ZA200409432B - System method and device for producing a supporting framework or rigid girder - Google Patents
System method and device for producing a supporting framework or rigid girder Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ZA200409432B ZA200409432B ZA2004/09432A ZA200409432A ZA200409432B ZA 200409432 B ZA200409432 B ZA 200409432B ZA 2004/09432 A ZA2004/09432 A ZA 2004/09432A ZA 200409432 A ZA200409432 A ZA 200409432A ZA 200409432 B ZA200409432 B ZA 200409432B
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- South Africa
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- bar
- elements
- connection
- bamboo
- hollow
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
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- E04B1/38—Connections for building structures in general
- E04B1/58—Connections for building structures in general of bar-shaped building elements
- E04B1/5825—Connections for building structures in general of bar-shaped building elements with a closed cross-section
- E04B1/5837—Connections for building structures in general of bar-shaped building elements with a closed cross-section of substantially circular form
- E04B1/585—Connections for building structures in general of bar-shaped building elements with a closed cross-section of substantially circular form with separate connection devices
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27C—PLANING, DRILLING, MILLING, TURNING OR UNIVERSAL MACHINES FOR WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL
- B27C3/00—Drilling machines or drilling devices; Equipment therefor
- B27C3/06—Drilling machines or devices for making dowel holes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27F—DOVETAILED WORK; TENONS; SLOTTING MACHINES FOR WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES
- B27F1/00—Dovetailed work; Tenons; Making tongues or grooves; Groove- and- tongue jointed work; Finger- joints
- B27F1/16—Making finger joints, i.e. joints having tapers in the opposite direction to those of dovetail joints
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27G—ACCESSORY MACHINES OR APPARATUS FOR WORKING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS; TOOLS FOR WORKING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS; SAFETY DEVICES FOR WOOD WORKING MACHINES OR TOOLS
- B27G15/00—Boring or turning tools; Augers
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- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
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- E04B1/48—Dowels, i.e. members adapted to penetrate the surfaces of two parts and to take the shear stresses
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
- F16B12/00—Jointing of furniture or the like, e.g. hidden from exterior
- F16B12/10—Jointing of furniture or the like, e.g. hidden from exterior using pegs, bolts, tenons, clamps, clips, or the like
- F16B12/12—Jointing of furniture or the like, e.g. hidden from exterior using pegs, bolts, tenons, clamps, clips, or the like for non-metal furniture parts, e.g. made of wood, of plastics
- F16B12/125—Jointing of furniture or the like, e.g. hidden from exterior using pegs, bolts, tenons, clamps, clips, or the like for non-metal furniture parts, e.g. made of wood, of plastics using mortise and tenon joints
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- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
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- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
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- E04B1/1903—Connecting nodes specially adapted therefor
- E04B1/1909—Connecting nodes specially adapted therefor with central cylindrical connecting element
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- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B1/1903—Connecting nodes specially adapted therefor
- E04B1/1912—Connecting nodes specially adapted therefor with central cubical connecting element
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- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/26—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of wood
- E04B1/2604—Connections specially adapted therefor
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/1924—Struts specially adapted therefor
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/1924—Struts specially adapted therefor
- E04B2001/1927—Struts specially adapted therefor of essentially circular cross section
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/1924—Struts specially adapted therefor
- E04B2001/1945—Wooden struts
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
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- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/1957—Details of connections between nodes and struts
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/1957—Details of connections between nodes and struts
- E04B2001/196—Screw connections with axis parallel to the main axis of the strut
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/1957—Details of connections between nodes and struts
- E04B2001/1972—Welded or glued connection
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/1981—Three-dimensional framework structures characterised by the grid type of the outer planes of the framework
- E04B2001/1984—Three-dimensional framework structures characterised by the grid type of the outer planes of the framework rectangular, e.g. square, grid
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/1981—Three-dimensional framework structures characterised by the grid type of the outer planes of the framework
- E04B2001/1987—Three-dimensional framework structures characterised by the grid type of the outer planes of the framework triangular grid
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/26—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of wood
- E04B1/2604—Connections specially adapted therefor
- E04B2001/2652—Details of nailing, screwing, or bolting
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
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- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/26—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of wood
- E04B1/2604—Connections specially adapted therefor
- E04B2001/2668—Connections specially adapted therefor for members with a round cross-section
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
- Mutual Connection Of Rods And Tubes (AREA)
- Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
- Conveying And Assembling Of Building Elements In Situ (AREA)
- Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)
- Artificial Fish Reefs (AREA)
- Connection Of Plates (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
- Jigs For Machine Tools (AREA)
Description
To PCT/EP03/04264 ) System, Method and Device for Producing - a Supporting Framework or Rigid Girder Structure
The invention relates to a system, a method and a device for producing a truss from bar-elements, which are joined or joinable, and from connection-elements located or placeable between those at their joint places, whereby the bar-elements consist of at least one segment of a material of high-growing plants each, and the connection- elements consist of a rigid, regenerative material. Preferably, connection-elements are provided wherever two or more bar-elements meet whose longitudinal axes are not coaxial to each other.
DE-PS 43 33 029 C2 describes a truss made from bamboo culms, which are connected to each other via connection-elements, whereby the connection-elements exhibit at least one drill hole each, in which a free end of an unprocessed bamboo culm each is inserted, and whereby the connection-elements are die-casted or casted at the free ends of the bamboo culm or are fixed at the free ends of the bamboo culm by a glueing or casting agent. Thereby the irregularities of the bamboo culm are compensated by the die-casting-, glueing- or casting-agent. For this purpose, the drill holes in the connection-elements have to be much overdimensioned, because the cross-sectional areas of bamboo culms can vary in a wide range. This leads to a huge demand for die-casting-, glueing- or casting-agent.
Since, owing to the great volume of the used material, the mechanical properties of the die-casting-, glueing- or casting-agent are of high importance for the stability of the framework, besides their adhesive properties, too, a material of very high quality is required so that the total expenses are heavily increased. Furthermore, the assembly is very work-intensive.
From the disadvantages of the described prior art, there arises the problem initiating the invention, to improve a generic system for producing a truss in such a way, that there results an optimum ratio between efforts and achievement, i.e. that the costs and/or the expenditure of work for producing a building can be decreased, without its stability suffering therefrom.
Co 2 PCT/EPO3/04264 : At a generic system, the solution of this problem is achieved by the charaacterising features of patent claim 1. Preferred systems can be seen from thes claims subordinated to said claim 1.
High growing plants are reinforced with fibres running in longitudinal direc=tion and therefore show an optimum stability for (tensile) stress along their lon gitudinal direction. On the other hand, since buildings produced by the system according to the invention are broken up into trusses with nodes and straight con nections between those, it is not required that the bar-elements have a high bending strength.
Therefore, fibres running slantwise or transversal with regard to the longitud inal axis of the bar element, and in particular those running in radial directions or crosswise with regard to each other, can be renounced. By using regenerative raw materials for the bar-elements, the use of expensive chemicals can be saved, which furtBhermore 1s come from fossil and therefore only limited available materials. Furttnmermore, regenerative raw materials are built up by photosynthesis, whereby the carbon, which is required for a multitude of organic compounds, is abstracted fwrom the carbon dioxide of the air; therefore, its climate-changing effect as a greenho use gas is reduced. Biological materials can also be disposed of more easily without ollution of the environment.
For the system according to the invention, it is of central importance that at #&he joint between a bar-element and a connecting element or a further bar-element, each of both bodies exhibits at least in a selected area a surface which runs along the surface generated by a cylinder, cone, prism or a pyramid, as well as at least in another selected area a surface which runs along a hollow cylinder, holloww cone, hollow prism and/or a hollow pyramid respectively. On the one hand, these are bodies which can be produced with relatively simple processes like milling or lathing.
