CN103030228A - Circulating water treatment method adopting deionized water as supplement water - Google Patents

Circulating water treatment method adopting deionized water as supplement water Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103030228A
CN103030228A CN2011102929610A CN201110292961A CN103030228A CN 103030228 A CN103030228 A CN 103030228A CN 2011102929610 A CN2011102929610 A CN 2011102929610A CN 201110292961 A CN201110292961 A CN 201110292961A CN 103030228 A CN103030228 A CN 103030228A
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water
treatment method
circulating water
water treatment
deionized water
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傅迎春
华炜
楼琼慧
周学勤
郦和生
秦会敏
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Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry
China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
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Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry
China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
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Abstract

The invention relates to a circulating water treatment method adopting deionized water as supplement water. The method comprises a) controlling pH of circulating water at 9-11.5; b) adding an adsorption film type corrosion inhibitor, wherein the adsorption film type corrosion inhibitor is selected from thiourea and its derivative and a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound; and c) adding an environment-friendly type bactericide, wherein the environment-friendly type bactericide is hydrogen peroxide and ozone. The inventive circulating water treatment method is suitable for treatment of a circulating cooling water system with sewage subjected to secondary treatment firstly and then to double membrane process so as to serve as supplement water, and can effectively control corrosion and microorganism growth.

Description

A kind of deionized water is done the circulating water treatment method of moisturizing
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of circulating water treatment method, relate in particular to a kind of circulating water treatment method of doing moisturizing with deionized water.
Background technology
As everyone knows, in industries such as petrochemical complex, thermal power generation, metallurgy, need to use large water gaging, wherein water coolant accounts for significant proportion, accounts for more than 80% of water of productive use such as petroleum chemical enterprise's water coolant water.Nowadays water resources shortage, water saving has become world theme.Sewage and Zhong Shui are back to recirculated water will greatly reduce the consumption of fresh water, even realize the spot patch fresh water.
The U.S. has realized discharging urban sewage recycling in the power generation cycle water system in the sixties in 20th century, and the nineties has realized qualified discharge Waste Water Reuse and petrochemical equipment circulating water system.The method of taking is that sewage is carried out advanced treatment, reduces COD, suspended substance and microorganism concn in the qualified discharge sewage, uses corrosion and scaling and the microorganism of water conditioner operating device again.
The method that sewage and Zhong Shui are back to recirculated water has two kinds.A kind of is advanced treatment, is about to sewage reuse after passing through again coagulation, precipitation, filtration, sterilization after the second-stage treatment.Another kind is two embrane methods, soon passes into ultrafiltration reverse osmosis device after the water process coagulation after the second-stage treatment, precipitation, the filtration, and water outlet is deionized water.Two embrane method investment costs are large, still, because there is not the fouling factor in the deionized water, be applied to circulating cooling make-up water, scale problems can be ignored, and therefore can greatly improve cycles of concentration, but also the expense of having saved Scale inhibitors, in addition can also extension device working life, save the overhaul of the equipments expense.As seen adopt deionized water can reduce the later stage expense.It is corrosion and microbiological manipulation that deionized water is done the problem that circulating cooling make-up water need to solve.
CN1338433A discloses in the sewage of qualified discharge and to have added sterilant and carry out disinfection, and adds alkaline matter and makes the pH value be controlled at 9.5-14 to carry out inhibition.Its shortcoming is: because have dissolved oxygen in the water, depend merely on adjusting pH value and can not effectively control corrosion.
CN1524806A discloses the water of high oily(waste)water after oil removal, sedimentation has been introduced circulating water system, simultaneously, adds inorganic base substance and makes the pH value reach 7-11, adds sterilant and corrosion inhibiting and descaling agent.Sterilant selects chlorine series bactericidal agent, the corrosion inhibiting and descaling agents such as clorox, trichloroisocyanuric acid to select organophosphorus, Sodium hexametaphosphate 99, Sodium orthomolybdate etc.Its shortcoming is: the chlorine series bactericidal agent can lose efficacy under alkaline condition, if the phosphorus containg substances such as organophosphorus, Sodium hexametaphosphate 99 are with sewage discharge meeting eutrophication.
