是电动机动车，所述机动车包括依据本发明所述的蓄电池，其中，所述机动车的驱动***与所述蓄电池相连接。
附图说明
借助于附图和接下来的说明书进一步阐述本发明的实施例。其中：
图1示出了用于由根据现有技术的蓄电池来为中间电路电容器充电的预充电单元的原理图；
图2示出了根据现有技术的借助于第二附加接触器将充电装置耦接至蓄电池的原理图；
图3示出了依据本发明所述的蓄电池的第一实施例的原理图，该蓄电池借助于依据本发明所述的方法来充电；以及
图4示出了依据本发明所述的蓄电池的第二实施例的原理图，该蓄电池借助于依据本发明所述的方法来充电。
具体实施方式
在图3中示出了依据本发明所述的蓄电池10的第一实施例，该蓄电池10以依据本发明所述的方法来充电。如在图1和图2中所示出的根据现有技术的蓄电池那样，依据本发明的蓄电池10包括多个蓄电池单元11-1，…，11-n。在蓄电池单元的正极27和正的蓄电池端子12之间连接有充电和分离装置14。可选地，还能够在该蓄电池单元的负极28和负的蓄电池端子13之间连接有分离装置15。该分离和充电装置14和分离装置15分别包括接触器16或17，它们被设置用于将蓄电池单元11-1，…，11-n从蓄电池端子12，13分离，以便无电压地连接后者。在该充电和分离装置14中除了充电接触器18之外还设置有与该充电接触器18串联连接的充电电阻19。
与在图1和图2中所示出的根据现有技术的蓄电池不同的是，依据本发明的蓄电池10还包括二极管23，其阴极与蓄电池单元的正极27相连接并且其阳极与正的充电连接端24相连接。该蓄电池单元的负极28与负的充电连接端25相连接。
正的充电连接端24与负的充电连接端25是这样的连接端，在这样的连接端处能够将充电装置20连接至蓄电池。如果在充电连接端24、25处连接有充电装置20，那么充电电流能够流过该二极管23，该充电电流为蓄电池充电。如果相反地短路该充电连接端24和25，那么该二极管23将截断。
在蓄电池单元的负极28和负的充电连接端25之间能够安置接触器22。
可选地，二极管23也能够安置在蓄电池单元的负极28和负的充电连接端25之间(未示出)；在这种情况下，二极管23的阳极与蓄电池单元的负极28相连接，并且二极管23的阴极与负的充电连接端25相连接。在此，接触器能够安置在蓄电池单元的正极27和正的充电连接端24之间。
在依据本发明的蓄电池的第一实施例中，蓄电池单元的负极28如在根据现有技术的蓄电池中那样可选地经由接触器17与负的蓄电池端子13连接。图4示出了依据本发明的蓄电池的第二实施例，该蓄电池包括接触器26，该接触器的一个连接端与蓄电池单元的负极28连接并且其另一个连接端既与负的蓄电池端子13也与负的充电连接端25相连接。因此，接触器26被与蓄电池单元11-1，…，11-n串联地安置。通过将蓄电池单元的负极28经由同一个的接触器26与负的蓄电池端子13和与负的充电连接端25相连接能够省掉另外的接触器。该接触器26实现了双重功能，既能够在行驶状态也能够在充电状态将电流中断。
在上述的依据本发明的实施例中，二极管23被实施为蓄电池的一部分。然而，本发明并不仅限于此。依据本发明的方法也能够在该二极管被实施为充电装置的一部分(未示出)时执行。在这样情况下，该二极管被安置在充电装置的连接端处，该连接端在充电时与蓄电池的充电连接端相连接。示例性地，该充电装置能够具有二极管，其阴极与充电装置的连接端相连，该连接端在充电时与蓄电池的正的充电连接端相连接。如果在这种情况下在充电装置中出现了短路，那么该二极管将截断并且阻止蓄电池的放电。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于为具有至少一个蓄电池单元(11-1，…，11-n)的蓄电池(10)充电的方法，其特征在于，充电装置(20)的第一连接端经由整流装置(23)与所述至少一个蓄电池单元(11-1)的第一极(27)相连，其中，所述整流装置(23)被如此地设置，以使得充电电流能够流过。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述整流装置(23)为二极管，尤其是半导体二极管。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，所述充电装置(20)的第二连接端经由开关装置(22、26)与所述至少一个蓄电池单元(11-n)的第二极(28)相连。
4.一种充电装置，其特征在于，在所述充电装置的第一连接端处如此地安置整流装置，以使得当所述充电装置与蓄电池连接时可实施依据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法。
5.一种蓄电池(10)，其包括至少一个蓄电池单元(11-1，…，11-n)，其特征在于，所述蓄电池(10)包括整流装置(23)，其中，所述整流装置(23)的第一连接端与所述至少一个蓄电池单元(11-1)的第一极(27)相连，其中，所述整流装置(23)的第二连接端与第一充电连接端(24)连接，并且其中，所述整流装置(23)被如此地安置，以使得当所述蓄电池(10)与充电装置(20)连接时可实施依据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法。
6.根据权利要求5所述的蓄电池(10)，其中，所述蓄电池(10)还包括第一开关装置(22、26)，其中，所述第一开关装置(22、26)的第一连接端与所述至少一个蓄电池单元(11-n)的第二极(28)相连，并且其中，所述第一开关装置(22、26)的第二连接端与第二充电连接端(25)相连。
7.根据权利要求6所述的蓄电池(10)，其中，所述第一开关装置(26)的所述第二连接端与第一蓄电池端子(13)连接。
8.根据权利要求6所述的蓄电池(10)，其中，所述蓄电池(10)还包括第二开关装置(17)，其中，所述第二开关装置(17)的第一连接端与所述至少一个蓄电池单元(11-n)的所述第二极(28)相连，并且其中，所述第二开关装置(17)的第二连接端与第一蓄电池端子(13)连接。
9.根据权利要求5至8中任一项所述的蓄电池(10)，其中，所述蓄电池(10)还包括第三开关装置(16)，其中，所述第三开关装置(16)的第一连接端与所述至少一个蓄电池单元(11-1)的所述第一极(27)相连，并且其中，所述第三开关装置(16)的第二连接端与第二蓄电池端子(12)相连。
10.一种机动车，尤其是电动机动车，其中，所述机动车包括根据权利要求5至9中任一项所述的蓄电池(10)，并且其中，所述机动车的驱动***与所述蓄电池连接。
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