CA1070596A - Hydraulic turbine with vertical axis - Google Patents
Hydraulic turbine with vertical axisInfo
- Publication number
- CA1070596A CA1070596A CA2285,352A CA285352A CA1070596A CA 1070596 A CA1070596 A CA 1070596A CA 285352 A CA285352 A CA 285352A CA 1070596 A CA1070596 A CA 1070596A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- turbine
- generator set
- water turbine
- generator
- set defined
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
- F03B11/00—Parts or details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the preceding groups, e.g. wear-protection couplings, between turbine and generator
- F03B11/02—Casings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
- F03B3/00—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto
- F03B3/02—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto with radial flow at high-pressure side and axial flow at low-pressure side of rotors, e.g. Francis turbines
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)
- Hydraulic Turbines (AREA)
- Motor Or Generator Cooling System (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
- Supercharger (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A hydraulic (water) turbine for the generation of electrical power has a single vertical shaft upon which are mounted the turbine rotor, the flywheel, the generator rotor, the oil pump, and the power-output or turbine-speed controller. The system is free from clutches and transmissions which have hitherto been required to drive units associated with the turbine.
A hydraulic (water) turbine for the generation of electrical power has a single vertical shaft upon which are mounted the turbine rotor, the flywheel, the generator rotor, the oil pump, and the power-output or turbine-speed controller. The system is free from clutches and transmissions which have hitherto been required to drive units associated with the turbine.
Description
~91 ~07()596 SPECIFICATION
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a hydraulic (water) turbine and, more particularly, to a water turbine for driving an electric-current generator.
Back round of the Invention _ q ,_ With water turbines with small and medium outputs, for the generation of electric current, it is known to provide a tur-bine rotor with a driving connection to the rotor of an electric--current generator. In these systems, it has been found to be advantageous, for economical reasons, to provide the water tur-b~ne and the electric-current generator above one another and to form the water tùrbine with a vertical shaft.
In one embodiment of ~uch construction, the turbine has a rotor which is rotatable about a vertical axis along which the turbine shaft extends, the turbine shaft being journaled in a pair of spaced-apart bearings. A flywheel is mounted uopn this shaft.
A controller for regulating the output of the unit is connected to the shaft by bevel gearing, i,e. a transmission pro-viding a power takeoff from the main shaft in a direction trans-verse thereto. A series-connected generator can be coupled to the unit by a clutch. This construction has been found to be effec-tive for capacities of up to 100 metric horsepower.
In another embodiment of a vertical-axis turbine, the -1- ~
turbine rotor is carried by an extended portion of the generator shaft. This arrangement has been found to be satisfactory only for direcl-current machines and~ indeed, only for machines with lo~
outputs and manual control. Such units have been suitable for the g~neration of electric power of up to about 10 kw.
In yet another conventional embodiment, the turbine rotor, a flywheel and the rotor of the generator are provided upon a single vertical shaft. This latter configuration, as with the constructions discussed earlier, have even no power or turbine 0 speed control posslbilities, or where such possibilities ~re afforded, take up considerable space both as to the height of the unit and as to its horizontal dimensions. The capital cost of such machines i5 high, especially since a separate drive and tra~smis-sion must be provid~d for a controller which dra~s power from the ~5 main shaft and diverts ii away from the main shaft.
Systems which use gear-transmissions for operating one or another of the devices associated with a turbine generating unit also require special bearing arrangement for the additional shæfts and h~ been fourd to be satisfactory only for small out-'O puts and minimum control variations. In many cases control precision is difficult to achieve with such systems.
In practice it has been lound that such systems cannot be scaled up to large/moderate outputs without creating additional problems. In such larger scale units the need for control and for precision in any control which is carried out is paramount. This is especial~y the case when the turbine~eenera~or un~t is to be used for supplying municipalities with electric power. Control precision is also a factor where the electric po~ler to be supplied ~391 1070596 is to provide energy for television transmi~sions, switching systems and the like wllere fluctuations in the demand occur rapid.~y~
On the other hand, it is im~ortant that the turbine--generator unit be relatively compact and reliable, having a minimum number of parts and maxinl~n facility for repalr or service, The presence of transmissions, clutches and the like sharply increasesthe need for maintenance, th number of service calls and the requirements for monitoring the operation of the unit.
Object of the Invention It is the prlncipal o`oject of the present invention to provide a ~ater-turbine system for the generation of electric power whereby the aforedescribed disadvantages ar~ obviated and wh~ch is relat1vely compact and inexpensive~is of greater reliabLlity than earlier units, has a reduced number of parts, ~ld ~s p~rtlcularly suitable for controlled operation~ at high and moderate outputs.