On the other hand, this enables a connection by plugging with closely acdjoining surfaces, which are suitable for a locking by clamping and/or glueing. By utiliz ation of a press fit an even higher strength of the bonding is achievable. For instance, at a bar-element a convex hollow element (inside) is always present within a ¢ oncave solid element (outside), so that two standardized surfaces lying in each other can be created easily by processing the inner and the outer side. If two surfaces, whaich are
; 3 PCT/EP03/04264 ) approximately complementary, are created at the connection-element, whereby the . convex hollow element is located outside of the concave solid element (core), then the potential bonding area and therefore the strength of the joint can be approximately doubled. Furthermore, a bar-element inserted into the recess is completely covered at its face side, and therefore is always firmly pressed to both bonding areas even during different expansions, e.g. caused by moisture (swelling).
The invention recommends that the two different geometrical shapes, along which the surface of a body runs, are aligned concentrically to each other. Such an arrangement of special homogeneity can be produced in a very simple way, and, for instance, it comes closest to the natural geometry of a bamboo culm.
If the two different, but somehow symmetric shapes, along which the surface of the body runs, exhibit constant distances from each other, then the result is an isotropic structure, which permits an arbitrary rotation of the bamboo culm around its axis, and therefore offers an additional degree of freedom to enable a fine adjustment at difficult nodes of the truss. :
The joint of a bar-element with a connection-element can be constructed as a plug- connection to relieve additional locking-means by an intensive positive joint.
Clamping joints as well as adhesive joints, for instance with the help of wood glue, can be used as locking means. Additionally to the positive locking of the plugging connection, threaded sleeves and/or screwing bolts can be arranged to transmit forces acting along the longitudinal direction of the plugging connection (partially) via a screwed joint.
For clamping a bar-element at a connection-element or at an additional bar-element, a core, which is integrated there and designed for engagement with the bar-element, can be spreaded and thereby pressed from the inside against the inner side of the bar-element. To spread the core a continually widening element, e.g. of the shape of a cone or of a frustum of a pyramid, can be pushed or pulled into an inner, preferably centric recess of the spreadable core. Thereby, this element transforms an actuating force of axial direction into a radial deformation of a spreadable core. For this purpose, connection-element can have a cut-out running through its core, into which
" 4 PCT/EP03/04264 ) the shaft of a screw, a threaded bolt or the like is insertable. The= latter derives its : axial force from a self-locking twist with regard to another threade=d element, which thereby receives the counter-force appearing during the pulling of &an element with a widening cross-section into the core.
If a connecting element is in the shape of a ring, then not only bar-eslements directed to said connecting element from arbitrary directions within the base- plane of the ring can be accommodated and securely anchored. Moreover, it is posssible to prolong the recesses for accommodation of a screw-like spreading element each as far as to the inner side of the ring, in order to be able to apply a threaded element or another clamping element there, which in turn can be comfortably acctuated after the concerned connections have been made. However, preferably the longitudinal axes of all connected bar-elements are directed towards a central point oef the connection- element, so that no torque appears in the truss which could lead to flexural stress of the bar-elements.
Preferably, a connection-element has a discoid shape, for instance with a circular or triangular, quadrilateral or hexagonal base. Such a connection-elen—ent is especially suitable for planar trusses, as all connections lie within one plane there. If, for instance, a crossbar to a parallel planar truss is to be made, then it is advisable to design these connections not to be perpendicular to a planar truss. The slanted anchoring structures required for this can be accommodated at a variety of locations at a discoid connection-element, but also at a further connection-el ement affixed to it. The thickness of such a discoid connection-element should be greater than the maximum diameter of a bar-element, so that its ending regio n is completely embedded into the connection-element. Thereby, if for instance barmboo is used for the bar-elements, the more sensitive inner side of the bamboo culm is not accessible from outside.
Next to the described embodiment of a connection-element made as one piece, it could also be made from two pieces, so that the two halves initially- separated from one another can be put around a continuous bar-element in order to completely surround it after joining, and, for instance, to anchor a further bar-eleement at a place of a truss where previously no node was present. In this wa), such a half
- ) 5 PCT/EP03/04264 ) connection-element can also be fixed to the shaft of a bar-element, e.g. with : adhesives. For this purpose, such connection-element comprises a concave connecting surface which encloses the concerned bar-element partially. In order to produce such a bonding joint, the concerned area of the shaft of a bar-element should be machined at its outer side, too, especially milled to a round shape.
It is in the scope of the invention that a bar-element can be inserted between two connection-elements, or between two other bar-elements in order to prolong these in coaxial direction. While in the first case both ends of the bar-element should exhibit the same plug-connection-structure (e.g. annular tongue — annular tongue), it is advisable in the latter case that principally complementary plug-connection- structures are designated at both ends (e.g. annular tongue — annular groove), so that the result are normed bar-elements matching to each other. 1s Moreover, the invention suggests the utilization of stems, stalks or shanks of high- growing plants, which can be easily processed to elongated elements for trusses.
Besides the Dicotyledones prevalent in Europe, especially the deciduous and coniferous trees, where thin trunks with a diameter up to approximately 10 or 15 cm (so-called weak-wood) are especially suitable, also plants of the species of the
Monocotyledones (palm trees, grasses, etc.) can be used, as the vascular bundles of said Monocotyledones are spread so irregularly that no xylem rays appear. As a result the fibres are not arranged in a regular pattern side by side. As all fibres run parallel to each other, a configuration for instance in isogonal rows or even in one single ring would lead to layers of bonding agent which are not reinforced, along which a peeling-off, i.e. the formation of cracks would be considerably facilitated.
Therefore, such fibreless central or xylem rays should be avoided where possible.
Further, an increase of the density of the fibres is desirable from the center to the outer circumference of the bar-element, where naturally the highest forces appear in the case of still appearing flexural stress. Following this idea of the invention, among the family of the Gramineae one will find the so-called giant grasses or bamboo plants, which have the further advantage of an increase of vascular bundles or vascular fibres at the outer circumference and therefore feature a high flexural strength despite of fibres running in longitudinal direction. Certainly, the stems or stalks of bamboo plants are divided in their longitudinal direction into nodes (node
- ) 6 PCT/EP03/04264 ) levels) and into internodes (tube-like areas). The cross -linking of the fibres at the - nodes shall increase the elasticity of the living bamboo; however, in harvested and dried bamboo those can cause tensions, and therefore they should be pierced. An excessive impairment of the stability of such bamboo culm is not to be expected therefrom. As the internode-segments have a structure of extreme homogeneity and as the nodes as centres of growth constitute only thin |&ayers, the properties of the tubes are dominated by the segments, i.e. the internodes.. Merely the tensile strength is decreased in the nodes, but not compressive, shear ard flexural strength, so that the stability of a truss which is predominately subjected teo compressive forces does not suffer from this.
Some bamboo plants grow within one year to a height of up to 30 meters, while in the following years only a lignification without additiona | growth occurs. With the high-growing bamboo-plants the diameter of the trun k is between 5 and 20 centimetres, and the wall-thickness of the tube is approximately between 0.5 and 8.0 centimetres. With the exception of the regularly appearing nodes, Bamboo has no defects like they are found at Dicotyledones, for instance in the form of starting points of branches (so-called knotholes), and which addit ionally impair the stability.
Due to its high mechanical strength, a bamboo culm can absorb high tensile and/or compressive forces in longitudinal direction, which are cormparable to those of steel in the area of the internodes. The flexural stress is ormly limited by a tendency towards the creation of bucklings when high flexural forces are applied. Although bamboo plants are growing slightly more straight than most types of trees, almost always inestimable curvatures are present as well as considerable irregularities regarding the diameter of the tube. For this reason, untii now bamboo culms were always bound together with strings, fibres or the like, which again is absolutely insufficient for the production of a framework or truss, =s with this no forces in longitudinal direction of the involved bamboo culms can be &ransmitted.