CN1393411A has studied a kind of composite corrosion inhibitor for deionized water, and composition is comprised of deionized water, polyetheramides, silicate.Different from inhibiter composition of the present invention, and the present invention is the circulating water treatment method.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of deionized water to do the circulating water treatment method of moisturizing.
For reaching above purpose, the invention provides a kind ofly with the circulating water treatment method of deionized water as moisturizing, may further comprise the steps: a) the pH value of controlled circulation water is at 9-11.5; B) add absorption membranous type inhibiter, described absorption membranous type inhibiter is selected from thiocarbamide and derivative and nitrogen-containing heterocycle compound; C) add the environment-friendly type sterilant, described environment-friendly type sterilant is hydrogen peroxide and ozone.
The present invention is preferably with the pH value of alkaline matter controlled circulation water, and described alkaline matter is a kind of in sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, yellow soda ash, salt of wormwood preferably.
The derivative of thiocarbamide of the present invention is selected from methylthiourea, ethyl thiourea, diphenyl thiourea, thiosinamine, tolylthiourea; Nitrogen-containing heterocycle compound is selected from Five-membered Heterocyclic Compounds, hexa-atomic nitrogen-containing heterocycle compound and nitrogenous fused heterocyclic compound; Five-membered Heterocyclic Compounds is preferably from tetrahydroglyoxaline, glyoxal ethyline quinoline, hexa-atomic nitrogen-containing heterocycle compound is preferably from morpholine, piperazine, 2-methylpiperazine, 1,4 lupetazins, nitrogenous fused heterocyclic compound are preferably from benzotriazole, methyl benzotriazazole, mercaptobenzothiazole and urotropine.
The working concentration of thiocarbamide of the present invention and derivative thereof is 80-200mg/L, and the working concentration of nitrogen-containing heterocycle compound is 80-200mg/L.
Ozone of the present invention is produced by ozonizer, and the after-odour oxygen content control in the water is at 0.05-0.1mg/L; The frequency that adds of hydrogen peroxide is to add once in every 2-4 days, and adding concentration is 20mg/L.
The addition step of circulating water treatment method of the present invention is unimportant, can be successively by a), b) and c) step carry out, also can carry out a)-c) step by other arbitrary orders, can also carry out simultaneously these three steps.
Sewage recirculating cooling water system as moisturizing after two embrane methods are processed that method of the present invention is applicable to after the second-stage treatment is processed, and can effectively control corrosion and microorganism growth.Generate oxygen G﹠W environmentally safe after the used sterilant degraded.
Embodiment
Following corrosion inhibitor formula embodiment will help to illustrate the present invention, but not limit to its scope.Test water is deionized water, and the carbon steel test piece is the 20# steel.Test water water quality sees Table 1.
Table 1 quality of de-ionized water
Specific conductivity/(us/cm) The pH value Total molten solid/ppb
2 6.0 300
The measuring method of water quality is with reference to as follows:
PH value: GB/T 6920-1986 " the mensuration glass electrode method of water pH value "
Specific conductivity: GB/T 6908-2008 " mensuration of boiler feed water river water coolant analytical procedure specific conductivity "
Total molten solid: GB/T 14415-2007 " mensuration of solid matter in industrial circulating cooling water and the boiler feed water ".
The corrosion inhibition of following embodiment gained and bactericidal property assessment method are as follows:
Corrosion inhibitionThe test piece of 20# qualitative carbon steel is fixed on the lacing film instrument, puts into the test water that is added with the drug concentration that adds by embodiment, 45 ± 1 ℃ of steady temperatures keep rotating speed 75rpm rotation 72h, and the weight of test piece is calculated average corrosion rate before and after the record test.
The average corrosion rate calculation formula is: F=(C * △ W)/(A * T * ρ)
C: computational constant, take mm/a (millimeter/year) during as unit, C=8.76 * 10 7
△ W: the corrosion weight loss of test specimen (g)
A: the area (cm of test specimen 2)
T: corrosion test time (h)
ρ: the density (kg/m of material for test 3).
