BRPI0417185A - zirconia containing catalyst material - Google Patents
zirconia containing catalyst materialInfo
- Publication number
- BRPI0417185A BRPI0417185A BRPI0417185-3A BRPI0417185A BRPI0417185A BR PI0417185 A BRPI0417185 A BR PI0417185A BR PI0417185 A BRPI0417185 A BR PI0417185A BR PI0417185 A BRPI0417185 A BR PI0417185A
- Authority
- BR
- Brazil
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- palladium
- support material
- relates
- gold
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title abstract 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title abstract 5
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 8
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 4
- 239000012041 precatalyst Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/48—Silver or gold
- B01J23/52—Gold
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/066—Zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/007—Mixed salts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/44—Palladium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/40—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
- B01J37/0018—Addition of a binding agent or of material, later completely removed among others as result of heat treatment, leaching or washing,(e.g. forming of pores; protective layer, desintegrating by heat)
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/16—Reducing
- B01J37/18—Reducing with gases containing free hydrogen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/04—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides onto unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
- C07C67/05—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides onto unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds with oxidation
- C07C67/055—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides onto unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds with oxidation in the presence of platinum group metals or their compounds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
- B01J35/397—Egg shell like
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
- B01J35/398—Egg yolk like
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
- B01J35/399—Distribution of the active metal ingredient homogeneously throughout the support particle
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/61—Surface area
- B01J35/612—Surface area less than 10 m2/g
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/61—Surface area
- B01J35/613—10-100 m2/g
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/61—Surface area
- B01J35/615—100-500 m2/g
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/16—Reducing
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
"MATERIAL DE SUPORTE CONTENDO ZIRCÈNIA PARA CATALISADORES". A presente invenção refere-se a pelo menos quatro diferentes aspectos relacionados com estrutura de catalisadores, métodos de fabricação destes catalisadores e métodos de utilização daqueles catalisadores para fabricar alcanoatos de alquenila. Separadamente ou juntos, os diversos aspectos da invenção referem-se a aperfeiçoar a produção de alcanoatos de alquenila e VA em especial, incluindo a redução de subprodutos e eficiência de produção melhorada. Um primeiro aspecto da presente invenção refere-se a um catalisador único de paládio/ouro ou pré-catalisador (opcionalmente calcinado) que inclui ródio ou outro metal. Um segundo aspecto refere-se a um catalisador de paládio/ouro ou pré-catalisador que é baseado em um material de suporte em camadas onde uma camada do material de suporte é substancialmente isenta de componentes cataliticos. Um terceiro aspecto refere-se a um catalisador de paládio/ouro ou pré-catalisador sobre um material de suporte que contém zircónia. Um quarto aspecto refere-se a um catalisador de paládio/ouro ou pré-catalisador que é produzido a partir de componentes catalíticos substancialmente isentos de cloro."ZIRCENIA CONTAINING SUPPORT MATERIAL FOR CATALYSTORS". The present invention relates to at least four different aspects related to catalyst structure, methods of manufacturing these catalysts and methods of using those catalysts to manufacture alkenyl alkanoates. Separately or together, the various aspects of the invention relate to improving the production of alkenyl and VA alkanoates in particular, including by-product reduction and improved production efficiency. A first aspect of the present invention relates to a single palladium / gold catalyst or pre-catalyst (optionally calcined) that includes rhodium or another metal. A second aspect relates to a palladium / gold catalyst or precatalyst that is based on a layered support material where a layer of the support material is substantially free of catalytic components. A third aspect concerns a palladium / gold catalyst or pre-catalyst on a zirconia-containing support material. A fourth aspect relates to a palladium / gold catalyst or pre-catalyst that is produced from substantially chlorine-free catalytic components.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US53148603P | 2003-12-19 | 2003-12-19 | |
PCT/US2004/039039 WO2005061107A1 (en) | 2003-12-19 | 2004-11-19 | Zirconia containing support material for catalysts |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
BRPI0417185A true BRPI0417185A (en) | 2007-03-06 |
Family
ID=34710229
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
BRPI0417185-3A BRPI0417185A (en) | 2003-12-19 | 2004-11-19 | zirconia containing catalyst material |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1694436A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4772695B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100886048B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN100457257C (en) |
AU (1) | AU2004305515C1 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0417185A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2547187C (en) |
NO (1) | NO20062531L (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ547072A (en) |
PL (1) | PL215127B1 (en) |
RU (2) | RU2006119185A (en) |
UA (1) | UA96563C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005061107A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200604362B (en) |
Families Citing this family (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8168562B2 (en) | 2006-02-02 | 2012-05-01 | Lyondell Chemical Technology, L.P. | Preparation of palladium-gold catalysts |
