CN102272468B - 滑动元件 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及滑动元件,其具有基底和至少一个涂覆在所述基底上的由滑动层材料构成的层。所述滑动层材料可以由具有至少一种可交联的粘合剂或至少一种高熔点的热塑性材料的润滑漆构成,或者由一种材料构成,它具有由至少一种高熔点的热塑性材料或至少一种热固性材料构成的基体。所述滑动层材料包含优选比例为0.1至15体积%的Fe2O3。
Description
本发明涉及滑动元件,其具有基底和至少一个涂覆在所述基底上的由滑动层材料构成的层。本发明还涉及所述滑动元件的优选用途。
滑动元件作为发动机中的滑动轴承元件大多数由具有特殊修饰优化了滑动特性的表面的多层材料构成。一般来说滑动轴承元件的表面是金属层,一般基于铅、锡或铝,它们一般通过电镀方法、蒸镀或通过机械电镀来涂覆。
另外已知的是非金属的具有合成树脂基的滑动层,在其特性方面,负荷能力和耐磨性得到修饰。
尽管已知的涂层具有相对高的负荷能力,但是负荷能力受到极大限制,在超过负荷能力极限的情况下导致滑动功能快速下降。与此相结合的则是由不具有自润滑性能带来的基底材料的显露,随后由于消耗造成滑动轴承元件的完全失效。
基于合成树脂的滑动轴承涂层多年来一直用作减少机械结构中摩擦的辅助手段。一般来说涂布必须在没有其它润滑的情况下可以持久地容易活动的金属零件、塑料零件和橡胶零件,在典型的应用中负荷更小,且边界条件例如介质的温度是不起决定作用的。从不同的专利申请,特别是从EP 0 984 182 A1中公知,在发动机中的应用,也就是说例如具有这种滑动轴承元件的曲轴轴承也是可行的。在所述文本中描述了具有由PI、PAI、环氧树脂或酚树脂构成的基体的覆盖层,其中尤其是可以添加Fe3O4来减少磨损。
DE 196 14 105 A1公开了耐磨和耐蚀的塑料滑动层,它由基体材料构成,所述基体材料由PTFE或热塑性氟聚合物Fe2O3和固体润滑剂构成。所述材料用于轴承,例如作为减震器的导向元件,并且由于它的构造和及其软的氟聚合物基体,只适用于低滑动速度和低负荷。
从EP 1 775 487 A2已知一种滑动轴承元件,它具有金属载体材料,涂覆在所述载体材料上的铝合金和塑料滑动层。为了改善塑料滑动层的结合强度和耐气蚀性,给出一种材料,它具有由PI、PAI、PBI、EP和FP构成的粘合剂以及固体润滑材料,例如MoS2、石墨、PTFE和BN。
本发明的目的是给出一种滑动元件,在改善的耐磨性的情况下具有较高的峰值负荷能力,并且可以在高运行温度和滑动速度下使用,例如在内燃发动机内部的可移动零件上。
所述目的用一种滑动元件来实现,其具有基底和至少一个涂覆在所述基底上的由滑动层材料构成的层,其特征在于,所述滑动层材料可以由具有至少一种可交联的粘合剂或至少一种高熔点的热塑性材料的润滑漆,或者由具有由至少一种高熔点的热塑性材料或至少一种热固性材料构成的基体的材料构成,并且所述滑动层材料包含Fe2O3。
在此优选所述滑动层材料仅具有Fe2O3作为铁氧化物。
根据第一选择方案要求润滑漆的权利。
润滑漆应理解为液态或粉末形式的涂层材料,它包含用于改善表面滑动能力的添加物,将其薄薄地涂覆在基底上并且通过化学或物理过程,例如蒸发溶剂或利用UV辐射固化来构造成连续的薄膜。
润滑漆的可交联粘合剂优选由PAI(聚酰胺酰亚胺)、PI(聚酰亚胺)、环氧树脂、PBI(聚苯并咪唑)和/或硅树脂构成。这些聚合物通过高的温度稳定性和出色的介质稳定性来表征。
根据另一实施方式,所述粘合剂可以是利用UV辐射可固化的粘合剂。这类粘合剂优选是不饱和的聚酯树脂和/或有机硅(Silikone)。
根据另一实施方式,所述润滑漆可以具有至少一种高熔点的热塑性材料。
根据第二选择方案要求材料的权利,所述材料包含由至少一种高熔点的热塑性材料或至少一种热固性材料构成的基体。
高熔点的热塑性材料应理解为熔点高于230℃的那些热塑性材料。
作为优选的高熔点热塑性材料优选可以使用聚芳酯、PEEK(聚醚醚酮)和/或PES(聚醚砜)。
优选的热固性材料是PAI(聚酰胺酰亚胺)、PI(聚酰亚胺)、环氧树脂、PBI(聚苯并咪唑)和/或硅树脂。
已经表明,所要求权利的材料与Fe2O3组合比不含铁氧化物或任选地其它铁氧化物的滑动层材料具有明显更好的峰值负荷能力。负荷能力值达到最高20%的改善。
推测是通过Fe2O3与根据两种选择方案的粘合剂或基体材料的组合改善了润滑膜的有效性,从而降低了具有单位轴承负荷的磨损率的增加。由此提高了负荷极限,这又显著增加了负荷在负荷极限以下的轴承运行安全性。
这种效果在Fe2O3的比例为0.1至15体积%时显现出来。比例更低时不能确定负载能力的改善。比例更高时与此相反地导致基体材料或润滑漆的可交联的粘合剂的性能变差。
Fe2O3的比例以总的滑动层材料计优选为0.5至8体积%。
可以看到,曲轴轴承的峰值负荷能力已经可以升高至120MPa。所述峰值负荷能力值还明显高于具有根据EP 0 984 182 A1的材料组合的那些。另外,根据本发明的值只由以铝为基础的溅镀层实现。
已经表明,Fe2O3的粒度也是重要的。优选平均粒度为0.01至5μm的Fe2O3。特别有利的是d50为0.1至0.5μm的粉末。d50表示颗粒的粒子大小的中值,其中50%的颗粒细于相应的所给出的值,50%的颗粒大于相应的所给出的值。
