CN102042105A - 基于空气对燃料相对比评估的生物柴油混合检测的方法 - Google Patents
基于空气对燃料相对比评估的生物柴油混合检测的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种用于内燃机中的生物柴油混合检测的方法,包括至少如下步骤:通过至少第一传感器进行空气对燃料相对比(RAFR)的第一评估,该第一传感器的输出代表实际的RAFR值,以便使用该第一评估作为参考值;通过测量质量空气流(MAF)、喷射的燃料量(Qfuel)以及石油柴油的化学计算比(A/F)ST进行空气对燃料相对比(RAFR)的第二评估,并通过所述发动机的电子控制单元(ECU)执行所述第二评估;确定由第一评估和第二评估获得的值中的偏差。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于基于空气对燃料相对比(relative air-to-fuel ratio)评估的生物柴油混合(blending)检测的方法,该评估通过车辆的电子控制单元(ECU)进行。
背景技术
生物柴油可单纯地或以任意浓度与石油柴油混合而用于最近的现代柴油发动机。
可以预计,生物柴油的使用在未来会增加,这特别是由于这种燃料的优点。
特别地,使用生物柴油可具有高达80%的颗粒减少效果。
此外,生物柴油提供了重新标定烟尘-NOx折衷的可能性,以消除NOx的增加。
并且,其还提供了减少抗颗粒过滤器的再生频率的可能性。
但是,生物柴油的使用并不是没有问题;例如,对于生物柴油燃料,发动机的冷启动相对于石油柴油可能变难,特别是以较低温度。
另一问题是增加的油稀释,这是由于生物柴油的糟糕挥发性。
此外,生物柴油的使用可具有使发动机的功率减小7-10%的影响。
此外,生物柴油可导致氮氧化物排放高达60%的增加。
本发明的目的是使得可以检测车辆油箱中的生物柴油,以便提供生物柴油体积百分比的尽可能准确的评估。
另一目的是不使用专用传感器、而仅使用现有发动机传感器和ECU可得数据来实现该评估。
本发明的另一目的是通过合理和廉价的方案实现这些目标。
这些目的通过具有独立权利要求所述的特征的一种方法、一种发动机、一种计算机程序和计算机程序产品,以及通过一种电磁信号实现。
从属权利要求限定了本发明的优选和/或特别有利的方面。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种用于内燃机中的生物柴油混合检测的方法,包括至少如下步骤:
-通过至少第一传感器进行空气对燃料相对比(RAFR)的第一评估,该第一传感器的输出代表实际的RAFR值,以便使用该第一评估作为参考值;
-通过测量质量空气流(MAF)、喷射的燃料量(Qfuel)以及石油柴油的化学计算的空气对燃料比(A/F)ST进行空气对燃料相对比(RAFR)的第二评估,并通过所述发动机的电子控制单元(ECU)执行所述第二评估;
-确定由第一评估和第二评估获得的值中的偏差。
通过该方法,燃料中的生物柴油可在使用已有信息而不使用额外部件的情况下被检测,因此没有额外的成本。
优选地,该方法还包括步骤:使用所述值的偏差和生物柴油相对于石油柴油百分比之间的一组预计算的相关度值,以便确定生物柴油混合值。
本发明由此基于以两种不同方式评估的空气对燃料相对比(RAFR)的监视和比较。
第一评估基于空气对燃料相对比(RAFR)的直接测量,优选地使用在发动机排气口处设置的标准氧气传感器(拉姆达传感器,即lambda sensor)。这样的评估对车辆油箱中的实际生物柴油混合不敏感,且可被用作参考。
第二评估通过空气流的测量值、喷射燃料量的测量值和石油柴油的化学计算的比(A/F)ST的测量值来评估空气对燃料相对比(RAFR),这些测量值全部是车辆ECU已有信息。给出生物柴油混合的测量值,由于化学计算比(A/F)ST对于生物柴油混合敏感,根据该参数计算的空气对燃料相对比(RAFR)显示了与正确值的偏差,该偏差作为生物柴油相对于石油柴油的百分比增加的函数而增加。
因此,通过将来自拉姆达传感器的直接RAFR测量值与利用车辆ECU获得的第二RAFR评估值相比较,可以确定生物柴油加油和混合比。
