CN101622051A - 用于在与co2捕集设备联合的发电装置中产生加压co2物流的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种用于在与CO2捕集设备联合的发电装置中产生加压CO2物流的方法,其中所述发电装置包括至少一个与热回收蒸汽发生器设备(2)偶联的燃气轮机(1),和CO2捕集设备包括吸收器(18)和再生器(21),所述方法包括如下步骤:(a)将离开燃气轮机的热废气加入热回收蒸汽发生器设备中,以产生第一量的蒸汽和包含CO2的烟气物流(17);(b)通过在吸收器(18)中使包含CO2的烟气物流与吸收液体接触而从所述烟气物流中脱除CO2,以获得富含CO2的吸收液体(20)和纯化的烟气物流;(c)在再生器(21)中在高温下使富含CO2的吸收液体与汽提气体接触,以获得再生的吸收液体和富含CO2的气体物流(23);(d)利用CO2压缩机(24)使富含CO2的气体物流加压,以获得加压CO2物流,其中将热回收蒸汽发生器设备中产生的蒸汽的第一部分用于驱动CO2压缩机(13)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于在与二氧化碳(CO2)捕集设备联合的发电装置中产生加压CO2物流的方法。
背景技术
世界上大部分能量供应通过在发电装置中燃烧燃料、特别是天然气或合成气而提供。通常在一个或多个燃气轮机中燃烧燃料,和将所得气体用于产生蒸汽。随后将蒸汽用于发电。燃料燃烧导致产生需要被处理的CO2。在最近的几十年中,排放至大气的CO2量在全球范围内已经明显增大。按Kyoto协议,必须减少CO2排放,以防止或抵消不希望的气候变化。因此,必须脱除和处置产生的CO2。燃气轮机烟气的CO2浓度取决于所应用的燃料和燃烧以及热回收过程,和一般相对低,通常为3-15%。因此,减少CO2排放使得希望从废气中分离出CO2,因为压缩和储存全部烟气过于昂贵。因为这个原因,有利的是使用专用的CO2捕集设备以从烟气中脱除CO2和产生浓缩的加压CO2物流,可以在其它位置使用所述浓缩的加压CO2物流。
例如,在US 6,883,327中描述了用于产生加压CO2物流的方法。在US 6,883,327中,使用了具有吸收器和再生器的CO2捕集设备。在压缩机中压缩离开CO2再生器的富含CO2的物流。使用背压式汽轮机作为电源驱动该压缩机。
现在已经发现可以使用蒸汽-驱动CO2压缩机产生加压CO2物流,因此不再使用附加设备发电来驱动CO2压缩机。
发明内容
为此,本发明提供用于在与CO2捕集设备联合的发电装置中产生加压CO2物流的方法,其中所述发电装置包括至少一个与热回收蒸汽发生器设备偶联的燃气轮机,和CO2捕集设备包括吸收器和再生器,所述方法包括如下步骤:
(a)将离开燃气轮机的热废气加入热回收蒸汽发生器设备中,以产生第一量的蒸汽和包含CO2的烟气物流;
(b)通过在吸收器中使包含CO2的烟气物流与吸收液体接触而从所述烟气物流中脱除CO2,以获得富含CO2的吸收液体和纯化的烟气物流;
(c)在再生器中在高温下使富含CO2的吸收液体与汽提气体接触,以获得再生的吸收液体和富含CO2的气体物流;
(d)利用CO2压缩机使富含CO2的气体物流加压,以获得加压CO2物流,其中将热回收蒸汽发生器设备中产生的蒸汽的第一部分用于驱动CO2压缩机。
在所述方法中,利用来自热回收蒸汽发生器设备的高压蒸汽驱动CO2压缩机。因此,无需单独的设备发电来驱动CO2压缩机。
在所述方法中,使用包括至少一个燃气轮机的发电装置。通常,将燃料和含氧气体加入燃气轮机的燃烧区中。在燃气轮机的燃烧区中,燃料燃烧从而产生热燃烧气。热燃烧气在燃气轮机中膨胀(通常经由排列成行的膨胀器叶片序列),和用于通过发电机发电。在燃气轮机中燃烧的适合燃料包括天然气和合成气。
在步骤(a)中,将离开燃气轮机的热废气引入热回收蒸汽发生器设备中,其中将热废气中含有的热量用于产生第一量的蒸汽。
