CN102619516A - Top-filled pillarless vertical end-wall sublevel caving method extraction technique - Google Patents
Top-filled pillarless vertical end-wall sublevel caving method extraction technique Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a top-filled pillarless vertical end-wall sublevel caving method extraction technique. The pillarless vertical end-wall sublevel caving method is characterized by comprising the following steps of: (1) after ore drawing is completed, stretching a grouting tube deep into overlaying rocks by using a grouting device at both sides and front part of the end part of a mining roadway besides the lowest sublevel roadway, injecting and permeating one liquid medium into overlaying rocks surrounding the ore drawing port and the end wall, laying aside for 1-3 days, eliminating excessive water in the overlaying rocks, and performing blasting and actual mining in the next ore caving step; and (2) filling tailings and broken stone into the top of a gob so as to prevent surface subsidence. Compared with the traditional underground extraction method, the pillarless vertical end-wall sublevel caving method solves the problems of great loss dilution and surface subsidence of the caving method, has lower loss dilution index than the open-stope method and the filling method and also has the advantages of simple structure, large production capacity and high production efficiency.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the underground mining method technical field, relate in particular to the no foundation vertical end wall block caving method production practice of a kind of top filling.
Background technology
Underground mining method comprises adopts standard, cutting and three basic working procedure of back production, presses the mode of safeguarding to be divided into openstope method, filling method and caved stopes three major types by ground.
Openstope method is divided into mineral building and ore pillar with nugget in exploitation process, stope mainly relies on the ore pillar or the permanent ore pillar that persist to carry out the nature support; Sometimes be aided with artificial ore pillar and support, the room of digging up mine earlier, the post of digging up mine again; And in time handle the goaf; Be applicable to the mineral deposit that exploitated ore and country rock are all very firm, the goaf allows bigger exposed area within a certain period of time.
The method of mining by the way of filling also is that nugget is divided into mineral building and ore pillar, along with the propelling of stope, sends into filler to the goaf, moves to carry out underground pressure management, control country rock avalanche and the face of land, and is carrying out back production on the obturation that forms or under its protection.Be applicable to that the weak-walled rare precious ore of exploitation, the face of land do not allow the ore body of subsideing.The advantage of filling method is that compliance is strong, and ore dilution rate is low, and the rate of extraction is high, and operation is safer, can utilize industrial waste, the protection face of land etc.; Shortcoming is a complex process, and cost is high, and labor productivity and nugget production capacity are all lower.
The openstope method and the method for mining by the way of filling all are divided into mineral building and ore pillar carries out back production respectively, and the dilution of mineral building mining loss is smaller, but the suitable difficulty of the back production of ore pillar, loss and dilution is bigger, complex process in addition, and mine capacity is all very low.
Caved stopes is the mining methods of controlling and pressing with managing with avalanche country rock bashing; The end ore-drawing collapse method of a large amount of ore drawings; Because advantage such as have structure and technology is simple, mining rate is big, efficient is high, mechanization degree is high, safety, mining cost are relatively low worldwide is widely used.The end ore-drawing collapse method of a large amount of ore drawings mainly contains two types of sublevel caving method, block caving methods.
Sublevel caving method is that ore body is divided into some stages; To the stage be divided into plurality of segments again with stope drift active workings; Back production is carried out in segmentation one by one from top to bottom; Sublevel caving method is divided into sill pillars sublevel caving method and sublevel caving method without sill pillar according to the ore removal mode, and the sill pillars sublevel caving method bottom is provided with polycrystalline substance, mainly uses at nonferrous metal mine; Sublevel caving method without sill pillar divides pars infrasegmentalis not set out the polycrystalline substance in ore deposit; Do not stay any ore pillar; Work such as the rock drilling of segmentation, ore caving and ore removal are all carried out in stope drift active workings, and are safe and reliable, up and down the segmentation route interlaced arrangement that spatially assumes diamond in shape; Begin under covering layer, to carry out actual minings such as explosion and ore drawing from stope drift active workings one end by a less ore caving interval; Till the other end border, particularly in the underground mining of iron ore mine, these mining codes have comparative advantage at metallurgical mine up to back production.