The mensuration of heterotrophic bacterium:Get test water, in sterilisable chamber, adopt 10 times of dilution technologies of former water, test water is diluted to suitable multiple, and the water sample of corresponding extension rate is inoculated in the culture dish.Then aseptic culture medium is poured in the culture dish, mix with water sample, cultivate 72 ± 4h etc. being inverted in the incubator that is placed on 29 ± 1 ℃ after the culture medium solidifying.After the cultivation, take out culture dish, select those culture dish with 30-300 bacterium colony to count, colony number be multiply by the heterotrophic bacterium number that corresponding dilution training number is this water sample.
Adhere to the mensuration of speed:Test tube is positioned in the bypass of interchanger, takes out test tube after the off-test, clean the test tube outer wall after, constant temperature drying takes by weighing the heavy (W of band bur test tube 1).Then clean the inboard wall of test tube bur, dry, take by weighing the heavy (W of test tube 2), calculate and adhere to speed F '.
F’=7.2×10 5×(W 1-W 2)/(A×t)
A: the area (cm of test specimen 2)
T: corrosion test time (h).
Embodiment 1
Take by weighing the 180.0g thiocarbamide, use deionized water dissolving, and constant volume is made into inhibiter of the present invention to 500mL.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, the concentration that effectively adds of thiocarbamide is 180 mg/L in the water, 10.5, be 45 ℃ in temperature with sodium hydroxide control pH value, rotating speed is to move under the 75r/min condition that to record erosion rate behind the 72h be 0.0331mm/a.
Embodiment 2
Take by weighing the 100.0g diphenyl thiourea first with the dissolving of a small amount of alcohol, be made into inhibiter of the present invention with the deionized water constant volume to 500mL afterwards.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, the concentration that effectively adds of diphenyl thiourea is 100mg/L in the water, 11.2, be 45 ℃ in temperature with sodium hydroxide control pH value, rotating speed is to move under the 75r/min condition that to record erosion rate behind the 72h be 0.0324mm/a.
Embodiment 3
Take by weighing the 140.0g thiosinamine, first with the dissolving of a small amount of alcohol, be made into inhibiter of the present invention with the deionized water constant volume to 500mL afterwards.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, the concentration that effectively adds of thiosinamine is 140 mg/L in the water, 10.0, be 45 ℃ in temperature with yellow soda ash control pH value, rotating speed is to move under the 75r/min condition that to record erosion rate behind the 72h be 0.0338mm/a.
Embodiment 4
Take by weighing the 150.0g methylthiourea, use deionized water dissolving, and constant volume is made into inhibiter of the present invention to 500mL.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, the concentration that effectively adds of methylthiourea is 150mg/L in the water, 11.0, be 45 ℃ in temperature with potassium hydroxide control pH value, rotating speed is to move under the 75r/min condition that to record erosion rate behind the 72h be 0.0341mm/a.
Embodiment 5
Take by weighing the 180.0g urotropine, use deionized water dissolving, and constant volume is made into inhibiter of the present invention to 500mL.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, the concentration that effectively adds of urotropine is 180 mg/L in the water, 9.5, be 45 ℃ in temperature with sodium hydroxide control pH value, rotating speed is to move under the 75r/min condition that to record erosion rate behind the 72h be 0.0381mm/a.
Embodiment 6
Take by weighing the 120.0g tetrahydroglyoxaline, use deionized water dissolving, and constant volume is made into inhibiter of the present invention to 500mL.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, the concentration that effectively adds of tetrahydroglyoxaline is 120mg/L in the water, 10.5, be 45 ℃ in temperature with sodium hydroxide control pH value, rotating speed is to move under the 75r/min condition that to record erosion rate behind the 72h be 0.0325mm/a.
