CN103189633B - 包括排气再循环***的机动车内燃机 - Google Patents
包括排气再循环***的机动车内燃机 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103189633B CN103189633B CN201180053159.4A CN201180053159A CN103189633B CN 103189633 B CN103189633 B CN 103189633B CN 201180053159 A CN201180053159 A CN 201180053159A CN 103189633 B CN103189633 B CN 103189633B
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
- F02B37/004—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust with exhaust drives arranged in series
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
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- F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
- F02B37/013—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust with exhaust-driven pumps arranged in series
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
- F02B37/12—Control of the pumps
- F02B37/16—Control of the pumps by bypassing charging air
- F02B37/162—Control of the pumps by bypassing charging air by bypassing, e.g. partially, intake air from pump inlet to pump outlet
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
- F02B37/12—Control of the pumps
- F02B37/18—Control of the pumps by bypassing exhaust from the inlet to the outlet of turbine or to the atmosphere
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
- F02M26/04—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
- F02M26/05—High pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust system upstream of the turbine and reintroduced into the intake system downstream of the compressor
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- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
- F02M26/04—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
- F02M26/06—Low pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust downstream of the turbocharger turbine and reintroduced into the intake system upstream of the compressor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
- F02M26/08—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines for engines having two or more intake charge compressors or exhaust gas turbines, e.g. a turbocharger combined with an additional compressor
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- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/14—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the exhaust system
- F02M26/15—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the exhaust system in relation to engine exhaust purifying apparatus
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate silencers in series
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/36—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an exhaust flap
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
- F01N2610/1453—Sprayers or atomisers; Arrangement thereof in the exhaust apparatus
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
- F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/103—Oxidation catalysts for HC and CO only
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)
- Supercharger (AREA)
- Control Of Throttle Valves Provided In The Intake System Or In The Exhaust System (AREA)
- Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
- Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及一种机动车内燃机,包括用于为内燃机(1)输送燃烧用空气的空气供给***(5)和用于接收内燃机(1)的排气的排气***(6),所述排气***中设有颗粒过滤器(35)和能借助氨来选择性催化还原氮氧化物的SCR排气净化元件。借助添加装置(38)可以在SCR排气净化元件上游将氨或能释放出氨的还原剂添加到排气***(6)中。本发明所提供的内燃机(1)设有特别是第一排气涡轮增压器(11),其涡轮(14)在排气***(6)中布置于颗粒过滤器(35)上游。为了进行排气从排气***(6)到空气供给***(5)的再循环,设有在特别是第一排气涡轮增压器(11)的涡轮(14)上游从排气***(6)分支出去的第一排气再循环管道(27)以及在颗粒过滤器(35)下游从排气***(6)分支出去的第二排气再循环管道(24)。根据本发明,第二排气再循环管道(24)中设有SCR催化转化器(37)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种机动车内燃机,包括排气涡轮增压器、排气再循环***和排气***,该排气***中设有颗粒过滤器和能借助氨来选择性催化还原氮氧化物的SCR排气净化元件。
背景技术