The essential characteristic of block caving method is that back production highly equals the stage overall height.The block caving method actual application scheme is many, and foundation block caving method scheme is only arranged at present both at home and abroad, and the foundation block caving method that has of its medial end portions ore removal has certain advantage; Be that all stage end wall is in same upright position, be erectility, carry out back production in the end; Ore caving interval of primary excavation stage overall height arranges that in the stage bottom polycrystalline substance carries out ore removal, and nugget production capacity is big; Labor productivity is high, mainly uses at nonferrous metal mine.Though there is not the formulation of foundation block caving method scheme at present; But do not have the foundation block caving method and close place is arranged with " high end wall sublevel caving method without sill pillar " scheme; High end wall sublevel caving method without sill pillar is as one group with several segmentations (2-3 segmentation usually); Its end wall is erectility in same upright position, forms high end wall, ore caving interval of these several segmentations of primary excavation.No foundation vertical end wall block caving method is meant that each segmentation end wall of all stage is in same upright position, and back production highly equals the stage overall height.
Yet there are two big disadvantages in the avalanche method of end ore removal: 1) loss and dilution problem.Because the end ore drawing is an ore drawing under covering layer, what just begun to emit is pure ore, and top barren rock landing soon forms the barren rock funnel, and barren rock is sneaked in advance and emitted.Extensively adopt cut off grade ore drawing at present both at home and abroad, be lower than cut-off grade, promptly stop ore drawing when emitting the grade of ore; A residual ore part of not emitting is emitted in following segmentation; Another part then is lost in underground, and the ore losses dilution is greatly its maximum defective, and the general rate of dilution is 20-25%; High reaches 42.9%, and the rate of extraction is generally 55-70%; 2) surface subsidence problem.Along with back production is constantly carried out, the top ore body is adopted sky, covers rock and constantly moves down, and the goaf is formed at stope top, makes surface subsidence easily.
The ore-drawing collapse mining method ore losses dilution of covering layer bottom big with surface subsidence be the dig up mine difficult problem on boundary of puzzlement always.
The covering layer bottom big main cause of ore drawing ore losses dilution is because the ore drawing mode that the ore deposit rock directly contacts under the covering layer causes.If can control flowing of barren rock,, and greatly improve ore recovery rate with the ore losses dilution problem that fundamentally solves the end ore-drawing collapse mining method.
Caved stopes covering layer long-term existence is in stope, and along with the carrying out of back production, corrasion that the ore deposit rock constantly flows and frequent explosion squeezing action cover in the rock and contain a large amount of fritters and powder.
A large amount of real, tests show: in the ore drawing process of end, fritter and powder ore deposit rock can pass through the bulk space and arrive the ore removal mouth in advance, and its flowing velocity is faster than big lump ore rock.Ore drawing by the time, the overlying rock LUMPINESS DISTRIBUTION characteristics that go out around the mine mouth are: near more from drawhole, powder rock and rubble are many more.
According to powder technology knowledge, meet water when containing the powder rubble, it is big that caking property is easy to become, and influences its flowability.
Yet; For some newly-built mines,, cover rock and be not easy abrasion or cracked perhaps owing to the overlying rock different in kind; It is fewer to cover rock medium stone and content of powder; Adopt water or glue all to be difficult to make and cover the rock bonding, the flowability that covers rock is difficult to change, and needs the artificial content that increases powder, rubble.
Summary of the invention
Two hang-ups that the objective of the invention is and surface subsidence big to end ore-drawing collapse method ore losses dilution, proposition charge into tailings rubble, a kind of cementation of segmentation injection in the goaf, top liquid medium changes the no foundation vertical end wall block caving method production practice that covers the mobile a kind of top filling of rock.
The objective of the invention is to realize through following technical proposals.
The no foundation vertical end wall block caving method production practice of a kind of top filling of the present invention comprises ore body is divided into the stage, in the stage, presses the rhombus interlace mode and arranges extracting drift; To the stage be divided into segmentation, rock drilling, explosion and ore removal are all accomplished in stope drift active workings, in stope drift active workings, adopt and concentrate the rock drilling mode to arrange to fan shaped medium length hole in advance; Under covering layer, carry out the backing type back production; When each substoping in the stage when end wall is in same upright position, back production is unit with the stage, ore caving interval of each segmentation homogeneous avalanche of all stage; Carry out ore removal in each end, substoping tunnel successively by order from top to bottom again; It is characterized in that in exploitation process, adopting the method control ore drawing of slip casting, adopt the method for top tailings rubble to handle the goaf, top that forms in the exploitation process, the described method control ore drawing that in exploitation process, adopts slip casting; Be after ore drawing finishes; Both sides and front portion in the stope drift active workings end except that descending most the segmentation tunnel adopt Grouting Pipe is deep in the overlying rock around drawhole and the end wall, with a kind of liquid medium inject and uniformly penetrating to stope drift active workings drawhole and end wall overlying rock on every side; Left standstill 1-3 days; Through the gutter of stope drift active workings both sides, will cover in the rock excessive moisture and drain, carry out explosion, the ore drawing actual mining of next ore caving interval again; The method of described employing top tailings rubble is handled the goaf, top that forms in the exploitation process, is to arrange some filling wells on the face of land along orebody trend, charges into tailings and rubble through the filling well at top, stope goaf, is full of the goaf.