Yet another ob~ect of this invention is to provlde a hydraulic turb~ne-generator set having a vertical axis ~Ihich occupies a minimum space and has low operating costs ~h~le afford-in~ the possibility of precise output control~
Summary of the Tnvention These ob~ects and others which will become apparent hereinafter arc attained, in accordance with the present invention, by providing along a throughgoing rigid shaft, the turbine rotor, the flywheel, the generator rotor and the oil pump for control of ')391 the output as well as the controller which effects control of the turbine speed and hence this output. Since all of the driven el-ements of the system are thus directiy connected to a single shaft, no separate pot~er takeoff is required for the drive of the controller~
The system of the present invention is thus free from transmissions, thereby bringing about a saving in capital costs and reducing costs which would be involved in maintenance and re-pair of such transmissions, Since no separate direction-change drive for the controller is necessary and, thus no special trans-mission is provided, the overall height of the unit can be held small, The control is effected in accordance with the invention with an oil pump. The oil pump requires little space and can be foxmed directly upon the turbine shaft, the oil pump output being a function of the speed of the shaft and serving as the input to the controller which can regulate the pitch of the turbine vane to maintain the desired output also hydraulically. The advantage of the oil pump is further that it is easily accessible and can be used with a reservoir which is likewise easily accessible for filling. This has been found to be the case especially where the oil pump is disposed at the upper end of the generator and the generator is disposed, in turn, above the rotor of the turbine.
According to a further feature of the invention, the oil reservoir for feeding the oil pump is also disposed above the generator, thereby allowing ready access to the reservoir. The oil ~070596 pu~p an~ the reservoir can form a unit which as such is mounted upon the generator and can occu~y minimum space~
The oll reservoir disposed upon the generator, in accordance with the present invention~ is externally vaned or ribbed to increase its heat-dissipation surface area, the ribbed reservoir being spacedly enclosed in a jac~et for guiding air past the reservoir into the air intakes of the generator at the upper end thereof. Thus, as the cooling air is induced to flow through the generator, it passes over the ribbed exterior o~ the reservoir t~ c-.ol t~le oil. A constant oil cooling is thus obtai~ed ~nd, since the pump housing can be provided in the air stream, this housing can be cooled as well.
According to yet another feature of t;he invention, the upright generator housing is provided with a switchboard for control f the unit whereby the control pulses form a sensor which can be provlded directly upon the shaft, serve as an input to the control-llne element whleh modifles the orientation of the turbine vanes.
The directly-driven oil pump has the advantage, over a pump driven by transmission, that upon switchoff of the unit, e.gO safety cutoff, the flywheel continue~ its rotation and provides the power necessary for control and emergency cutoff as well as continuous o~l rlow.
A servomotor with a servovalve and a hand pump can be provided, according to the invent~on, in the region of the control device of the turbine for producing -the deslred oil pressure before startup of the turbine. The necessary connections bet~een the oil pump, oil control unit or control pulse generator and switching elements can be effected by hydraulic and electrical lines. The generator is I~referable an alternating current (rotary-3~ ~field) generator. Naturally, other types of generators can also beused. For example, series generators can be employed,in which case --5~
I n ~
the generator can have a prolon~ed drive shaft to receive the turbine rotor, an enlarged generator housing to receive the fly-wheel between the generator and the turbine, a reinforced cover and correspondingly reinforced bearings to take up the turbine and flywheel loading, in a free upper shaft and for connection to the oil pump and the tachometer which generates the control pulses or provides the control signal.
The oil receptacle can be mounted UpOII the reinforced upper generator cover and can surround the free shaft end and a switchboard can be mGunted upon the generator housing and can be provided with the electronic control elements. In addi-tion, the switchboard can be provided with the electrical device necessary for monitoring and controlling the generator voltage.
In prior small turbines, the turbine force, such as the lS wei~ht of the turbine, the weight of the rotor of the generator, the control and journaling forcesm which are applied to the lower portion of the turbine, are supported upon the intake scroll or spiral of the hydraulic turbine.
This solution is effective only with turbine-generator sets of small output in which the weight of the complete unit is not high. Compact turbines of great output, however, cannot be so constructed under conventional teachings since danger arises that the in-take scroll will be distorted by the externally applied forces.
This advantage is overcome, in accordance with another as-pect of the invention, wherein the intake scroll i,s externally form-ed with support feet which take up the axial and bearing forces and transmit these forces to a foundation or support.
Thus the wall thickness of the intake scroll can be inde-pendent of the static-support requirements of the massive rotor and other parts of the turbine-generator set.
The intake scroll is formed inwardly of the support feet and is required to carry no external forces and thus the construc-tion of the intake scroll~ the wall thickness and dimensions there-of are independent of the weight of the generator rotor and the turbine.
