CN101525272B - 乙醇蒸馏脱水节能工艺及设备 - Google Patents

乙醇蒸馏脱水节能工艺及设备 Download PDF

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CN101525272B
CN101525272B CN2009100683977A CN200910068397A CN101525272B CN 101525272 B CN101525272 B CN 101525272B CN 2009100683977 A CN2009100683977 A CN 2009100683977A CN 200910068397 A CN200910068397 A CN 200910068397A CN 101525272 B CN101525272 B CN 101525272B
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李洪
李鑫钢
李学刚
姜斌
隋红
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种乙醇蒸馏脱水节能工艺及设备，技术方案是：a)乙醇精馏塔塔顶气相采用部分冷凝；b)部分冷凝后的气相进入压缩机实现加压；c)压缩后的气相直接进入吸附单元。乙醇原料经过乙醇精馏塔后得到的塔顶气相进入部分冷凝器，得到的混合物料进入回流储罐，其中的液相物料作为回流液返回乙醇精馏塔，气相物料进入压缩机，经过加压后进入吸附单元，吸附后得到需要的高浓度乙醇产品。本发明能有效降低高浓度乙醇生产过程中的热能消耗和精馏塔塔顶的冷凝负荷，降低乙醇的生产成本，具有良好的应用前景。

Description

乙醇蒸馏脱水节能工艺及设备
技术领域
本发明涉及乙醇蒸馏脱水节能工艺及设备，生产的高浓度乙醇可以用作化工原料、无水溶剂或用来生产燃料乙醇等。
背景技术
乙醇按生产方式可分为发酵乙醇和合成乙醇，世界乙醇产量的93％是由发酵法生产的。其原料来源十分广泛，主要包括谷物原料(玉米、小麦、高粱、水稻)、薯类原料(甘薯、木薯、马铃薯)、糖质原料(甘蔗、甜菜、糖蜜)和纤维素原料。生物质经发酵后，得到乙醇体积分数含量为5％～30％的发酵醪液，发酵醪液精馏和脱水后即可得到无水乙醇产品。
无水乙醇广泛应用于化工生产原料、有机溶剂以及机车燃料等，其中用作机车燃料的无水乙醇又称燃料乙醇。目前我国能源对外依存度不断增加，能源安全问题日益突出；我国的环境污染问题严重制约了国民经济的快速发展；我国“三农”问题突出。大力发展燃料乙醇生产技术对解决上述问题具有重要意义。
燃料乙醇分为两种，一是无水乙醇中加入体积分数为5％左右的变性剂(一般为无铅汽油或其他无铅烃类)得到燃料乙醇，可以直接代替化石燃料成为机车用燃料；二是向汽油或柴油中加入一定比例(5％～20％)的无水乙醇制成汽油醇或柴油醇。由于乙醇的发火性较差，用于燃料时乙醇中水含量不得高于0.5％(而对各种酯类、醛类及杂醇油等杂质含量无特殊要求)，因此必须使用脱水处理后的无水乙醇来生产燃料乙醇。
传统的高浓度乙醇生产工艺流程中，乙醇脱水过程与乙醇精馏过程是分开的，具体的工艺流程如图1所示。乙醇原料1经过乙醇精馏塔2后得到的塔顶气相5进入冷凝器15，冷凝得到的液相物料进入回流储罐7，其中部分液相物料作为回流液8返回乙醇精馏塔2，余下液相13进入再蒸发器14，再蒸发后气相16后进入吸附单元11，吸附后得到需要的高浓度乙醇产品12。在此流程中经精馏过后，冷凝得到体积比接近乙醇-水共沸物组成(乙醇体积比为97.6％)的液态含水乙醇，此液态含水乙醇在进入吸附单元之前，需要再次蒸发成气态并且加压进料，这无疑会造成大量热能的浪费。
节能降耗是高浓度乙醇生产企业降低产品成本的有效途径，节能型高浓度乙醇生产工艺流程的开发受到越来越多的关注。本发明就从节能降耗的角度提出了一种乙醇蒸馏、脱水工艺及设备。
发明内容
本发明给出了一个新型的乙醇蒸馏脱水生产工艺及设备，能够有效降低过程能耗，节约高浓度乙醇生产成本，具有巨大的经济效益和社会效益。
本发明的一种乙醇蒸馏脱水生产工艺，技术方案是：
a)乙醇精馏塔塔顶气相采用部分冷凝；
b)部分冷凝后的气相进入压缩机实现加压；
c)压缩后的气相直接进入吸附单元。