The tailings of said top filling and the weight proportion of rubble are: tailings 40-70%, rubble 20-70%, water 0-30%.
Liquid medium of the present invention is water, liquid cementitious materials or last mortar.
Liquid cementitious materials of the present invention, water glass and calcium chloride solution that water glass solution, clay slip or the two fluid grouting of using for single fluid grouting used.
Clay slip of the present invention is that clay and water are made into the clay slip that concentration is 10-50%.
Last mortar of the present invention is that beneficiation tailing and water are made into the last mortar that concentration is 10-50%.
Advantage of the present invention:
1) the tailings rubble is injected in the goaf, top, plays filling and utilizes the effect of industrial waste, prevents surface subsidence, and is useful to environmental protection.And can increase powder, rubble content in the covering rock, be of value to the flowability that subsection water injection control covers rock.
2) cover slip casting in the rock in segmentation in the exploitation process, reduce that to cover rock mobile, and new ore caving stone is more dried, popular good, realize that ore is emitted easily and barren rock is not easy to emit, solved the big problem of end ore-drawing collapse method loss and dilution.
3) rate of extraction estimates that the rate of extraction can reach 80-92%, and the rate of dilution reaches 2-5%, and economic benefit is obvious.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 arranges the stope drift active workings sketch map for rhombus.
Sketch map when Fig. 2 is in same upright position for each segmentation end wall of stage.
Fig. 3 gos deep into slip casting sketch map in stope drift active workings both sides and the anterior overlying rock for adopting grouting equipment with Grouting Pipe.
Ore avalanche situation sketch map when Fig. 4 carries out next ore caving interval back production after the rock bonding for slip casting will cover.
Fig. 5 is that Grouting Pipe slip casting sketch map is inserted in many places in stope drift active workings both sides and anterior overlying rock;
Fig. 6 is each segmenting slip casting scope sketch map of stage.
Fig. 7 is tailings lithotripsy method sketch map at the top, goaf.
Among the figure: 1 is stope drift active workings, and 2-1 is an avalanche method overlying rock, the tailings rubble covering layer of 2-2 filling, and 3 is every route ore body avalanche scope line; 4 is ore body, and 5 is last to fan shaped medium length hole, and 6 is Grouting Pipe, the 7 slurry streams for slip casting; 8 leave standstill the wet bonding overlying rock in back for water filling, and 9 be the dried ore of new avalanche, and 10 is each segmenting slip casting penetration range line of stage; 11 are the filling well, and 12 is the face of land, and 13 are the tailings debris flow of filling.
The specific embodiment
Further specify the specific embodiment of the present invention below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
Shown in Fig. 1 ~ 7, the no foundation vertical end wall block caving method production practice of a kind of top filling of the present invention comprises ore body is divided into the stage; In the stage, press the rhombus interlace mode and arrange extracting drift 1, will the stage be divided into segmentation, rock drilling, explosion and ore removal are all accomplished in stope drift active workings 1; 2-1 is an overlying rock among Fig. 1; 3 is every route ore body avalanche scope line, in stope drift active workings 1, adopts and concentrates the rock drilling mode to arrange to fan shaped medium length hole 5 in advance, under covering layer 2-1, carries out the backing type back production; When each substoping in the stage when end wall is in same upright position; Back production is unit with the stage, ore caving interval of each segmentation homogeneous avalanche of all stage, again by from top to bottom order successively at each substoping tunnel 1 end ore removal.Among Fig. 24 is ore body, it is characterized in that in exploitation process, adopting the method control ore drawing of slip casting, adopts the method for top tailings rubble to handle the goaf, top that forms in the exploitation process; The described method control ore drawing that in exploitation process, adopts slip casting is after ore drawing finishes, both sides and front portion in this each substoping tunnel 1 end of group except that descending most the segmentation tunnel; Adopt grouting equipment that Grouting Pipe 6 is goed deep into stope drift active workings and cover among the rock 2-1, a kind of liquid medium is injected and the overlying rock 2-1 of uniformly penetrating around stope drift active workings 1 drawhole and the end wall, owing to cover lumpiness inequality in the rock; Ore drawing finishes to contain a large amount of powder rocks and rubble among the covering rock 