In this case, the intake scroll need only ~e as thick as is necessary to absorb tje forces applied thereto by the incoming water. Where necessary, the forces applied by the water to the in-take scroll can also be transmitted to the foundation through the aforementioned support feet.
The support feet ca~, in the case of a cast housing, be con~tituted as cast ribs.
Preferably, with welded intake scrolls, the support feet are weld~d to the scroll structure and are constituted as hollow sheet metal bodies. It has been found to be especially effective to embed the sheet metal bodies in concrete or to fill them with concrete, the result being an extraordinarily high strength,' stiff-ness and force-transmitting capability so that large forces can be transmitted to the foundation without stressing the intake scroll.
The concreting of the sheet metal struc~urcs formin~ the support feet, which can take place at the erection site upon em-placement of the turbine-generator set, eliminates the need to transport structural support material for the turbine and hence reduces the transport weight by a comparison with systems which must be fully structured before being delivered to the erection site.
1~391 1~70596 The concreting of the support feet makes the mass of the latter so great that excellent vibration damping is ensured.
It has been found to be advantageous, moreover, to con-nect the support feet rigidly with the intaXe scroll to reinforce and stiffen the latter. A connection between the support feet and the intake scroll can be effected by welding, riveting, bolting or the like.
The stiffening of the intake scroll by the use of the support feet of the present invention permits the intake scroll to be operated with higher forces and hence higher throughput.
The intake scroll can be structurally light and, in spite of a relatively small thickness, can have the necessary stiffness.
It has been found to be advantageous to provide four such ~upport feet. ~owever, as long as the suppor-t feet are angularly lS equispaced about the axis of the turbine and the intake scroll, a lesser number of support feet can be provided. A suitable lesser number is three according to the presnet invention. Naturally, more than four support feet can be provided if desired.
According to a further feature of the invention, the sup-port feet are connected at their upper sides with a supporting an-nular flange upon which the turbine, the generator and other struc-tures are mounted and inset, the weight of the generator rotor, of the turbine rotor and the journaling or support forces are thus taken up by this ring.
As a result, a complete support structure is provided for the generator and the turbine and loading of the intake scroll is precluded, lO39~
According to still another feature fo the invention, the region of the smallest height of the intake scroll is free from such a support foot to provide a space for the actuator for the control ring for adjusting the blades of the turbine rotor. The control element can be a conventional control lever as described.
In this region in whcih the height of the intake scroll is smaller than in regions of larger height, a space is provided, by the absence of a support foot, into which tlle control lever ex-tends, It is thus not necessary to provide additional height for the unit to accommodate the control lever. The generator can be held compact because of tl~is relationship, It is yet another feature of the invention that the con-trol lever is actuated by a control mechanism, such as a control cylinder, control transmission or the like which is so constructed and arranged that the control forces are conducted to a support foot. Ilere again, the intake scroll remains free from loading by the control forces, Brief Description of the Drawinq The above and other objects, features and advan~ages of the present invention will become more readily apparent from, the following description, reference being made to the accompanying drawing in which:
FIG, 1 is a vertical cross-sectional view in diagrammatic form, illustrating a turbine-generator set according to the invention FIG, 2 is a vertical side-elevational view illustrating another embodiment of the invention, partly broken away;
FIG, 3 is a top plan view of a Kaplan-spiral turbine of compact construction according to the invention;
FIG, 4 is a top plan view illustrating the construction of a cast scroll according to the invention;
FIG, 5 is a vertical section, partly in elevation, illus-trating the foot arrangement according to the invention; and FIG, 6 is a plan view illustrating a variant, fragmentari of the invention.
Specific Description In the following description, the water turbine can be of the type described and illustrated at page 9-208 of MARK'S MECHANI-CAL ENGINEERS~ HANDBOOK, MCGRAW-HILL BOOK Co.~ NEW YOR~ 1958. The speed reyulator can be of the type described at page 9-225 thereof and can be supplied by the oil pump and an electric pulse generator or the flywheel-type governor can be provided as the controlled ele-ment.
In FIG. 1 of the drawing there is shown a signle through-going shaft 4 which carries, within the turbine housing 1, a turbine rotor 2 at the lower end of the shaft. Directly above the turbine housing there is provided, upon this shaft 4, the flywheel 7 which is enclosed between the lower portion of the housing of a generator 3 whose rotor is carried upon the shaft 4 above the flywheel. Above the generator 3 and at a free end of the shaft 4 projecting upwardly therefrom, there is provided the oil pump 11 which is of the gear type and the tachometer or controller 12, The oil pump 11 is thus disposed above the generator.
Upon the generator is mounted an oil reservoir 9 which surrounds the oil pump 11 and is formed with externally projectin~
ribs or vanes 10.