As the outside of the stem is covered by a hard, water—-repellent and extremely lasting layer, which contains silicates, while the inside b ears a wax-like coating, these areas cannot be wetted by many adhesives and th erefore would impair the durability of a bonded joint. Furthermore, as these layers =are relatively smooth, the achievable frictional connection is relatively low, and so thie invention suggests to oo 7 PCT/EP03/04264 ablate these layers, but only at an area which is not subjected to the atmosphere so ) that no water can enter at the areas which are not protected against moisture anymore.
The shape of the bar-elements themselves may be manifold. According to the chosen material a bar-like structure, i.e. with a massive core like it results for instance from deciduous or coniferous wood, can be preferred, or a tube-like structure, which presents itself when using bamboo culms. Furthermore, core drilling of solid log wood bars has the advantage of a steady drying across the diameter with consequently steady and therefore crack-free shrinking.
A further aspect is that bamboo is a biological material, which shrinks or swells under the influence of its environmental conditions and therefore tends to develop cracks in the course of time, for example when a rigid end-piece, for instance made from metal or plastic, is inserted. This in turn would have disastrous consequences, as afterwards the water-repellent surface would be interrupted and after that water could enter and cause rottenness or the like. For this reason, the invention prefers the use of connection-elements of a comparable biological material like for instance
Dicotyledones, especially deciduous or coniferous wood. Those exhibit similar reactions to changed environmental conditions as Monocotyledones and therefore can shrink or swell in the same fashion, so that the inner tensions in the material remain comparably low. However, to insure this any intermediate pieces between the
Monocotyledone tubes and the connection-elements have to be avoided as possible.
Therefore, the invention provides a direct joint, either as a plugging, clamping and/or a bonding joint. On the other hand, such joining technique which is industrially applicable with justifiable effort requires standardized contact surfaces, which are not offered by a naturally grown giant grass. This is remedied by the invention in that initially the irregular ends of a bamboo culm which is to be used are treated in such a way that surfaces running along well-defined geometric bodies are created. This work step can be integrated with the aforementioned ablating of the outward surface layers in the proximity of the joining area.
As mentioned before, for the sake of optimal compatibility of a connection-element with a bar-element the former can consist of wood. Although wood and bamboo both oo 8 PCT/EP03/04264 } are organic materials, they have fundamental differences. Therefore also panelling : material made of multi-layer glued bamtooo can be used if necessary, so that the material properties are identical to that of the bamboo culms.
As the joint element is connected for inst=ance by a sealing adhesive with a tube-like bar-element, for instance a bamboo tube, and features internally connected channels which lead to the cavities of the connect ed, tube-like bar-elements, whereby in the case of bamboo tubes their nodes are drilled, so a closed cavity with an intentionally influenced sub-climate is created within a framework or truss produced in such way.
This sub-climate can be influenced in a multitude of ways in order to control and/or monitor the behaviour of the truss, or to keep potentially destroying influences like infestation of pests from the inside, fire or the like away from the truss. For this it has proven pertinent if at least one joint eleme=nt and/or tube-like bar-element comprises a port at which gases, foams and/or liquicds can be fed into the cavity of the system, for example moist or dry air to keep the bamboo flexible through a controlled climate, further toxins as well as hot, cold ow compressed air for pest control, fire extinguishing agents like for instance nitrocgen, foams or water or the like.
To solve the set problem, a generic manufacturing process is embodied according to the characterizing part of the co-ordinated process claim. In the claims subordinated to that further, preferred features of the p-rocess according to the present invention are described.
The requirement of standardized surfaces areas which is at first not fulfilled with naturally grown materials, for instance wo od or bamboo culms, is indispensable for their employment in the scope of the production of a truss, so that the individual parts fit exactly to each other and are plugsgable in the desired way. Furthermore it is of great benefit if also the alignment of thes standardized end areas relative to each other is exactly specified. Especially favourable conditions are created if the end areas are machined in such a way that thee geometric bodies defining their surfaces at least in selected areas exhibit at least cone axis of symmetry each which can be arranged in mutual relation, for instance to share a common alignment. Only through this it becomes possible to comply with p recisely specified angles of inclination of bar-elements in order to bring them togetfer at predetermined nodes of the truss.
BE 9 PCT/EP03/04264 . These requirements enable the production of trusses according to plan which are ; calculated in advance with regard to their statics, what is the more important the bigger a building is. Again, the possibility of the use of (wooden) bars and/or (bamboo) tubes of variable length is not impaired, as the machining of the ends can take place at the construction site after a (tube-like as applicable) bar-element was
Cut to the desired length. Further, at least one lateral surface area has to be created at a connection-element, which permits the plugging with a lateral surface of the end of a bar-element. The diameter of this lateral surface and therefore the selection of the tool required for its creation is determined by the classification, if applicable, of the end of the concerned wooden bar or bamboo tube. As this is determined usually only directly preceding to the mounting of the concerned bar-element, the suitable plug-structure is formed at the concerned connection-element only on the site.
Preferably the bodies and/or surfaces of the parts which have to be joined are machined by ablating, especially by cutting. This technology is equally suitable for bamboo and wood. The tools required for this are handy and therefore they can comfortably be carried along at a construction side. For this reason, the machining or : rework of already assembled connection-elements is possible, for instance by means of hand drilling- or hand milling-machines. Bar-elements like wooden bars or bamboo tubes are machined before assembly, but after appropriately cutting them to length.
Therefor, a clamping apparatus is required.
In order to allow (selected areas of) a lateral surface of a connection structure, especially a core, of connecting elements (but also of bar-elements which are to be directly joined), which are designated for (detachable) clamping joints, a spring like movement, slots which are preferably parallel to the longitudinal axis of the concerned plugging connection can be formed in areas close to said lateral surface.
These slots can also be designated already in a factory. As a part of the connection- element has to be removed anyway during the (later) preparing of a ring-shaped recess as a connection structure, an exact radial extension of the slots is not required; those just have to be sized in such a way that they always reach the concerned lateral surface.
. : 11 PCT/EP03/04264 . increase of the poten tial bonding surface and by an additional positive lock in both ) radial directions (insid. e and outside).
By doing so, it has toe be taken into account that the radius varies with lumbers or bamboo tubes, additios nally, with bamboo tubes or core-drilled lumbers even the wall thickness varies. For instance, considering a 30 m high bamboo tube, the outer diameter decreases from bottom to top, but especially the wall thickness, too. Due to this reduction of the Wall-thickness, usually only the lower 10 m of a bamboo tube can be used for the purpose of the present invention. If, for example, this section is sawn into single parts with a length of 1.5 m each, then each short bamboo-tube still has different wall-thickmnesses and eventually different outer diameters. As the case may be, these deviations can be so significant, that the outer diameter of a cut bamboo tube is smaller than the inner diameter of another bamboo tube. Therefore, a common machining with identical tools is out of question. For this purpose, the invention suggests to create different classes for (the ends of) pieces of bamboo tubes with regard to t heir wall thickness and/or regarding their inner and outer diameter or circumference. In doing so, the (minimum) inner diameter as well as the (maximum) outer diamester can easily be determined with one gauge each. Such gauges can have the shape of a cylinder or of a flat rectangle (for the inside) or the shape of a hollow cylind er or of a fork (for the outside). Of course, these dimensions can be measured in diffesrent ways also. Each (end of a) bamboo tube is sorted into a more or less finely graced system of classification, according to which the selection of the further treatment tool(s) is decided. Thereby, the invention recommends that the lateral surface(s) of t-he end of a bamboo tube are machined in such a way, that the wall-thickness of the= bamboo-tube is equal to or smaller than a wall-thickness previously selected (according to the system of classification).