滑动层材料的固体润滑材料比例优选为最高30体积%的比例。范围优选最高≤9.5%,也就是在≥0和≤9.5%之间。特别优选的范围是≥5至30体积%。
作为固体润滑材料考虑具有层状结构的金属硫化物、石墨、六边形氮化硼(hBN)和/或PTFE。另外,所述滑动层材料可以包含比例最高为5体积%,特别是比例为3至5体积%的硬质材料。
所述硬质材料优选是氮化物、碳化物、硼化物、氧化物和/或金属粉末,其中所述硬质材料优选是SiC、Si3N4、B4C3、立方BN、TiO2或SiO2和由Ag、Pb、Au、SnBi和/或Cu构成的金属粉末。
一种特别的实施方式是由含Fe2O3的滑动层构成的多层体系,其中可以这样构造所述多层体系,使得上层起到磨合层的作用,例如通过添加硬质颗粒对轴进行调节,且位于下面的层起到寿命层的作用。
还可以这样构造多层体系,即在所述寿命层下面涂覆额外的润滑漆层,由此进一步提高了轴承的运行安全性,特别是优化了其耐磨性和因此减缓了轴承金属的完全磨透(Durchlaufen)。
在基底和滑动层材料之间的额外的层还可以优化对基底的附着且如同涂底漆(Grundierung)那样具有改善润滑漆层或具有由高熔点的热塑性材料和热固性材料构成的基体的层的结合的目的。这可以例如通过少添加或根本不经添加(additiviert)的、由基体材料构成的数微米厚的层达到。
多层体系可以作为不连续的多层的层和作为梯度层来实现,其中层特性经由厚度连续改变。
底层中Fe2O3的含量优选高于上层中Fe2O3的含量。
优选在基底上涂覆两层,其中一层由含有Fe2O3的滑动层材料构成,一层由不含Fe2O3的滑动层材料构成。这种实施方式的优点在于,促进了几何上的适配性,因为后来上层更快速地磨损并因此更快地产生最大负荷能力。随后通过底层的Fe2O3含量来减少进一步的磨损。
多层体系的另一实施方式设计为,只有底层包含Fe2O3,而位于其上面的层不含Fe2O3。
在基底上涂覆多于两个由滑动层材料构成的层时,有利的是Fe2O3的含量从最底层到最上层降低。在最上层含较少Fe2O3或不含Fe2O3的优点是,促进了几何上的适配性,因为后来上层更快速地磨损并因此更快地产生最大负荷能力。随后通过底层的Fe2O3含量来减少进一步的磨损。
还设计为在层内部Fe2O3比例自下而上连续地降低。
所述基底可以由一个或由多个层构成。
所述基底优选具有至少一个由铝合金或铜合金构成的层。下面的合金同样适合作为基底材料:Ni-、Sn-、Zn-、Ag-、Au-、Bi-和Fe-合金。所有合金既可以用作轴承金属层也可以用作薄的覆盖层,所述滑动层根据其组成可以构造成额外的磨合层来适应或调节轴材料,或者可以构造成具有长使用期限的独立的滑动层。
根据本发明的一个层/多个层特别优选用作CuSn-、CuNiSi-、CuZn-、CuSnZn-、AlSn-、AlSi-、AlSnSi-轴承金属合金上的一个滑动层/多个滑动层。
滑动层可以涂覆有中间层或者没有涂覆中间层。作为中间层考虑镍、银、铜和/或铁。
在多层体系的情况下一个层或多个层的厚度在1至40μm范围内。
所述滑动轴承元件可以是为最高100mm的轴承套。在这种情况下所述一个层或更多个层的厚度为5至15μm。
所述滑动轴承元件是直径>100mm的轴承套,优选厚度>15μm至40μm。
原则上可能的是两种实施方式。第一实施方式中,根据本发明的滑动层直接涂覆在轴承金属层上。第二实施方式在于基底的涂覆,所述基底由具有优选通过溅镀或电镀沉积施加的已经存在的金属滑动层的轴承金属构成。
所述基底的粗糙度Rz优选为1至10μm,特别是3至8μm。Rz应理解为根据DIN EN ISO 4287:1998的平均表面粗糙度。
所述粗糙度改善了附着,并使得磨损时首先只暴露出峰端,也就是基底的非常少的表面比例,这提高负载能力,而同时不具有较大暴露范围的易受磨损侵蚀性。
所需的粗糙度可以通过机械方法例如喷砂或研磨来得到,但也可以化学上通过磷化或蚀刻得到。
优选的用途是介质润滑的应用。
优选的是,将滑动元件用作内燃发动机内的滑动轴承。
因为滑动元件通过高峰值负荷来表征,滑动元件的用途特别是提供作为曲轴的滑动轴承。其它优选的用途是滑动元件作为活塞裙和作为活塞环,其中特别是环侧面具有根据本发明的层构造,从而抑制与活塞环槽表面的微磨损。
下面列出具有试验结果的一些实施例。
表1只包括铜合金-基底,表2包括铝基底和用于两层的实施例。
表1(数据以体积%计)
表2(数据以体积%计)
实施Underwood(UW)-测试来评价效率。在此,将具有偏心重的轴在刚性安装的连杆上旋转。连杆上的轴承由试验轴承构成。试验轴承的壁厚度为1.4mm,直径为50mm。单位负荷经由轴承宽度来调节,转数为4000U/m。评价指标是100小时持续运行之后的滑动层疲劳和磨损。给出的是以MPa计的极限负荷,其中在最大5%的滑动面上,层至基底被磨损或存在疲劳。
为了证明Fe2O3的作用,在表1中列出了以R表示的参考试验。试验表明,通过添加Fe2O3负荷能力可以提高最高达20%。
对于实施例17至22中的铝基底,基底的疲劳强度是限制性因素,然而由于通过根据本发明的滑动层材料而得到改善的摩擦顺应性实现了对基底疲劳强度的改善。然而根据本发明的滑动层材料在此的主要目的是,在合金中只包含少比例的软质相(Weichphase)的情况下,优化滑动特性。
