CN101107828B - 广播多媒体数据的方法和*** - Google Patents

广播多媒体数据的方法和*** Download PDF

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CN101107828B
CN101107828B CN2005800416552A CN200580041655A CN101107828B CN 101107828 B CN101107828 B CN 101107828B CN 2005800416552 A CN2005800416552 A CN 2005800416552A CN 200580041655 A CN200580041655 A CN 200580041655A CN 101107828 B CN101107828 B CN 101107828B
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data flow
server
multicast
media player
transmission mode
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CN101107828A (zh
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乔恩·拉科沃斯克
丹尼尔·维特
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Vectormax Corp
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Abstract

广播***为客户提供支持以在单播或组播信道上从广播服务器接收传输。服务器管理员设置每个第一服务器和连接到服务器的客户***以用组播或单播传输模式之一接收数据。经验性试验确定是否***网络能支持设置的模式，如果不能，则用后退模式执行传输。第一服务器能为与其连接的客户***提供对来自其它服务器的数据流的访问。当从另一服务器请求数据流时，第一服务器接收数据流、复制数据流、传输数据流到请求客户***并储存复制的数据流以使与第一服务器连接的任何的请求客户服务器立刻访问。

Description

广播多媒体数据的方法和***
相关申请的前后参照
此为2004年10月5日提交的美国临时申请序列No.60/615,989的非临时申请。
技术领域
本发明一般涉及多媒体通讯，尤其是涉及使广播数据的可靠性和一致性最佳化并确保数据的预期接收的方法和***。
背景技术
流多媒体***能通过网络以数据流的形式选择性地提供多媒体内容到至少一个请求这样的多媒体内容的客户应用。流服务器执行文件服务器的职能并使客户应用通过请求可以得到多媒体数据。按照惯例，通过经由相同的连接提供所请求的多媒体数据流的副本，流服务器响应客户应用作出的请求，其也被认为是单播多媒体传输。这种提供多媒体数据流的方式是带宽密集的，因为要求流服务器给作请求的单独的客户应用提供多媒体数据流的副本。
开发传输的组播方法是为了实质上减少与单播数据流传输相关联的***资源(即请求的带宽)。数据流的组播传输类似于电视节目的广播技术，除了组播数据流只提供给预定的用户组。因此，用户或客户应用接收表示特定组播组位置的信息，而不是如在单播传输的情况中接收多媒体流的副本。当收到信息时，客户通过按信息中所说明的预订组播组而访问所请求的多媒体。这种访问多媒体数据流的方式实质上减少了给多个用户或客户应用传输数据流中要求的带宽。
因此，大企业有强大的财政鼓励以利用更多的带宽有效组播***，所述大企业的流***穿过宽的且不同种类的网络来配置。然而，这样的企业可能不能保证通过网络连接的所有用户或客户应用都能接收组播数据流且只能用单播传输方法访问数据流。期望提供一种在组播接收失败的情况下用户能后退到单播传输的***。
大企业遭遇的另一个问题是在特定的时间请求各自多媒体数据流的用户或客户应用数量的增加，多媒体数据流位于服务器上。客户应用对多媒体数据的请求的增加可导致超过基础存储设备的检索能力。当此现象发生时，服务器负载容量被超过而客户请求得不到服务。
