CN101371057A - 具有嵌入硬颗粒层和覆盖层的轴承及其制造方法 - Google Patents
具有嵌入硬颗粒层和覆盖层的轴承及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种多层滑动轴承,包括具有贴于其上的金属轴承衬垫(14)的刚性金属背衬(12)。该衬垫包括贴到该金属背衬层的轴承表面的金属轴承衬层(16),至少一个金属外镀层镀覆在该衬层的外表面上。该衬层具有硬颗粒层(30),嵌入在其接近该至少一个金属外镀层的内表面的外表面中。该轴承还可包括介于该衬层和该外镀层之间的阻挡层(22),以阻止它们之间的扩散和/或改善该金属覆盖层粘结到该金属轴承衬层上。本发明还可包括在该轴承衬垫和背衬层的外表面上的薄金属保护涂层(28)。本发明还包括制造多层滑动轴承的方法,包括:制造具有轴承表面的金属背衬层,将具有外表面的金属轴承衬层贴到背衬层的轴承表面,在该衬层的外表面嵌入硬颗粒层,和在该衬层的外表面上镀覆至少一个金属外镀层。该方法还包括在镀覆该金属外镀层之前在该轴承衬层外表面上镀覆阻挡层。
Description
技术领域
[0001]本发明涉及滑动轴承和它们的制造方法。更具体地,本发明涉及多层发动机轴承,其具有金属背衬,起作用的持力层(bearing layer)覆盖于该背衬上,该持力层转而镀以软金属覆盖层。最具体地,本发明涉及多层轴承,其具有起作用的持力层,该持力层具有硬颗粒嵌入其中的表面层,该表面层由软金属层覆盖,并且可选地,在该软金属层和该起作用的持力层之间具有扩散阻挡层。
背景技术
[0002]在作为曲轴轴颈等的高负荷发动机的应用中所使用的滑动发动机轴颈类型轴承通常包括轴承衬层,其具有设在钢背衬的铜铅合金或铝合金的起作用的持力层。厚度大约25μm的铅锡铜合金的单层通常镀覆在该起作用的层上面。一般,一个镍扩散层或黄铜焊接层介于该外镀层和起作用的层之间以防止锡由该外镀层扩散入该持力层。最后,该轴承可选地涂覆有锡微薄层或铅锡薄镀层,厚度为大约1μm或更小。该薄镀层既是起作用的也是有美感的,赋予该产品保护性的外部层以及明亮的、舒适的外观。它对该钢背衬还提供一定程度的腐蚀保护。在该发动机磨合期的短时间内,应用于该轴承运转表面的薄镀层被来自该轴承的组件的运动磨损。
[0003]在使用中,这样的多层曲轴轴承经受因为活塞和连杆机构以及燃烧气体施加的惯性负荷而导致的动量和方向变化的高动态负荷。该软外镀层使得这样的轴承在高负荷力下顺应轴颈构件的负荷谱中的任何位移或改变,从而使这些负荷纵贯该轴承更大的表面区域分布。该外镀层还允许在该轴承表面和该轴颈构件之间出现的任何外来的金属或者灰尘颗粒嵌入或者被吸收在该轴承表面中,以便保护该轴承和该轴颈组件免受过度磨损或损伤。
[0004]通常可接受的是,该外镀层的相容性和嵌入性依赖于镀层的厚度,优选的利用较厚的外镀层。通常还知道随着该外镀层的厚度增加,轴承疲劳的敏感性也增加(即,在负荷下该轴承表面的龟裂)。抵抗疲劳裂纹要求该轴承表面具备足够的抗拉强度以使其经历较小的结构变化而不会破裂。然后,通常还知道某些在其他方面表现出提高的强度和抗疲劳的合金在发动机运行过程中也更易受到滑动摩损过程力层对该成为轴颈的组件(如曲轴)的卡死的影响。因而当设计发动机轴承时,有必要平衡该持力层的相容性和嵌入性及抗疲劳性,特别是经受高动态负荷的轴承。