Before mounting a bambsoo tube, eventually present diaphragms should be bored or made passable otherwisez in order to create a cavity within the finished truss which is usable for a variety of Lpurposes. To obtain a connection of the cavities of the bamboo tubes which are connected to one connection-element, drillings have to be made, which join inside sof the connection-element and which lead to the surface areas of the connection-eslement covered by a face side of a connected bamboo tube. On the other hand, if required, the complete cavity of a truss can be divided
. : 12 PCT/EP03/04264 - into multiple sections, which can be influenced independently from each other, by : using special connection-elements without such continuous channels. Moreover, the boring is intended to provide a homogeneous shrinking of the bamboo tube during the seasoning after the harvesting, and therefore to prevent tensions and therewith cracks in the bamboo.
On the other hand, the diameter of internal channels connecting cavities is entirely independent from the diameter of a wood or bamboo tube which is to be connected.
Provided that it is known from the completed design data under which inclination angles tubular bar-elements meet with a connection-element, the necessary connecting channels can be created during the manufacturing of the connecting elements and thus before their mounting. For this purpose, the raw connection- element can be exactly clamped, so that the drillings placed from different sides in fact do meet in the centre. For this, preferably a mobile machining centre with guides of aluminium profiles and multi-axled servo drives is used, which works according to the specifications of a design software. The like drillings for the connection of cavities can serve as tool-guidings at the construction site during the creation of the - concerned lateral surface(s) for the connection of one bar-element each. At connecting elements without cavity-connecting channels, drillings may be provided during their production, which are specially intended for the purpose of acting as a tool-guiding.
If at least one tubular bar-element, especially bamboo tube, and/or preferably at least one connection-element is provided with a port to the cavity within the tubular bar-elements and connection-elements, different media can be conducted into this cavity as necessary. In order to permit an exhaustion of a medium which is already contained within the cavity, for instance air, it is advisable to always designate at least two such ports at a cavity closed apart from that. Those should be arranged at distant places to create defined flow conditions. Thereby, it has proven beneficial to arrange one such port at the lowest position and as necessary another port at the highest position of a section of a truss, so that on the one hand liquids, and on the other hand gases each can be completely removed from the cavity.
: ) 13 PCT/EP03/04264 ; An apparatus for carrying out the process according to the present invention is . described by the characterising features of the independent apparatus claim.
The utilization of such an apparatus simplifies the production of a truss insofar, as thereby a time-consuming, manual individual treatment respectively rework of the different nodes of the truss can be omitted because surface areas which are compatible to each other are created. As a machining apparatus according to the present invention is configured as an ablating tool, especially as a cutting tool, it can be configured to be mobile due to its small required space, and therefore it can be transported to the construction site without problems.
An apparatus for machining of the ends of a bar-element is characterised by a device for clamping a bar-element in such a way, that both of its ends are as concentrically as possible aligned to a longitudinal axis of the machining apparatus. Thus, the actual machining-tools always come across a bar-element which is to be processed at one and the same predetermined position, so that they can be adjusted with regard to the body of the machine in a defined way. Thereby, in general a holding and/or fixing device for each treatment tool is placed at each end of the clamping device. Such a fixing device can, for example, be configured as a slide, which is moveable in a defined way through a guide in the feeding direction along the longitudinal axis of the machining apparatus, and which on the other hand is carrying “the actual holding and/or mounting for the machining tool and/or its drive motor. ~A cutting tool, for example in the form of a milling head, which is configured for the simultaneously processing of the inner and outer lateral surfaces of the ends of a
Boar-element, in particular of a bamboo tube, serves for the processing of the lateral
Surfaces at the ends and, for this purpose, is equipped with two separate machining &reas, in particular cutting areas. The actual cutting areas can be detachably and t-hus exchangeably fixed to a base body of the tool, or they can be adjustable with regard to it so that the tool can be adapted to differently classified ends of bamboo t. ubes.
A preferred apparatus for the machining of a connection-element is characterised by as tool rotating around at least one axis with at least one cutting area for the creation
- : 14 PCT/EP03/04264 ’ of a rotational symmetric recess of defined cross section. Preferably, the tool can be . configured to be clampable into a hand drilling machine or the like, in order to be utilizable also for nodal connection-elements which are already mounted in the truss.
With a different configuration, the bar-element, in particular a bamboo tube, can rotate, and the tool can be fixed in such a way that it only performs feed motion similar to the function of a classical lathe machine.
According to a further aspect of the invention, the cutting area is arranged at a peripheral lateral surface area of the base body of the tool, which encircles a central guiding device, for example a forward protruding pin. By means of such a guiding device, the tool can be centred at a predrilled hole, for instance at a cylindrical guiding recess, in order to assure that the bar-element which is to be inserted exactly takes up a specified inclination angle, and thus its Opposed end is precisely insertable into the nodal connection-element there.
Finally, according to the teaching of the invention, the central guiding device is configured as a drill, so that the guiding drill hole and the guiding recess can be produced in one work step. This embodiment is in particular intended for nodes of the truss which have not been calculated in advance and where no guiding drill holes can be produced at the connection-elements in the factory. In those cases the direction of the plugging connection which receives a bar-element can be adjusted by an assembly mechanic on his own; however, he has to work very carefully in order to find a central cavity-channel and to exactly determine the right oriéntation of the bar-element.
Further features, details, advantages and effects on the basis of the invention result from the following description of preferred embodiments of the invention as well as from the drawing. There,
Fig. 1 shows a perspective view of the first connection-element of a truss- system according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 shows a modified embodiment of a connection-element in an illustration : corresponding to fig. 1;
) ) 15 PCT/EP03/04264 : Fig. 3 is a section through two connection-elements according to fig 2 fixed to each other;
Fig. 4 shows a modification of the connection-element from fig 2 in a perspective view;
Fig. 5 is an exploded view of a pluggable connection with the connection- element from fig. 4 as well as a partly cut and broken bamboo tube:
Fig. 6 shows the composition from fig. 5 after assembly of the connection;
Fig. 7 shows a different configuration of the invention;
Fig. 8 shows a connection-element, which is for instance usable as a base element, in a perspective view:
Fig. 9 is a side-view to a planar truss, built with the system according to the present invention;
Fig. 10 shows a connection-element from the truss in fig. 9 in broken and partly cut view, together with a tool applied at a lateral surface to create the cavity for receiving a bamboo tube:
Fig. 11 is a longitudinal section through the tool from fig. 10:
Fig. 12 is a broken side-view to an apparatus for clamping and processing the ends of a bamboo tube:
Fig. 13 is a perspective view of a clamping device of the apparatus from fig.12;
Fig. 14 is a front view in the direction of the arrow XIV to the tool from fig. 12; as well as
. : 16 PCT/EP03/04264 ; Fig. 15 is a section through two coaxially joined bar-elements.
The perspective view of a connecting element 1 in fig. 1 is intended to iHustrate the basic principle of the present invention. An arbitrarily or randomly shaped connection-element 1 exhibits at its surface 2 one or more three-dimensional structures 3 for the connection of one bamboo tube 4 each. By assembly of multiple bamboo tubes 4 at such a connection-element 1, the latter becomes a node in a truss or framework 5.
The connection-element 1 from fig. 1 has the basic shape of a rectangular parallelepiped with four equally sized lateral faces 6 and one square top and bottom side 7 each. The epipedal-shaped connection-element 1 consists of many layers of plywood 8 glued on top of each other with crossed direction of fibres each. As these glued layers of plywood 8 run parallel to the Square top or bottom side 7, the connection-element 1 has a high tensile strength in directions running parallel to those planes.
A structure 3 for the connection of one bamboo tube 4 each is arranged at all six faces 6, 7 of the connection-element 1, so that six bamboo tubes 4 can be brought together at such node of the truss, of which two each are aligned with each other and are standing perpendicularly to the plane spanned by the remaining four bamboo tubes 4. Thus a three-dimensional truss is feasible.
