ZA200508263B - Angiotensin II receptor blockers for preventing the development or progression of microvascular disease due to diabetes - Google Patents
Angiotensin II receptor blockers for preventing the development or progression of microvascular disease due to diabetes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ZA200508263B ZA200508263B ZA200508263A ZA200508263A ZA200508263B ZA 200508263 B ZA200508263 B ZA 200508263B ZA 200508263 A ZA200508263 A ZA 200508263A ZA 200508263 A ZA200508263 A ZA 200508263A ZA 200508263 B ZA200508263 B ZA 200508263B
- Authority
- ZA
- South Africa
- Prior art keywords
- angiotensin
- diabetes
- progression
- receptor blocker
- development
- Prior art date
Links
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 title claims description 24
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 title claims description 16
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 title claims description 15
- 108050000824 Angiotensin II receptor Proteins 0.000 title claims description 5
- 102000008873 Angiotensin II receptor Human genes 0.000 title claims description 5
- 108010064733 Angiotensins Proteins 0.000 claims description 55
- 102000015427 Angiotensins Human genes 0.000 claims description 55
- 210000003668 pericyte Anatomy 0.000 claims description 30
- 206010012689 Diabetic retinopathy Diseases 0.000 claims description 20
- RMMXLENWKUUMAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N telmisartan Chemical compound CCCC1=NC2=C(C)C=C(C=3N(C4=CC=CC=C4N=3)C)C=C2N1CC(C=C1)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O RMMXLENWKUUMAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003642 reactive oxygen metabolite Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000003087 receptor blocking agent Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000005537 C09CA07 - Telmisartan Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002083 C09CA01 - Losartan Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229960005187 telmisartan Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004113 cell culture Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002947 C09CA04 - Irbesartan Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002053 C09CA06 - Candesartan Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229960000932 candesartan Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N creatinine Chemical compound CN1CC(=O)NC1=N DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229960002198 irbesartan Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- YCPOHTHPUREGFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N irbesartan Chemical compound O=C1N(CC=2C=CC(=CC=2)C=2C(=CC=CC=2)C=2[N]N=NN=2)C(CCCC)=NC21CCCC2 YCPOHTHPUREGFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229960004773 losartan Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004072 C09CA03 - Valsartan Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- OROAFUQRIXKEMV-LDADJPATSA-N eprosartan Chemical compound C=1C=C(C(O)=O)C=CC=1CN1C(CCCC)=NC=C1\C=C(C(O)=O)/CC1=CC=CS1 OROAFUQRIXKEMV-LDADJPATSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002080 C09CA02 - Eprosartan Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005480 Olmesartan Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960004563 eprosartan Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- VTRAEEWXHOVJFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N olmesartan Chemical compound CCCC1=NC(C(C)(C)O)=C(C(O)=O)N1CC1=CC=C(C=2C(=CC=CC=2)C=2NN=NN=2)C=C1 VTRAEEWXHOVJFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960005117 olmesartan Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960004699 valsartan Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 206010027525 Microalbuminuria Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- PNNCWTXUWKENPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].NC(N)=O Chemical compound [N].NC(N)=O PNNCWTXUWKENPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000400 angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940109239 creatinine Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 201000001474 proteinuria Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000037905 systemic hypertension Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- SGZAIDDFHDDFJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N candesartan Chemical compound CCOC1=NC2=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C2N1CC(C=C1)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NN=N[N]1 SGZAIDDFHDDFJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- KJJZZJSZUJXYEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N losartan Chemical compound CCCCC1=NC(Cl)=C(CO)N1CC1=CC=C(C=2C(=CC=CC=2)C=2[N]N=NN=2)C=C1 KJJZZJSZUJXYEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- SJSNUMAYCRRIOM-QFIPXVFZSA-N valsartan Chemical compound C1=CC(CN(C(=O)CCCC)[C@@H](C(C)C)C(O)=O)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NN=N[N]1 SJSNUMAYCRRIOM-QFIPXVFZSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 108010019674 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis Proteins 0.000 description 16
- 108020003175 receptors Proteins 0.000 description 14
- 102000005962 receptors Human genes 0.000 description 14
- 208000017442 Retinal disease Diseases 0.000 description 11
- 206010038923 Retinopathy Diseases 0.000 description 11
- 108010019530 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 208000007342 Diabetic Nephropathies Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 102000005789 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors Human genes 0.000 description 9
- 208000033679 diabetic kidney disease Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 210000001525 retina Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- PWKSKIMOESPYIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-N-acetyl-Cysteine Chemical compound CC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(O)=O PWKSKIMOESPYIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- NOESYZHRGYRDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N insulin Chemical compound N1C(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)CN)C(C)CC)CSSCC(C(NC(CO)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)NC(CCC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)NC(CSSCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC=2NC=NC=2)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)CNC2=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC=CC=3)C(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC=CC=3)C(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)C(=O)NC(C(C)O)C(=O)N3C(CCC3)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(C)C(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(O)=O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)CC)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)C1CSSCC2NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(N)CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(C)C)CC1=CN=CN1 NOESYZHRGYRDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 108091032973 (ribonucleotides)n+m Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 108091034057 RNA (poly(A)) Proteins 0.000 description 5
- IQFYYKKMVGJFEH-XLPZGREQSA-N Thymidine Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)C1 IQFYYKKMVGJFEH-XLPZGREQSA-N 0.000 description 5
- HTQMVQVXFRQIKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N candesartan Chemical compound CCOC1=NC2=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C2N1CC(C=C1)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NN=NN1 HTQMVQVXFRQIKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- OXCMYAYHXIHQOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;[2-butyl-5-chloro-3-[[4-[2-(1,2,4-triaza-3-azanidacyclopenta-1,4-dien-5-yl)phenyl]phenyl]methyl]imidazol-4-yl]methanol Chemical compound [K+].CCCCC1=NC(Cl)=C(CO)N1CC1=CC=C(C=2C(=CC=CC=2)C2=N[N-]N=N2)C=C1 OXCMYAYHXIHQOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 201000004569 Blindness Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 108091003079 Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 206010020772 Hypertension Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 206010038934 Retinopathy proliferative Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 206010067584 Type 1 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 230000022131 cell cycle Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000002889 endothelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 210000001508 eye Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000012091 fetal bovine serum Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 208000017169 kidney disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003757 reverse transcription PCR Methods 0.000 description 4
- 102000005862 Angiotensin II Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 101800000733 Angiotensin-2 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DWRXFEITVBNRMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Beta-D-1-Arabinofuranosylthymine Natural products O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1C1C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 DWRXFEITVBNRMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000006820 DNA synthesis Effects 0.000 description 3