[0005]对于许多高负荷发动机应用,发现上面提到的25μm厚的单层铅锡铜合金外镀层提供通常的持力层出色的相容性和嵌入性特性以及良好的抗疲劳性。然而,随着发动机的输出和效率增加,置于该曲轴轴承上的动态负荷也增加,并因此轴承疲劳的可能性增加。在极端负荷情况下,上面描述的传统的采用单层25μm厚铅锡铜外镀层的轴承易于发生疲劳。通过仅将单层外镀层的厚度减小至小于25μm以减轻疲劳的努力基本上是不成功的,因为其以牺牲可接受的相容性和嵌入性的程度为代价。随着性能要求的不断提高,在产业中需要一种改进的轴颈的轴承,其可在如此极端的高动态负荷条件下运行,该轴承提供有足够厚度的软覆盖层以提高可接受的相容性和嵌入性而在同时也能够使用更强的抗疲劳轴承合金,其也具有所需的耐磨性和对该持力层的抗卡死性。
发明内容
[0006]本发明是多层轴承,如轴颈轴承,具有软外镀层,该层提供相容性和嵌入性,该轴承还具有轴承衬垫,该衬垫包括在其外表面嵌入的一层硬颗粒,以便在运行中提供提高的耐磨性能和轴承的抗卡死性。
[0007]本发明的多层轴承,如滑动轴承,包括具有一个轴承表面的金属背衬层。该轴承还包括连接到该金属背衬层的轴承表面的金属轴承衬层,其具有嵌入其外表面的一层硬颗粒层。该轴承还包括至少一个镀覆在该金属轴承衬层的外表面上的金属外镀层。该轴承可选地还包括阻挡层,介于该金属轴承衬层和该至少一个金属外镀层之间,用于在它们之间提供扩散阻挡,或提高该金属外镀层对该金属轴承衬层的粘结。
[0008]所使用的硬颗粒的硬度大于该金属轴承衬层,优选地比这个层的硬度大很多。该硬颗粒可从纯金属和硬度大于该金属轴承衬层的金属合金、金属碳化物、金属硅化物、金属氮化物和金属硼化物中选择。
[0009]本发明还包括制造多层滑动轴承的方法。该方法包括制造具有轴承表面的金属背衬层。该方法还包括将具有外表面的金属轴承衬层贴到该金属背衬层的轴承表面的步骤。该方法还包括在该金属轴承衬层的外表面嵌入一层硬颗粒层,和在嵌入硬颗粒之后在该金属轴承衬层的外表面上镀覆至少一个金属外镀层。该方法可选地还可包括在镀覆该金属外镀层之前在该轴承衬层上镀覆阻挡层。
附图说明
[0010]当结合下面详细的描述和附图考虑时,本发明的这些和其他特征及优点将变得更容易理解,其中:
[0011]图1是本发明的多层轴承的一个实施例的立体图;
[0012]图2是本发明的多层轴承的第二实施例的立体图;
[0013]图3A是本发明的持力层和覆盖层的一个实施例大体上沿图1的3-3线的局部放大剖视图;
[0014]图4是大体上沿图3A的4-4线的局部放大剖视图;
[0015]图3B是本发明的持力层和覆盖层第二实施例大体上沿图1的3-3线的局部放大剖视图;以及
[0016]图5是大体上沿图3B的5-5线的局部放大剖视图。
具体实施方式
[0017]按照本发明构造的多层轴承在图1中一般示为10,并且是通常称为轴颈轴承或滑动轴承的滑动类型,在两个相对转动组件——如连杆和曲轴之间成对使用,以在它们之间建立轴颈连接。本发明涉及的这种类型的多层轴承也包括多层轴套。