避免这样的瓶颈对多媒体通讯***是很重要的，因为视频点播内容的重放过程的质量很大程度取决于视频数据的保证的有效性，该视频数据的速率等于或大于重放速率。因而，一旦成功地确定并应用了***的操作模式，便期望提供减少流服务器负载不平衡的***以便能满足客户请求。
通过增加***内流服务器的数量、给每个流服务器分配视频点播内容、和代理来自负载平衡服务器的请求可阻止负载不平衡。当负载平衡服务器重新指派客户应用请求到一个可利用的流服务器以处理请求时，出现这种情况。然而，有几个与此方案有关的缺点。其一是为所有***服务器同时维持多媒体内容同步的时间消耗和资源消耗任务。此外，客户请求数量中的峰值难以预测，因而难以充分设计服务器配置以提早处理增加的客户请求。因此，期望使内容同步过程自动化、根据需要动态地复制内容、和使动态复制的内容在被完整地复制之前是可以得到的。
根据本发明原理的***处理这些缺点和有关的问题
发明内容
根据本发明原理提供了确定传输模式的方法和***。组播流由服务器穿过***(intervening)网络传输到媒体播放器应用。如果媒体播放器应用不接收传输的组播信号，则激活单播传输模式。当收到组播流中的内容时，媒体播放器客户检验依照媒体播放器客户的组播流格式的特征。如果媒体播放器应用检测不到组播流格式的特征，则激活单播传输模式。当检测到依照媒体播放器应用的组播流格式的特征时，激活组播传输流。
根据本发明原理提供了复制编码数据流的方法和***。第一服务器从至少一个与其连接的客户***接收对数据流的请求，并为请求的数据流搜寻对等服务器的网络。当找到时，从网络内的对等服务器接收请求的数据流。然后第一服务器复制接收的数据流并将接收的数据流传输到至少一个客户。复制的数据流接着储存在第一服务器的存储媒介内以使请求复制的数据流的客户***直接并立刻访问。
***通过选择至少一个可用的传输模式和通过为多媒体数据流积极地平衡用户请求的负载，来确保多媒体数据流的可靠的传输和接收。***由传输协商装置组成，其包括服务器、播放器和***网络。服务器可设置为支持至少单播或组播传输模式之一。播放器也可设置为支持至少单播或组播传输模式之一。服务器和播放器基于管理配置规则或基于***网络而设置。***在***网络上执行经验性的试验以确定是否播放器能从服务器接收组播流。如果播放器不能接收组播流中被传输的内容，则记录一个故障并执行到单播传输模式的后退。该规则允许流服务器以***网络支持的任何传输模式传输数据流。
响应于数据流的媒体播放器应用，***进一步提供对储存在多媒体流服务器上的多媒体数据流的复制。当请求的数据流没有出现在对其产生请求的流服务器上时，流服务器开始搜寻对等流服务器以便找出请求的多媒体数据流。一旦找出，请求的多媒体数据流所位于的流服务器将数据流传输到发起搜寻数据流的流服务器。发起搜寻的流服务器复制数据流并储存其中的数据流。流服务器立刻给请求的媒体播放器客户应用提供复制的数据流并使其它媒体播放器客户应用可以利用复制的数据流。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明原理的***的说明性视图；
图2是根据本发明原理的组播传输***的说明性视图；
图3是根据本发明原理的***在客户应用之间协商数据传输模式的说明性视图；
图4是根据本发明原理的流服务器的结构图；和
图5是根据本发明原理详述图4所示流服务器的操作的流程图；
图6是根据本发明原理的流服务器的结构图；和
图7是根据本发明原理详述图6所示流服务器的操作的流程图。
具体实施方式
这里使用的应用是可执行程序，其包含代码或机器可读指令的指令***以实现预定功能，包括操作***、医疗信息***或其它信息处理***，例如响应用户命令或输入的功能。可执行程序是一段代码(机器可读指令)、子程序、执行一个或更多个特殊进程的代码的其它独立段或可执行程序的一部分，可执行程序可以包括在接收的输入参数上(或响应于接收的输入参数)执行操作并提供作为结果的输出参数。这里使用的处理器是执行任务的机器可读指令装置和/或***。处理器包括硬件、固件和/或软件的任何一个或其组合。处理器通过处理、分析、修改、转换或传输信息以使可执行程序或信息设备使用信息，和/或通过将信息发送到输出设备而作用于信息。