- CZGUSIXMZVURDU-JZXHSEFVSA-N Ile(5)-angiotensin II Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1NC=NC=1)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C([O-])=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=[NH2+])NC(=O)[C@@H]([NH3+])CC([O-])=O)C(C)C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 CZGUSIXMZVURDU-JZXHSEFVSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102000004877 Insulin Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108090001061 Insulin Proteins 0.000 description 3
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 3
- 206010038848 Retinal detachment Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229950006323 angiotensin ii Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- IQFYYKKMVGJFEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-L-thymidine Natural products O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1C1OC(CO)C(O)C1 IQFYYKKMVGJFEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000036772 blood pressure Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000004204 blood vessel Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 208000020832 chronic kidney disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 201000000523 end stage renal failure Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229940125396 insulin Drugs 0.000 description 3
- PSIFNNKUMBGKDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N losartan Chemical compound CCCCC1=NC(Cl)=C(CO)N1CC1=CC=C(C=2C(=CC=CC=2)C=2NN=NN=2)C=C1 PSIFNNKUMBGKDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008506 pathogenesis Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003762 quantitative reverse transcription PCR Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004264 retinal detachment Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002207 retinal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229940104230 thymidine Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 208000001072 type 2 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000004393 visual impairment Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102000040650 (ribonucleotides)n+m Human genes 0.000 description 2
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (±)-α-Tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 101800000734 Angiotensin-1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102400000344 Angiotensin-1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 108020004635 Complementary DNA Proteins 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940044094 angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000003042 antagnostic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000673 dose–response relationship Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000028208 end stage renal disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 201000001421 hyperglycemia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000003907 kidney function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium stearate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003226 mitogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004498 neuroglial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007911 parenteral administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 201000007914 proliferative diabetic retinopathy Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003826 tablet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003827 upregulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- ACWBQPMHZXGDFX-QFIPXVFZSA-N valsartan Chemical compound C1=CC(CN(C(=O)CCCC)[C@@H](C(C)C)C(O)=O)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NN=NN1 ACWBQPMHZXGDFX-QFIPXVFZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N α-tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2O[C@@](CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N 0.000 description 2
- VQVUBYASAICPFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N (6'-acetyloxy-2',7'-dichloro-3-oxospiro[2-benzofuran-1,9'-xanthene]-3'-yl) acetate Chemical compound O1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC(Cl)=C(OC(C)=O)C=C1OC1=C2C=C(Cl)C(OC(=O)C)=C1 VQVUBYASAICPFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NCYCYZXNIZJOKI-IOUUIBBYSA-N 11-cis-retinal Chemical compound O=C/C=C(\C)/C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C NCYCYZXNIZJOKI-IOUUIBBYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005541 ACE inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010002329 Aneurysm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001156002 Anthonomus pomorum Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002081 C09CA05 - Tasosartan Substances 0.000 description 1
- GHOSNRCGJFBJIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Candesartan cilexetil Chemical compound C=12N(CC=3C=CC(=CC=3)C=3C(=CC=CC=3)C3=NNN=N3)C(OCC)=NC2=CC=CC=1C(=O)OC(C)OC(=O)OC1CCCCC1 GHOSNRCGJFBJIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010007559 Cardiac failure congestive Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100035882 Catalase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010053835 Catalase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000001712 DNA sequencing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010019280 Heart failures Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000032843 Hemorrhage Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004705 High-molecular-weight polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 1
- 101000808011 Homo sapiens Vascular endothelial growth factor A Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 240000007472 Leucaena leucocephala Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010643 Leucaena leucocephala Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108010007859 Lisinopril Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000001344 Macular Edema Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010025415 Macular oedema Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000003183 Manihot esculenta Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016735 Manihot esculenta subsp esculenta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000009857 Microaneurysm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000699660 Mus musculus Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000000636 Northern blotting Methods 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019483 Peanut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000010799 Receptor Interactions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102100040756 Rhodopsin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000820 Rhodopsin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 244000000231 Sesamum indicum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003434 Sesamum indicum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000692 Student's t-test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Superoxide Chemical compound [O-][O] OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 102000019197 Superoxide Dismutase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010012715 Superoxide dismutase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- LEHOTFFKMJEONL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Uric Acid Chemical compound N1C(=O)NC(=O)C2=C1NC(=O)N2 LEHOTFFKMJEONL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TVWHNULVHGKJHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Uric acid Natural products N1C(=O)NC(=O)C2NC(=O)NC21 TVWHNULVHGKJHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000009524 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010073929 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010047513 Vision blurred Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229930003427 Vitamin E Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940087168 alpha tocopherol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- ORWYRWWVDCYOMK-HBZPZAIKSA-N angiotensin I Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1NC=NC=1)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1NC=NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCN=C(N)N)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O)C(C)C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 ORWYRWWVDCYOMK-HBZPZAIKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005557 antagonist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940058087 atacand Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019445 benzyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000005252 bulbus oculi Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006143 cell culture medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002975 chemoattractant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002299 complementary DNA Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940097499 cozaar Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004748 cultured cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007884 disintegrant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000035475 disorder Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004064 dysfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002526 effect on cardiovascular system Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 elixirs Substances 0.000 description 1