[0018]参考图1、3A和4,按照本发明构造的轴承10包括刚性金属支撑背衬12和多层轴承衬垫14,其包括在该背衬上形成的多层金属轴承材料,它们共同形成该轴承10的基础。轴承衬垫14包括轴承衬层16,其是该轴承10的主要轴承材料。该背衬12优选地包括弧形的、半圆形钢带,其具有凸形的外表面18,适于安装在匹配的凹形支撑结构中,以及相对的凹形内表面20,其是应用该轴承衬垫14的轴承表面。
[0019]该轴承衬层16可由传统的持力层材料形成,包括含有传统成分的铜—铅或铝的合金,其可以是按照公知做法烧结、浇铸、镀或以其他方式形成在或粘结在该内表面20上。按照本发明,相信更强的、非传统的合金,如CuSn8Ni也可以用作轴承衬垫14内的轴承衬层16。这样的合金一般不会用在传统结构的轴承中,这是因为存在由于该轴承对该轴颈组件的卡死而可能导致轴承失效。
[0020]轴承衬垫14还可包括薄阻挡层或膜22(即,大约1到2μm厚),由镍或铜或其他作为下面描述的轴承衬层16和该外镀层24的组成材料之间的有效扩散阻挡和/或增粘或粘结层的材料形成。该阻挡层22可以按照传统做法电镀或者以其他方式镀覆在该轴承衬垫14和轴承衬层16上。
[0021]轴承衬垫14还包括覆盖层或外镀层24。该外镀层24可以形成纯金属或者作为传统外镀层材料的合金的单层,这些材料通常是软的并且易延展,并提供如这里所描述的相容性和嵌入性,如PbSnCu、PbSn或PbIn合金。覆盖层或外镀层24可以按照传统的做法镀,包括电镀或化学镀,或以其他方式镀覆在该轴承衬垫14和轴承衬层16上。或者,外镀层24可包括多层外镀层24,包括在美国专利6,077,815;6,086,742;6,178,639B1;6,227,709B1;6,312,579B1;6,337,145B1;和6,609,830B2中描述的类型或者通过其中描述的方法形成,在此整体引用。图1所示的实施例是按照本发明使用不具有止推法兰的轴承的实施例(即,平滑轴承)。参考图2,本发明可用于具有止推法兰26的结构类似的轴承(即,法兰轴承)。
[0022]轴承衬垫14还可包括薄金属保护层28,如非常薄的锡层,以保护该轴承衬垫14和/或背衬层12。
[0023]多层结构的一个例子中,外镀层24包括至少两个来自同一槽以不同电流密度电镀的层,即关于该轴承衬层16的一个外层和一个内层。该外层可以相对高的电流密度电镀以从产生相对软的厚度大约3到7μm的外镀层,优选地大约5μm厚,以提供该外镀层良好的相容性和嵌入性特性。该内层可以相对低的电流密度电镀以产生比该外层相对硬的层,厚度范围在大约7到13μm,优选地大约10μm以提供用于该外层的支撑背衬,以获得该覆盖层良好的疲劳强度特性。可以理解的是所描述的特定的两层例子只是本发明可以应用和预计的许多方式中的一个。这些层,例如,可以倒过来从而该外层比该内层硬,或厚度变化以满足具体应用的需要。全部预计的变化的共同特性是多个外镀层从同一电镀槽产生并且以不同的电流密度电镀以产生具有两个或多个具有不同镀覆特性(如硬度)的复合层状结构。