--10_ An air-grade jacket 8 is connected to the generator hous-lng and clutches with the generator cooling air intake in the usual manner. This guide 8 surrounds the revervoir 9 so that the cooling air ls passed along the vanes 10 and simultaneously cools the oil-pump container.
A switchboard 13 is mounted laterally upon the generator and carries the necessary control elements for regulating the speed of the turbine with an input from the speed-governor or tachometer 12. The oil suppliec the pressure necessary for varying, via cor-responding servomotors~ the vane positions or gate cross section of the turbine to regulate the water throughput.
In the embodiments described below, parts which are similar to those of FIG. 1 have been identified by the same reference numer-als, followed by sn appropriate letter.
In the embodiment of FIG. 2 the turbine vanes 15a of the turbine rotor 2a are shiftable about respective pivots to vary the throughput. mese vanes are exposed to water traversing the intake scroll la.
The shaft 4a is journaled in an upper turbine bearing 5a and in a lower turbine bearing 6a. Around the upper turbine bearing 6a, in order to reduce the re~uired height of the unit, there is pro-vided the oil reservoir 9a for the lubricating pump lla.
The lubricating pump lla is disposed in the path of an air stream conducted around the oil reservoir and through air guide slits 18a and into the intake ports of the generator 3a. m e air discharged through the slits 19a o the generator.
t91 ~070596 Beneath the generator 3a, upon the shaft 4a, there is afixed the flywheel 7a.
Control is effected, as previously stated, in response to the output frequency so as to maintain the output frequency constant, via a swtichboard 13a disposed laterally of the housing.
From the blades or vanes 15a the water passes into a dis-charge funnel 17a.
The genreator, including the tur~ine rotor, the aforemen-tioned shaft, the bearings and all other parts are fixed to an annu-lar supporting f~ange 20a which, in -urn, is supported against a foundation, by four supporting feet 21a. Each of the supporting feet 21a extends through a recess of the intake scroll to transfer the forces directly to the foundation 23a.
The forced transmission is thus effected ~y the support feet without loading cr stressing the intake scroll la which itself is supported by the feet 21a and is relieved from force thereby The support feet 21~ as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, may each consist of a hollow box of sheet metal which can be filled with con-crete 24a and thereby stiffened. The weld seams affixing t~e box to the intake scroll stiffen and reinforce the latter.
An actuating lever for regulating the position of the con-trol ring 26a has been shown at 25a and displaces the vanes or blades 15a to adjust the throughput of the turbine. This lever is disposed above the intake scroll la in the region of the smallest diameter thereof between the support feet 21a and the annular support flange 20a. A control cylinder 27a for actuating this lever 25a is supported directly upon olle of the feet 21a via a control rod 2~a so that the control force is directly taken up by a support foot.
~391 1~7~596 The variance shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 provide a cast intake worm lb with cast unitarily support feet 21b and support ring 22b, with two ribs 29b. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, the support foot 21c of the ring 27.c has only a single rib 30c. lrhis latter con-struction is particularly suitable for light-weight generator units.
Naturally, the invention is not limited to the single em-bodiment illustrated and includes all structures within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a hydraulic (water) turbine and, more particularly, to a water turbine for driving an electric-current generator.
Back round of the Invention _ q ,_ With water turbines with small and medium outputs, for the generation of electric current, it is known to provide a tur-bine rotor with a driving connection to the rotor of an electric--current generator. In these systems, it has been found to be advantageous, for economical reasons, to provide the water tur-b~ne and the electric-current generator above one another and to form the water tùrbine with a vertical shaft.
In one embodiment of ~uch construction, the turbine has a rotor which is rotatable about a vertical axis along which the turbine shaft extends, the turbine shaft being journaled in a pair of spaced-apart bearings. A flywheel is mounted uopn this shaft.
A controller for regulating the output of the unit is connected to the shaft by bevel gearing, i,e. a transmission pro-viding a power takeoff from the main shaft in a direction trans-verse thereto. A series-connected generator can be coupled to the unit by a clutch. This construction has been found to be effec-tive for capacities of up to 100 metric horsepower.
In another embodiment of a vertical-axis turbine, the -1- ~
turbine rotor is carried by an extended portion of the generator shaft. This arrangement has been found to be satisfactory only for direcl-current machines and~ indeed, only for machines with lo~
outputs and manual control. Such units have been suitable for the g~neration of electric power of up to about 10 kw.
In yet another conventional embodiment, the turbine rotor, a flywheel and the rotor of the generator are provided upon a single vertical shaft. This latter configuration, as with the constructions discussed earlier, have even no power or turbine 0 speed control posslbilities, or where such possibilities ~re afforded, take up considerable space both as to the height of the unit and as to its horizontal dimensions. The capital cost of such machines i5 high, especially since a separate drive and tra~smis-sion must be provid~d for a controller which dra~s power from the ~5 main shaft and diverts ii away from the main shaft.