例如，处理器可以使用或包括控制器或微处理器的性能。这里使用的多媒体内容或内容流是任何编码或未编码的数据，其至少有视频数据和音频数据之一。这里使用的媒体播放器应用包括允许用户执行请求、选择、管理、观察、传输、接收和重放音频、视频或音频-视频数据中的至少一项的应用。这里使用的流服务器是提供连续数据流(编码或未编码)的专用***，所述数据流包括客户应用接收的至少视频数据和音频-视频数据之一，在所述应用上可进一步处理数据流。这里使用的通讯设备是任何能接收数据信号的设备，以确保对包含在接收的信号中的数据进行发送、提供、交付、转换和传输操作至少之一到理想目标。这里使用的授权服务器包括任何软件应用或硬件设备，其能确定是否特定的用户有使用***资源的权力或许可。这里使用的组播数据流包括连续数据流，其至少有来自单个源的并在其中编码的视频和音频-视频数据之一，该连续数据流被传输和广播到特定组或用户或特定***的成员。
图1示出根据本发明原理的作为例证的***10。该***包括多个用户12，每个用户操作一个媒体播放器应用14，从而允许用户12选择性地请求、接收和观察多媒体数据流。***10进一步包括至少一个其上储存有多媒体内容的流服务器16，用户12以数据流的形式可以得到多媒体内容而用媒体播放器应用14观察多媒体内容。所述至少一个流服务器16是初级流服务器20和对等服务器22之一。所述至少一个流服务器16作为初级流服务器20直接连接到多个用户12。因此，连接到初级流服务器20的任何额外的流服务器16作为连接到初级流服务器20的多个用户的对等服务器22。连接到初级流服务器20的用户12能访问储存在任何对等服务器22上的任何数据，服务器22连接到服务器20。***10进一步包括至少一个连接到任何所述至少一个流服务器16的管理员18以控制流服务器16的操作。作为选择，***10可包括多个管理员18，其以任何方式连接到***10的任何单独的流服务器16。管理员18执行的控制功能将根据图2-4更详细地讨论。用户12、流服务器16和管理员18通过网络13如广域网(WAN)、局域网(LAN)、以太网或任何其组合相互连接。而且，***成员之间的连接可包括有线和无线的相互连接。
正如下文中将要讨论的，当响应于请求而给用户提供多媒体数据流时，本发明的***10能通过动态协商在用户12和流服务器16之间可使用的数据传输模式来确保数据传输的可靠性。***10也通过在初级流服务器20和整个对等流服务器22的网络上积极地搜寻请求的内容，来确保用户12通过各自的媒体播放器应用14可以得到用户请求的内容。当确定了请求的内容位于单独的对等流服务器22上时，该内容由初级流服务器20复制和储存，并使请求的用户以及连接到初级流服务器20的其它用户可以立刻得到该内容。
图2示出工作中的***10。***10包括在不同位置使用媒体播放器应用14的多个用户12，用户12通过包括通讯设备24的***网络25与初级流服务器20连接。初级流服务器20由管理员18在管理上可配置而以至少单播传输模式和组播传输模式之一传输数据流。管理员18选择性地确定以单播和组播传输模式中的哪个来使初级服务器20给用户12传输数据。管理员18也可基于策略发布或对***网络能力的了解来确定传输模式。此外，管理员18在初级服务器20上确定一个位置并给确定的位置分配地址，其中至少有下列情况之一，组播数据传输可发源于该地址和多个用户12的每个用户访问该地址。媒体播放器应用14也由管理员设置为接收任一单播数据传输或组播数据传输或两者。管理员18也基于策略发布或对***网络能力的了解来为每个媒体播放器确定传输模式。
***在***网络上执行经验性的试验，以确定是否网络能支持优选组播传输模式或必须退回到更保守的策略或传输模式。经验性试验允许管理员设置比传统网络允许的更大胆的传输策略。在经验性试验中，服务器给用户组发送组播传输流。组内用户试图接收组播传输流内的内容。如果组内用户不能接收组播传输流内的内容，则记录传输故障并执行到单播传输流的后退。如果组内用户无能力接收组播传输流内的内容，则通常表示网络元件如路由器、交换机、防火墙等不是组播激活的。如果组内用户能接收组播传输流内的内容，则用户寻找流格式的如4字节报头的已知特征、XML分组信息和传输层协议的其它特征。也完成一个确认，所述确认是关于在传输层解码组播流所需信息的出现的。如果没有找到这些特征，记录传输故障并执行到单播传输模式的后退。如果检测到这些特征，记录成功并开始组播传输流。
至少一个用户12利用媒体播放器应用14产生对各自多媒体数据流的请求信号。请求信号被提供到通讯设备24，并进一步为初级流服务器20的接收而提供。服务器接着在上述网络上执行经验性试验以确定是否组播传输是可能的。一旦确定传输模式，媒体播放器应用14就能以确定的模式从初级流服务器20接收数据传输。