[0024]参考图1、3B和5,说明了按照本发明构造的轴承10的第二实施例。类似的零件的编号与上面描述的实施例是一致的。这个实施例包括刚性金属支撑背衬12和在该背衬上形成的金属轴承材料的轴承衬垫14,它们共同形成该轴承10的基础。轴承衬垫14包括轴承衬层16,其是该轴承10的主要轴承材料。该背衬12优选地包括弧形、半圆形钢带,适于安装在匹配的凹形支撑结构中的具有凸形的外表面18,以及相对的凹形的内表面20,该轴承衬垫14覆盖于该内表面上。这个实施例不包括扩散阻挡层。
[0025]如上所述,该外镀层24可以形成为纯金属或者由形成传统的外镀层材料的合金构成的单层,这些材料通常是软的和易延展的,并且提供如这里所描述的相容性和嵌入性,如PbSnCu、PbSn或PbIn合金。还可按照传统的做法将覆盖层24镀,包括电镀或化学镀,或者以其他方式镀覆在该轴承衬垫14和轴承衬层16上。或者,外镀层24可包括多层外镀层。
[0026]到目前为止,所述的关于该轴承衬垫14,包括轴承衬层16,阻挡层22和外镀层24的结构都是传统的。本发明与传统做法不同的地方是制造该轴承衬层16之后,以及在将该外镀层24或阻挡层22应用到衬层16上之前,将硬颗粒32的层30嵌入轴承衬层16靠近轴承衬层16的外表面36的部分。硬颗粒32可以是任何合适的硬颗粒32,如各种纯金属、金属合金、半金属、金属间化合物、金属氧化物、金属氮化物和金属碳化物,包括其混合物。当使用金属或者金属合金颗粒时,它们将比用来形成轴承衬层16的材料硬,优选地,比这个材料硬很多。优选的硬颗粒32的例子在表1中列出。
表1
材料类型 | 例子 |
纯元素 | W,Ta,Cr,Si,Ti |
碳化物 | SiC,B4C,Cr23C6,TaC,WC,ZrC |
氧化物 | Al2O3,Cr2O3,Fe2O3,SiO2,TiO,ZrO2 |
氮化物 | BN(六角形),BN(立方体),Si3N4,AlN |
硼化物 | Cr3B2,TiB2,TaB2 |
硅化物 | TaSi2,Fe4Si3 |
硬颗粒32优选地根据该轴承衬层16的相容性,包括化学相容性和嵌入相容性来选择。这些硬颗粒30优选地从外表面36嵌入深至0.1-1μm。硬颗粒32的层30可使用任何合适的方法嵌入,但是优选地通过在一个含有为特定场合所选的硬颗粒32的容器中滚磨(tumbling)一个部分已完成的包括金属背衬12的轴承总成来嵌入,轴承衬层16粘结在该背衬上。各种已知的滚磨介质可用来影响该硬颗粒32在轴承衬层16的表面36上的冲击,以便使得硬颗粒32嵌入在其中形成硬颗粒层30。该容器的持续时间、速度和大小以及其他已知的因素可调以改***颗粒嵌入深度以及硬颗粒层30内硬颗粒32相对于轴承衬层16的金属基材的体积或重量分数。用于在金属轴承表面上嵌入氧化铝硬颗粒的方法在共同转让的美国专利5,433,531中有描述,在此整体引用。该硬颗粒32优选地包括该硬颗粒层30表面积的百分之0.5-5.0的范围。