- KAQKFAOMNZTLHT-VVUHWYTRSA-N epoprostenol Chemical compound O1C(=CCCCC(O)=O)C[C@@H]2[C@@H](/C=C/[C@@H](O)CCCCC)[C@H](O)C[C@@H]21 KAQKFAOMNZTLHT-VVUHWYTRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001123 epoprostenol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000000416 exudates and transudate Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007850 fluorescent dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013355 food flavoring agent Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003599 food sweetener Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-tocopherol Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC1CCC2C(C)C(O)C(C)C(C)C2O1 WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007903 gelatin capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000009931 harmful effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000013632 homeostatic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000058223 human VEGFA Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 235000003642 hunger Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- TUJKJAMUKRIRHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyl Chemical compound [OH] TUJKJAMUKRIRHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001631 hypertensive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorite Chemical compound Cl[O-] WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010255 intramuscular injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007927 intramuscular injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010253 intravenous injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 1
- RLAWWYSOJDYHDC-BZSNNMDCSA-N lisinopril Chemical compound C([C@H](N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(O)=O)C(O)=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 RLAWWYSOJDYHDC-BZSNNMDCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002394 lisinopril Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000018769 loss of vision Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000864 loss of vision Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 208000020442 loss of weight Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000006210 lotion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007937 lozenge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000010230 macular retinal edema Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000019359 magnesium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004925 microvascular endothelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010369 molecular cloning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002773 nucleotide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003729 nucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XULSCZPZVQIMFM-IPZQJPLYSA-N odevixibat Chemical compound C12=CC(SC)=C(OCC(=O)N[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC)C(O)=O)C=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)C=C2S(=O)(=O)NC(CCCC)(CCCC)CN1C1=CC=CC=C1 XULSCZPZVQIMFM-IPZQJPLYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002674 ointment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006186 oral dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008203 oral pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002018 overexpression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000915 pathological change Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000036285 pathological change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007310 pathophysiology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000312 peanut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003961 penetration enhancing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000649 photocoagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006950 reactive oxygen species formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000844 retinal pigment epithelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000241 scar Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003248 secreting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007920 subcutaneous administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010254 subcutaneous injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007929 subcutaneous injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000829 suppository Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013268 sustained release Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012730 sustained-release form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003765 sweetening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035488 systolic blood pressure Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012222 talc Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960000651 tasosartan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ADXGNEYLLLSOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tasosartan Chemical compound C12=NC(C)=NC(C)=C2CCC(=O)N1CC(C=C1)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1C=1N=NNN=1 ADXGNEYLLLSOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940078806 teveten Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000035922 thirst Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229960000984 tocofersolan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011830 transgenic mouse model Methods 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940116269 uric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002792 vascular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000005167 vascular cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940046009 vitamin E Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002076 α-tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000004835 α-tocopherol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/74—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving hormones or other non-cytokine intercellular protein regulatory factors such as growth factors, including receptors to hormones and growth factors
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
- A61K31/415—1,2-Diazoles
- A61K31/416—1,2-Diazoles condensed with carbocyclic ring systems, e.g. indazole
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
- A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
- A61K31/4178—1,3-Diazoles not condensed 1,3-diazoles and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. pilocarpine, nitrofurantoin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
- A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
- A61K31/4184—1,3-Diazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. benzimidazoles
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
- A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
- A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/14—Vasoprotectives; Antihaemorrhoidals; Drugs for varicose therapy; Capillary stabilisers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2500/00—Screening for compounds of potential therapeutic value
- G01N2500/04—Screening involving studying the effect of compounds C directly on molecule A (e.g. C are potential ligands for a receptor A, or potential substrates for an enzyme A)
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Diabetes (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Endocrinology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Obesity (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Description
ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS FOR PREVENTING THE DEVELOPMENT OR PROGRESSION
OF MICROVASCULAR DISEASE DUE TO DIABETES
§ The present invention relates to the field of inhibitors of angiotensin ll receptor blockers and particularly-addresses their use in diabetes to prevent the development or progression of microvascular disease (i.e. disease involving small blood vessels) affecting eyes (diabetic retinopathy) and kidneys (diabetic nephropathy).
Diabetes is a disorder in which the body is unable to metabolize carbohydrates (e.g. food starches, sugars, cellulose) properly. The disease is characterized by excessive amounts of sugar in the blood (hyperglycemia) and urine, inadequate production and/or utilization of insulin, and by thirst, hunger, and loss of weight. Diabetes is affecting about 2% of the population. Of these 10-15% are insulin dependant (type 1) diabetics and the remainder non insulin dependant (type 2) diabetics.
Retinopathy is damage to the retina caused-by microvascular changes. Diabetic retinopathy is a specific microvascular complication of both type1 and type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of retinopathy is strongly linked to the duration of diabetes.
After 20 years of diabetes nearly all patients with type 1 diabetes and over 60% of patients with type 2 diabetes have some degree of retinopathy. A diabetic is 25 times more likely to go blind than a person in the general population. Upton a fifth of newly diagnosed diabetics have been found to have some retinopathy. Additionally, retinopathy develops earlier-and is more severe in diabetics with elevated systolic blood pressure levels. On average, a careful eye examination reveals mild retinal abnormalities about seven years after the onset of diabetes, but the damage that "threatens vision usually does not occur until much later. Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of blindness in the working age population in many countries.
