A kind of water-saving cultivation method and cultivation structure
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of agricultural cultivation method, be specifically related to a kind ofly can carry out the cultivation structure that water-saving cultivation method and this method of agricultural production are set up at uncultivated areas such as Gobi desert, saline lands.
Background technology
Drought desert, Gobi desert etc. are unfavorable for that the abominable land area of plant growing accounts for about 20% of China's area; This arid, short of rain, the soil is barren, day and night temperature is big, under the severe environmental conditions at strong sunshine; Rare plant growing, ecological environment frailty.
Saline land, the whole world has 3.8 hundred million hm approximately
2, China has 100,000,000 hm approximately
2And 6,700 ten thousand hm that in existing the arable land, also have an appointment
2The soil belong to the salination low-yield land, China also has 3,333 ten thousand hm in addition
2The salination wild grass ground.Ground such as the Xinjiang of landlocked arid area, Gansu, the Inner Mongol particularly, the gross area in all kinds of saline lands reaches about 2200hm
2Wide, account for more than 22% of national saline-alkali soil area.
Through the long-term production practice, China is carrying out extensive studies and is accumulating rich experience aspect desert, Gobi desert and alkaline land improvement.Particularly, make original situation obtain certain improvement through the mode of plantation plant on desert, Gobi desert and saline land.But there are many limitation in most of cultivation method of the prior art.The leaching that for example cultivation is not had seepage control measure with soil; Can only temporarily remove part or most of salinity in the soil; But salinity can permeate back with water again more after a while, not only lets just begin into plant alive and die very soon, and also can cause very big waste to water resource.
Disclose a kind of saline land greening method of having taked seepage control measure among the ZL90105252.3, overcome saline and alkaline defective of again can reverse osmosis getting back to soil behind the leaching, realized saline and alkaline isolation stripping.But this procedure is complicated, material is various, causes its implementation cost too high, is unfavorable for that large tracts of land promotes fast.
The present invention proposes a kind of new cultivation method on the basis of above-mentioned technical background, be highly suitable for the saline land and Gobi desert is promoted the use of, and further conserve water resource.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to: a kind of water-saving cultivation method is provided, is applicable to desert, Gobi desert and saline land, simple, the conserve water resource.
Above-mentioned purpose of the present invention realizes through following technical scheme:
A kind of water-saving cultivation method is provided, may further comprise the steps:
1) does the water conservation layer
The water conservation layer is laid in the preliminary treatment soil at interval on the soil of handling well, interval width is 0.1-3.5 a times of water conservation layer width;
2) heap is built the cultivation ridge
Soil between the water layer or the soil that ships the outward heap on the water conservation layer that step 1) is laid of going bail for is built the cultivation ridge, forms furrow naturally between two cultivation ridges, and every edge is reserved 0.1-5 centimetre of water conservation layer and do not covered bottom the cultivation ridge; The furrow degree of depth is lower than water conservation layer edge, exposes in the cultivation ridge at the edge of the visible water conservation layer of furrow;
3) cultivated plant
To step 2) the cultivation ridge of building up carries out conventional drip washing, makes moisture carry the salt alkaloid substance and oozes out from the cultivation ridge and overflow into furrow,, pH value cultivating on the ridge after reaching 6-8 according to the conventional method cultivated plant.
Can be earlier before the step 1) preliminary treatment soil according to soil situation ground grading, use the clear water flood irrigation, its effect one is the face on the spot that sinks, the 2nd, reduce saline and alkaline content of material.Can also turn over and sieve according to the pine in ground condition decision whether carrying out soil.
The described preliminary treatment of step 1) soil method for optimizing is following: require pine to dig behind the ground according to root system of plant; Earlier the soil of scarifying is sieved out big chad and fine sand soil with the sieve in 10~20 millimeters in aperture; With forming the chad layer below the big chad place mat, with fine sand soil place mat on said chad layer.This preferred version is specially adapted to sandy lands such as desert or Gobi desert.