Embodiment 7
Take by weighing 100.0g glyoxal ethyline quinoline, use deionized water dissolving, and constant volume is made into inhibiter of the present invention to 500mL.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, the concentration that effectively adds of glyoxal ethyline quinoline is 100mg/L in the water, 10.5, be 45 ℃ in temperature with yellow soda ash control pH value, rotating speed is to move under the 75r/min condition that to record erosion rate behind the 72h be 0.0356mm/a.
Embodiment 8
Take by weighing the 140.0g morpholine, use deionized water dissolving, and constant volume is made into inhibiter of the present invention to 500mL.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, the concentration that effectively adds of morpholine is 140mg/L in the water, 10.5, be 45 ℃ in temperature with sodium hydroxide control pH value, rotating speed is to move under the 75r/min condition that to record erosion rate behind the 72h be 0.0319mm/a.
Embodiment 9
Take by weighing the 140.0g mercaptobenzothiazole, use deionized water dissolving, and constant volume is made into inhibiter of the present invention to 500mL.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, the concentration that effectively adds of mercaptobenzothiazole is 140mg/L in the water, 10.0, be 45 ℃ in temperature with sodium hydroxide control pH value, rotating speed is to move under the 75r/min condition that to record erosion rate behind the 72h be 0.0327mm/a.
Embodiment 10
Take by weighing 140.0g 2-methylpiperazine, use deionized water dissolving, and constant volume is made into inhibiter of the present invention to 500mL.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, the concentration that effectively adds of 2-methylpiperazine is 140mg/L in the water, 10.0, be 45 ℃ in temperature with yellow soda ash control pH value, rotating speed is to move under the 75r/min condition that to record erosion rate behind the 72h be 0.0321mm/a.
Embodiment 11
Take by weighing 150.0g Isosorbide-5-Nitrae-lupetazin, use deionized water dissolving, and constant volume is made into inhibiter of the present invention to 500mL.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, the concentration that effectively adds of glyoxal ethyline quinoline is 150mg/L in the water, 10.0, be 45 ℃ in temperature with yellow soda ash control pH value, rotating speed is to move under the 75r/min condition that to record erosion rate behind the 72h be 0.0308mm/a.
Embodiment 12
Take by weighing the 120.0g methyl benzotriazazole, use deionized water dissolving, and constant volume is made into inhibiter of the present invention to 500mL.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, the concentration that effectively adds of methyl benzotriazazole is 120mg/L in the water, 15.0, be 45 ℃ in temperature with sodium hydroxide control pH value, rotating speed is to move under the 75r/min condition that to record erosion rate behind the 72h be 0.0310mm/a.
Embodiment 13
Take by weighing 100.0g ethyl thiourea and 90.0g benzotriazole, use deionized water dissolving, and constant volume is made into inhibiter of the present invention to 500mL.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, the concentration that effectively adds of ethyl thiourea and benzotriazole is respectively 100mg/L, 90 mg/L in the water, control the pH value 9.2 with salt of wormwood, be 45 ℃ in temperature, rotating speed is that to record erosion rate behind the operation 72h under the 75r/min condition be 0.0254mm/a.
Embodiment 14
Take by weighing 120.0g tolylthiourea and 120.0g piperazine, use deionized water dissolving, and constant volume is made into inhibiter of the present invention to 500mL.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, the concentration that effectively adds of methylthiourea and piperazine is respectively 120mg/L, 120 mg/L in the water, control the pH value 9.2 with yellow soda ash, be 45 ℃ in temperature, rotating speed is that to record erosion rate behind the operation 72h under the 75r/min condition be 0.0265mm/a.
Comparative Examples 1
Take by weighing the 200.0g thiocarbamide, use deionized water dissolving, and constant volume is made into inhibiter of the present invention to 500mL.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, and the concentration that effectively adds of thiocarbamide is 200mg/L in the water, and adjust pH is not 45 ℃ in temperature, rotating speed be under the 75r/min condition operation to record erosion rate behind the 72h be 0.2056mm/a.
Comparative Examples 2
Take by weighing 100.0g thiocarbamide, 100.0g urotropine, use deionized water dissolving, and constant volume is made into inhibiter of the present invention to 500mL.