In the early phases of retinopathy, weakening of the small blood vessels in the retina produces bulges in the vessels (microaneurysms) and leakage of fluid (exudates) and blood (hemorrhages). Proliferative retinopathy, a later stage of the disease, . involves the growth of fragile new blood vessels on the retina and into the vitreous, a jelly-like substance inside the eyeball. These vessels can rupture and release blood
0. into the vitreous, which causes blurred vision or temporary blindness. The scar tissue that may subsequently develop can pull on the retina and cause retinal detachment, which may lead to permanent vision loss. Macular edema-swelling due to fluid ‘accumulating around the macular, the part of the retina most crucial for fine vision, may also occur. If proliferative retinopathy is left untreated, about half of those who "+ have it will become blind within five years, compared to just 5% of those who receive - treatment. :
The condition can be treated with laser photocoagulation, if it is detected early.
Additionally, reduction in hyperglycemia at any time in the course of diabetes will result in a significant decrease in the long-term incidence and progression of retinopathy and in the development of visual loss. In the EUCLID study, the - . - angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor lisinopril reduced the risk of . vj.
Le progression of retinopathy by approximately 50%, and also significantly reducedithe,
ET "risk of progression to proliferative retinopathy. However, inthe: EUCLID Study: cE "retinopathy was not a primary endpoint and the study was rot sufficiently powered for eye-related outcomes. Preventing the development or progression of the condition has the potential to save vision at a relatively low cost compared to the costs associated with a loss of vision. Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide further means which contribute to the prevention of the development or progression of diabetic retinopathy.
Nephropathy is the deterioration of the kidneys. Diabetic nephropathy is a specific microvascular complication of both type1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is more likely to lead to the final stage of nephropathy called end-stage renal disease (ESRD). There are five stages of diabetic nephropathy, the fiith stage is ESRD.
Progress from one stage to the next can take many years, with 23 years being the average length of time to reach stage five. Diabetes is the most common cause of
ESRD accounting for more than 40 percent of cases in the US. : . Treatment for diabetic nephropathy attempts to manage and slow the progression of the disease. Aggressive blood pressure control is by far the most important factor in protecting kidney function. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are considered to provide the best protection for the kidneys. According to the RENAAL Study (Brenner et al, The New England Journal of Medicine 345:861-869, 2001) the angiotensin Il receptor blocker losartan might offer similar protection, but concems have been raised regarding to both the patient population as well as the outcome measures. Due to these methodological flaws and the incomplete data in the study, the question of the effectiveness and safety of this treatment in diabetic nephropathy remains unanswered (Fisman et al, Cardiovascular Diabetology 1:2, 2002). From the data of the similar IDNT study (Lewis et al, The New England Journal of Medicine 345:851-860, 2001) it has been concluded that the angiotensin-li-receptor blocker irbesartan is effective in protecting against the progression of nephropathy due to type Il diabetes. Yet, preventing the devetopment or progression of the condition has the potential to save kidney function Thus, it is another object of the present . invention to provide further mearis vihich contribute to.the prevention of the. ‘development or:progression of diabetic. nephropathy.
Angiotensin Il plays a major role in pathophysiology, especially as the most potent blood pressure increasing agent in humans. Angiotensin Il receptor blockers, particularly blockers of the type 1 receptor, are used for treating elevated blood pressure and congestive heart failure in a mammal. Examples of angiotensin I receptor blockers (also called angiotensin Il antagonists) are described in
EP-A-253310 , EP-A-323841, EP-A-324377, EP-A-420237, EP-A-43983,
EP-A-459136, EP-A-475206, EP-A-502314, EP-A-504888, EP-A-514198,
WO 91/14679, WO 93/20816, US 4,355,040 and US 4,880,804. Specific angiotensin [I receptor blockers are sartans such as candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, tasosartan, telmisartan or valsartan.
The ongoing Diabetic Retinopathy Candesartan Trials (DIRECT) program has been established to determine whether AT 1-receptor blockade with candesartan can preventthe incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. This program involves normotensive or treated hypertensive individuals and will assess the potential of an
AT1-receptor blocker to protect against the pathological changes in the eye following diabetes. (Sjelie and Chaturvedi, Journal of Human Hypertension (August 2002) 16
Suppl, pages 42-46).
In the context of the present invention the effect of angiotensin Il receptor blockers on the development or progression of retinopathy is determined in a cell culture system avoiding extensive clinical trials. The system allows to determine, whether or not a selectéd or potential angiotensin It inhibitor is effective in the prevention of the development or progression of retinopathy.
Vessels of the microvasculature are composed of only two types of cells, endothelial cells and pericytes. Pericytes regulate the growth of co-cultured endothelial cells and servea pivotal role in the maintenance of microvascular homeostasis. For instance . they preserve the ability of co-cultured endothelial cells.to produce prostacyclin, and to protect them against lipid-peroxide-induced:imjury: Pericyte loss and dysfunetion. are characteristic histopathological hallmarksbseried in the early phase of.diabetic retinopathy. :
The method according to the present invention allows to screen for angiotensin Il . receptor blockers, and in particular for angiotensin Il receptor blockers which prevent the development or progression of diabetic retinopathy or nephropathy. It comprises (a) treating pericyte tissue culture cells with or without angiotensin Il in the presence or absence of a potential angiotensin Il receptor blocker compound, (b) measuring the amount of intracellularly generated reactive oxygen species, and (c) identifying the compounds, which inhibit the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species induced by the presence of angiotensin 11 in the culture medium.