WO2008/103230A1描述了一种包括排气再循环***的内燃机,该内燃机的排气***中设有颗粒过滤器和布置于该颗粒过滤器上游的SCR催化转化器。借助添加装置可将氨或尿素作为氮氧化物还原剂从SCR催化转化器上游输送至排气***。排气再循环***在此通过一个在颗粒过滤器下游从排气***分支出去的低压路径而实现。
WO2008/030314A1和DE102009014361A1中所描述的类似内燃机还具有通过高压路径而实现的排气再循环***。WO2008/030314A1还设有布置于颗粒过滤器下游的SCR催化转化器。
然而,通过低压路径实现排气再循环具有缺点,例如低压路径被基于氮氧化物的化合物或硫基化合物污染。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种能够在尽量减少排气再循环***受污染的情况下实现良好排气净化的机动车内燃机。
上述目的通过一种内燃机得以实现。
本发明所提供的机动车内燃机具有用于为内燃机输送燃烧用空气的空气供给***和用于接收内燃机的排气的排气***,该排气***中设有颗粒过滤器和能借助氨来选择性催化还原氮氧化物的SCR排气净化元件。其中,本发明所提供的内燃机设有用于在SCR排气净化元件上游添加氨或者能释放出氨的还原剂的添加装置。此外还设有特别是第一排气涡轮增压器,其涡轮在排气***中布置于颗粒过滤器上游。为了进行排气从排气***到空气供给***的再循环,设有在特别是第一排气涡轮增压器的涡轮上游从排气***分支出去的第一排气再循环管道以及在颗粒过滤器下游从排气***分支出去的第二排气再循环管道。其特征在于,在第二排气再循环管道中设有SCR催化转化器。
在排气涡轮增压器的涡轮上游分支出去的第一排气再循环管道构成高压排气再循环路径,借助该路径可以将再循环排气的高压分量从排气***送入空气供给***。在颗粒过滤器下游从排气***分支出去的第二排气再循环管道则构成低压排气再循环路径,借助该路径可以将再循环排气的低压分量送入空气供给***。
借助布置在第二排气再循环管道中的SCR催化转化器可以改善氮氧化物的转化。第二排气再循环管道中的SCR催化转化器可以减轻排气***中的SCR排气净化元件的负荷,既能降低经由低压路径实现再循环的排气中的氮氧化物含量又能减少其氨含量。这样能避免例如因氨化合物或氮氧化物化合物沉积在第二排气再循环管道中而引起的污染,使内燃机的未经处理的排气排放得到改善。由于所引起的低氮氧化物的排气再循环,改善了内燃机中的燃料燃烧。第二排气再循环管道中的SCR催化转化器还能捕获至少相对较大的颗粒,这样就不必在第二排气再循环管道中设置单独的粗粒过滤器。另外,该SCR催化转化器还能起流动均匀化作用,借此减小第二排气再循环管道的压力损失。第二排气再循环管道中的SCR催化转化器和排气***中的SCR排气净化元件包括能够在氧化条件下借助氨选择性还原氮氧化物的催化材料。第二排气再循环管道中的SCR催化转化器优选实施为设有SCR催化材料涂层的载体型蜂窝体,或者实施为例如基于五氧化二钒和/或氧化钛和/或氧化钨的全挤出型蜂窝体SCR催化材料涂层也可以涂布在适于滤除颗粒的颗粒过滤结构上。特别优选的是设有含铜或含铁的沸石涂层的蜂窝状块体。
根据本发明的技术方案,布置在排气***中的SCR排气净化元件实施为颗粒过滤器的催化涂层以及/或者实施为在排气***中布置于颗粒过滤器上游和/或下游的独立SCR催化转化器部件。实施为颗粒过滤器的催化涂层时,可将该催化涂层涂布在起过滤作用的材料的未净化气体侧或已净化气体侧。当颗粒过滤器实施为壁流式过滤器时,可将该涂层涂布在部分或所有气体流入通道的表面,或者涂布在部分或所有气体流出通道的表面。也可以仅部分设置该涂层,优选将其设置在颗粒过滤器的上游区段。作为补充或替代方案,优选在排气***中设置单独的SCR催化转化器部件。该SCR催化转化器部件优选布置在颗粒过滤器下游,特别是第二排气再循环管道在排气***上的分支点下游。但也可以直接布置在颗粒过滤器的输入端或输出端。优选地,大部分氮氧化物还原由SCR排气净化元件完成,小部分氮氧化物还原由布置在第二排气再循环管道中的SCR催化转化器完成。
根据本发明进一步的技术方案,排气***中设有布置于特别是第一排气涡轮增压器的涡轮下游、颗粒过滤器上游的氧化催化转化器。该氧化催化转化器能以氧化方式移除排气中的过量碳氢化合物。该氧化催化转化器还将排气中所包含的一氧化氮至少部分氧化成二氧化氮,这部分二氧化氮则可以在相对较低的温度(300℃至450℃)下以氧化方式移除沉积在颗粒过滤器中的炭黑。另外,二氧化氮浓度增大有助于改善SCR排气净化元件上的氮氧化物催化还原过程。为此,优选通过对经由低压排气再循环路径和高压排气再循环路径实现再循环的排气量比例进行适当调节,在SCR排气净化元件的输入端将排气中所包含的氮氧化物的二氧化氮含量设定为至少接近50%。此外还可以通过对额外被送入排气的碳氢化合物进行氧化来按需要提高排气温度。特别是,可以通过用发动机后喷射或者通过发动机外部的燃料二次喷射使排气富含碳氢化合物,从而以燃烧炭黑的方式实现颗粒过滤器的热再生。