实施例23中的双层是这样设计的,使得通过上层中较低的粘合剂比例和较高的固体润滑材料比例得到增加的摩擦顺应性。
实施例24是具有差表面的轴的层构造,例如通过硬质材料额外磨光的球形灰铸铁。
在实施例25中Fe2O3在底层中的浓度上升并且耐磨性提高,上层在此优选被设计成适配层。
Claims (32)
1.用于介质润滑应用的滑动元件,其具有基底和至少一个涂覆在所述基底上的由滑动层材料构成的层,其特征在于,
所述基底的粗糙度Rz为1至10μm,
所述滑动层材料由具有至少一种可交联的粘合剂或至少一种高熔点的热塑性材料的润滑漆构成,
所述滑动层材料包含Fe2O3,并且
所述滑动层材料包含比例15至30体积%的固体润滑材料。
2.根据权利要求1的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述润滑漆的可交联的粘合剂由聚酰胺酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺、环氧树脂、聚苯并咪唑和/或硅树脂构成。
3.根据权利要求1的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述粘合剂是利用UV辐射固化的粘合剂。
4.根据权利要求1的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述高熔点的热塑性材料由聚芳酯、聚醚醚酮和/或聚醚砜构成。
5.根据权利要求1的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述Fe2O3的比例以总的滑动层材料计为0.1至15体积%。
6.根据权利要求5的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述Fe2O3的比例以总的滑动层材料计为0.5至8体积%。
7.根据权利要求1的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述Fe2O3的平均粒度为0.01至5μm。
8.根据权利要求1的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述固体润滑材料是具有层结构的金属硫化物、石墨、六边形BN和/或聚四氟乙烯。
9.根据权利要求1的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述滑动层材料包含比例最高为5体积%的硬质材料。
10.根据权利要求9的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述滑动层材料包含比例为3体积%至5体积%的硬质材料。
11.根据权利要求9的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述硬质材料是氮化物、碳化物、硼化物、氧化物和/或金属粉末。
12.根据权利要求11的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述硬质材料是SiC、Si3N4、B4C3、立方BN、TiO2或SiO2。
13.根据权利要求11的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述金属粉末由Ag、Pb、Au、Sn、Bi和/或Cu构成。
14.根据权利要求1-13之一的滑动元件,其特征在于,将两个由滑动层材料构成的层涂覆在基底上。
15.根据权利要求14的滑动元件,其特征在于,底层中Fe2O3的含量高于上层中的含量。
16.根据权利要求1-13之一的滑动元件,其特征在于,将两个层涂覆在基底上,其中一个层由具有Fe2O3的滑动层材料构成和一个层由不含Fe2O3的滑动层材料构成。
17.根据权利要求16的滑动元件,其特征在于,底层包含Fe2O3。
18.根据权利要求1-13之一的滑动元件,其特征在于,将超过两个由滑动层材料构成的层涂覆在基底上且Fe2O3比例从最底层向最上层降低。
19.根据权利要求1-13之一的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述层内部的Fe2O3比例自下而上连续降低。
20.根据权利要求1-13之一的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述基底具有至少一个由Al合金或Cu合金构成的层。
21.根据权利要求1-13之一的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述一个或多个层的厚度为1至40μm。
22.根据权利要求21的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述滑动元件是直径最高为100mm的轴承套并且所述一个或多个层的厚度为5至15μm。
23.根据权利要求21的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述滑动元件是直径大于100mm的轴承套并且所述一个或更多个层的厚度≥15至40μm。