The cross section of the water conservation layer that step 1) is laid can be a level, also can be recessed or epirelief.The recessed water conservation that is beneficial to, epirelief be beneficial to draining, level moderate.The shape of the cross section of water conservation layer selects to depend on the moisture capacity of cultivate ridge, can carry out the moisture capacity mensuration of soil and select the shape of cross section of corresponding water conservation layer through following method in the practice.
In big glass beaker, pack into and cultivate the soil sample on ridge, the thickness of soil sample equates with the beaker radius.Water irrigates, and keeps soil sample thickness to equate that with the beaker radius natural air drying is subsequent use.With buret in beaker mouth center to soil sample drip irrigation clear water, observe the spread condition after current get into soil sample.
If the current longitudinal diffusion also diffuses laterally into walls of beaker during to beaker bottom simultaneously, i.e. horizontal proliferation speed and vertical proliferation speed equate that this situation should be selected the water conservation layer of horizontal shape cross section;
If longitudinal diffusion is to beaker bottom but do not diffuse laterally into walls of beaker for current, i.e. horizontal proliferation speed is less than vertical proliferation speed, and this situation should be selected down the water conservation layer of spill cross section;
If current also do not have longitudinal diffusion to beaker bottom but diffused laterally into walls of beaker, i.e. horizontal proliferation speed is greater than vertical proliferation speed, and this situation should be selected the water conservation layer of convex-shaped cross section.
The described water conservation layer of step 1) can use various agricultural films to lay; The preferred thick plastic film of 5-12 μ m.
The residing degree of depth of the described water conservation layer of step 1) (just cultivating the height on ridge) should surpass plow layer, and the water conservation layer is destroyed by careless when ploughing in order to avoid change crops.
Step 2) cross section on the cultivation ridge built of heap preferably is up-narrow and down-wide trapezoidal.
Step 2) preferably, heap in heap is built with soil, adds fertilizer when building the cultivation ridge.
Step 2) height on the cultivation ridge built of heap (distance on top, water conservation layer edge to ridge), width (ridge bottom width), spacing (two distance of bottom, cultivation ridge, just furrow) can require decision according to the growth of institute cultivated plant.The cultivation ridge is unsuitable wide, is advisable with the width that can plant the capable plant of 1-2 side by side, so that redundant moisture spreads, oozes out along the both sides of the edge on water conservation course ridge, prevents that promptly ponding from preventing salination again.
In the described cultivation process of step 3),, formulate fertilizer formula, carry out rational application of fertilizers as far as possible preferably according to the soil result of laboratory test.
In the preferred version of the present invention, step 2) when heap is built the cultivation ridge, at the little irrigation ditch of the cultivation recessed formation of ridge center of top; And when the described cultivation of step 3), the little irrigation ditch both sides on same cultivation ridge are cultivated 2 row plants side by side.
The cultivation structure that the present invention also provides said water-saving cultivation method to set up, as shown in Figure 1, every group of cultivation structure comprises basic unit 1, water conservation layer 2 and cultivation ridge 3 from top to bottom successively, is the furrow 4 that nature forms between the described cultivation ridge 3; Every edge, 3 bottoms, described cultivation ridge is reserved 0.1-5 centimetre of water conservation layer 2 and is not covered.
Described basic unit 1 preferably includes the chad layer 5 of lower floor and the fine sand soil horizon 6 on upper strata.
Described cultivation ridge 3 center of top preferably further comprise little irrigation ditch 7.
Described water conservation layer can be level, epirelief or recessed in any one; The thick plastic film of described water conservation layer material preferred 5-12 μ m.