As is further shown in fig. 1, each structure 3 for the mounting of a bamboo tube 4 has approximately the shape of an annular recess 9 with two bounding surfaces 10, 11 in the shape of lateral surfaces of cylinders which are concentrical to each other.
The outer diameter of this recess 9 corresponds approximately to the outer diameter of the concerned bamboo tube 4, and the constant distance of the bounding surfaces 10, 11 with the shape of lateral surfaces of cylinders corresponds approximately to the standardized maximal thickness of an end area of a bamboo tube 4 which is insertable into this recess.
) : 17 PCT/EP03/04264 : With the embodiment according to fig. 1, the ends of the bamboo tubes 4 are glued . into the annular recesses of the connection-element 1, so that a rigid and non- detachable connection is obtained. As fig. 1 further shows, a cylindrical core 12 remains within each annular recess 9, which is adhesively connected to the inside of a bamboo tube 4 and thus additionally fixes and stabilizes this bamboo tube 4. As wood exhibits comparable temperature coefficients and swelling phenomena due to moisture as bamboo, a formation of cracks is thus effectively prevented.
Further, each of the cylindrical cores 12 is penetrated by a drilling 13 in its longitudinal direction. All of these drillings 13 join within the connection-element 1 and thus create a system of connecting channels between the cavities of all connected bamboo tubes 4.
If — as the invention further provides - all diaphragms of the bamboo tubes 4 are pierced, these cavities are connected with the connection-elements 1 present across the bamboo tubes 4 and in this way also with all other cavities of suchlike produced truss or framework 5. As otherwise the cavities within the bamboo tubes 4 are “hermetically sealed by their air-tight outer surface, a purposefully influenceable sub- climate is obtained in the connected cavities of a truss or framework 5 according to the present invention.
For instance, toxins, hot or cold air or other agents for pest control can be conducted into this cavity to prevent an infestation of pests of such a truss or framework 5, without the utilized agent for pest control ever coming in contact with the outer environment. Therefore, the system according to the present invention has the advantage that the agents are always highly efficient in the smallest doses, regardless of their composition, without ever affecting the environment. For a similar purpose heavy temporal fluctuations of pressure can be created.
Furthermore, this cavity can be filled with a non-flammable gas, for example nitrogen, under positive pressure, so that in the case of a fire a significant amount of nitrogen is released at the source of the fire in order to extinguish the burning. At the same time the sudden decrease of pressure caused by this can be measured in order to thus infer a fire and to be able to make provisions against a further i : 18 PCT/EP03/04264 - Spreading of the fire by conducting water into the cavity. As soon as the fire is . extinguished the water can be drained again, and the inner cavity of the truss or framework 5 can be dried again by conducting hot air.
The connection-element 14 from fig. 2 has a cubical shape and is modified insofar, as there a structure 3 for connecting a bamboo tube 4 each js provided only at the top and bottom side 15, while at the lateral faces 16 only central drillings 17 are provided which penetrate the connection-element 14. This connection-element 14 also consists of layers of plywood 18 glued to each other, which are running perpendicular to the top or bottom side 15.
The connection-element 14 serves mainly for the extension of bamboo tubes 4. In order to also realise nodes of a truss with this, two or more such connection- elements 14 are fixed to each other as shown in fig. 3. For this purpose, the connection-elements are put together in the desired orientation in such a way that one drilling 17 each is aligned with the other. A screw or threaded bolt 19 is inserted in the two aligned drillings and is locked at both sides with a threaded element 20, so. that the connection-elements 14 are fixed to each other.
Now bamboo tubes 4 can be inserted into the accessible connection structures 3 and glued there in the desired manner. This arrangement has the further speciality, that at such node of a truss a rotation is possible for adaptation to framework structures running in slanted directions with regard to each other,
At the connection-element 1, the bamboo tubes 4 agglutinated to the structures 3 at the top and bottom sides are only glued to a part of the layers of plywood 8 each, so that for instance the concerned core 12 and thus the whole bamboo tube 4 could be torn out when exposed to high tensile forces. This can be prevented by fixing a connection-element 14 each at the top and/or bottom side 7 of a connection-element 1 as required, for instance by means of an inserted and locked threaded boit 19.
Thereby, the connection-elements 14 can be aligned in such a way, that their agglutinated layers of plywood 8 are running perpendicular to the top and bottom side 7 of the connection-element 1 and therefore almost all layers are glued to the concerned bamboo tube 4.
19 PCT/EP03/04264 } The connection-element 21 from fig. 4 has the same cubical shape as the connection-element 14. As with this, the three-dimensional structure 22 for the connection of a bamboo tube 4 also comprises an annular recess 9 with two bonding surfaces 10, 11 which are concentrical to each other. The core 23 remaining within this recess is penetrated by a central drilling 13. However, contrary to the connection-element 14, the core 23 is provided with two slittings 24 along the longitudinal axis of the drilling 13, which extend approximately to the base of the core 23 respectively of the annular recess 9, so that the remaining quarters 25 of the core can spring to the outside in a limited way.
The central drilling 13 in the core 23 exhibits a conical countersinking 26, in which the head of a countersunk screw 27 with a machine thread 28 inserted into the drilling can be positioned. A threaded element 29 is screwed on this thread 28 at the outer surface 7 of the connection-element 21 opposite to the connection unit 22.
After the insertion 30 of a bamboo tube 4 into the annular recess 9 this threaded element 29 is firmly secured. Thereby the head of the screw 31 is pushed deeper and deeper into the conical countersinking 26 and thereby spreads the quarters 25 of the core to the outside. Those in turn are pressed with their outsides 11 against the inner side 32 of the lateral surface 33 of a bamboo tube 4, clamping it tightly.
Therefore, the gluing of a bamboo tube 4 is not required with this type of connection 21, and the connection can always be detached in a non-destructive way. Instead of a countersunk screw 27, a conical bolt or the like can be used, too.
A further connection-element 34 is shown in fig. 7. This has the shape of an annulus 35 with rectangular or square cross-section. At the outer surface 36 of this ring 35 six three-dimensional structures 22 are located equidistantly distributed over the circumference for the connection of one bamboo tube 4 each. The three-dimensional connection structures 22 are identical to the concerned structures 22 of the connection-element 21 regarding their topology and function, so that a cross section through the ring 35 at a connection point 22 rather corresponds to fig. 6, with the exception of the fact that here the crossways running drilling 17 as well as a connection structure at the inner side 37 of the ring is missing.
: : 20 PCT/EP03/04264
The ring 35 offers the advantage, that an almost arbitrary number of connection points — only one up to six or possibly even more — can be provided as required, whereby all connections 22 can be implemented to be detachable.
With such a ring for instance planar trusses or frameworks 5 can be produced, like shown in fig. 9. Thereby, connection-elements 38 of the kind illustrated in fig. 8 serve as base elements. Those consist of one cuboid 39 each, whose length is approximately double than its height and width. They feature a central, continuous vertical drilling 40 for the fixing by screws to a foundation 41 or the like. At the area of their upper narrow edges 42 a three-dimensional structure 43 is provided each for the connection of a bamboo tube.
The structure 43 corresponds to the structure 3 of the embodiments 1 and 14 regarding its function, where a bambco tube is not fixed by clamping, but by glueing.
However, here the annular recess 44 and the drilling 45 concentrical to it are not located perpendicular to a surface of the connection-element 38, but inclined under an angle of 30° to the outside diverging from the vertical drilling 40 to the top.
Moreover, the structure 43 overlaps the upper narrow edge 42, so that in particular the face side of the core 46 of the connection structure 43 is composed of two partial surfaces 47, 48 perpendicular to each other, which form a remaining part of the original surface 49, 50 of the connection-element 38. However, this fact does not impair the function of the three-dimensional structure 43 as a connecting and fixation point for a bamboo tube 4.