热回收蒸汽发生器设备是提供从热废气中回收热量和将该热量转化成蒸汽的工具的任意设备。例如,热回收蒸汽发生器设备可以包括多根堆叠方式安装的管。将水泵送和循环通过所述管,并可以保持在高温高压下。热废气加热所述管,和用于产生蒸汽。
适合地,可以设计热回收蒸汽发生器设备,以产生一种、两种或三种类型的蒸汽:高压蒸汽、中压蒸汽和低压蒸汽。优选地,设计蒸汽发生器以产生至少一定量的高压蒸汽,因为高压蒸汽可用于发电。适合地,高压蒸汽的压力为90-150bara,优选为90-125bara,更优选为100-115bara。适合地,也产生低压蒸汽,低压蒸汽优选压力为2-10bara,更优选至8bara,仍然更优选4-6bara。该低压蒸汽用于使含CO2的吸收液体再生。
热回收蒸汽发生器设备排出含CO2的烟气。烟气的组成尤其取决于燃气轮机中使用的燃料类型。适合地,烟气包含0.25-30%(v/v)的CO2,优选1-20%(v/v)。烟气通常也含有氧,优选为0.25-20%(v/v),更优选5-15%(v/v),仍然更优选1-10%(v/v)。
在步骤(b)中,通过在吸收器中使烟气与吸收液体接触而脱除CO2。吸收液体可以是能够从烟气物流中脱除CO2的任意吸收液体。特别地,能够从包含氧和另外含有相对低浓度的CO2的烟气物流中脱除CO2的吸收液体是适合的。该吸收液体可包括化学和物理溶剂或这些的组合。
另外,在烟气物流包含可测量量的氧、适合地为1-20%(v/v)的氧的情况下,优选将缓蚀剂加入吸收液体。适合的缓蚀剂为例如US6,036,888中描述的。
适合的物理溶剂包括聚乙二醇的二甲基醚化合物。
适合的化学溶剂包括氨和胺化合物。
在一个实施方案中,吸收液体包含选自单乙醇胺(MEA)、二乙醇胺(DEA)、二甘醇胺(DGA)、甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)和三乙醇胺(TEA)的一种或多种胺。MEA是特别优选的胺,因为它能够吸收相对高百分数的CO2(体积CO2/体积MEA)。因此,包含MEA的吸收液体适合于从具有低浓度CO2、通常是3-10体积%CO2的烟气中脱除CO2。
在另一个实施方案中,吸收液体包含选自甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)、三乙醇胺(TEA)、N,N′-二(羟基烷基)哌嗪、N,N,N′,N′-四(羟基烷基)-1,6-己二胺和叔烷基胺磺酸化合物的一种或多种胺。
优选地,N,N′-二(羟基烷基)哌嗪是N,N′-二-(2-羟基乙基)哌嗪和/或N,N′-二-(3-羟基丙基)哌嗪。
优选地,四(羟基烷基)-1,6-己二胺是N,N,N′,N′-四(2-羟基乙基)-1,6-己二胺和/或N,N,N′,N′-四(2-羟基丙基)-1,6-己二胺。
优选地,叔烷基胺磺酸化合物选自4-(2-羟基乙基)-1-哌嗪乙烷磺酸、4-(2-羟基乙基)-1-哌嗪丙烷磺酸、4-(2-羟基乙基)哌嗪-1-(2-羟基丙烷磺酸)和1,4-哌嗪二(磺酸)。
在又一个实施方案中,吸收液体包含N-乙基二乙醇胺(EDEA)。
在特别优选的实施方案中,吸收液体包含氨。
已经发现,特别是在使用包含胺的吸收液体的情况下,当在相对低温下和在高压下发生吸收时实现CO2的更好吸收。因为烟气的压力通常是低的,所以优选在进入吸收器之前使烟气加压。因为烟气的温度通常是相对高的,所以优选在进入吸收器之前使烟气冷却。
在步骤(c)中,通过在再生器中在高温下使富含CO2的吸收液体与汽提气体接触而使富含CO2的吸收液体再生,以获得再生的吸收液体和富含CO2的气体物流。应理解,用于再生的条件尤其取决于吸收液体的类型和吸收步骤中使用的条件。在吸收液体包含胺的情况下,优选再生温度为100-200℃。在吸收液体包含含水胺的情况下,再生优选在1-5bara的压力下发生。
在吸收液体包含氨的情况下,适合地,吸收步骤在低于环境温度的温度下进行,优选为0-10℃,更优选为2-8℃。再生步骤适合地在比吸收步骤中使用的更高的温度下进行。当使用含氨的吸收液体时,离开再生器的富含CO2的气体物流具有高压。适合地,富含CO2的气体物流的压力为5-8bara,优选为6-8bara。在其中富含CO2的气体物流需要在高压下的应用中,例如当它用于注入地下地层中时,有利之处是富含CO2的气体物流已经在高压下。通常,需要一系列的压缩机将富含CO2的气体物流加压至所需高压。已经在高压下的富含CO2的气体物流更容易进行进一步加压。