The cell culture system used is based on pericytes isolated: from mammalian retina such as bovine retina. The cells are maintained in commercially available cell culture media such as Dulbecco’s Eagles medium usually supplemented with fetal bovine serum. The term reactive oxygen species comprises molecules like hydrogen peroxide, ions like the hypochlorite ion, radicals like the hydroxyl radical which is the most reactive of them all, and the superoxide anion which is both ion and radical, An important aspect of the method is the finding that the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species in pericytes increases in a dose-dependent manner after : treating the cultured cells with angiotensin Il. Simultaneously DNA synthesis as measured by the incorporation of [*H]thymidine in pericytes is decreased, whereas mRNAs for vascular permeability factor (VEGF), a specific mitogen to endothelial cells involved in the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and platelet - derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B), a potent mitogen and chemoattractant for microvascular endothelial cells and glial cells in the retina, are increased. ' 10 Angiotensin Il is a trigger of high blood pressure known as a major risk factor for diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. Reactive oxygen species damage other molecules and, thus, the cell structures of which they are: part. Generally cells use a . variety of defenses against the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species including small molecules. with antioxidative properties such as.alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), uric acid, andwvitamin C or the two. enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase.
Adding additional amounts of antioxidants like N-acetylcystein (NAC) during the treatment of pericytes with angiotensin li reverses the increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species induced by the presence of angiotensin Il.
Due to these findings, compounds which are devoid of antioxidative properties will prevent the development or progression of diabetic retinopathy or nephropathy, if they are capable of inhibiting in pericyte cell cultures the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species induced by the presence of angiotensin Il in the cell culture ~~ medium. Thus, compounds can be screened by treating pericytes 1-48 hours, preferably 24 hours with or without angiotensin Il in the presence or absence of such a compound. Following treatment the generation of reactive oxygen species is measured. Using this screening method the angiotensin Il receptor blockers such as ielmisartan were found to inhibit in pericyte cell cultures the increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species induced by angiotensin Il, whereas treatment 3p with the receptor blocker alone did not affect the generation of reactive oxygen species. Thus, activation of angiotensin Il receptor signaling in pericytes contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic microvascular disease and antagonizing angiotensin
: -6- N il with compounds such as teimisartan prevent the development or progression of diseases such as diabetic retinopathy by attenuating pericyte loss and dysfunction.
As a consequence of these results the present invention teaches a method of preventing the development or progression of microvascular disease due to diabetes such diabetic retinopathy or nephropathy comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of an angiotensin Il receptor blocker. The angiotensin Il receptor blockers can be used for the production of a pharmaceutical composition to prevent the development or progression of microvascular disease due to diabetes in an individual in need thereof.
Preferred examples of angiotensin Ii receptor blockers are candesartan, eprosartan, _irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan or valsartan, but any-receptor blocker can be used which is:capable of inhibiting in pericyte cell cultures the:increase in the 15. ‘generation of reactive oxygen species induced by angiotensin H::Individuals . “considered to be in need of such a treatment are affected by one or more risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Examples of such risk factors are diabetes, elevated blood glucose level, proteinuria, elevated blood urea nitrogen, elevated blood creatinine, microalbuminuria or systemic hypertension. - 20
The amount of receptor blocker used is dependent on the actual active ingredient and usually corresponds fo the amount used to treat hypertension. The active compounds can be administered orally, bucally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, rectally or topically, the oral administration being preferred. Parenteral administration may include subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular and intrastemal injections and infusion techniques.
The pharmaceutical composition for preventing the development or progression of diabetic retinopathy comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of an angiotensin Il receptor blocker is primarily dependent on the way of administration.
Dosage ranges include 0.5 to 500 mg/kg p.o., preferably 2 to 80 mg/kg p.o., and 3 mg/kg i.v.
The active compounds can be orally administered in a wide variety of different dosage forms, i.e. they may be formulated with various pharmaceutically acceptable inert carriers in the form of tablets, capsules, lozenges, troches, hard candies, powders, sprays, aqueous suspensions, elixirs, syrups, and the like. Such carriers include solid diluents or fillers, sterile aqueous media and various non-toxic organic solvents, etc. Moreover, such oral pharmaceutical formulations can be suitably sweetened and/or flavored by means of various agents of the type commonly employed for such purposes. In general, the compounds of this invention are present "40 in such oral dosage forms at concentration levels ranging from about 0.5% to about 90% by weight of the total composition, in amounts which are sufficient to provide the desired unit dosages. Other suitable dosage forms for the compounds of this. .:
Invention include controlied release formulations and devices well known {o.those . ‘who practice in the art. 18» CL
For purposes of oral administration, tablets containing various excipients suchas - - sodium citrate, calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate may be employed along with various disintegrants such as starch and preferably potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid and certain complex silicate, together with binding agents such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, gelatin and acacia. Additionally, lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc or compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules; included lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
When aqueous suspensions and/or elixirs are desired for oral administration, the essential active ingredient therein may be combined with various sweetening or flavoring agents, coloring matter or dyes and, if so desired, emulsifying agents and/or water, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin and various like combinations thereof.