As shown in fig. 9, initially a series of joint elements 38 is screwed or otherwise fixed to a foundation 41 in order to build a truss or framework 5. After the connecting structures 43 are brushed with glue, the ends of bamboo tubes 4 diverging from each other to the top at together 60° are inserted. Two bamboo tubes 4 are joined at their adjacent upper ends 51 by one nodal connection-element 52 each.
The connection-element 52 forming a node of the truss 5 has a similar base shape as the connection-element 1, however, unlike that it has 3 hexagonal base area with a constant thickness, which is greater than the maximum diameter of a bamboo tube
. : 21 PCT/EP03/04264 a. 4. Like all other connection-elements 1, 14, 21, 34, 38, this also consists of layers of plywood crosswise laminated together, whose planes are parallel to the hexagonal base faces 53. Accordingly, the circumference 54 of such connection-element 52 consists of six equally sized rectangles.
Before the curing of the glue, adjoining nodal connection-elements 52 are connected by one bamboo tube 4 running in horizontal direction each, which is glued at the same time. Thus the first layer of the truss 5 is created. As soon as this is stiffened due to the curing of the glue, which can take approximately 15 minutes if wood glue is used, another layer of the truss can be put on it according to the same principle, as it is indicated at in fig. 9. The completed truss 5 consists of many identical cells which have the shape of an equilateral triangle, and obtains thus optimal stability. Of course, another, also three-dimensional structure of a truss 5 can be chosen if required, for instance in the form of two planar and parallel trusses connected to each other or the like. Favourably the bamboo tubes 4 always have a length of only approximately 1 to 2 m, so that no buckling effects can appear due to a excessive flexural stress at a too long bamboo tube 4, :
The node elements 52 can be individually finished on the spot at the construction site like all other connection-elements 1, 14, 21, 34, 38. For this purpose, initially base bodies 55 of the desired circumferential shape are cut out of a plate of preferably wood, in particular of moulded plywood, which can take place at a factory or sawmill as applicable. The required connecting structures 3, 22, 43 are then worked into these base bodies 55 on the spot, even in already mounted condition as required. A cutting tool 56, shown in fig. 10 and 11, serves for this purpose.
The cutting tool 56 comprises a rotating tool-head, which features a connection for a driving engine at the back. The connection can be embodied for instance as a cylindrical appendix 58 coaxial to the longitudinal axis of the tool 57, which is insertable into the chuck 59 of a hand drilling machine. With the illustrated embodiment this cylindrical mounting appendix 58 is a part of the shaft of a (wood) drill 60, with which the central cavities 13, 45 of a connecting structure 3, 22, 43 are drilled. An approximately bell-shaped tool-component 62 is detachably fixed at the shaft of this drill 60 by means of a clamping screw 61.
. : 22 PCT/EP03/04264
This bell-shaped tool-component 62 consists of a part 63 which is shaped lik<e an annular disc, and a part 64, which is shaped like the lateral surface of a cylindeir and extends from the periphery of the first part to the front, carrying at its front sidee the actual cutting tools 65 for the creation of the annular recess 9 of the conne-=ction structure 3, 22, 43. The part shaped like an annular disc has a inner diameter which corresponds to the diameter of the drill 60, and an outer diameter, wwhich approximately corresponds to the outer diameter of a bamboo tube 4. At its back<side 66 this part 63 is provided with an appendage 67 of reduced cross-section. but likewise cylindrical-shaped, through which a threaded hole with radial direection extends to accommodate the clamping screw 61. Thus the part 63 shaped lik== an annular disc can be plugged over the shaft of a drill 60, whereby it is aligned perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the drill 57 by means of a fit almost fre=e of play, in order to be locked in this position afterwards by tightening the clam ping screw 61.
The part 64 shaped like the lateral surface of a cylinder can be integmrally manufactured with the part shaped like an annular disc, for instance Casted together with the latter, or, for example, it can be produced from a tubular part, which is screwed to the part 63 shaped like an annular disc from the backside 66 of this goart with screws 68 parallel to the axis of the drill 97, as shown in fig. 11. In the area o fits front side the part 64 shaped like the lateral surface of a cylinder is furnished with a number of equidistantly distributed rectangular recesses, so that approximately the shape of a crown is obtained.
At multiple cutting areas 69 of the part 64 shaped like the lateral surface o f a cylinder, which are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tool 57, one cutting tip 70 each is fixed, preferable with a screw 71 passing through a central bore of -the concerned cutting tip 70. As shown in fig 11, it is the object of this cutting tip 70 to - cut the annular recess 9 into the body of a connection-element 1,14, 21, 34, 38 during the rotation of the processing tool 56 as well as under the influence of 4 superimposed feeding motion 72. Thereby, the drill 60, whose front area is locat=ed before the cutting tip 70, can take over a guiding function.
: ) 23 PCT/EP03/04264 : With other embodiments of the invention, the recess of the connection structure can be bounded by bounding surfaces which are overall conical or bevelled at their base; for the production of such recesses the cutting tools have to feature an according geometry; if required, the cross-section of the part 64 shaped like the lateral surface of a cylinder has to be adapted.
As previously explained, the growth of a bamboo tube 4 is always more or less irregular. As the annular recess 9 of a connection structure 3, 22, 43 according to the present invention is optimum round due to the use of a processing tool 56 revolving around an axis 57, normally a bamboo tube 4 cannot be inserted flush with it; Either the bamboo tube does not fit at all in the designated recess 9, or it is seated much too tight or — if the recess is dimensioned larger — too loose, so that no clamping effect is created respectively vast quantities of glue are required, which not only increases the costs, but also the labour time due to the increased curing times. ] For this reason, the invention provides that the ends 73 of bamboo tubes 4, which : have been cut to the desired length, are treated before they are mounted in a truss or framework 5. Therefore, a standardized geometry has to be applied to those, so that they fit into the designated recesses 9 of the concerned connection-elements 1, 14, 21, 34, 38. However, in general this is not sufficient for the production of an exactly pre-planned truss 5, as often both ends 73 of a cut bamboo tube 4 are not coaxial to each other. This in turn would lead to displacements and/or tensions within a truss 5, which would gradually sum up themselves during the course of the construction, so that a bigger building would become more and more skewed with the progress of the construction. Therefore it is the additional object of an apparatus 74 for the machining of the ends 73 of a bamboo tube 4 to assure that not only the two end areas 73 of a bamboo tube 4 exhibit surfaces 75, 76 running along lateral surfaces of cylinders (with other types of connections for instance lateral surfaces of cones) in selected areas, but also that the longitudinal axes of those cylindrical (conical, etc.) areas of both ends 73 are aligned to each other in coaxial relation. An apparatus 74, which is capable of this, is shown in fig. 12.
. : 24 FCT/EP03/04264 - In the strict sense, only approximately half of this machine 74 is visible: the left part . of the machine, which js laterally reversed with regard to the symmetry plane 77, was omitted for reasons of space. The machine 74 basically consists of feour components:
An elongated, rigid profile 78, which is used as a reference for the lomngitudinal axis of the machine 74 as well as for mounting of the further components of the machine.
Approximately in the middle of the profile 78 a device 79 for clamping a bamboo tube 4, which is to be processed, is mounted to it. At last there are two processing devices 80, which are located at both sides of the clamping device 79, and which are likewise
Supported by the profile 78. In the scope of a simpler version one pr=ocessing device 80 can be saved if the remaining one can be relocated to the other e=nd of the profile 81 in a simple way, or, for instance, if the clamping device is designed to be rotatable by 180° together with a clamped bamboo tube 4.
A commercially available constructional element can be used as the profile 78.
Preferably this consists of a four-cornered profile with a square cross—section, whose long sides 82 comprise a T-shaped undercut mounting groove 83 each, which is running along the longitudinal direction of the profile, compare fig. 13 . Blocks, which are not shown, can be mounted at those grooves 83 for example at both end areas of the profile to support the machine 74.