根据本发明进一步的技术方案,在氧化催化转化器下游、颗粒过滤器上游添加氨或者能释放出氨的还原剂。这样一方面能避免氨被氧化,另一方面能让作为还原剂添加的尿素经过颗粒过滤器,从而达到改善其水解效果的目的。
根据本发明进一步的技术方案,设有用于调节再循环排气量的调节构件,所述调节构件包括在排气***中布置于第二排气再循环管道的分支点下游以及/或者在第二排气再循环管道中布置于第二排气再循环管道与空气供给***的连通点前面(上游)的可调节流元件和/或在第一排气再循环管道中布置于第一排气再循环管道与空气供给***的连通点前面的可调节流元件。如此一来,不但可以在内燃机的整个工作范围内根据实际的需要和工作点来调节高压排气再循环率和低压排气再循环率的比例,也能对再循环排气总量进行可变调节。只要排气***中设有布置于第二排气再循环管道的分支点下游的SCR催化转化器,排气***中的节流元件就优选布置在分支点和SCR催化转化器之间。也可以将节流元件布置在SCR催化转化器下游。
用于调节再循环排气的低压分量和高压分量的调节构件的主要作用是,根据内燃机的工作点,在SCR排气净化元件的输入端将排气中所包含的氮氧化物的二氧化氮(NO2)含量调节到一个有利于SCR排气净化元件进行氮氧化物催化还原的值。其中,特别是对再循环排气的低压分量进行调节,使得所产生的NO2含量低于70%。特别优选的是,对低压分量进行调节,使得排气中所包含的NOx中的NO2含量接近50%。
根据本发明进一步的技术方案,设有第二排气涡轮增压器,其涡轮在排气***中布置于第一排气涡轮增压器的涡轮下游。由此实现内燃机的二级增压,使得内燃机在减少有害物质排放的同时功率得到相应提高。
根据本发明进一步的技术方案,空气供给***中设有能被旁通的增压空气冷却器,该增压空气冷却器用于冷却被压缩的燃烧用空气。这样能可变地降低在内燃机燃烧室内燃烧的燃料的燃烧温度,从而进一步减少内燃机的有害物质排放,特别是氮氧化物排放。
根据本发明进一步的技术方案,在第一排气再循环管道和/或第二排气再循环管道中设有用于对被送往空气供给***的再循环排气进行冷却的排气冷却器。这项措施也能降低燃烧温度。根据本发明进一步的技术方案,优选为布置在第一排气再循环管道中的排气冷却器和/或布置在第二排气再循环管道中的排气冷却器设置旁通管道。
下面参照附图借助优选实施例对本发明的优点、特征和技术细节作进一步说明。在本发明范围内,前述的特征和特征组合以及下文将在附图描述中提及和/或仅在附图中示出的特征和特征组合既可以本申请所给出的方式进行组合,也可按其它方式组合应用或单独应用。
附图说明
唯一一个附图为本发明所提供的空气压缩式内燃机1的优选实施方案的示意图,所述内燃机包括二级排气再循环***和增压***,该增压***在此实施为二级增压***。
具体实施方式
内燃机1包括发动机缸体2,该发动机缸体包括多个设有未标示燃烧室的工作缸3,其中,可用高压泵4为工作缸3或其燃烧室输送燃料。空气供给***5为工作缸3或其燃烧室输送燃烧用空气,排气***6将排气排出工作缸3。空气供给***5中设有空气过滤器7、实施为高压排气涡轮增压器11的第一排气涡轮增压器的第一压缩机10、实施为低压排气涡轮增压器9的第二排气涡轮增压器的第二压缩机8、增压空气冷却器12和节气门13。
从发动机缸体2出发沿排气流向看,排气***6中依次设有分配给高压排气涡轮增压器11的第一涡轮14、分配给低压排气涡轮增压器9的第二涡轮15、氧化催化转化器34、颗粒过滤器35、排气截流阀17和SCR催化转化器部件36。也可以不设氧化催化转化器34。
颗粒过滤器35可采用烧结金属,或者实施为蜂窝状壁流式过滤单元。优选为颗粒过滤器35设置催化涂层。尤其在不设氧化催化转化器34的情况下,颗粒过滤器35的催化涂层包含起氧化催化作用的材料。