该方法的步骤可连续地重复,以便获得生物柴油百分比的连续监视。
根据本发明的方法可以计算机程序的形式和计算机程序产品的形式实现,该程序包括程序代码以执行本发明方法的全部步骤,该计算机程序产品包括用于执行计算机程序的装置。
根据本发明的优选实施例,计算机程序产品包括用于IC发动机的控制设备,例如发动机的ECU,其中存储有程序,以使得该控制设备以与该方法相同的方式限定本发明。在这种情况下,控制设备执行计算机程序,根据本发明的方法的全部步骤被执行。
计算机程序可通过电磁信号传送,所述信号被调制,以执行代表计算机程序的数据位序列,以执行本发明的方法的全部步骤。
本发明还提供了一种内燃机,特别地被设置用于执行检测方法。
结合附图考虑,本发明的其它目的、特征和优点将通过优选实施例的以下详细说明变得明显。
附图说明
将通过示例参考附图描述本发明,其中:
图1是本发明的方法的步骤的示意图。
具体实施方式
现将描述本发明的优选实施例。
根据本发明,空气对燃料相对比(RAFR)可以两种交替的方式评估;第一评估直接借助拉姆达传感器输出电压通过传感器输出曲线进行:
RAFR=f(Vout) (1)
等式(1)较大程度地独立于燃料规格,并因此,其可以检测在石油柴油和生物柴油加油或其混合物情况下的反应的化学计量:其输出可以被认为是反应的真实参考RAFR。
第二种评估RAFR的方式根据以下等式结合来自捕获空气质量的信息和ECU评估的燃料喷射量进行,该来自捕获空气质量的信息例如通过热丝(hot-wire)传感器HFM测量,该燃料喷射量基于由SW函数矫正的喷射器映射(mapping):
等式(2)相反仅在考虑了ECU评估的Qfuel的和(A/F)ST的燃料导致的变化时才能被正确地评估。
等式(2)的参数优选地在考虑了用于整个发动机的ECU可得数据时被评估。
因此,这些值的任何变化没有被考虑时可以导致等式(1)的RAFR和等式(2)的估计RAFR之间偏差。
在发动机实际加有生物柴油或其混合物时,如果等式(2)使用对应于石油柴油的Qfucl和(A/F)ST二者,则其任意偏差均可被视为生物柴油混合比的测量值。
从文献获得的下表1总结了石油柴油和生物柴油之间的不同点:
表1
室内执行测试提供的化学计算的(A/F)ST值:
-对于SME生物柴油(B100):12.45
-对于RME生物柴油(B100):12.29
因此,几乎独立于生物柴油原料,(A/F)ST从纯的石油柴油向纯的生物柴油偏移15%。
另外,在这样的测试中,由于加有生物柴油而导致的Qfuel变化显示出几乎没有决定性影响。
以下的表2示出了从发动机工作点到工作点的统计范围的变化:
表2
在表2中,特别地考虑用于RME或用于SME列的QtotIM值,可以看出,被测的Qfuel的变化低于由于喷射***本身造成的统计学离散。
因此,生物柴油混合基本上仅影响(A/F)ST。
所以,如果考虑石油柴油空气对燃料比(A/F)ST评估等式(2),将产生作为生物柴油混合的函数的与拉姆达传感器测量的实际RAFR的如下偏差,其中B0至B100显示了生物柴油相对于石油柴油从0%至100%的相应百分比,见表3:
表3
因此,在被测的相对于加有石油柴油的Delta RAFR偏差和表示被测实际生物柴油混合的相应生物柴油百分比之间形成对应关系。
并且,可以在表3的值之间进行插值,用于增加准确度,因为上述对应关系基本上是线性的。
统计准确度评估用于确定这样的阈值:
-MAF典型地约为3%;
-利用喷射器产生分离和偏移矫正,Qfuel典型地约为3%;
-拉姆达(RAFR)传感器准确度典型地为2%。
通过使用公式获得这些误差的容差统计分析,可以评估到略在5%之下的可检测性阈值。
在中高负载时,混合检测更准确,此时相对传感器准确度最低,且没有显示出对EGR率的敏感性,这前提是EGR不会将MAF减小到过低从而使热丝传感器HFM准确度变为极限的值。
该策略的精细调节和其潜势校验在实际发动机硬件方面是关键的,因为B30已经以明显方式影响油稀释、DPF上的烟尘沉积以及改变发动机排放物。
低于B30的生物柴油混合物的检测不那么准确。
本发明具有大量重要的优点。