Inhibiter and the deionized water of present embodiment are rotated coupon test, the concentration that effectively adds of thiocarbamide, urotropine is respectively 100mg/L, 100mg/L in the water, adjust pH is not 45 ℃ in temperature, rotating speed be under the 75r/min condition operation to record erosion rate behind the 72h be 0.1510mm/a.
Comparative Examples 3
By controlling corrosion with the sodium hydroxide adjust pH, be 45 ℃ in temperature separately, rotating speed is to record corrosion data such as table 2 behind the operation 72h under the 75r/min condition.
Table 2 pH value is on the impact of corrosion of carbon steel
The pH value 10.0 11.0 12.0
Erosion rate (mm/a) 1.0345 0.0483 0.0722
Embodiment 9
For simulated field, carried out dynamic analog test.The dynamic analog test method is undertaken by the chemical industry standard HG/T2160-2008 of the People's Republic of China (PRC), and the control parameter is as follows.
Test water quality: test water (deionized water)
Flow velocity: 1.0m/s
Temperature in: 32 ± 1 ℃ of temperature difference: 10 ℃
Days running: 15 days.
A tower: add first the composite corrosion inhibitor among the embodiment 2, the effective concentration that makes diphenyl thiourea in the water is 100 mg/L, then adding hydrogen peroxide, to make its effective concentration in water be 20mg/L, regulating the pH value with sodium hydroxide simultaneously is 11.2, will control in real time density of corrosion inhibitor afterwards and the pH value remains unchanged.Hydrogen peroxide added once every three days.Analog result sees Table 3, table 4.
B tower: in recirculated water, pass into ozone with ozonizer first, make the ozone concn in the water reach 0.05mg/L, then add the composite corrosion inhibitor among the embodiment 6, the effective concentration that makes tetrahydroglyoxaline in the water is 120mg/L, regulating the pH value with sodium hydroxide simultaneously is 10.5, will control in real time density of corrosion inhibitor afterwards and the pH value remains unchanged, Residual ozone concentration maintains 0.05-0.1mg/L.Analog result sees Table 3, table 4.
C tower: regulate pH value to 9.2 with salt of wormwood, then add the composite corrosion inhibitor among the embodiment 13, make that the effective concentration of ethyl thiourea and benzotriazole is respectively 100 mg/L, 90mg/L in the water, then in recirculated water, pass into ozone with ozonizer, make the ozone concn in the water reach 0.05mg/L, will control in real time density of corrosion inhibitor afterwards and the pH value remains unchanged, Residual ozone concentration maintains 0.05-0.1mg/L.Analog result sees Table 3, table 4.
Table 3 dynamic analog test test tube result
Figure 212791DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
Table 4 heterotrophic bacterium monitoring result
Sample time The 3rd day The 6th day The 9th day The 12nd day The 15th day
The A tower 1.3×10 4 8.2×10 3 2.1×10 3 1.4×10 4 7.5×10 3
The B tower 3.5×10 3 8.5×10 3 2.9×10 3 4.3×10 3 3.3×10 3
The C tower 8.1×10 2 1.5×10 3 4.8×10 3 4.3×10 3 6.9×10 3
The heterotrophic bacterium unit of number: individual/mL.
Regulation among the standard GB/T 50050-2007 " Code for design of industrial recirculating cooling water treatment ", the corrosion speed of the carbon steel tube wall of open type system is less than or equal to 0.125mm/a; The corrosion speed of " the small-sized experimental analogic method of testing laboratory " regulation carbon steel is " fine " level at 0-0.028mm/a in " water coolant analysis and the test method " of production department of China PetroChemical Corporation and development division establishment, 0.028-0.056mm/a between be " good " level, 0.056-0.070mm/a for " can allow " level; Adhesion speed is " fine " level at 0-6mcm, is " good " level at 6-15mcm, is " can allow " level at 15-20mcm.Heterotrophic bacterium is controlled at 10 5Below be qualified.