根据一种特别优选的实施方式,颗粒过滤器35配有SCR排气净化元件。该SCR排气净化元件在排气***6中可以作为独立部件直接布置在颗粒过滤器35前面或后面,或者整合在颗粒过滤器35中,附图对此未作单独图示。这种情况下也可以不设SCR催化转化器部件36。若如图所示,颗粒过滤器35上游设有氧化催化转化器34,则优选将分配给颗粒过滤器35的SCR排气净化元件实施为颗粒过滤器35的催化涂层。该涂层可涂布在相应起过滤作用的材料的气体流入侧或气体流出侧。在将颗粒过滤器35实施为常规蜂窝状壁流式过滤器的优选实施方案中,包含相应的SCR催化材料的涂层优选设置在暴露于未净化气体中的通道壁上。在此情况下,优选将SCR排气净化元件仅在部分区段实施为涂层。举例而言,可以在颗粒过滤器35的大约占其50%长度的第一轴向延伸区段上设置包含SCR催化材料的涂层。从轴向看位于后面的区段则优选设置起氧化催化作用的涂层。
为了实现布置在排气***6中的SCR排气净化元件的功能,不管其实施为颗粒过滤器35的涂层还是实施为独立的催化转化器部件36,都需要向排气输送能促进选择性氮氧化物还原的还原剂。为此,在SCR排气净化元件上游,特别是在颗粒过滤器35上游设置用于添加氨或者能分离氨的还原剂的添加装置38。特别优选的是可以将尿素水溶液喷入排气***6的添加装置38。为了改善分布的均匀性,可以在排气***6中设置附图未单独示出的后置式混合器。若如图所示,在颗粒过滤器上游设有氧化催化转化器34,则添加装置38优选布置在氧化催化转化器34和颗粒过滤器35之间。
在排气***6中,可以在颗粒过滤器35或氧化催化转化器34上游和/或在颗粒过滤器35或SCR催化转化器部件36下游设置一个或多个起净化作用的其它排气后处理元件,例如其它氧化催化转化器、SCR催化转化器和/或氮氧化物储存催化转化器。举例而言,在排气***6中的SCR催化转化器部件36下游设置所谓的氨锁定催化剂(Ammoniak-Sperrkatalysator)是有益的。上述排气净化元件已为本领域技术人员所熟知,此处不再加以赘述。不失一般性地,下面假设布置在排气***6中的排气净化元件从排气流向看依次包括氧化催化转化器34、设有包含SCR催化材料的涂层的颗粒过滤器35以及布置在该颗粒过滤器后面且实施为SCR催化转化器的SCR催化转化器部件36,并以此为基础进行说明。
至于内燃机1的增压***,在第二压缩机8下游分支出一个旁通高压排气涡轮增压器11的压缩机旁路18,该压缩机旁路中设有压缩机旁通阀19。如此一来,经第二压缩机8压缩的新鲜空气或新鲜空气-排气混合物就可以或多或少地流经第一压缩机10,具体程度视内燃机1的工作状态及其所决定的压缩机旁通阀19的位置而定。通过这种方式可以调节内燃机1的增压压力,或者说当内燃机1以较低转速运行,高压排气涡轮增压器11在此情况下因排气压力过低还无法工作时,可用压缩机旁路18旁通第一压缩机10。
排气***6中还设有分别旁通一个涡轮14、15的旁路20、21,即设有第一涡轮旁通阀22的第一涡轮旁路20和设有第二涡轮旁通阀23的第二涡轮旁路21。当内燃机1以较低转速运行,排气压力因此而较低时,高压排气涡轮增压器11还无法工作,因此在这种工作状态下,可以对第一涡轮旁通阀22进行控制,使得一定质量流量的排气可以通过第一涡轮旁路20从第一涡轮14旁边经过,并被全部用来驱动低压排气涡轮增压器9的第二涡轮15。
当内燃机1以极高转速运行时,对排气涡轮增压器9、11的涡轮14、15产生作用的排气压力较高,从而使排气涡轮增压器达到较高转速。这能使排气涡轮增压器9、11的压缩机8、10达到较高的压缩机功率,进而使新鲜空气-排气混合物达到较高的增压压力。但该增压压力不得超过预设值,因此当达到该预设值时,可以将其中一个或两个涡轮旁路20、21用作所谓的废气门。在此过程中,可以对涡轮旁通阀22、23进行控制,使其例如部分打开,从而使得一部分排气质量流量可以从涡轮14、15旁边经过,借此减小作用于涡轮14、15并对这些涡轮起驱动作用的排气压力。其结果是被排气涡轮增压器9、11的压缩机8、10压缩的气体的压缩程度变小,即增压压力变小。
借助于低压排气涡轮增压器9和高压排气涡轮增压器11的上述设置,可以针对不同的转速范围优化内燃机1的功率,并提供相应的最佳增压压力。这样能避免涡轮迟滞或者至少大幅减轻这一问题,从而使得由该内燃机1驱动的机动车在行驶性能和燃料消耗方面得到优化,所谓涡轮迟滞指的是在低转速范围内,没有增压压力或增压压力较小,从而使得这种内燃机1的功率也较小。
本发明所提供的内燃机1设有形式为低压排气再循环***和高压排气再循环***的二级排气再循环(EGR)。