在步骤(d)中,利用CO2压缩机使富含CO2的气体物流加压,以获得加压CO2物流。将热回收蒸汽发生器设备中产生的蒸汽的第一部分用于驱动CO2压缩机。在优选实施方案中,将热回收蒸汽发生器设备中产生的蒸汽的第一部分导入例如经由轴与CO2压缩机偶联的膨胀器。膨胀器因此驱动CO2压缩机,而不需要首先产生电来驱动CO2压缩机。在特别优选的实施方案中,膨胀器的排出物包括低压蒸汽,将所述低压蒸汽用于提供再生器所需要的至少一部分热量。因此,根据CO2捕集设备的热量/电功需求比,再生步骤的高压蒸汽热量需求的压力至少部分通过在热回收蒸汽发生器设备中燃烧一定量的燃料以产生第二量的蒸汽来满足。优选地,加压CO2物流的压力为40-300bara,更优选50-300bara。可以将具有这些优选范围内压力的CO2物流用于多种目的,特别是用于强化油、煤层甲烷的采收、或用于地下地层中的隔离。特别是对于其中将加压CO2物流注入地下地层中的目的,需要高压。在优选实施方案中,将加压CO2物流用于强化油采收。通过将CO2注入油储层中,可以增大油采收率。通常,将加压CO2物流注入油储层中,其中它与存在的一些油混合。CO2和油的混合物将置换出通过传统注入不能置换出的油。
在特别优选的实施方案中,所述方法还包括附加步骤(e):在热回收蒸汽发生器设备中燃烧一定量的燃料,以产生第二量的蒸汽,其中燃料的量使得第二量的蒸汽足以提供使吸收液体再生所需热量的至少80%。优选第二量的蒸汽足以提供使吸收液体再生所需热量的至少90%。优选地,使用低压蒸汽管路,以将加热蒸汽从热回收蒸汽发生器输送至CO2捕集设备。适合地,以闭合回路排列该低压蒸汽管路,以使产生的用于发电的蒸汽与过程换热器中使用的蒸汽隔离。在热回收蒸汽发生器设备中燃烧一定量的燃料的优点是发电装置的总电功输出将独立于CO2捕集设备是否运转。可以例如通过监控由热回收蒸汽发生器设备产生的电和根据发电量调节加入热回收蒸汽发生器设备中的燃料量,从而确定提供再生热量需求所需要的燃料量。如前面所解释的,在热回收蒸汽发生器设备中,优选在蒸汽涡轮中产生高压蒸汽,所述高压蒸汽例如经由与蒸汽涡轮偶联的发电机转化成电。当CO2捕集设备运转时,由于用于加热CO2捕集设备的再生器所需的从热回收蒸汽发生器设备中抽出的蒸汽量,使得与蒸汽涡轮偶联的发电机的电功输出将下降。通过监控热回收发电机设备的与蒸汽涡轮偶联的发电机的输出,可以调节热回收蒸汽发生器设备中燃烧的燃料量。在输出下降的情况下,可以增大燃烧的燃料量。优选地,在不明显降低与蒸汽涡轮偶联的发电机的电功输出的条件下,预先确定为了能够满足CO2捕集设备的再生器的热量需求而燃烧的燃料量。将CO2捕集设备不运转时与蒸汽涡轮偶联的发电机的电功输出作为基准,和随后确定为了实现相同输出而燃烧的燃料量。
在热回收蒸汽发生器设备中燃烧的适合燃料包括天然气和合成气。
热回收蒸汽发生器设备中一定量燃料的燃烧需要存在氧。可以将该氧供应至热回收蒸汽发生器设备,但优选热废气含有氧,和该氧的至少一部分用于热回收蒸汽发生器设备中的燃料燃烧中。作为使用来自热废气的氧的结果,离开热回收蒸汽发生器设备的烟气中氧量将更低。这有利于CO2吸收过程,特别是当使用胺吸收液体时。氧可以导致胺降解,和可以导致吸收液体中降解产物的形成。因此,烟气的氧含量更低将导致更少的胺降解。
下面将参考附图1仅以举例方式描述本发明。