For purposes of parenteral administration, solutions of the compounds in sesame or - peanut oil or in aqueous propylene glycol may be employed, as well as sterile aqueous solutions of the corresponding pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Such aqueous solutions should be suitably buffered if necessary, and the liquid diluent
: . rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose. These particular aqueous solutions are especially suitable for intravenous, intramuscular and sub-cutaneous injection purposes. In this connection, the sterile aqueous media employed are readily obtained by standard techniques well known to those skilled in the art. For instance, distilled water is ordinarily used as the liquid diluent and the final : preparation is passed through a suitable bacterial filter such as a sintered glass filter : or a diatomaceeusearth or unglazed porcelain filter. Preferred filters of this type include the Berkefeld, the Chamberland and the Asbestos Disk-Metal Seitz filter, wherein the fluid is sucked into a sterile container with the aid of a suction pump. The necessary steps should be taken throughout the preparation of these injectable solutions to insure that the final products are obtained in a sterile condition. For purposes.of transdermal administration, the dosage form of the particular compound or compounds-may include, by way of example, solutions, lotions, ointments, creams, gels, suppositories, rate-limiting sustained release formulations and devices therefor...
Such dosage forms comprise the particular compound or compounds and may include ethanol, water, penetration enhancer .andinert carriers such as gel-producing - . materials, mineral oil, emulsifying agents, benzyl alcohol and the like.
Angiotensin ll receptor blockers may be administered in a daily dosage of 10 mg (or 0.143 mg/kg, based on a person of 70 kg) to 500 mg (7.143 mg/kg) orally and of about 20 mg (0.286 mg/kg) parenterally, preferably of 20 mg (0.286 mg/kg) to 100 mg (1.429 mg/kg) orally. Particularly preferred is an oral daily dosage of 40 mg (0.571 mg/kg) to 80 mg (1.143 mg/kg) or specifically of about 80 mg (1.143 mg/kg).
Several angiotensin ll receptor blockers are already on the market and can be used for administration, e.g. Approvel®, Atacand®, Blopress®, Cozaar®, Diovan®,
Karvea®, Lortaan®, Lorzaar®, Losaprex®, Micardis®, Neo-Lotan® or Oscaar®, and
Teveten®.
. . i Ce 9 . .
All values were presented as means + standard errors (SE). Statistical significance was evaluated using Student's t test for paired comparison; P<0.05 was considered significant.
Example 1 - Measurement of reactive oxygen species in pericytes
Pericytes were isolated from bovine retina and maintained in Dulbecco’s Eagle's medium supplemented with 20% of fetal bovine serum (FBS) as described in
Yamagishi et al, Circulation 87:1969,. 1993.
Angiotensin I treatment was carried out in medium containing 2% FBS. Pericytes were treated with or without 107 or 10° M angiotensin Il in the presence or absence of 107 M telmisaftan for 24 hours. Then the intraésilular formation of reactive oxygen species was detected as described in Yamagishi ét al, A J Biol Chem 276:25096, 2001 by using the fluorescent probe CM-H,DCFDA (Nolecular Probes Inc, Eugene, g
OR).
Angiotensin Il increased intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner. 10° M angiotensin Il resulted in an increase of about 1.3 fold. Telmisartan was found to completely inhibit the angiotensin II-induced increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species in pericytes, while telmisartan alone did not affect the generation.
Example2 - Measurement of [H]thymidine incorporation In pericytes
Pericytes were treated with or without 107 M angiotensin in the presence or absence of 1mM N-acetylcystein (NAC) for 24 hours, and then [PH}thymidine incorporation in cells was determined as described in Yamagishi et al, FEBS Lett 384:103, 1996.
Angiotensin Il significantly inhibited DNA synthesis in pericytes. NAC significantly prevented the angiotensin il-induced decrease in DNA synthesis in pericytes.
Co
Example 3 - Quantitative reverse transcription PCR of VEGF m-RNA
Sequences and primers for detecting VEGF and B-actin mRNAs are described in
Yamagishi et al, J Biol Chem 272:8723, 1997.
Poly(A)" RNAs were isolated from cells treated with or without 10” M angiotensin Ii in the presence or absence of 107 M telmisartan or 1mM NAC for 4 hours, and analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) as described in
Yamagishi et al, Diabetologia 41:1435, 1998. The amounts of poly(A)" RNA templates (about 30ng) and cell cycle numbers for amplification (28 cycles for VEGF gene and 22 cycles for f-actin gene) were chosen in quantitative ranges were reactions proceeded linearly, which had been determined by plotting signal intensities as functions of the template amounts and cell cycle numbers as described in Yamagishi et al, J Biol Chem 277:20308, 2002. ’
It has been reported that there exist five alternatively spliced products from the single
VEGF gene. They are designated as VEGF z1, VEGF 1s, VEGF 165 VEGF gg; and VEGF206. Since Northern blot analysis can not clearly disciiminate these five mRNA products, we employed a more sensitive semi-quantitative RT-PCR technique as described in Okamoto et al, FASEB J 16:1928, 2002. In these experiments, CDNA products of 486 and 618 base pairs length are amplified from mRNAs for VEGF 2 and VEGFes, respectively. Angiotensin Il significantly up-regulated these secretory forms of VEGF mRNA levels in pericytes. The VEGF mRNA level was about 1.5 fold higher than the basal level when exposed to 10” M angiotensin Il. Telmisartan and
NAC were found to completely inhibit the angiotensin ll-induced up-regulation of
VEGF mRNA levels in pericytes. :
Example 4 - Molecular cloning of bovine PDGF-B partial cDNAs
Partial cDNAs for bovine PDGF-B were cloned using primer sequences designed trom the conserved amino acid sequences GELESL and NNRNVQ in human and sheep PDGF-B. The upstream and downstream primers were : 5-GGCGAGCTGGAGAGCTT-3 and 5°-CTGCACGTTGCGGTTGT-3', respectively.