如图2所示，初级流服务器20和媒体播放器应用14用组播传输模式26通讯。组播要求或者管理员分配或者服务器产生组播对话地址。组播对话地址对应于请求数据的位置并形成由多个用户12访问的组。组播对话地址或者由媒体播放器应用14获得、并由初级流服务器20提供给用户12，或者由管理员提供给服务器和用户之一。当得到组播对话地址时，每个单独的用户可加入组，由此初级流服务器20提供由用户12接收的请求数据流20的单副本。
图3示出支持不同传输模式以从初级流服务器20接收请求数据流的用户12。这里示出的是多个用户12，其运行媒体播放器应用14并通过通讯设备24连接到初级流服务器20。一些用户12能支持组播和单播数据传输模式并以经验性试验的结果为基础，用组播模式提供数据传输。另一些用户12只能支持组播传输模式。能通过组播传输模式支持请求的数据的用户12由以参考数字26标注的实线和箭头指示。其它用户12不能支持组播传输模式而必须用单播传输模式接收传输，因而导致初级流服务器以单播传输模式传输请求数据流，如以参考数字30标注的虚线箭头所示。响应上面讨论的经验性试验而作此确定。***10能以组播传输模式和单播传输模式同时提供相同的请求内容以被多个用户12、28接收，基于***网络和个别用户的能力来支持特定的传输模式。
图4是***10的结构图。该***包括初级流服务器20、媒体播放器应用14和***网络25。管理员18提供对初级流服务器20的控制处理器32的指令，以控制其中的操作以及设置服务器来支持至少组播和单播传输模式之一。连接到控制处理器32的是组播地址归档(archive)，其维持与多个组播传输对话关联的多个地址，正如由管理员18确定的。进一步提供连接到控制处理器32的存储媒介36，以储存其中至少一个多媒体数据流。连接到控制处理器32的模式确定处理器38确定连接到初级流服务器20的每个个别用户支持的数据传输模式，并给控制处理器20提供表示个别用户的实际传输模式的数据。流处理器42连接到控制处理器32和存储媒介36，从而以模式确定处理器38确定的实际传输模式提供来自存储媒介的请求数据流。在上面讨论的经验性试验期间，确定每个媒体播放器应用14的传输模式以及支持不同传输模式的***网络的能力，且结果储存在模式确定处理器38中。
图5是详述图4所示***10的操作的流程图。在步骤S500，管理员18为储存在组播地址归档34中的组播组分配地址。媒体播放器应用产生包括上面讨论的信息的请求信号44，并通过通讯设备24为初级流服务器20的接收器40的接收而提供，如步骤S502。服务器通过给组播组发送组播流开始经验性试验，以确定***网络和媒体播放器应用组支持的传输模式，如步骤S504所述。组内的媒体播放器应用试图接收由服务器发送的组播流内的内容。作检验以确定是否媒体播放器应用收到组播流内的内容，如步骤S506中讨论的。如果媒体播放器应用不能接收内容，则记录故障并执行到单播传输模式的后退，如步骤S508所述。如果用户能接收组播传输流内的内容，则用户寻找流格式的如4字节报头的已知特征、XML分组信息和传输层协议的其它特征，如步骤S510所述。也完成一个确认，所述确认是关于在传输层解码组播流所需信息的出现的。如果没有找到这些特征，记录传输故障并执行到单播传输流的后退，如步骤S508所讨论的。如果检测到这些特征，记录成功并开始组播传输流，如步骤S512所述。