总的来说,生物柴油混合检测允许优化发动机性能的一系列参数,且能使由燃料消耗导致的负面因素最小化。
特别的,本发明允许喷射策略的矫正,例如每次喷射的数量、阶段和时长,或例如特别对于生物柴油混合物的在发动机工作时的喷射压力。
关于发动机功率,该方法允许标定喷射时长,以便补偿生物柴油的热值减小并将功率水平保持在石油柴油参考值的相同水平。
喷射策略的优化也是有用的,以便通过各参数中的喷射压力和电热塞加热的标定优化发动机的冷启动。
从生态视角看,喷射策略的标定允许将NOx排放水平保持到与石油汽油参考值相应的值。
同时,空气/EGR的控制特别作为生物柴油混合物的函数而被改进。
由于生物柴油需要较少的排油间隔,所以,作为本方法的确定结果,可对实际发动机加油定制油寿命监视。
此外,由于生物柴油在DPF再生事件之间实现较长的间隔,生物柴油混合物的烟尘蓄积比可通过统计模型而被评估,因此,DPF再生事件可适于实际的发动机加油。
最后但并非最不重要地,并不需要额外的传感器用来执行本发明的方法,因此,不会增加当前柴油发动机构造的相关成本。
尽管本发明已经通过一定优选实施例和具体应用进行描述,应该理解,前述描述仅作为示例而非限制性的。本领域的技术人员应该意识到,针对特定实施例的各种改进落入所附权利要求限定的范围内。因此,本发明并不被限制于所披露的实施例,其具有由所附权利要求的语言允许的全部范围。
Claims (13)
1.一种用于内燃机中的生物柴油混合检测的方法,包括至少如下步骤:
-通过至少第一传感器进行空气对燃料相对比(RAFR)的第一评估,该第一传感器的输出代表实际的RAFR值,以便使用该第一评估作为参考值;
-通过所述发动机的电子控制单元(ECU)执行的空气对燃料相对比(RAFR)的第二评估,所述第二评估通过测量石油柴油的化学计算的空气对燃料比(A/F)ST、质量空气流(MAF)以及喷射的燃料量(Qfuel)进行;
-确定由第一评估和第二评估获得的值中的偏差。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,还包括步骤:使用值的所述偏差和生物柴油相对于石油柴油百分比之间的一组预计算的相关度值,以便确定生物柴油混合值。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,用于所述第一评估的所述第一传感器是拉姆达传感器。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,空气对燃料相对比(RAFR)的所述第二评估通过以下公式进行:
其中,MAF是质量空气流,Qfuel是燃料的量,(A/F)ST是对于石油柴油的化学计算空气对燃料比。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其中,为了确定生物柴油混合值,建立生物柴油混合物的实际化学计算空气对燃料比和根据所述第二评估估计的RAFR之间的对应关系。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其中,所述对应关系大致是线性的,以便允许插值。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,第一评估和第二评估连续地重复,以便获得生物柴油百分比的连续监视。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,考虑整个发动机的ECU可得的数据进行RAFR的第一评估和第二评估。
9.一种内燃机,特别是柴油发动机,该内燃机具有相关的传感器用于测量燃烧参数,其特征在于,内燃机包括ECU,用于执行如前述权利要求任一项所述的方法。
10.一种计算机程序,包括程序代码,适用于执行权利要求1的方法。
11.一种计算机程序产品,包括根据权利要求10的计算机程序。
12.如权利要求11所述的计算机程序产品,包括控制设备,其中存储有计算机程序。
13.一种电磁信号,模制为用于数据位序列的载波,该数据位序列代表如权利要求10的计算机程序。
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