为了实现低压排气再循环,设有在颗粒过滤器35下游且在SCR催化转化器部件36前面(即在排气***6的低压侧)分支出去的低压排气再循环(EGR)管道24。低压EGR管道24在低压排气涡轮增压器9的第二压缩机8上游且在空气过滤器7下游与空气供给***5连通。在低压EGR管道24中设有从低压EGR质量流量的流向看布置于低压EGR管道在排气***6上的分支点下游的低压EGR冷却器25和低压EGR阀26。在不设低压EGR冷却器25的情况下,可以选择性地通过所使用的管道长度或管道构造来实现低压EGR质量流量的冷却。通过冷却低压EGR质量流量可以确保,在以排气再循环模式进行工作时,压缩机8、10上的温度不会超过允许范围。在本发明所提供的图示实施方式中,在低压EGR管道24中还设有布置于低压EGR冷却器25上游的SCR催化转化器37。第二SCR催化转化器37能够减少再循环排气中可能存在的氮氧化物和/或氨或氧的量。这样能进一步避免或减少低压EGR冷却器25冷却面上的沉积现象和一般性的腐蚀现象,改善内燃机1的燃烧室内的燃料燃烧过程。SCR催化转化器37可被构造成具有过滤器功能,以便至少能从经由低压路径实现再循环的排气中移除较粗颗粒。
为了实现高压排气再循环,设有在高压排气涡轮增压器11的涡轮14上游(即在排气***6的高压侧)从排气***6的排气集管33分支出去的高压EGR管道27。高压EGR管道27在节气门13下游与空气供给***5连通。借助该高压EGR管道27可将高压EGR质量流量通过高压EGR阀28送入空气供给***5。在图示实施方式中,高压EGR管道27中设有视情况可在结构和/或功能上与低压EGR冷却器25相一致的高压EGR冷却器29。作为可选方案,也可以例如通过高压EGR管道27的管道长度来实现高压EGR质量流量的冷却。可以为低压EGR冷却器25和/或高压EGR冷却器29设置旁通管道,尤其是设有用于实现可变流量调节的调节构件的旁通管道,附图对此未作单独图示。
附图所示的内燃机1由此而具有一排气再循环***,该排气再循环***可以在高压排气涡轮增压器11的涡轮14上游通过相应的高压路径以及在颗粒过滤器35下游通过相应的低压路径从排气***6中提取排气,并且视情况加以冷却后,在低压排气涡轮增压器9的压缩机8上游和空气供给***5的节气门13下游将排气输送给内燃机1的燃烧室3。内燃机1可以选择性地不设排气再循环***,设置高压排气再循环***或低压排气再循环***,或者同时设置高压排气再循环***和低压排气再循环***,并且以相应的可变再循环排气量进行工作。由此可以向内燃机1的燃烧室3输送低压分量和高压分量均可变且排气再循环率变化范围较宽的燃烧气体。借助排气截流阀17和/或低压EGR阀26以及高压EGR阀28作为调节构件对再循环排气量(即再循环排气的质量流量)和EGR率进行调节,其中,再循环排气中的低压分量和高压分量的可调节范围也较宽。上述措施总体而言能实现更清洁的再循环排气质量流量,改善再循环排气质量流量的冷却效果,避免排气再循环冷却器25、29积炭,并且在空气供给***5中实现再循环排气质量流量与新鲜空气的良好混合。可以达到较高的排气再循环率,使内燃机1实现均匀运行或者至少部分均匀的运行。
在本实施例中,排气截流阀17和低压EGR阀26是实施为先导控制调节***的排气再循环调节***的执行元件。低压EGR阀26和排气截流阀17均优选可连续调节。借助于排气截流阀17和压缩机8前面的低压EGR阀26,可以调节再循环排气总质量流量中的低压分量,从而对再循环排气总质量流量施加影响。只要所存在的压差足以用来输送低压再循环排气质量流量,该低压再循环排气质量流量最初就只能通过低压EGR阀26来加以调节。如果所存在的压差不够用来输送低压再循环排气质量流量,则还可以通过小幅调节排气截流阀17来利用低压EGR阀26提高压差。此时可确保低压再循环排气质量流量与新鲜空气达到极佳的混合效果。另一优点是,经由低压路径实现再循环的排气不但清洁,而且几乎无脉动。此外还能提高压缩机功率,因为当再循环排气的低压分量较高时,涡轮14、15可以输送较高的排气质量流量。由于再循环排气在压缩机8、10之后可由高效的增压空气冷却器12输送,因此也能将包含新鲜空气和排气的燃烧气体的温度保持得较低。内燃机1工作时既可使用高压排气再循环,也可使用低压排气再循环,或者同时使用这两个排气再循环,具体视需要而定。
优选在空气供给***5中设置旁通增压空气冷却器12的增压空气冷却器旁路30,借助该增压空气冷却器旁路可以避免增压空气冷却器12积炭。举例而言,当含有水蒸气和颗粒的气体混合物在增压空气冷却器12中冷却至露点以下并形成冷凝物时,就存在所谓的积炭危险。