2-1 around back stope drift active workings 1 drawhole and the end wall; These powder rocks and rubble are filled into and cover the covering rock that also bonds in the rock 2-1 space under the effect of liquid medium, the 7 slurry streams for slip casting among Fig. 3,5; 10 is each segmenting slip casting penetration range line of stage among Fig. 6; Through 1-3 days leave standstill,, will cover among the rock 2-1 excessive moisture and drain through the gutter of stope drift active workings 1 both sides; Drawhole overlying rock is on every side more stably bondd; Mobile very poor, generally speaking, best liquid content was 8-20% when the covering rock was stablized bonding.Carry out explosion, the ore drawing actual mining of next ore caving interval again, after the explosion of next ore caving interval, because the effect of explosion, humidity that again will be more stable covers rock 8 compactings, makes it more stable, forms " retaining wall " together; In addition, because the ore 9 of new avalanche is more dried, good fluidity; Cause covering rock 8 obviously different with the flowability of the ore 9 of new avalanche like this, when ore drawing, ore 9 flows fast; And that rock 8 flows is slow, can reduce sneaking into of barren rock in the ore drawing process significantly, improves emitting of pure ore.In order to prevent and to reduce the moist moisture content that covers in the rock 8 on every side and infiltrate in the new ore caving stone 9, carry out ore drawing work as early as possible; The method of described employing top tailings rubble is handled the goaf, top that forms in the exploitation process; Be 12 to arrange some filling wells 11 along orebody trend on the face of land; Charge into tailings and rubble through filling well 11 at top, stope goaf; Be full of the goaf, the charges medium stone mainly is to play to improve liquidity to prevent the effect that tailings hardens, in order to avoid stop up the later packing job of filling well influence.The weight proportion of said tailings and rubble is: tailings 40-70%, rubble 20-70%, water 0-30%.The tailings rubble covering layer of the 2-2 top goaf filling among Fig. 7, the tailings debris flow of 13 fillings.The filling well arranges that by mining filling well standard general every separated 30-50m arranges one, filling well diameter 1.8 ~ 2.0m.Top tailings rubble operation can be with adopting with filling, because subsidence is quite slow process, therefore, also can be monthly, season, year concentrated bashing.
Liquid medium of the present invention is that a kind of the injection covers rock and play cementation, reduce that to cover rock mobile but can not make and cover the whole fixed liquid medium of rock, is water, liquid cementitious materials or last mortar.When content of powder is bigger in covering rock, water with low cost can be directly injected,, also liquid cementitious materials can be injected in order to strengthen adhesion strength; When content of powder is fewer in covering rock, like some mines, newly-built mine, perhaps because the overlying rock different in kind; Cover rock and be not easy abrasion or cracked; When covering rock medium stone and content of powder are fewer, adopt water or glue all to be difficult to make and cover the rock bonding, the flowability that covers rock is difficult to change; Need the artificial content that covers powder in the rock that increases, can adopt last mortar.
Liquid cementitious materials of the present invention, water glass and calcium chloride solution that water glass solution, clay slip or the two fluid grouting of using for single fluid grouting used.Water glass solution is that water glass and water are made into the solution that concentration is 10-50%; Clay slip is that clay and water are made into the clay slip that concentration is 10-50%; Water glass that two fluid grouting is used and calcium chloride solution during two fluid grouting, can adopt the two fluid grouting machine; Water glass and calcium chloride solution are alternately injected; The volumetric usage of two kinds of solution should be suitable, and concentration of sodium silicate is 20% o'clock, and the concentration of calcium chloride is advisable with 10 ~ 15%; Two kinds of solution reactions generate silica gel and gel of calcium silicate, play the effect of glued and filling pore.
Last mortar of the present invention is that beneficiation tailing and water are made into the last mortar that concentration is 10-50%, in order to improve the adhesion stress of slurries, also can in last mortar, add water glass solution, is made into the last mortar that contains 10-50% tailings, 30% water, 10-20% water glass.Owing to injected tailings, have the effect of handling industrial waste, useful to environmental protection.
The present invention is not limited only to above-mentioned liquid medium, covers the whole fixed cement material of rock but generally can not use.