图6和图7详述***10的扩展部分。该***进一步能确保请求的用户可以立刻得到用户通过媒体播放器应用请求的没有在本地储存的多媒体内容。如图1所讨论的，***10包括直接与初级流服务器20连接的多个客户，且进一步检验连接到初级流服务器20的多个对等服务器22。当个别媒体播放器应用14请求多媒体数据流时，初级流服务器20确定是否在其上的请求数据流储存在本地。如果没有在本地储存，则初级流服务器为请求数据流开始搜寻对等服务器22。一旦在相应的对等服务器上找出请求数据流，初级流服务器就取回请求的数据流、复制数据流和在初级流服务器上储存数据流。被请求的数据流接着提供到请求的媒体播放器应用。因此，初级流服务器20接收的对相同请求内容的后续请求立刻得到满足。初级服务器上数据流的复制消除了横跨连接初级服务器和对等服务器的昂贵的带宽密集(bandwidth intensive)外部网络初级服务器搜寻数据流的需要，而对等服务器允许请求客户应用通过较少带宽密集的内部网络立刻取回数据流。
在实时流复制的情况下，完整的数据流被复制并传送到对等服务器，然后通过此代理流在初级服务器可以得到数据流。接着提供初级服务器的代理数据流以使请求媒体播放器应用访问。初级服务器缓存复制和接收的数据流以允许额外请求客户同步并接收数据流。
在视频点播(VOD)复制的情况下，完整的数据流被整个复制并“隐藏”。此外，在复制过程期间可以得到内容。在这种方式下，请求客户和对内容感兴趣的任何后续客户不必等待隐藏操作完成。进一步地，隐藏的内容依照普及性排列。在资源变得缺乏的情况下，保留较通用的内容而从隐藏处移除较不通用的内容以满足当前请求。按优先顺序排列内容的通用性是以对接收内容的请求数量为基础的。
图6是定位和复制请求数据流的***10的结构图。初级流服务器20通过至少一个通讯设备13连接到至少一个媒体播放器应用14和n个对等服务器，其中“n”为大于或等于1的数字。n个对等服务器中的每个都包括初级流服务器20的所有元件和类似方法中的功能，正如下文将要描述的。每个服务器可作为直接连接到其上的用户的各自组的初级服务器，而且作为连接到不同服务器的用户的不同组的对等服务器。
初级流服务器20包括上面图4中讨论的元件和以相同方式操作的那些元件。初级流服务器20进一步包括连接到控制处理器的对等服务器***中心信息库(repository)48，以保留相应于n个对等服务器22的地址列表，对等服务器22连接到初级流服务器20。内容目录37在控制处理器和存储媒介之间连接，并提供储存在本地存储媒介36上的易得到和易编辑的多媒体内容列表。复制处理器50连接到控制处理器32且积极地复制位于单独一个对等服务器22上的请求数据流。
图7是详述上面图6所示***的操作的流程图。在步骤S700，客户通过媒体播放器应用14请求多媒体数据流，该数据流由接收器40接收并提供给控制处理器32。控制处理器32在步骤S702确定什么数据流被请求，并在步骤S704通过内容目录37发起搜寻以确定是否请求的数据流储存在本地初级流服务器20上。如果内容储存在本地存储媒介36中，则控制处理器42使请求的内容被提供给请求用户，如步骤S507所示，直到数据流结束，如步骤S714所示。如果步骤S706中的确定是否定的，则控制处理器32利用连接到其上的对等服务器地址***中心信息库获得多个对等服务器22的地址，并进一步使发送器41传输搜寻信号以使每个单独的对等服务器22接收。步骤S710确定是否数据流位于任一对等服务器22上。如果没有找出数据流，则在步骤S711提供错误信息。如果内容位于对等服务器上，则数据流传输到初级流服务器20。复制处理器50使数据流被复制、储存在存储媒介36中并同时提供给请求用户。数据流此刻储存在初级流服务器20上，并可被连接到初级流服务器20的任何媒体播放器应用直接得到。数据流的复制很容易地在廉价且要求小带宽的LAN网络内部给任何媒体播放器应用提供数据流，而在网络之间通过连接初级服务器到对等服务器而访问数据流是更昂贵的且更加带宽密集。

Claims (10)

1.一种确定传输模式的方法，包括步骤：
由服务器将组播流传输到媒体播放器应用，所述组播流包括由用户请求的多媒体数据，并且所述组播流被用于确定能够由所述媒体播放器应用接收的数据流的传输模式；
由所述媒体播放器应用检验所述组播流的组播流格式的特征，以确定是否所述媒体播放器应用可接收所述组播流；
如果所述媒体播放器应用没有接收到所传输的组播流或没检测到组播流格式的特征，则自动激活由用户请求的所述多媒体数据的副本至所述媒体播放器应用的单播传输；