优选地,新鲜空气-排气混合物可以全部或者仅部分地通过在增压空气冷却器12上游分支出去的增压空气冷却器旁路30从增压空气冷却器12旁边经过,如此一来,新鲜空气-排气混合物就不会被增压空气冷却器12冷却,其温度也就不会下降至露点以下。为了确保在必要时,即当新鲜空气-排气混合物温度高时,仍能借助增压空气冷却器12来有效冷却新鲜空气-排气混合物,在空气供给***5中设置布置于压缩机8、10下游且布置于增压空气冷却器12上游的温度传感器31,使得在达到预设温度时,可以对布置在增压空气冷却器旁路30中的增压空气冷却器旁通阀32进行相应控制,而后使该增压空气冷却器旁通阀32例如完全打开或完全关闭,或者在其它实施方式中也可以部分打开。
为了实现内燃机1的最佳运行,在排气***6和空气供给***5中优选设有其它传感器,为清楚起见附图未作详示。特别是,在排气集管33的输出端,在涡轮旁路20、21中,在排气净化单元16的输入端和输出端或者其内部,在空气过滤器7的输入端和输出端,在压缩机8、10的输入端和输出端,在排气再循环管道24、27中以及视情况在其它位置,可以设置用来检测温度和压力条件的温度传感器和/或压力传感器。优选还在空气过滤器7下游设置用于检测新鲜空气质量流量的空气质量流量传感器。优选还在排气***6中设置排气传感器,例如在排气集管33中以及在颗粒过滤器35前面和/或后面设置λ传感器。优选还设置一个或多个附图未单独示出的氮氧化物传感器,特别是直接布置在氧化催化转化器34后面和/或SCR催化转化器部件36后面的氮氧化物传感器。所用传感器的信号可由图中未示出的控制调节装置处理,该控制调节装置可以根据这些信号和存储的特性曲线及特性图测定内燃机1的整体工作状态,尤其是排气***6和空气供给***5的工作状态,并且通过控制执行元件来对工作状态进行可控和/或可调调节。特别是,可以对低压路径和高压路径上的再循环排气质量流量以及内燃机1在转矩、平均压力和转速方面的负荷状态进行测定和调节。
采用本发明所提供的实施方案后,内燃机1可以实现高功率密度的低污染节能型运行。尤其是通过对再循环排气低压分量和再循环排气高压分量施加影响,可以在较长的运行时间内保持基本稳定的氮氧化物净化性能。在此,低压EGR管道24中的SCR催化转化器37起着关键性作用。按本发明设想所设置的SCR催化转化器37至少能大幅减少经由低压EGR管道24实现再循环的排气中的氮氧化物含量和氨含量。借此可以对由添加装置38送入排气的还原剂就氮氧化物而言至少暂时超化学计量的较高投加率进行调节。这样能改善设置在排气***6中的SCR排气净化元件的效率。穿过颗粒过滤器后的氮氧化物和氨就算没有被低压EGR管道24从排气***6中提取出来,也会被下一个SCR催化转化器部件36降解。被低压EGR管道24提取出来的剩下的氮氧化物和氨则在SCR催化转化器37中被降解,从而避免了这些元件在低压排气再循环路径上所引发的腐蚀。如此一来,内燃机1至少从低压EGR管道24获得的排气至少是几乎完全不含氮氧化物和氨的。由于SCR催化转化器37布置在低压EGR冷却器25上游,因此排气中所包含的氮氧化物和氨/尿素组分不会在低压EGR冷却器上形成沉积物,而这些物质会降低热交换效率。如果不采取这样的措施,整个低压路径上,特别是低压EGR冷却器25中就极有可能沉积硝酸铵,这会带来极大的不良后果。由于内燃机1至少能从低压路径获得至少几乎不含氮氧化物的排气,这样就能避免氮氧化物在燃烧室3内引起点火失控事件,整体上也能提高燃烧稳定性。尤其在SCR催化转化器37含有贵金属的情况下,还能在低压排气再循环路径上实现未燃烧燃料组分(HC,CO)的氧化。这也能防止低压EGR冷却器25积炭或形成沉积物(Verlackung)。另外,SCR催化转化器37还能在低压EGR管道24中起流动均匀化作用,避免或者至少减少脉动,减少压力损失。此外,低压EGR管道24中也不必设置一般情况下需要设置的(粗)滤器,尤其是在SCR催化转化器37具有过滤器功能的情况下。
Claims (13)
1.一种机动车内燃机,包括用于为所述内燃机(1)输送燃烧用空气的空气供给***(5)和用于接收所述内燃机(1)的排气的排气***(6),所述排气***中设有颗粒过滤器(35)和能借助氨来选择性催化还原氮氧化物的SCR排气净化元件,其中,
-在所述SCR排气净化元件上游设有用于将氨或者能释放出氨的还原剂添加到所述排气***(6)中的添加装置(38),