24.根据权利要求1-13之一的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述基底包含其上涂覆有滑动层材料的传统的滑动层。
25.根据权利要求24的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述滑动层是经过电镀或溅镀的滑动层。
26.根据权利要求1-13之一的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述基底包含轴承金属层,在该金属层上涂覆滑动层材料。
27.根据权利要求1-13之一的滑动元件,其特征在于,所述基底包含由镍、银、铜和/或铁构成的中间层,在该中间层上涂覆滑动层材料。
28.根据权利要求1的滑动元件作为内燃发动机中的滑动轴承的用途。
29.根据权利要求1的滑动元件作为曲轴的滑动轴承的用途。
30.根据权利要求1的滑动元件作为活塞环的用途。
31.根据权利要求1的滑动元件作为活塞裙的用途。
32.根据权利要求1的滑动元件在介质润滑应用中的用途。
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- 2009-12-28 EP EP14193013.1A patent/EP2853760B1/de active Active
- 2009-12-28 US US13/142,887 patent/US9476454B2/en active Active
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- 2009-12-28 MX MX2011006951A patent/MX2011006951A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2009-12-28 KR KR1020117014547A patent/KR101608880B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2009-12-28 JP JP2011544041A patent/JP5698677B2/ja active Active
- 2009-12-28 CN CN200980153045.XA patent/CN102272468B/zh active Active
- 2009-12-28 EP EP09801985.4A patent/EP2370704B9/de active Active
- 2009-12-28 WO PCT/EP2009/067959 patent/WO2010076306A1/de active Application Filing
- 2009-12-28 BR BRPI0923730A patent/BRPI0923730A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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RU2521854C2 (ru) | 2014-07-10 |
EP2370704B9 (de) | 2015-06-17 |
MX2011006951A (es) | 2011-09-28 |
US20110268944A1 (en) | 2011-11-03 |
WO2010076306A1 (de) | 2010-07-08 |
KR20110106858A (ko) | 2011-09-29 |
US9476454B2 (en) | 2016-10-25 |
RU2011130442A (ru) | 2013-02-10 |
EP2853760A1 (de) | 2015-04-01 |
RU2521854C9 (ru) | 2015-10-27 |
BRPI0923730A2 (pt) | 2016-01-19 |
KR101608880B1 (ko) | 2016-04-04 |
HUE034242T2 (en) | 2018-02-28 |
EP2370704B1 (de) | 2015-03-25 |
EP2853760B1 (de) | 2017-05-03 |
US10190623B2 (en) | 2019-01-29 |
CN102272468A (zh) | 2011-12-07 |
CA2747067A1 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
US20170051783A1 (en) | 2017-02-23 |
DE102008055194A1 (de) | 2010-07-08 |
EP2370704A1 (de) | 2011-10-05 |
JP2012514170A (ja) | 2012-06-21 |
JP5698677B2 (ja) | 2015-04-08 |
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