In the cultivation structure of the present invention, the furrow that forms naturally between the cultivation ridge is used to get rid of saline and alkaline, and when big water wash was handled soil, the saline and alkaline meeting of overflowing the water conservation layer with water entered in the furrow; Because the degree of depth of furrow is lower than the water conservation layer on cultivation ridge, so not only can get rid of moisture infiltration cultivation ridge saline and alkaline but also that can prevent furrow; The main effect of water conservation layer is a water conservation, can stop following salt alkaloid substance to invade the cultivation ridge simultaneously.When to the cultivation ridge when irrigating, ooze under the moisture and receive the water conservation layer and stop and be detained, thereby delay, reduce water loss, make and cultivate the ridge and keep certain moisture.When the water saturation of cultivation ridge, redundant moisture can be oozed out the cultivation ridge from water conservation layer edge, overflows into furrow.
Water-saving cultivation method provided by the invention can be adaptable across Gobi desert, desert and saline land with the cultivation structure.Do every mu of ground of water conservation layer cost about 1000 yuan with plastic film, usually do the water conservation layer with the old canopy film that changes in the practice, cost is lower; Doing the water conservation layer with common canopy film generally can use 10 years continuously; About 1100 yuan on every mu of ground of cost of labor comprises that pine turns over, sub-sieve, does the water conservation layer, builds the cultivation ridge.The peasant usually is with the own organizing construction of the form of helping each other in the practice.Compare with method of the prior art, cultivation method of the present invention is the conserve water resource effectively, the more important thing is simplely, with low cost, is convenient to implement and promotes.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the cultivation structure in the embodiment of the invention 1.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
With Ke Zhou Akto County, Xinjiang Gobi desert culturing vegetable is example:
The cultivation structure is as shown in Figure 1, comprises polyethylene film water conservation layer 2 and cultivation ridge 3 that cultivation 1, the 8 μ m of basic unit are thick from top to bottom successively, is the furrow 4 that nature forms between the described cultivation ridge 3; Described basic unit comprises the chad layer 5 of lower floor and the fine sand soil horizon 6 on upper strata; Cultivation ridge 3 center of top leave little irrigation ditch 7; Described water conservation layer 2 is wideer 3 centimetres than cultivation 3 bottoms, ridge, and visible plastic film edge, furrow both sides exposes in the cultivation ridge.
It is high about 45 centimetres wherein to cultivate the ridge, ridge, and the bottom, ridge is wide about 70 centimetres, about 50 centimetres of distance between the ridges; Plastic film water conservation layer is following spill; Every ridge cultivation two row vegetables.
Cultivation method is following:
1) ground grading, pine are turned over about 30 centimetres of the degree of depth, with the sieve of aperture 15 millimeter the soil sieve of scarifying are told big chad and fine sand soil.Big chad place mat is formed chad layer 5 at the bottom; On chad layer 5, become fine sand soil horizon 6, and the edaphic surface of fine sand is processed into recessed smooth cambered surface by the south-north direction compartment of terrain, the likeness in form shallow ridges with the fine sand soil place mat that sieves out; Interval width is 50 centimetres; Every smooth cambered surface is wide 70 centimetres, on every smooth cambered surface, lays plastic film water conservation layer 2 then, and the plastic film width exceeds 3 centimetres at smooth cambered surface edge.
Fine sand soil heap on the water conservation layer 2 that step 1) is laid of 2) going bail between the water layer 2 is built cultivation ridge 3; About 45 centimetres of cultivation ridge 3 height; Article two, the cultivation distance between the ridges is about 50 centimetres; The little irrigation ditch 7 of the cultivation recessed formation of ridge 3 center of top, cultivation every edge, 3 bottoms, ridge is reserved 3 centimetres of water conservation layers 2 and is not covered; Naturally form furrow 4 between per two cultivation ridges 3, furrow 4 degree of depth are lower than water conservation layer 2 edge, expose in cultivation ridge 3 at the edge of furrow 4 visible water conservation layers 2.
3) to step 2) the cultivation ridge 3 of building up carries out conventional drip washing, and make moisture carry the salt alkaloid substance and ooze out from the cultivation ridge and overflow into furrow 4, after pH value reaches 6-8, every ridge cultivation two capable vegetables, 9 months cultivation phases.Kind has: tomato, capsicum, eggplant, cucumber.