如果所述媒体播放器应用检测到所述组播流格式的特征，则自动激活所传输的组播流至所述媒体播放器应用的组播处理。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，进一步包括步骤：
由管理员设置所述服务器以支持单播传输模式和组播传输模式的至少之一；和
由管理员设置所述媒体播放器应用以支持单播传输模式和组播传输模式至少之一。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，进一步包括步骤：当所述媒体播放器应用检测到所述组播流的特征时，确定连接所述服务器和媒体播放器应用的***网络的元件是组播激活的。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中激活所述单播传输的步骤进一步包括步骤：纪录所述组播流的故障。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中检验的步骤包括检验可延伸加符语言XML报头、4比特报头和传输层协议的特征中的至少一项。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法，进一步包括步骤：
响应于所述单播传输的自动激活，由传输服务器复制传输的组播流；以及
在另外的服务器的存储媒介中储存所复制的组播流。
7.一种以组播传输模式和单播传输模式之一广播编码数据流的***，所述***包括：
多个客户***，其包括媒体播放器应用；
第一服务器，其将特定的数据流广播到所述多个客户***中的至少一个，所述特定的数据流包括由至少一个客户***请求的多媒体数据，并且所述特定的数据流被用于确定数据流能够由所述客户***接收的传输模式，并且所述特定的数据流被广播为：
组播格式的数据流，其包括组播流格式的特征，使所述客户***能够确定客户是否能够接受所述组播格式的数据流；和
***网络，其将所述第一服务器连接到所述多个客户服务器中的每个，激活所述特定的数据流从所述第一服务器到所述多个客户中的至少一个的传输，响应于来自所述多个客户中的至少一个的请求，所述第一服务器
在单播传输模式中自动发起所述特定的数据流的广播，
一旦所述多个客户中的至少一个接收到组播格式的所述特定的数据流且检测到所述组播流格式的特征，就由所述媒体播放器应用自动激活组播格式的所述特定的数据流的组播处理。
8.如权利要求7所述的***，其中在所述第一服务器和所述多个客户***的单独一个之间广播所述编码数据流基于是否单独的客户***接收到所述组播数据流和检测到所述流格式的特征来确定。
9.如权利要求7所述的***，其中所述第一服务器能以所述组播传输模式和所述单播传输模式同时为所述多个客户***中的不同客户***传输。
10.如权利要求7所述的***，其中所述第一服务器包括：
复制处理器，其用于响应于在单播传输模式中的编码数据流的自动广播复制所述组播数据流；以及
存储媒介，其用于储存复制的所述组播数据流。
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US20060085553A1 (en) 2006-04-20
KR20070083965A (ko) 2007-08-24
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CA2582649A1 (en) 2006-04-20
CN104065971A (zh) 2014-09-24
CN101103630A (zh) 2008-01-09
JP4824692B2 (ja) 2011-11-30
PL1800484T3 (pl) 2021-01-11
LT1797722T (lt) 2019-08-26
PL1797720T3 (pl) 2017-06-30
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CN104065971B (zh) 2018-10-26
NO20072280L (no) 2007-05-02

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