在图1中,显示了包括燃气轮机(1)、热回收蒸汽发生器设备(2)和CO2捕集设备(3)的发电装置。在燃气轮机中,将含氧气体经管线4供应至压缩机5。将燃料经管线6供应至燃烧器7,和在压缩的含氧气体存在下燃烧。将所得燃烧气在第一膨胀器8中膨胀,和用于在发电机9中发电。将含CO2和氧的剩余废气经管线10导向热回收蒸汽发生器设备2。在热回收蒸汽发生器设备中,在加热区11中用热废气加热水以产生蒸汽。将蒸汽的第一部分经管线12导入第二膨胀器13。将蒸汽的第二部分经管线14导入与发电机16偶联的蒸汽涡轮15,以产生附加电功。任选地,将一定量的燃料导入(未显示)热回收蒸汽发生器设备和利用来自废气的氧燃烧,以产生附加蒸汽。将含CO2和氧的热烟气经管线17导入胺吸收器18。优选地,在进入胺吸收器之前,使热烟气首先在冷却器(未显示)中冷却,和使用鼓风机(未显示)使冷却的烟气加压。在胺吸收器18中,CO2在高压下从烟气中转移至胺吸收器内含有的胺液体中。将贫含CO2的纯化的烟气经管线19从胺吸收器中导出。将富含CO2的胺液体经管线20从胺吸收器导入再生器21。在再生器中,使富含CO2的胺液体减压,和在高温下与汽提气体接触,从而将CO2从胺液体中转移至汽提气体中,以获得再生的胺液体和富含CO2的气体物流。将再生的胺液体经管线22从再生器导入胺吸收器18。将富含CO2的气体物流线经管线23从再生器导入CO2压缩机24。将来自膨胀器13的高压蒸汽经轴25导入CO2压缩机24,和用于驱动CO2压缩机。将低压蒸汽经管线26从膨胀器13导入再生器,和提供用于加热再生器所需的热量的至少一部分。利用来自第二蒸汽涡轮的低压蒸汽满足再生器的剩余部分的热量需求,所述低压蒸汽经管线27导入再生器。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于在与CO2捕集设备联合的发电装置中产生加压CO2物流的方法,其中所述发电装置包括至少一个与热回收蒸汽发生器设备偶联的燃气轮机,和CO2捕集设备包括吸收器和再生器,所述方法包括如下步骤:
(a)将离开燃气轮机的热废气加入热回收蒸汽发生器设备中,以产生第一量的蒸汽和包含CO2的烟气物流;
(b)通过在吸收器中使包含CO2的烟气物流与吸收液体接触而从所述烟气物流中脱除CO2,以获得富含CO2的吸收液体和纯化的烟气物流;
(c)在再生器中在高温下使富含CO2的吸收液体与汽提气体接触,以获得再生的吸收液体和富含CO2的气体物流;
(d)利用CO2压缩机使富含CO2的气体物流加压,以获得加压CO2物流,其中将热回收蒸汽发生器设备中产生的蒸汽的第一部分用于驱动CO2压缩机。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中将热回收蒸汽发生器设备中产生的部分蒸汽导入与CO2压缩机偶联的膨胀器。
3.权利要求1或2的方法,其中通过以下过程发电:将热回收蒸汽发生器设备中产生的蒸汽的另一部分导入蒸汽涡轮,所述蒸汽涡轮与发电机偶联,和由所述发电机发电。
4.权利要求2或3的方法,其中膨胀器排出低压蒸汽,将所述低压蒸汽用于提供使吸收液体再生所需热量的至少一部分。
5.前述权利要求任一项的方法,还包括如下步骤:
(e)在热回收蒸汽发生器设备中燃烧一定量的燃料,以产生第二量的蒸汽,其中燃料的量使得第二量的蒸汽足以提供使吸收液体再生所需热量的至少80%。
6.前述权利要求任一项的方法,其中高压蒸汽的压力为90-125bara、更优选为100-115bara和/或低压蒸汽的压力为3-8bara、更优选4-6bara。
7.前述权利要求任一项的方法,其中加压的富含CO2的气体物流的压力为40-300bara,更优选50-300bara。
8.前述权利要求任一项的方法,其中吸收液体包含胺,优选为选自单乙醇胺(MEA)、二乙醇胺(DEA)、二甘醇胺(DGA)、甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)、三乙醇胺(TEA)、N-乙基二乙醇胺(EDEA)、N,N′-二(羟基烷基)哌嗪、N,N,N′,N′-四(羟基烷基)-1,6-己二胺和叔烷基胺磺酸化合物的一种或多种胺。
9.权利要求1-8任一项的方法,其中吸收液体包含物理溶剂,优选为聚乙二醇的二甲基醚。
10.权利要求1-7任一项的方法,其中吸收液体包含氨。
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