A 213-base pair RT-PCR product was amplified from 30 ng of bovine retinal pericyte poly(A)* RNA and cloned using the pGEM-T Easy Vector System according to the 'manufacturer’s instructions (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). Cloned PCR products were sequenced by the chain termination method according to the manufacturer's instructions (DNA Sequencing Kit, Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA). The cloned bovine cDNA fragments showed strong sequence similarity with human and sheep PDGF-B. Nucleotide identities were 91% and 94%, amino acid identities 91% and 96% with human and sheep PDGF-B, respectively.
Example5 - Quantitative reverse transcription PCR of PDGF-B m-RNA
To investigate the effects of angiotensin ll on PDGF-B gene expression in cultured retinal pericytes, poly(A)" RNAs were isolated from cells treated with or without
Co 107 M angiotensin Il in the presence or absence of 107 M telmisartan or mM NAC +. for 4 hours, and analyzed by RT-PCR as described in Yamagishi et ai, Kidney Int ._45- 63:464, 2003. The amounts of poly(A)" RNA templates (about 30ng) and cell cycle © numbers for amplification (28 cycles for PDGF-B gene and 22 cycles for -actin gene) were chosen in quantitative ranges were reactions proceeded linearly, which ~ had been determined by plotting signal intensities as functions of the template amounts and cell cycle numbers as described in Yamagishi et al, J Biol Chem 277:20309, 2002. Sequences of primers for detecting bovine B-actin mRNAs were the same as described in Okamoto et al, FASEB J 16:1928, 2002.
PDGF-B has been implicated in vascular proliferative retinopathies, and hemizygous rhodopsin promoter/PDGF-B transgenic mice were shown to exhibit proliferation of vascular cells, glial cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells resulting in retinal detachment. In the present experiment angiotensin Il was found to significantly up- regulate PDGF-B mRNA levels in pericytes. When exposed to 107 M angiotensin II the PDGF-B mRNA level was about 5-fold higher than the basal level. Telmisartan or
NAG were found to significantly inhibit the angiotensin Il induced up-regulation of
PDGF mRNA levels. From this itis concluded that angiotensin ll-type 1 receptor interaction is involved in the pathogenesis of retinal detachment in proliferative diabetic retinopathy through overexpression of PDGF-B, and that antagonizing angiotensin Il action by angiotensin Il receptor blockers delays or even prevents the progression of diabetic retinopathy by.attenuating PDGF-B expression in vivo.
Claims (14)
1. Use of an angiotensin Il receptor blocker in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing the development or progression of microvascular disease due to diabetes.
2. The use of claim 1, wherein the angiotensin II receptor blocker is a receptor blocker which in pericyte cell culture inhibits the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species induced by the presence of angiotensin Il in the culture medium.
3. The use of claim 2, wherein the angiotensin Il receptor blocker is selected from candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan or valsartan.
4. The use of claim 1 preventing the development or progression of diabetic retinopathy.
5. The use of claim 1, wherein the individual is affected by one or more of the risk factors diabetes, elevated blood glucose level, proteinuria, elevated blood urea nitrogen, elevated blood creatinine, microalbuminuria or systemic hypertension.
6. A method to screen for angiotensin II receptor blockers which prevent the development or progression of microvascular disease due to diabetes, comprising (a) treating pericyte tissue culture cells with or without angiotensin 11 in the presence or absence of a potential angiotensin Il receptor blocker compound, (b) measuring the amount of intracellularly generated reactive oxygen species, and AMENDED SHEET
(c) identifying the compounds, which inhibit the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species induced by the presence of angiotensin Il in the culture medium.
7. A pharmaceutical composition for preventing the development or progression of microvascular disease due to diabetes such as diabetic retinopathy comprising a pharmaceutically effactive amount of an angiotensin Il receptor blocker.
8. Use of an angiotensin ll receptor blocker for the production of a pharmaceutical composition to prevent the development or progression of microvascular disease due to diabetes such as diabetic retinopathy in an individual in need thereof.
9. The use according to claim 8, wherein the angiotensin 1 receptor blocker is a receptor blocker which in pericyte cell culture inhibits the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species induced by the presence of angiotensin il in the culture medium.
10. The use according to claim 9, wherein the inhibitor of the angiotensin Il receptor blocker is selected from candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan or valsartan.
11. The use of claim 8, wherein the individual is affected by one or more of the risk factors diabetes, elevated blood glucose level, proteinuria, elevated blood urea nitrogen, elevated blood creatinine, microalbuminuria or systemic hypertension.