[0027]在嵌入硬颗粒32以形成硬颗粒层30的步骤之后,本发明的方法还可包括抛光该轴承衬层16的外表面36轮廓的步骤至其最终尺寸,如通过机加工或研磨。优选的是,抛光该轮廓的步骤使从表面36移除最少的材料,以便最大可能维持硬颗粒层30的厚度。
[0028]在抛光包含硬颗粒层30的轴承衬层16的轮廓的步骤之后,本发明的方法优选地包括当使用阻挡层22时,镀覆阻挡层22的步骤。这个步骤之前可以是清洁或去污硬颗粒层30的外表面36。去污的材料和方法是公知的。
[0029]在镀覆阻挡层22的步骤之后,本发明的方法优选地包括镀覆盖层或外镀层24的步骤。用于形成覆盖层24的材料是公知的,用于形成这个层的镀层方法也是公知的。这个步骤之前也可以是清洁或去污该硬颗粒层30的外表面36,或阻挡层22——当其使用时。去污的材料和方法是公知的。
[0030]在镀覆盖层24的步骤之后,本发明的方法优选地包括涂覆保护涂层28——如锡的薄层的步骤。这个步骤之前也可以是清洁或去污该覆盖层24的外表面。去污的材料和方法是公知的。一旦应用该外镀层,可将通常的锡薄镀层(未示)涂覆到该轴承10上。
[0031]显然,按照上面的教导,本发明的许多修改和变化是可能的。所以,可以理解的是在所附权利要求的范围内,可以不同于具体描述的方式实施本发明。本发明由这些权利要求限定。
Claims (16)
1.一种多层滑动轴承,包括:
金属背衬层,具有轴承表面;
金属轴承衬层,贴到所述金属背衬层的轴承表面;所述金属轴承衬层具有在其外表面嵌入在其中的硬颗粒层;和
至少一个金属外镀层,镀覆在所述金属轴承衬层的外表面。
2.如权利要求1所述的轴承,其特征在于该硬颗粒包括从纯金属和硬度大于该金属轴承衬层的金属合金、金属碳化物、金属硅化物、金属氮化物和金属硼化物中选择的材料。
3.如权利要求2所述的轴承,其特征在于所述材料是W,Ta,Ti,Cr,Si,SiC,B4C,Cr23C6,TaC,TiC,WC,ZrC,Al2O3,Cr2O3,Fe2O3,SiO2,TiO,ZrO2,BN,Cr3B2,TiB2,TaB2(六角形),BN(正方体),Si3N4,AlN,TaSi2,和Fe4Si3。
4.如权利要求1所述的轴承,其特征在于该硬颗粒平均尺寸在0.5-150μm的范围内。
5.如权利要求1所述的轴承,其特征在于该硬颗粒层中的硬颗粒达到该硬颗粒层的面积的百分之0.5-5.0。
6.一种多层滑动轴承,包括:
金属背衬层,具有轴承表面;
金属轴承衬层,贴到所述金属背衬层的轴承表面;所述金属轴承衬层具有在其外表面嵌入其中的硬颗粒层;
金属阻挡层,镀覆在所述金属轴承衬层的外表面上;所述金属阻挡层也具有其外表面;和
至少一个金属外镀层,镀覆在所述金属阻挡层的外表面。
7.如权利要求6所述的轴承,其特征在于该硬颗粒包括从纯金属和硬度大于该金属轴承衬层的金属合金、金属碳化物、金属硅化物、金属氮化物和金属硼化物中选择的材料。
8.如权利要求7所述的轴承,其特征在于该材料是W,Ta,Ti,Cr,Si,SiC,B4C,Cr23C6,TaC,TiC,WC,ZrC,Al2O3,Cr2O3,Fe2O3,SiO2,TiO,ZrO2,BN,Cr3B2,TiB2,TaB2(六角形),BN(正方体),Si3N4,AlN,TaSi2,和Fe4Si3.