Systems which use gear-transmissions for operating one or another of the devices associated with a turbine generating unit also require special bearing arrangement for the additional shæfts and h~ been fourd to be satisfactory only for small out-'O puts and minimum control variations. In many cases control precision is difficult to achieve with such systems.
In practice it has been lound that such systems cannot be scaled up to large/moderate outputs without creating additional problems. In such larger scale units the need for control and for precision in any control which is carried out is paramount. This is especial~y the case when the turbine~eenera~or un~t is to be used for supplying municipalities with electric power. Control precision is also a factor where the electric po~ler to be supplied ~391 1070596 is to provide energy for television transmi~sions, switching systems and the like wllere fluctuations in the demand occur rapid.~y~
On the other hand, it is im~ortant that the turbine--generator unit be relatively compact and reliable, having a minimum number of parts and maxinl~n facility for repalr or service, The presence of transmissions, clutches and the like sharply increasesthe need for maintenance, th number of service calls and the requirements for monitoring the operation of the unit.
Object of the Invention It is the prlncipal o`oject of the present invention to provide a ~ater-turbine system for the generation of electric power whereby the aforedescribed disadvantages ar~ obviated and wh~ch is relat1vely compact and inexpensive~is of greater reliabLlity than earlier units, has a reduced number of parts, ~ld ~s p~rtlcularly suitable for controlled operation~ at high and moderate outputs.
Yet another ob~ect of this invention is to provlde a hydraulic turb~ne-generator set having a vertical axis ~Ihich occupies a minimum space and has low operating costs ~h~le afford-in~ the possibility of precise output control~
Summary of the Tnvention These ob~ects and others which will become apparent hereinafter arc attained, in accordance with the present invention, by providing along a throughgoing rigid shaft, the turbine rotor, the flywheel, the generator rotor and the oil pump for control of ')391 the output as well as the controller which effects control of the turbine speed and hence this output. Since all of the driven el-ements of the system are thus directiy connected to a single shaft, no separate pot~er takeoff is required for the drive of the controller~
The system of the present invention is thus free from transmissions, thereby bringing about a saving in capital costs and reducing costs which would be involved in maintenance and re-pair of such transmissions, Since no separate direction-change drive for the controller is necessary and, thus no special trans-mission is provided, the overall height of the unit can be held small, The control is effected in accordance with the invention with an oil pump. The oil pump requires little space and can be foxmed directly upon the turbine shaft, the oil pump output being a function of the speed of the shaft and serving as the input to the controller which can regulate the pitch of the turbine vane to maintain the desired output also hydraulically. The advantage of the oil pump is further that it is easily accessible and can be used with a reservoir which is likewise easily accessible for filling. This has been found to be the case especially where the oil pump is disposed at the upper end of the generator and the generator is disposed, in turn, above the rotor of the turbine.
According to a further feature of the invention, the oil reservoir for feeding the oil pump is also disposed above the generator, thereby allowing ready access to the reservoir. The oil ~070596 pu~p an~ the reservoir can form a unit which as such is mounted upon the generator and can occu~y minimum space~
The oll reservoir disposed upon the generator, in accordance with the present invention~ is externally vaned or ribbed to increase its heat-dissipation surface area, the ribbed reservoir being spacedly enclosed in a jac~et for guiding air past the reservoir into the air intakes of the generator at the upper end thereof. Thus, as the cooling air is induced to flow through the generator, it passes over the ribbed exterior o~ the reservoir t~ c-.ol t~le oil. A constant oil cooling is thus obtai~ed ~nd, since the pump housing can be provided in the air stream, this housing can be cooled as well.
According to yet another feature of t;he invention, the upright generator housing is provided with a switchboard for control f the unit whereby the control pulses form a sensor which can be provlded directly upon the shaft, serve as an input to the control-llne element whleh modifles the orientation of the turbine vanes.
The directly-driven oil pump has the advantage, over a pump driven by transmission, that upon switchoff of the unit, e.gO safety cutoff, the flywheel continue~ its rotation and provides the power necessary for control and emergency cutoff as well as continuous o~l rlow.
A servomotor with a servovalve and a hand pump can be provided, according to the invent~on, in the region of the control device of the turbine for producing -the deslred oil pressure before startup of the turbine. The necessary connections bet~een the oil pump, oil control unit or control pulse generator and switching elements can be effected by hydraulic and electrical lines. The generator is I~referable an alternating current (rotary-3~ ~field) generator. Naturally, other types of generators can also beused. For example, series generators can be employed,in which case --5~
I n ~
the generator can have a prolon~ed drive shaft to receive the turbine rotor, an enlarged generator housing to receive the fly-wheel between the generator and the turbine, a reinforced cover and correspondingly reinforced bearings to take up the turbine and flywheel loading, in a free upper shaft and for connection to the oil pump and the tachometer which generates the control pulses or provides the control signal.