DE102007025358A1 (en) * | 2007-05-31 | 2009-01-08 | Süd-Chemie AG | Process for the preparation of a coated with Pd and / or Au shell catalyst |
DE102007025362A1 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2008-12-11 | Süd-Chemie AG | Doped Pd / Au coated catalyst, process for its preparation and its use |
DE102007025443A1 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2008-12-04 | Süd-Chemie AG | Pd / Au coated catalyst containing HfO 2, process for its preparation and its use |
DE102007025442B4 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2023-03-02 | Clariant International Ltd. | Use of a device for producing a coated catalyst and coated catalyst |
DE102007025223A1 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2008-12-04 | Süd-Chemie AG | Zirconia-doped VAM shell catalyst, process for its preparation and its use |
DE102007025356A1 (en) * | 2007-05-31 | 2009-01-08 | Süd-Chemie AG | Process for the preparation of a coated catalyst and coated catalyst |
DE102007025444A1 (en) * | 2007-05-31 | 2008-12-11 | Süd-Chemie AG | VAM shell catalyst, process for its preparation and its use |
DE102007043446B4 (en) | 2007-09-12 | 2013-08-22 | Süd-Chemie Ip Gmbh & Co. Kg | Catalyst support with increased thermal conductivity |
DE102007043447B4 (en) | 2007-09-12 | 2014-02-13 | Süd-Chemie Ip Gmbh & Co. Kg | Catalyst support with increased thermal conductivity |
DE102008058971A1 (en) * | 2008-11-25 | 2010-07-15 | Süd-Chemie AG | Shell catalyst, process for its preparation and use |
DE202008017277U1 (en) * | 2008-11-30 | 2009-04-30 | Süd-Chemie AG | catalyst support |
DE102008059340A1 (en) | 2008-11-30 | 2010-06-10 | Süd-Chemie AG | Catalyst support, process for its preparation and its use |
DE102008059342A1 (en) | 2008-11-30 | 2010-06-10 | Süd-Chemie AG | Shell catalyst, process for its preparation and use |
DE102010026462A1 (en) * | 2010-07-08 | 2012-01-12 | Süd-Chemie AG | Process for the preparation of a coated catalyst and coated catalyst |
CN102153189A (en) * | 2010-12-16 | 2011-08-17 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Method for removing organic matters in water through pumice catalytic ozonation |
DE102012008714A1 (en) * | 2012-05-03 | 2013-11-07 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Pre-impregnation of coated catalysts with an acetate |
CN106215561B (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2018-04-20 | 苏州贝捷环保设备有限公司 | A kind of coal-fired flue gas treatment method |
CN107096532B (en) * | 2017-05-16 | 2019-12-10 | 嘉兴学院 | Au-ZrO 2 catalyst and application thereof |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19501891C1 (en) * | 1995-01-23 | 1996-09-26 | Degussa | Process for the preparation of a supported catalyst and its use for the production of vinyl acetate |
US6072078A (en) * | 1997-12-12 | 2000-06-06 | Celanese International Corporation | Vinyl acetate production using a catalyst comprising palladium, gold, copper and any of certain fourth metals |
US6015769A (en) * | 1998-06-02 | 2000-01-18 | Celanese International Corporation | Vinyl acetate catalyst comprising metallic palladium, gold and copper supported on a carrier and prepared with potassium aurate |
DE19843693A1 (en) * | 1998-09-24 | 2000-03-30 | Degussa | Catalyst for vinyl acetate production from ethylene, acetic acid and oxygen contains palladium and other metals on a pyrogenic mixed oxide support based on silicon, aluminum, titanium and/or zirconium oxide |
US6358882B1 (en) * | 1998-12-08 | 2002-03-19 | The Standard Oil Company | Fluid bed vinyl acetate catalyst |
DE10030039A1 (en) * | 2000-06-17 | 2002-01-10 | Celanese Chem Europe Gmbh | Preparation of catalyst, useful in gas phase production of vinyl acetate, involves impregnation with alkaline solution of palladium and other metal compounds fixed by conversion to insoluble compounds on contact with support |
-
2004
- 2004-11-19 NZ NZ547072A patent/NZ547072A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-11-19 BR BRPI0417185-3A patent/BRPI0417185A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-11-19 KR KR1020067010643A patent/KR100886048B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-11-19 JP JP2006545670A patent/JP4772695B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-11-19 ZA ZA200604362A patent/ZA200604362B/en unknown
- 2004-11-19 WO PCT/US2004/039039 patent/WO2005061107A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-11-19 EP EP04817864A patent/EP1694436A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-11-19 CA CA2547187A patent/CA2547187C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-11-19 UA UAA200606849A patent/UA96563C2/en unknown
- 2004-11-19 CN CNB2004800372278A patent/CN100457257C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-11-19 PL PL380021A patent/PL215127B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-11-19 RU RU2006119185/04A patent/RU2006119185A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-11-19 AU AU2004305515A patent/AU2004305515C1/en not_active Ceased
-
2006
- 2006-06-01 NO NO20062531A patent/NO20062531L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2011
- 2011-07-26 RU RU2011131292/04A patent/RU2011131292A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2005061107A1 (en) | 2005-07-07 |
CA2547187C (en) | 2010-11-02 |
CN1894035A (en) | 2007-01-10 |
AU2004305515B2 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
CA2547187A1 (en) | 2005-07-07 |
AU2004305515A1 (en) | 2005-07-07 |
RU2006119185A (en) | 2007-12-20 |
RU2011131292A (en) | 2013-02-10 |
CN100457257C (en) | 2009-02-04 |
KR20060103514A (en) | 2006-10-02 |
NO20062531L (en) | 2006-07-03 |
AU2004305515C1 (en) | 2009-06-25 |
ZA200604362B (en) | 2007-11-28 |
JP4772695B2 (en) | 2011-09-14 |
EP1694436A1 (en) | 2006-08-30 |
KR100886048B1 (en) | 2009-02-26 |
PL215127B1 (en) | 2013-10-31 |
NZ547072A (en) | 2010-05-28 |
UA96563C2 (en) | 2011-11-25 |
PL380021A1 (en) | 2006-12-11 |
JP2007514543A (en) | 2007-06-07 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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B07A | Application suspended after technical examination (opinion) [chapter 7.1 patent gazette] | ||
B09B | Patent application refused [chapter 9.2 patent gazette] |
Free format text: INDEFIRO O PEDIDO DE ACORDO COM O(S) ARTIGO(S) 8O E 13 DA LPI. |
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B09B | Patent application refused [chapter 9.2 patent gazette] |
Free format text: MANTIDO O INDEFERIMENTO UMA VEZ QUE NAO FOI APRESENTADO RECURSO DENTRO DO PRAZO LEGAL. |