9.如权利要求6所述的轴承,其特征在于该硬颗粒平均尺寸在0.5-150μm的范围内。
10.如权利要求6所述的轴承,其特征在于该硬颗粒层中的硬颗粒达到该硬颗粒层的面积的百分之0.5-5.0。
11.一种制造多层滑动轴承的方法,包括下列步骤:
制造具有轴承表面的金属背衬层;
将具有外表面的金属轴承衬层贴到该金属背衬层的轴承表面;
该金属轴承衬层的外表面中嵌入一层硬颗粒;和
在所述金属轴承衬层的外表面上镀覆至少一个金属外镀层。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,包括进一步的步骤:
在嵌入该硬颗粒的步骤之后、镀覆该金属外镀层的步骤之前,由至少一部分硬颗粒层抛光该金属轴承衬层的外表面。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法,进一步包括如下步骤:
在抛光该外表面的步骤之后、镀覆该至少一个金属外镀层之前,去污该金属轴承衬层的外表面。
14.一种制造多层滑动轴承的方法,包括以下步骤:
制造具有轴承表面金属背衬层;
将具有外表面的金属轴承衬层贴到该金属背衬层的轴承表面;
在该金属轴承衬层的外表面中嵌入一层硬颗粒层;
在该金属轴承衬层的外表面上镀覆至少一个阻挡层;和
在该阻挡层的外表面上镀覆至少一个金属外镀层。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法,包括以下步骤:
在嵌入该硬颗粒的步骤之后、镀覆该金属外镀层的步骤之前,由至少一部分硬颗粒层抛光该金属轴承衬层的外表面。
16.如权利要求15所述的方法,进一步包括以下步骤:
在抛光该外表面的步骤之后、镀覆该至少一个金属外镀层之前,去污该金属轴承衬层的外表面。
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CN102287445A (zh) * | 2010-06-18 | 2011-12-21 | 米巴·格来特来格有限公司 | 滑动轴承 |
CN102537064A (zh) * | 2012-01-17 | 2012-07-04 | 芜湖美达机电实业有限公司 | 赛车发动机专用改进型轴瓦 |
CN102834630A (zh) * | 2010-04-14 | 2012-12-19 | 米巴·格来特来格有限公司 | 风力发电设备的传动装置 |
CN103492737A (zh) * | 2011-01-21 | 2014-01-01 | 马勒国际公司 | 轴承衬 |
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IT1238055B (it) | 1989-03-01 | 1993-06-26 | Materiale stratificato per elementi di cuscinetti a strisciamento con strato antifrizione di materiale per cuscinetti a base di alluminio. | |
US5433531A (en) * | 1993-09-21 | 1995-07-18 | Federal-Mogul Corporation | Engine bearing surface treatment |
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DE19654953A1 (de) * | 1996-06-01 | 1998-03-26 | Glyco Metall Werke | Schichtwerkstoff für Gleitelemente |
DE19631663C2 (de) * | 1996-08-06 | 1998-08-06 | Glyco Metall Werke | Lagerschale mit Haltenocken und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
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ATE246271T1 (de) * | 1999-04-28 | 2003-08-15 | Federal Mogul Wiesbaden Gmbh | Mehrschichtenmaterial für gleitelemente und verfahren zur herstellung |
US6312579B1 (en) * | 1999-11-04 | 2001-11-06 | Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. | Bearing having multilayer overlay and method of manufacture |
JP2002039186A (ja) * | 2000-07-27 | 2002-02-06 | Taiho Kogyo Co Ltd | すべり軸受 |
US7229699B2 (en) * | 2004-12-07 | 2007-06-12 | Federal-Mogul Worldwide, Inc. | Bearing having embedded hard particle layer and overlay and method of manufacture |
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2005
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Cited By (7)
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CN102834630A (zh) * | 2010-04-14 | 2012-12-19 | 米巴·格来特来格有限公司 | 风力发电设备的传动装置 |
CN102834630B (zh) * | 2010-04-14 | 2015-11-25 | 米巴·格来特来格有限公司 | 风力发电设备的传动装置 |
CN102287445A (zh) * | 2010-06-18 | 2011-12-21 | 米巴·格来特来格有限公司 | 滑动轴承 |
CN102287445B (zh) * | 2010-06-18 | 2016-04-27 | 米巴滑动轴承奥地利有限公司 | 滑动轴承 |
CN103492737A (zh) * | 2011-01-21 | 2014-01-01 | 马勒国际公司 | 轴承衬 |
CN103492737B (zh) * | 2011-01-21 | 2016-10-26 | 马勒国际公司 | 轴承衬、制造轴承衬的方法、车辆用发动机以及粒度降低添加剂的用途 |
CN102537064A (zh) * | 2012-01-17 | 2012-07-04 | 芜湖美达机电实业有限公司 | 赛车发动机专用改进型轴瓦 |
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