12. Use according to claim 1 or claim 8, substantially as herein described and exemplified.
13. A method according to claim 6, substantially as herein described and exemplified.
14. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7, substantially as herein described and exemplified. AMENDED SHEEY
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10319592A DE10319592A1 (en) | 2003-05-02 | 2003-05-02 | Treatment of diabetic retinopathy with angiotensin II receptor blockers |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ZA200508263B true ZA200508263B (en) | 2007-02-28 |
Family
ID=33305091
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ZA200508263A ZA200508263B (en) | 2003-05-02 | 2005-10-12 | Angiotensin II receptor blockers for preventing the development or progression of microvascular disease due to diabetes |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1622607A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2006525269A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20060009288A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1784225A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2004233597A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0409853A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2524248A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE10319592A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA05011760A (en) |
RU (1) | RU2005137361A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004096211A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200508263B (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7812770B2 (en) | 2006-08-29 | 2010-10-12 | Research In Motion Limited | Mobile wireless communications device including an electrically conductive, electrically floating element and related methods |
WO2009087900A1 (en) * | 2008-01-11 | 2009-07-16 | Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited | Pharmaceutical agent for prevention or treatment of diseases accompanied by intraocular vascular hyperpermeability |
JP5860210B2 (en) * | 2010-12-07 | 2016-02-16 | 株式会社オフテクス | Composition for promoting lacrimal secretion containing at least one of telmisartan and losartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, and a preparation for oral administration containing lacrimal secretion containing the composition |
KR102233673B1 (en) * | 2016-01-27 | 2021-03-30 | 보령제약 주식회사 | Pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating diabetic nephropathy |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SI9210098B (en) * | 1991-02-06 | 2000-06-30 | Dr. Karl Thomae | Benzimidazoles, drugs with this compounds, and process for their preparation |
CA2420055C (en) * | 2000-08-25 | 2010-06-01 | Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Fibrinogen-lowering agent |
US20020091082A1 (en) * | 2000-09-13 | 2002-07-11 | Aiello Lloyd P. | Methods of modulating symptoms of hypertension |
US7232828B2 (en) * | 2002-08-10 | 2007-06-19 | Bethesda Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | PPAR Ligands that do not cause fluid retention, edema or congestive heart failure |
DE10319450A1 (en) * | 2003-04-30 | 2004-11-18 | Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Gmbh & Co. Kg | Pharmaceutical formulation of telmisartan sodium salt |
-
2003
- 2003-05-02 DE DE10319592A patent/DE10319592A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2004
- 2004-04-30 MX MXPA05011760A patent/MXPA05011760A/en unknown
- 2004-04-30 WO PCT/EP2004/004616 patent/WO2004096211A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-04-30 BR BRPI0409853-6A patent/BRPI0409853A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-04-30 JP JP2006505345A patent/JP2006525269A/en active Pending
- 2004-04-30 EP EP04730529A patent/EP1622607A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-04-30 RU RU2005137361/14A patent/RU2005137361A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-04-30 CA CA002524248A patent/CA2524248A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-04-30 KR KR1020057020840A patent/KR20060009288A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-04-30 AU AU2004233597A patent/AU2004233597A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-04-30 CN CNA200480011878XA patent/CN1784225A/en active Pending
-
2005
- 2005-10-12 ZA ZA200508263A patent/ZA200508263B/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BRPI0409853A (en) | 2006-05-16 |
AU2004233597A1 (en) | 2004-11-11 |
JP2006525269A (en) | 2006-11-09 |
CA2524248A1 (en) | 2004-11-11 |
CN1784225A (en) | 2006-06-07 |
KR20060009288A (en) | 2006-01-31 |
EP1622607A1 (en) | 2006-02-08 |
WO2004096211A1 (en) | 2004-11-11 |
DE10319592A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
MXPA05011760A (en) | 2006-01-26 |
RU2005137361A (en) | 2006-07-27 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Gelling et al. | Insulin action in the brain contributes to glucose lowering during insulin treatment of diabetes | |
Min et al. | Renal complications of diabetes | |
Zhu et al. | Vaccarin administration ameliorates hypertension and cardiovascular remodeling in renovascular hypertensive rats | |
Li et al. | ZLN005 protects cardiomyocytes against high glucose-induced cytotoxicity by promoting SIRT1 expression and autophagy | |
Dierschke et al. | Angiotensin-(1–7) attenuates protein O-GlcNAcylation in the retina by Epac/Rap1-dependent inhibition of O-GlcNAc transferase | |
KR20090080954A (en) | Angiotensin II receptor antagonist for the treatment of systemic diseases in cats | |
ZA200508263B (en) | Angiotensin II receptor blockers for preventing the development or progression of microvascular disease due to diabetes | |
Zhu et al. | Lycium barbarum polysaccharides attenuates high glucose-induced diabetic retinal angiogenesis by rescuing the expression of miR-15a-5p in RF/6A cells | |
Schjoedt | The rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its blockade in diabetic nephropathy | |
Liang et al. | Statin downregulation of miR-652-3p protects endothelium from dyslipidemia by promoting ISL1 expression | |
Zheng et al. | Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and β-adrenergic blockers on retinal vascular endothelial growth factor expression in rat diabetic retinopathy | |
Shen et al. | Astragaloside IV attenuates podocyte apoptosis through ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction by up-regulated Nrf2-ARE/TFAM signaling in diabetic kidney disease | |
Maruno et al. | Exploring molecular targets in diabetic kidney disease | |
Fatima et al. | Sestrin2 suppression aggravates oxidative stress and apoptosis in endothelial cells subjected to pharmacologically induced endoplasmic reticulum stress | |
Dorenkamp et al. | Protection against oxidative stress in diabetic rats: role of angiotensin AT1 receptor and beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonism | |
Liu et al. | Effects of micro RNA‐133b on retinal vascular endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis through angiotensinogen‐mediated angiotensin II‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 signalling pathway in rats with diabetic retinopathy | |
EP3630164B1 (en) | Dulaglutide for the treatment of chronic kidney disease | |
US20050038093A1 (en) | Treating diabetic retinopathy with angiotensin II receptor blockers | |
Zhang et al. | Knockdown of GCN2 inhibits high glucose‐induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelial cells | |
Gong et al. | Inhibiting autophagy by miR-19a-3p/PTEN regulation protected retinal pigment epithelial cells from hyperglycemic damage | |
Wautier et al. | Modulation of RAGE expression influences the adhesion of red blood cells from diabetic patients | |
Nakhoul et al. | Diabetic nephropathy from RAAS to autophagy: the era for new players | |
KR101752961B1 (en) | Composition for Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Comprising in Inhibitor of Integrin alpha3 or beta1 and Screening Method for the Composition | |
Ono et al. | Gene expression changes in the retina after systemic administration of aldosterone | |
WO2011111066A2 (en) | Composition and uses thereof |