The clamping device 79 comprises two sets of grippers 84 as well as a common actuating mechanism 85.
A set of grippers 84 is shown in fig. 13. At both ends of the supportin g profile 78, a bolt 87, which is parallel to the supporting profile 78, each is fixed in a2 not rotatable manner by means of laters) fastening angles 86. Onto those thus fixed bolts 87, there is plugged an upright standing plate 88 each, which comprises = through-hole for this purpose of a diameter corresponding to the diameter of the bolt. The plates 88 are limited by the concerned fastening angle 86 and are fixed at the other end of the concerned bolt 87 by a pinion 89 each which is non-turnably fixed to the boit, for instance crimped, so that they are able to pivot around the concerned bolt 87, but not to loosen from it. The plates 88 are embodied as two-armed levers vith a shorter arm 90 which protrudes downwards from the concerned mounting hole, and a longer arm 91, which protrudes upward. Both lower lever arms 90 are connectzed with each
. : 25 PCT/EP03/04264 . other through a tension spring 92, which is routed under the supporting profile 78, : and are thus pulled to each other, until they are stopped by the long side 82 of the carrying profile 78. In a such case, the upper arms 91 of the plates 88 take a maximum spreaded position.
Approximately at the upper end of each plate 88, another through-hole is located for a rotating axis 93, which is pivoted there. Each of these rotating axes 93 carries a pinion 94 at one end, and, at the other end, a plate 95 whose circumference comprises a concave side 96, for instance with a course like a hyperbola.
The gear 94 as well as the plate 95 each are unturnably fixed at the rotating axis 93, respectively crimped, clamped (clamping screw), soldered and/or welded. Otherwise the pinion 94 is coupled with regard to the rotational movement with the pinion 89 at the stationary bolt 87 through a toothed beit 97, which is kept tense by a device 98.
Thus it is achieved that the spatial orientation of the upper plates 95 is kept independently from the pivoted position of the lower plates 88. This function has the same effect as a parallel guide by means of a leverage with two pivotable bars parallel to each other.
The upper plates 95 are aligned in such a way, that their concave sides 96 face each other. Therefore, when the upper lever arms 91 of the lower plates 88 are brought together, these sides 96 can approach each other in order to clamp a bamboo tube 4 in between them.
An appendix, for instance a screwed bolt 99, protruding downwards each is provided at the lower face sides of the lever arms 90 of the plates 88 for the actuation of such set of grippers 84. Here, the actuating device 85 engages.
The actuating device 85 comprises a pneumatic cylinder 100 which is located under the supporting profile 78 and which is aligned parallel to it. A conical apex 104, 105 each facing axially to the outside is fixed at the casing of the cylinder 101 as well as at the piston through a rod 102, 103 each which is coaxial to the axis of the cylinder.
The two rods 102, 103 pass through one bearing block 106, 107 each, through which
- To 26° PCT/EPQ3/04264 ) the complete actuating device 85 is supported at the underside of the supporting - profile 78 so that it is movable in its longitudinal direction in a guided manner.
As the casing of the cylinder 101 itself is not fixed, it can mmove in the longitudinal direction of the supporting profile 78 in a limited way. If the p neumatic cylinder 100 is extended pneumatically, the conical apexes 104, 105 move in between the pair of appendices protruding downside, in particular in between thes bolts 99, of one set of grippers 84 each, and press those apart. Thus the upper levesrs 91 are pivoted to the inside, and the bamboo tube 4 is clamped in the area of both of its ends 73 in between two concave brackets 95, 96, each. Thereby, a centrification of the two ends 73 symmetrical to the vertical longitudinal plane of the supporting profile 78 takes place, because the conical apexes 104, 105 act evenlw on the two arms 90 of a set of grippers 84. The centrification with regard to the height is obtained through the concave shape of the clamping brackets 96. Thereby, th e exact dimensions, for instance the diameter of a bamboo tube 4, are not important, as the pneumatic cylinder 100 moves in the longitudinal direction by itself until equal forces act on all arms 90. .-
A bamboo tube 4 centred in such manner is afterwards mac=hined in the area of its both ends, i.e. surface areas 75, 76 which are projecting &above a predetermined measure are ablated. This is achieved by one machining devicse 80 each.
Each machining device 80 comprises a slide 108, which is movable along the supporting profile 78, having a device 108 for mounting a drilling machine 110 under simultaneous alignment of the drill chuck coaxial to a proacessing axis, which is running in the centre above the supporting profile 78 ass well as at a height determined by that area of the concave clamping brackets 963, which is receded the most.
If the slide 108, which for instance is movable in parallel orientation through lateral rolls 111 engaging into the longitudinal groove 83, is moved to the concerned end 73 of a clamped bamboo tube 4, thus the rotational axis of a ma- chining tool 113 which is clamped into the chuck 112 of the drilling machine 110 remmains always coaxial to
) 27 PCT/EP03/04264 - the longitudinal axis of the bamboo tube 4, which is predetermined by the previously ] explained clamping.
The machining tool 113, which acts on the inner and outer side 75, 76 of the bamboo tube 4 at the same time, is shown in fig. 14 in a front view. it comprises an inner and an outer cutting tool 114, 115, to which the machining of the inner side 75 respectively of the outer side 76 of the bamboo tube 4 is allotted.
The inner cutting tool 114 has the shape of a milling cutter, in particular of a shell end mill, with a backward mounting appendix for clamping it into the chuck 112. This cutting tool 114 enters into the cavity of a bamboo tube 4 in order to process its inside wall 75 at least in selected areas to a cylindrical shape.
Another part is fixed at the shaft of cutting tool 114, which has a bell-shaped form similar to the outer part of the tool 56. Although it could be casted integrally for example, the illustrated embodiment consists of a part shaped like an annular ring 116 at the one hand and at the other hand of a cylindrical part 118 which is fixed.to the first.
At the part shaped like an annular ring 116, a backward, cylindrical appendix 117 is located which is penetrated by a threaded hole running in a radial direction in order to accommodate a clamping screw. With this clamping screw the part shaped like an annular ring 116 is fixed at the shaft of the cutting tool 114.
By means of screws which are penetrating the part shaped like an annular ring 116, this is fixed to the cylindrical part. At the front side 119 of the latter, several teeth 120 are cut out, whose edges respectively tips are slightly bent inwards. When feeding the processing tool 113, the outer surface 76 of the bamboo tube 4 is machined by these teeth 120 in order to create surfaces which run along lateral surfaces of cylinders at least in selected areas, and which permit the insertion of the end 73 of a bamboo tube into a corresponding recess 9 of g connection-element 1, 14, 21, 34,
- : 28 PCT/EP03/04264 : In order to prevent that the cutting tools 114, 115, which as necessary due to an - irregular growth act asymmetrically upon the end 73 of the bamboo tube 4 during this machining, may generate vibrations of the machiming tool 113, this is additionally
Supported at the outer lateral surface 121 of tihe cylindrical part 118. This is accomplished by another trestle 122 fixed to the= supporting profile 78, which is encasing the cylindrical part 118 and comprises seweral, preferably three or four rolls 123, which can revolve around rotating axes 124 parallel to the rotational axis of the processing tool 113 respectively parallel to the lomgitudinal axis of the supporting profile 78. These rolls 123 push against the outer lateral surface 121 of the machining tool 113 from different sides, for instance from directions displaced by 90° or 120° against each other, so that vibrations are reliably prevented.
When producing bamboo tubes 4 and connection -elements 1, 14, 21,34, 38, 52 fitting into each other, it should be kept in mind that: the axial length of an end area 73 of a bamboo tube 4 machined by ablation is eq val or preferably slightly shorter than the depth of the annular recess 9 in the concerned connection-element 1, 14, 21, 34, 38, 52 which should accommodate it, so that the area 73 of a bamboo tube 4 exposed in this manner, i.e. liberated of its water-rep- ellent coating, is covered by the connection-element 1, 14, 21, 34, 38,52 and a layer of glue or the like as applicable.