The oil receptacle can be mounted UpOII the reinforced upper generator cover and can surround the free shaft end and a switchboard can be mGunted upon the generator housing and can be provided with the electronic control elements. In addi-tion, the switchboard can be provided with the electrical device necessary for monitoring and controlling the generator voltage.
In prior small turbines, the turbine force, such as the lS wei~ht of the turbine, the weight of the rotor of the generator, the control and journaling forcesm which are applied to the lower portion of the turbine, are supported upon the intake scroll or spiral of the hydraulic turbine.
This solution is effective only with turbine-generator sets of small output in which the weight of the complete unit is not high. Compact turbines of great output, however, cannot be so constructed under conventional teachings since danger arises that the in-take scroll will be distorted by the externally applied forces.
This advantage is overcome, in accordance with another as-pect of the invention, wherein the intake scroll i,s externally form-ed with support feet which take up the axial and bearing forces and transmit these forces to a foundation or support.
Thus the wall thickness of the intake scroll can be inde-pendent of the static-support requirements of the massive rotor and other parts of the turbine-generator set.
The intake scroll is formed inwardly of the support feet and is required to carry no external forces and thus the construc-tion of the intake scroll~ the wall thickness and dimensions there-of are independent of the weight of the generator rotor and the turbine.
In this case, the intake scroll need only ~e as thick as is necessary to absorb tje forces applied thereto by the incoming water. Where necessary, the forces applied by the water to the in-take scroll can also be transmitted to the foundation through the aforementioned support feet.
The support feet ca~, in the case of a cast housing, be con~tituted as cast ribs.
Preferably, with welded intake scrolls, the support feet are weld~d to the scroll structure and are constituted as hollow sheet metal bodies. It has been found to be especially effective to embed the sheet metal bodies in concrete or to fill them with concrete, the result being an extraordinarily high strength,' stiff-ness and force-transmitting capability so that large forces can be transmitted to the foundation without stressing the intake scroll.
The concreting of the sheet metal struc~urcs formin~ the support feet, which can take place at the erection site upon em-placement of the turbine-generator set, eliminates the need to transport structural support material for the turbine and hence reduces the transport weight by a comparison with systems which must be fully structured before being delivered to the erection site.
1~391 1~70596 The concreting of the support feet makes the mass of the latter so great that excellent vibration damping is ensured.
It has been found to be advantageous, moreover, to con-nect the support feet rigidly with the intaXe scroll to reinforce and stiffen the latter. A connection between the support feet and the intake scroll can be effected by welding, riveting, bolting or the like.
The stiffening of the intake scroll by the use of the support feet of the present invention permits the intake scroll to be operated with higher forces and hence higher throughput.
The intake scroll can be structurally light and, in spite of a relatively small thickness, can have the necessary stiffness.
It has been found to be advantageous to provide four such ~upport feet. ~owever, as long as the suppor-t feet are angularly lS equispaced about the axis of the turbine and the intake scroll, a lesser number of support feet can be provided. A suitable lesser number is three according to the presnet invention. Naturally, more than four support feet can be provided if desired.
According to a further feature of the invention, the sup-port feet are connected at their upper sides with a supporting an-nular flange upon which the turbine, the generator and other struc-tures are mounted and inset, the weight of the generator rotor, of the turbine rotor and the journaling or support forces are thus taken up by this ring.
As a result, a complete support structure is provided for the generator and the turbine and loading of the intake scroll is precluded, lO39~
According to still another feature fo the invention, the region of the smallest height of the intake scroll is free from such a support foot to provide a space for the actuator for the control ring for adjusting the blades of the turbine rotor. The control element can be a conventional control lever as described.
In this region in whcih the height of the intake scroll is smaller than in regions of larger height, a space is provided, by the absence of a support foot, into which tlle control lever ex-tends, It is thus not necessary to provide additional height for the unit to accommodate the control lever. The generator can be held compact because of tl~is relationship, It is yet another feature of the invention that the con-trol lever is actuated by a control mechanism, such as a control cylinder, control transmission or the like which is so constructed and arranged that the control forces are conducted to a support foot. Ilere again, the intake scroll remains free from loading by the control forces, Brief Description of the Drawinq The above and other objects, features and advan~ages of the present invention will become more readily apparent from, the following description, reference being made to the accompanying drawing in which:
FIG, 1 is a vertical cross-sectional view in diagrammatic form, illustrating a turbine-generator set according to the invention FIG, 2 is a vertical side-elevational view illustrating another embodiment of the invention, partly broken away;
FIG, 3 is a top plan view of a Kaplan-spiral turbine of compact construction according to the invention;
FIG, 4 is a top plan view illustrating the construction of a cast scroll according to the invention;
FIG, 5 is a vertical section, partly in elevation, illus-trating the foot arrangement according to the invention; and FIG, 6 is a plan view illustrating a variant, fragmentari of the invention.