-设有第一排气涡轮增压器(11),其涡轮(14)在所述排气***(6)中布置于所述颗粒过滤器(35)上游,以及
-为了进行排气,从所述排气***(6)到所述空气供给***(5)的再循环,设有在所述第一排气涡轮增压器(11)的涡轮(14)上游从所述排气***(6)分支出去的第一排气再循环管道(27)以及在所述颗粒过滤器(35)下游从所述排气***(6)分支出去的第二排气再循环管道(24),
其中,所述第二排气再循环管道(24)中设有SCR催化转化器(37)。
2.如权利要求1所述的内燃机,其特征在于,所述SCR排气净化元件实施为所述颗粒过滤器(35)的催化涂层以及/或者实施为在所述排气***(6)中布置于所述颗粒过滤器(35)上游和/或下游的SCR催化转化器部件(36)。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的内燃机,其特征在于,所述排气***(6)中设有布置于所述第一排气涡轮增压器(11)的涡轮(14)下游且所述颗粒过滤器(35)上游的氧化催化转化器(34)。
4.如权利要求3所述的内燃机,其特征在于,在所述氧化催化转化器(34)下游且所述颗粒过滤器(35)上游将氨或者能释放出氨的还原剂添加到所述排气***(6)中。
5.如权利要求3所述的内燃机,其特征在于,所述排气***(6)中设有布置于所述氧化催化转化器(34)上游和/或所述颗粒过滤器(35)下游的其它氧化催化转化器。
6.如权利要求1或2所述的内燃机,其特征在于,设有用于调节再循环排气量的调节构件,所述调节构件包括在所述排气***(6)中布置于所述第二排气再循环管道(24)的分支点下游以及/或者在所述第二排气再循环管道(24)中布置于所述第二排气再循环管道与所述空气供给***(5)的连通点前面的可调节流元件(17;26)和/或在所述第一排气再循环管道(27)中布置于所述第一排气再循环管道与所述空气供给***(5)的连通点前面的可调节流元件(28)。
7.如权利要求1或2所述的内燃机,其特征在于,设有第二排气涡轮增压器(9),其涡轮(15)在所述排气***(6)中布置于所述第一排气涡轮增压器(11)的涡轮(14)下游。
8.如权利要求1或2所述的内燃机,其特征在于,所述空气供给***(5)中设有能被旁通的增压空气冷却器(12),所述增压空气冷却器用于冷却被压缩的燃烧用空气。
9.如权利要求1或2所述的内燃机,其特征在于,在所述第一排气再循环管道(27)和/或所述第二排气再循环管道(24)中设有用于对被送往所述空气供给***(5)的再循环排气进行冷却的排气冷却器(29;25)。
10.如权利要求9所述的内燃机,其特征在于,为布置在所述第一排气再循环管道(27)和/或布置在所述第二排气再循环管道(24)中的排气冷却器(29;25)设置旁通管道。
11.如权利要求1或2所述的内燃机,其特征在于,布置在所述第二排气再循环管道(24)中的SCR催化转化器(37)实施为设有SCR催化材料涂层的载体型蜂窝体。
12.如权利要求11所述的内燃机,其特征在于,所述SCR催化材料涂层涂布在适于滤除颗粒的颗粒过滤结构上。
13.如权利要求1或2所述的内燃机,其特征在于,所述排气***(6)中设有布置于所述颗粒过滤器(35)上游和/或下游的氮氧化物储存催化转化器。
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- 2011-10-18 JP JP2013537020A patent/JP5752797B2/ja active Active
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EP2635790B1 (de) | 2015-01-28 |
EP2635790A1 (de) | 2013-09-11 |
WO2012059180A1 (de) | 2012-05-10 |
DE102010050413A1 (de) | 2012-05-10 |
US8833059B2 (en) | 2014-09-16 |
JP2013545014A (ja) | 2013-12-19 |
US20130269327A1 (en) | 2013-10-17 |
CN103189633A (zh) | 2013-07-03 |
JP5752797B2 (ja) | 2015-07-22 |
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