The tailings rubble is injected in goaf, top of the present invention, plays packing action, prevents surface subsidence effectively; And the tailings that the top is injected covers rock along with covering continuous infiltration of flowing of rock; And near the arrival discharge port, play the effect that replenishes content of powder, through segmenting slip casting; With treating that the covering rock around the ore caving body bonds; It is mobile reduce to cover rock, realizes that ore is emitted easily and barren rock is not easy to emit, and has solved the big problem of end ore-drawing collapse method loss and dilution; The rate of extraction estimates that the rate of extraction can reach 80-92%, and the rate of dilution reaches 2-5%, and economic benefit is obvious.
The invention belongs to a large amount of ore-drawing collapse mining methods, applicability is strong, for the little mine of the stope water yield, can replace open-stope method, filling method and the avalanche method underground mining methods of present use.
Claims (5)
1. the no foundation vertical end wall block caving method production practice of a top filling comprises ore body is divided into the stage, in the stage, presses the rhombus interlace mode and arranges extracting drift; To the stage be divided into segmentation, rock drilling, explosion and ore removal are all accomplished in stope drift active workings, in stope drift active workings, adopt and concentrate the rock drilling mode to arrange to fan shaped medium length hole in advance; Under covering layer, carry out the backing type back production, when each substoping in the stage when end wall is in same upright position, back production is unit with the stage; Ore caving interval of each segmentation homogeneous avalanche of all stage carries out ore removal in each end, substoping tunnel by order from top to bottom more successively, it is characterized in that in exploitation process, adopting the method control ore drawing of slip casting; Adopt the method for top tailings rubble to handle the goaf, top that forms in the exploitation process; The described method control ore drawing that in exploitation process, adopts slip casting is after ore drawing finishes, both sides and front portion in the stope drift active workings end except that descending most the segmentation tunnel; Employing is deep into Grouting Pipe in drawhole and the end wall overlying rock on every side; Injecting a kind of liquid medium also, uniformly penetrating left standstill 1-3 days, through the gutter of stope drift active workings both sides to stope drift active workings drawhole and end wall overlying rock on every side; To cover in the rock excessive moisture and drain, carry out explosion, the ore drawing actual mining of next ore caving interval again; The method of described employing top tailings rubble is handled the goaf, top that forms in the exploitation process; Be to arrange some filling wells along orebody trend on the face of land; Charge into tailings and rubble through the filling well at top, stope goaf, be full of the goaf, the weight proportion of said tailings and rubble is: tailings 40-70%; Rubble 20-70%, water 0-30%.
2. according to the no foundation vertical end wall block caving method production practice of a kind of top filling of claim 1, it is characterized in that described liquid medium is water, liquid cementitious materials or last mortar.
3. according to the no foundation vertical end wall block caving method production practice of a kind of top filling of claim 2, it is characterized in that described liquid cementitious materials, water glass and calcium chloride solution that water glass solution, clay slip or the two fluid grouting of using for single fluid grouting used.
4. according to the no foundation vertical end wall block caving method production practice of a kind of top filling of claim 3, it is characterized in that described clay slip is that clay and water are made into the clay slip that concentration is 10-50%.
5. according to the no foundation vertical end wall block caving method production practice of a kind of top filling of claim 2, it is characterized in that described last mortar is that beneficiation tailing and water are made into the last mortar that concentration is 10-50%.
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Cited By (5)
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| CN102635357A (en) * | 2012-04-26 | 2012-08-15 | 辽宁科技大学 | Pillarless phased caving method with top tailing crushed stone filling and sectional water injection binding |
| CN103696771A (en) * | 2013-12-18 | 2014-04-02 | 中国矿业大学 | Skip-mining type wangeviry stope branch roadway filling and coal mining method |
| CN103982184A (en) * | 2014-06-10 | 2014-08-13 | 山东黄金矿业(莱州)有限公司三山岛金矿 | Falling ore directional slip control method adopting underground mine bottom-pillar-free caving mining method |
| CN113187544A (en) * | 2021-05-28 | 2021-07-30 | 辽宁科技大学 | Large-scale underground dead zone treatment method of beam type roof structure |
| CN113202552A (en) * | 2021-05-28 | 2021-08-03 | 鞍钢集团矿业有限公司 | Underground dead zone treatment method combining filling and artificial pillars |
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| CN113187544A (en) * | 2021-05-28 | 2021-07-30 | 辽宁科技大学 | Large-scale underground dead zone treatment method of beam type roof structure |
| CN113202552A (en) * | 2021-05-28 | 2021-08-03 | 鞍钢集团矿业有限公司 | Underground dead zone treatment method combining filling and artificial pillars |
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Application publication date: 20120801 |