This shows, using circulating water treatment prescription of the present invention is applied to deionized water and does in the circulating cooling make-up water, the erosion rate of A, B, each tower test tube of C all is lower than 0.05mm/a, reach China Petrochemical Industry's " good level " standard, adhere to speed and all be lower than 7mcm, reach " good level " standard, heterotrophic bacterium is all less than 1.0 * 10 5In the span of control.

Claims (7)

1. one kind with the circulating water treatment method of deionized water as moisturizing, and it may further comprise the steps: a) the pH value of controlled circulation water is at 9-11.5; B) add absorption membranous type inhibiter, described absorption membranous type inhibiter is selected from thiocarbamide and derivative and nitrogen-containing heterocycle compound; C) add the environment-friendly type sterilant, described environment-friendly type sterilant is hydrogen peroxide and ozone.
2. circulating water treatment method according to claim 1 is characterized in that the pH value with alkaline matter controlled circulation water.
3. circulating water treatment method according to claim 2 is characterized in that preferably a kind of in sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, yellow soda ash, salt of wormwood of described alkaline matter.
4. each described circulating water treatment method is characterized in that the derivative of thiocarbamide is selected from methylthiourea, ethyl thiourea, diphenyl thiourea, thiosinamine, tolylthiourea according to claim 1-3; Nitrogen-containing heterocycle compound is selected from Five-membered Heterocyclic Compounds, hexa-atomic nitrogen-containing heterocycle compound and nitrogenous fused heterocyclic compound.
5. each described circulating water treatment method according to claim 4, it is characterized in that Five-membered Heterocyclic Compounds is selected from tetrahydroglyoxaline, glyoxal ethyline quinoline, hexa-atomic nitrogen-containing heterocycle compound is selected from morpholine, piperazine, 2-methylpiperazine, 1,4 lupetazins, nitrogenous fused heterocyclic compound is selected from benzotriazole, methyl benzotriazazole, mercaptobenzothiazole and urotropine.
6. each described circulating water treatment method according to claim 1-5, the working concentration that it is characterized in that thiocarbamide and derivative thereof is 80-200mg/L, the working concentration of nitrogen-containing heterocycle compound is 80-200mg/L.
7. each described circulating water treatment method is characterized in that ozone is produced by ozonizer according to claim 1-6, and the after-odour oxygen content control in the water is at 0.05-0.1mg/L; It is to add once in every 2-4 days that hydrogen peroxide adds frequency, and adding concentration is 20mg/L.
CN2011102929610A 2011-09-29 2011-09-29 Circulating water treatment method adopting deionized water as supplement water Pending CN103030228A (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110803785A (en) * 2018-08-06 2020-02-18 中国石油化工股份有限公司 Composite corrosion and scale inhibitor containing urotropine, application thereof and method for inhibiting corrosion of circulating cooling water containing sulfur

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CN1743282A (en) * 2004-08-31 2006-03-08 中国石化北京燕化石油化工股份有限公司 Low-phosphorus composite antiincrustation corrosion inhibitor and its use for water treatment
CN1754836A (en) * 2004-09-29 2006-04-05 上海万森水处理有限公司 Corrosion inhibitor of air-conditioner circulating water system and its using method

Patent Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1338435A (en) * 2000-08-11 2002-03-06 中国石油化工股份有限公司 Process for treating cyclic cooling water
CN1743282A (en) * 2004-08-31 2006-03-08 中国石化北京燕化石油化工股份有限公司 Low-phosphorus composite antiincrustation corrosion inhibitor and its use for water treatment
CN1754836A (en) * 2004-09-29 2006-04-05 上海万森水处理有限公司 Corrosion inhibitor of air-conditioner circulating water system and its using method

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110803785A (en) * 2018-08-06 2020-02-18 中国石油化工股份有限公司 Composite corrosion and scale inhibitor containing urotropine, application thereof and method for inhibiting corrosion of circulating cooling water containing sulfur
CN110803785B (en) * 2018-08-06 2021-08-03 中国石油化工股份有限公司 Composite corrosion and scale inhibitor containing urotropine, application thereof and method for inhibiting corrosion of circulating cooling water containing sulfur

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