Specific Description In the following description, the water turbine can be of the type described and illustrated at page 9-208 of MARK'S MECHANI-CAL ENGINEERS~ HANDBOOK, MCGRAW-HILL BOOK Co.~ NEW YOR~ 1958. The speed reyulator can be of the type described at page 9-225 thereof and can be supplied by the oil pump and an electric pulse generator or the flywheel-type governor can be provided as the controlled ele-ment.
In FIG. 1 of the drawing there is shown a signle through-going shaft 4 which carries, within the turbine housing 1, a turbine rotor 2 at the lower end of the shaft. Directly above the turbine housing there is provided, upon this shaft 4, the flywheel 7 which is enclosed between the lower portion of the housing of a generator 3 whose rotor is carried upon the shaft 4 above the flywheel. Above the generator 3 and at a free end of the shaft 4 projecting upwardly therefrom, there is provided the oil pump 11 which is of the gear type and the tachometer or controller 12, The oil pump 11 is thus disposed above the generator.
Upon the generator is mounted an oil reservoir 9 which surrounds the oil pump 11 and is formed with externally projectin~
ribs or vanes 10.
--10_ An air-grade jacket 8 is connected to the generator hous-lng and clutches with the generator cooling air intake in the usual manner. This guide 8 surrounds the revervoir 9 so that the cooling air ls passed along the vanes 10 and simultaneously cools the oil-pump container.
A switchboard 13 is mounted laterally upon the generator and carries the necessary control elements for regulating the speed of the turbine with an input from the speed-governor or tachometer 12. The oil suppliec the pressure necessary for varying, via cor-responding servomotors~ the vane positions or gate cross section of the turbine to regulate the water throughput.
In the embodiments described below, parts which are similar to those of FIG. 1 have been identified by the same reference numer-als, followed by sn appropriate letter.
In the embodiment of FIG. 2 the turbine vanes 15a of the turbine rotor 2a are shiftable about respective pivots to vary the throughput. mese vanes are exposed to water traversing the intake scroll la.
The shaft 4a is journaled in an upper turbine bearing 5a and in a lower turbine bearing 6a. Around the upper turbine bearing 6a, in order to reduce the re~uired height of the unit, there is pro-vided the oil reservoir 9a for the lubricating pump lla.
The lubricating pump lla is disposed in the path of an air stream conducted around the oil reservoir and through air guide slits 18a and into the intake ports of the generator 3a. m e air discharged through the slits 19a o the generator.
t91 ~070596 Beneath the generator 3a, upon the shaft 4a, there is afixed the flywheel 7a.
Control is effected, as previously stated, in response to the output frequency so as to maintain the output frequency constant, via a swtichboard 13a disposed laterally of the housing.
From the blades or vanes 15a the water passes into a dis-charge funnel 17a.
The genreator, including the tur~ine rotor, the aforemen-tioned shaft, the bearings and all other parts are fixed to an annu-lar supporting f~ange 20a which, in -urn, is supported against a foundation, by four supporting feet 21a. Each of the supporting feet 21a extends through a recess of the intake scroll to transfer the forces directly to the foundation 23a.
The forced transmission is thus effected ~y the support feet without loading cr stressing the intake scroll la which itself is supported by the feet 21a and is relieved from force thereby The support feet 21~ as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, may each consist of a hollow box of sheet metal which can be filled with con-crete 24a and thereby stiffened. The weld seams affixing t~e box to the intake scroll stiffen and reinforce the latter.
An actuating lever for regulating the position of the con-trol ring 26a has been shown at 25a and displaces the vanes or blades 15a to adjust the throughput of the turbine. This lever is disposed above the intake scroll la in the region of the smallest diameter thereof between the support feet 21a and the annular support flange 20a. A control cylinder 27a for actuating this lever 25a is supported directly upon olle of the feet 21a via a control rod 2~a so that the control force is directly taken up by a support foot.
~391 1~7~596 The variance shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 provide a cast intake worm lb with cast unitarily support feet 21b and support ring 22b, with two ribs 29b. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, the support foot 21c of the ring 27.c has only a single rib 30c. lrhis latter con-struction is particularly suitable for light-weight generator units.