可以采用多种设备设计和连接实现本发明的工艺方法。
本发明提供一种实现乙醇蒸馏脱水生产工艺的设备，包括乙醇精馏塔、部分冷凝器、回流储罐、再沸器、压缩机和吸附单元；其中：精馏塔塔顶气相物料管连接到部分冷凝器入口，部分冷凝器出口物料管连接到储罐进口，储罐气相出口的物料管连接到压缩机进口，压缩机出口连接到吸附单元进口；回流储罐液相物料作为回流液返回乙醇精馏塔。
如图2所示，乙醇原料1经过乙醇精馏塔2后得到的塔顶气相5进入部分冷凝器6，得到的混合物料进入回流储罐7，其中的液相物料作为回流液8返回乙醇精馏塔2，气相物料9进入压缩机10，经过加压后进入吸附单元11，吸附后得到需要的高浓度乙醇产品12。
本发明的独到之处在于：乙醇塔顶气相进入冷凝器后，只进行部分冷凝，部分冷凝后的气相经压缩机压缩后进入分子筛吸附单元，液相作为回流液返回精馏塔。这样就避免了传统工艺中含水乙醇蒸汽先冷凝后蒸发所带来的热能浪费，同时由于精馏塔塔顶蒸汽只进行部分冷凝，因此也降低了精馏塔塔顶冷凝器的冷凝负荷。
所述的工艺中，压缩机的作用是压缩部分冷凝后的气相，使其压力升高，满足进入吸附单元需要的气相物料条件要求，压缩机出口的工艺条件达到绝对压力为100～700kPa。
本发明能有效降低高浓度乙醇生产过程中的热能消耗和精馏塔塔顶的冷凝负荷，降低乙醇的生产成本，具有良好的应用前景。
附图说明
图1是常规乙醇蒸馏脱水工艺流程示意图；
图2是乙醇蒸馏脱水节能工艺流程示意图；
图中，1.原料，2.乙醇精馏塔，3.再沸器，4.塔底出料，5.塔顶气相，6.部分冷凝器，7.回流储罐，8.回流液，9.气相，10.压缩机，11.吸附单元，12.高浓度乙醇，13.液相，14.再蒸发器，15.冷凝器，16.再蒸发后气相。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明所提供的技术和设备进行进一步的说明。
本发明是通过如下技术方案实现的：
如图2所示，乙醇原料1经过乙醇精馏塔2后得到的塔顶气相5进入部分冷凝器6，得到的混合物料进入回流储罐7，其中的液相物料作为回流液8返回乙醇精馏塔2，气相物料9进入压缩机10，经过加压后进入吸附单元11，吸附后得到需要的高浓度乙醇产品12。
本发明的技术和设备可应用于高浓度乙醇生产过程，为了更好地说明本发明在节能降耗方面的优势，选取一个应用实例加以说明，但并不因此限制本技术和设备的适用范围。
将乙醇含量为5～50％的原料液进入乙醇精馏塔，塔顶压力130kPa，温度为98.2℃，精馏塔塔顶汽相为接近乙醇-水共沸物组成(乙醇体积比为97.6％)的含水乙醇蒸汽，此蒸汽经冷凝器2进行部分冷凝后，液相作为回流液返回精馏塔，气相进入压缩机。
含水乙醇蒸汽经压缩机压缩后，压力提高到200kPa，温度为150℃，之后进入分子筛吸附单元，经吸附脱水后得到乙醇体积比为99.5％以上的无水乙醇。
为说明本发明在节能方面的优点，将本发明所述流程与现有的单塔分离流程进行比较，主要能量消耗见表1。
表1工艺中能耗比较
Figure G2009100683977D00031
在乙醇脱水过程，除去再沸器能量消耗之外，主要能耗集中在冷凝液再次蒸发过程中，从计算结果可以看到，实施例需要的仅是压缩机的动力消耗为0.1523×106kJ/hr，而对比例则需要热量消耗为3.5432×106kJ/h，实施例与对比例相比较总能耗降低了14.94％，大幅度削减乙醇生产操作过程中公用工程的消耗，真正实现了节能降耗的目的。
本发明提出的乙醇蒸馏脱水节能工艺及设备，已通过较佳实施例子进行了描述，相关技术人员明显能在不脱离本发明内容、精神和范围内对本文所述的结构和技术方法进行改动或适当变更与组合，来实现本发明技术。特别需要指出的是，所有相类似的替换和改动对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的，他们都被视为包括在本发明精神、范围和内容中。

Claims (1)

1.一种乙醇蒸馏脱水生产工艺，其特征是：乙醇塔顶气相进入冷凝器后，只进行部分冷凝，部分冷凝后的气相经压缩机压缩后进入分子筛吸附单元，液相作为回流液返回精馏塔；压缩机出口的绝对压力为100～700kPa。
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