Besides bamboo tubes 4 also wooden bars 125, 126, for instance of weak wood, can be used as bar-elements with the system according to the present invention, which may either be directly employed as solid wooden b.ars or can be furnished with a coaxial drilling 127 completely or partly passing through it, for instance in order to favour a crack-free shrinking during the seasoning.
As necessary, such wooden bars 125, 126 can be put together in coaxial alignment for the purpose of elongating them, as shown in fig. 15. For this purpose, the ends of adjoining bars 125, 126, which are to be put together , have embodiments fitting into each other: For example, an annular groove 128 is leocated at the face side of one bar 125, a complementary annular tongue 129 is loca ted at the face side 126 of the other bar. Together, those form a form-fitting plugging connection, which can be fixed for instance by applying glue at the surfaces of a plugging element 128, 129.
Besides, it is also possible to press or glue one thread ed element each into a central
- ) 29 PCT/EP03/04264 drill hole 127 — a threaded nut in the first and a threaded bolt in the other —, so that
. such bar-elements 125, 126 can also be screwed together— additionally to the form- fitting plugging connection.
Claims (12)
1. System comprising bar-elements joined or joinable to form a trusss, and connecting elements inserted or insertable between these bar-elementss at all such places, where two or more bar-elements meet whose longitudin=al axes are not coaxial to each other, whereby a) the bar-elements consist of at least one segment of a material from high-growing plants each, and b) the connecting elements consist of a rigid, regenerative material, characterised in that Cc) at least one end of a bar-element, a connecting element which iss to be mounted to said bar-element, and/or the end of a further bar-eleement which is to be connected, are treated such that they exhibit su rfaces running along well-defined geometrical bodies at least in se lected areas, d) such that at the joint between a bar-element and a connecting element or a further bar-element, each of both bodies exhibits at least in a selected area a surface which runs along the surface generated by a cylinder, cone, prism or a pyramid, as well as at least in arother selected area a surface which runs along a hollow cylinder, Follow cone, hollow prism and/or a hollow pyramid respectively, e) which surfaces permit an assembly by plugging together with closely adjoining surfaces which are complementary to each other and su itable for locking by clamping and/or glueing like a fit.
2. System according to claim 1, characterised in that the joint between aa bar- element and a connecting element or a further bar-element is designed as a plug-connection.
3. System according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the joint between = bar- element and a connecting element or a further bar-element is designed as a clamping or glueing connection. © Amended 22 February 2006
4. System according to one of the previous claims, characterised in that one connecting element exhibits at least one surface area of concave shape for connecting to the shaft of a bar-element.
5. System according to one of the previous claims characterised in that at least one bar-element exhibits a shaft milled to a round shape at its outer surface.
6. Process to produce a truss from bar-elements, which are to be joined, and from connecting elements, which are to be placed between these bar- elements at all such places, where two or more bar-elements meet whose longitudinal axes are not coaxial to each other, whereby a) the bar-elements are made from at least one segment of a material from high-growing plants each, as well as b) the connecting elements consist of a rigid, regenerative material, characterised in that c) at least one end of a bar-element, a connecting element which is to be mounted to said bar-element, and/or the end of a further bar-element which is to be connected, are treated such that they exhibit surfaces running along well-defined geometrical bodies at least in selected areas, d) such that at the joint between a bar-element and a connecting element or a further bar-element, each of both element bodies exhibits at least in a selected area a surface which runs along the surface generated by a cylinder, cone, prism or a pyramid, as well as at least in another selected area a surface which runs along a hollow cyiinder, hollow cone, hollow prism and or hollow pyramid respectively, e) and that surfaces processed in such a way are assembled by plugging them together with closely adjoining surfaces which are complementary to each other and suitable for locking by clamping and/or glueing like a fit.
7. Process according to claim 6, characterised in that the bodies and/or the surfaces of the parts which are to be connected are processed by ablating. Amended 22 February 2006
8. Process according to claim 6 or 7, characterised in that booth ends of a bar- element are processed in such a way, that the longitudinal symmetry axes of the processed areas are in line with each other.
9. Apparatus to produce a truss from bar-elements, which are to be joined, and from connecting elements, which are to be placed between these bar- elements at all such joints places, where two or more bar-elements meet whose longitudinal axes are not coaxial to each other, by= carrying out the process according to one of the claims 7 through 8, characteerised by at least one tool designed as an ablating tool for machining at leasst one connecting element made from a rigid, regenerative material and/or the ends of bar- elements made from at least one segment of a material faom high-growing plants each, which are to be mounted to said connecting element or to one another, in such a way that they obtain surfaces which run along well-defined geometrical bodies at least in selected areas, whereby at thes processed body in the area of the joint of a bar-element with a connecting element there is formed simultaneously a surface which runs along the lateral surface of a cylinder, cone, prism or a pyramid at least in selected arezas as well as a surface which runs along a hollow cylinder, hollow cone, ho low prism and or hollow pyramid at least in selected areas, respectively.
10. Apparatus according to claim 9, comprising at least one tosol for processing the ends of a bar-element, characterised by a device for clamping a bar- element in such a way that both of its ends are as parallel respectively concentrical as possible aligned to a longitudinal axis o~f the processing apparatus.
11. Apparatus according to claim 10, characterised by a device aat each end of the clamping device for holding and/or mounting of a processing—tool.
12. Apparatus according to one of the claims 9 through 11, characterised by a device to guide the processing tools or their holdings re spectively in the feeding direction along the longitudinal axis of the processingg apparatus. Amendedd 22 February 2006
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE10218597A DE10218597C2 (en) | 2002-04-25 | 2002-04-25 | System, method and device for the production of a structure or framework |
PCT/EP2003/004264 WO2003091507A2 (en) | 2002-04-25 | 2003-04-24 | System, method and device for producing a supporting framework or rigid girder |
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ZA2004/09432A ZA200409432B (en) | 2002-04-25 | 2004-11-23 | System method and device for producing a supporting framework or rigid girder |
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US (1) | US20060053729A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1497504B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4399274B2 (en) |
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PT (1) | PT1497504E (en) |
WO (2) | WO2003091507A2 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200409432B (en) |
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2002
- 2002-04-25 DE DE10218597A patent/DE10218597C2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-10-10 DE DE20215594U patent/DE20215594U1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2003
- 2003-04-24 ES ES03747118T patent/ES2282651T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-04-24 JP JP2003588024A patent/JP4399274B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-04-24 OA OA1200400292A patent/OA12813A/en unknown
- 2003-04-24 PT PT03747118T patent/PT1497504E/en unknown
- 2003-04-24 BR BR0309496-0A patent/BR0309496A/en active Search and Examination
- 2003-04-24 US US10/512,409 patent/US20060053729A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-04-24 CA CA2483531A patent/CA2483531C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-04-24 AP APAP/P/2004/003171A patent/AP2000A/en active
- 2003-04-24 AT AT03747118T patent/ATE354001T1/en active
- 2003-04-24 AU AU2003232501A patent/AU2003232501B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-04-24 EP EP03747118A patent/EP1497504B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-04-24 NZ NZ536705A patent/NZ536705A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-04-24 WO PCT/EP2003/004264 patent/WO2003091507A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 2003-04-24 DE DE50306507T patent/DE50306507D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-04-24 MX MXPA04010588A patent/MXPA04010588A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2003-04-24 CN CN038092166A patent/CN1650074B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 2004-04-26 WO PCT/EP2004/004393 patent/WO2004094842A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-10-25 CU CU20040243A patent/CU23306A3/en unknown
- 2004-11-22 CO CO04117087A patent/CO5631468A2/en active IP Right Grant
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