Naturally, the invention is not limited to the single em-bodiment illustrated and includes all structures within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (19)
1. A water turbine-generator set for the generation of electrical power, comprising:
a vertical rigid shaft;
a water turbine disposed at the lower end of said shaft and having a turbine rotor connected thereto;
a flywheel connected directly to said shaft above said rotor;
an electric current generator surrounding said shaft and connected thereto above said flywheel;
an oil pump connected directly to said shaft for supplying oil under pressure to regulate the output of said set; and a speed control for said turbine connected directly to said shaft.
a vertical rigid shaft;
a water turbine disposed at the lower end of said shaft and having a turbine rotor connected thereto;
a flywheel connected directly to said shaft above said rotor;
an electric current generator surrounding said shaft and connected thereto above said flywheel;
an oil pump connected directly to said shaft for supplying oil under pressure to regulate the output of said set; and a speed control for said turbine connected directly to said shaft.
2. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 1 wherein said oil pump is disposed on said shaft above said genera-tor.
3. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 2, further comprising an oil reservoir for said oil pump disposed on said generator at an upper end thereof.
4. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 3 wherein said reservoir surrounds said oil pump.
5. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 4 wherein said controller is disposed on said shaft above said oil pump
6. The water trubine-generator set defined in claim 5 wherein said reservoir is formed with outwardly projecting cool-ing ribs,
7. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 6, further comprising a jacket for conducting cooling air to said gen-erator, said jacket surrounding said reservoir and guiding said cooling air along said ribs.
8. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 7, further comprising a switchboard mounted on said generator and pro-vided with control means connected with said control for regulating the speed of said turbine.
9. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 1 wherein said speed control for said turbine comprises a control housing, said shaft having a bearing housing, said control hous-ing surrounding said bearing housing.
10. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 1 wherein an intake scroll surrounds said water turbine, said set further comprising a plurality of support feet mounted on a founda-tion and supporting said shaft, said turbine and the rotor of said generator.
11. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 10 wherein said shaft is provided with at least one bearing, said feet supporting said bearing to relieve said scroll of the weight of said turbine and said rotor.
12. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 10 wherein said feet are cast ribs formed on said scroll.
13. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 10 wherein said feet are hollow bodies formed from sheet metal secured to said scroll.
14. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 13 further comprising concrete embedding said bodies.
15. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 10 wherein ar least three such feet are provided in angularly equi-spaced relationship
16. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 15 wherein four such feet are provided.
17. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 15 wherein an annular support flange is carried by sadi feet and sup-ports said turbine, said generator and the bearing forces thereof.
18. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 10 wherein said turbine has controllable vanes provided with a con-trol ring, a lever for actuating said ring, said lever being,dis-posed in a space between said feet.
19. The water turbine-generator set defined in claim 18 further comprising a control mechanism connected to said lever and bearing upon one of said feet for applying control force thereto.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT601676A AT343068B (en) | 1976-08-12 | 1976-08-12 | WATER TURBINE WITH VERTICAL AXIS |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1070596A true CA1070596A (en) | 1980-01-29 |
Family
ID=3582028
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2285,352A Expired CA1070596A (en) | 1976-08-12 | 1977-08-23 | Hydraulic turbine with vertical axis |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AR (1) | AR212823A1 (en) |
| AT (1) | AT343068B (en) |
| BR (1) | BR7705315A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1070596A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2736159A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2361551A1 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO772820L (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7708976L (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT380079B (en) * | 1982-09-24 | 1986-04-10 | Koessler Ges M B H Maschf | POWER PLANT KIT |
| DE102011119384B3 (en) * | 2011-11-25 | 2013-03-28 | Voith Patent Gmbh | Hydroelectric power plant and primary control of a hydroelectric power plant |
-
1976
- 1976-08-12 AT AT601676A patent/AT343068B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1977
- 1977-08-01 AR AR268768A patent/AR212823A1/en active
- 1977-08-08 SE SE7708976A patent/SE7708976L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1977-08-11 NO NO772820A patent/NO772820L/en unknown
- 1977-08-11 DE DE19772736159 patent/DE2736159A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1977-08-11 BR BR7705315A patent/BR7705315A/en unknown
- 1977-08-12 FR FR7724851A patent/FR2361551A1/en active Granted
- 1977-08-23 CA CA2285,352A patent/CA1070596A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE7708976L (en) | 1978-02-13 |
| AT343068B (en) | 1978-05-10 |
| FR2361551A1 (en) | 1978-03-10 |
| ATA601676A (en) | 1977-08-15 |
| FR2361551B3 (en) | 1980-07-11 |
| DE2736159A1 (en) | 1978-02-16 |
| BR7705315A (en) | 1978-05-23 |
| AR212823A1 (en) | 1978-10-13 |
| NO772820L (en) | 1978-02-14 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| MKEX | Expiry |