Through cultivation method of the present invention, 12915 kilograms of per mu yield tomatoes, 13698 kilograms of cucumber, 14112 kilograms of eggplants, 4249 kilograms in capsicum on average improve 27% than other prior art output; 200 cubic metres of every mu of water consumption less thaies are the sixths of common drip irrigation cultivation mode water consumption.Listed in great Transformation of Agricultural Sci-Tech Achievements project by the Ministry of Science and Technology, in first Chinese agriculture scientific and technical innovation foundation contest, obtained special award.
Embodiment 2
With coastal saline land, Shouguang City, Shandong culturing vegetable is example:
Cultivation ridge, ridge is high about 45 centimetres, and the bottom, ridge is wide about 70 centimetres, about 50 centimetres of distance between the ridges; Plastic film water conservation layer is horizontal shape; Every ridge cultivation two row vegetables.
Cultivation method is following:
1) the pine ground of digging, pine turn over that travel direction is vertical with the trend on cultivation ridge, and pine turns over about 20 centimetres of the degree of depth, on one side pine turn on one side soil moved on on the ground in more than 70 centimetre in the place ahead.(this is cultivation residing position, ridge, is the width of bottom, cultivation ridge) was sliding with the ground flat lay the grain that climbs over after pine turned over and carries out more than 70 centimetre, the plastic film that cover width is 70 centimetres.Continue pine and turn over 120 centimetres, and soil is piled up formation cultivation ridge on the plastic film.Re-lay plastic film in interval 50 centimeters such as previous methods, pine turns over 120 centimetres again, and soil is piled up formation cultivation ridge on the plastic film.Advance successively.
2) finishing cultivation ridge makes cross section be up-narrow and down-wide trapezoidal, and edge 0.1-5 centimetre of plastic film exposed in the bottom.About 45 centimetres of cultivation ridge height are cultivated about 50 centimetres of distance between the ridges for two, the little irrigation ditch of the cultivation recessed formation of ridge center of top; Naturally form furrow between per two cultivation ridges, the furrow degree of depth is lower than water conservation layer edge, exposes in the cultivation ridge at the edge of the visible water conservation layer of furrow.
3) to step 2) the cultivation ridge of building up carries out conventional drip washing, and make moisture carry the salt alkaloid substance and ooze out from the cultivation ridge and overflow into furrow, after pH value reaches 6-8, every ridge cultivation two capable vegetables, 9 months cultivation phases.Kind has: tomato, capsicum, eggplant.
Through cultivation method of the present invention, 13158 kilograms of per mu yield tomatoes, 14510 kilograms of eggplants, 4132 kilograms in capsicum on average improve 13% than other prior art output; 200 cubic metres of every mu of water consumption less thaies are the sixths of common drip irrigation cultivation mode water consumption.
Embodiment 3
With semiarid zone, Kangping County, Liaoning culturing vegetable is example:
It is high about 45 centimetres wherein to cultivate the ridge, ridge, and the bottom, ridge is wide about 70 centimetres, about 50 centimetres of distance between the ridges; Plastic film water conservation layer is following spill; Every ridge cultivation two row vegetables.
Cultivation method is following:
Pine dig ground, laying water conservation layer, heap, to build the process on cultivation ridge similar with " embodiment 2 ", different is when laying plastic film, to become recessed cambered surface to land disposal, makes bottom, cultivation ridge be similar to a shallow ridges.
Every ridge cultivation two row vegetables, 9 months cultivation phases.Kind has: tomato, strawberry.
Through cultivation method of the present invention, 5831 kilograms of per mu yield cherry and tomatos, 4590 kilograms of strawberries on average improve 11% than other prior art output; 150 cubic metres of every mu of water consumption less thaies.Product becomes one of gift of relevant department's appointment with the good well-known distance of mouthfeel.