WO2023083344A1 - 调制光波导的扩瞳区域、耦出区域、调制光波导及调制方法 - Google Patents

调制光波导的扩瞳区域、耦出区域、调制光波导及调制方法 Download PDF

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WO2023083344A1
WO2023083344A1 PCT/CN2022/131660 CN2022131660W WO2023083344A1 WO 2023083344 A1 WO2023083344 A1 WO 2023083344A1 CN 2022131660 W CN2022131660 W CN 2022131660W WO 2023083344 A1 WO2023083344 A1 WO 2023083344A1
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Prior art keywords
outcoupling
optical waveguide
pupil
region
light
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PCT/CN2022/131660
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English (en)
French (fr)
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黄鹏
张雅琴
楼歆晔
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上海鲲游科技有限公司
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Priority claimed from CN202122795068.1U external-priority patent/CN218332038U/zh
Priority claimed from CN202111346818.5A external-priority patent/CN116125583B/zh
Application filed by 上海鲲游科技有限公司 filed Critical 上海鲲游科技有限公司
Publication of WO2023083344A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023083344A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the field of optical components, for example, it relates to a pupil-expanding region of a modulated optical waveguide, an outcoupling region, a modulated optical waveguide and a modulation method.
  • Augmented Reality is a technology that combines real world and virtual information.
  • AR display systems usually include a micro-projector and an optical display, and the pixels on the micro-projector are projected into the human eye through the optical display. , At the same time, users can see the real world through the optical display.
  • Pico projectors provide virtual content to devices, and optical displays are often transparent optical components.
  • Optical waveguide is a realization path of optical display.
  • the refractive index of the transmission medium is greater than that of the surrounding medium and the incident angle in the waveguide is greater than the critical angle of total reflection, light can be transmitted in the waveguide without leakage and total reflection occurs. After the light from the projector is coupled into the optical waveguide, the light continues to propagate the image without loss in the waveguide until it is coupled out by the subsequent structure.
  • Optical waveguides on the market are usually divided into geometric array waveguides and diffractive optical waveguides. Diffractive optical waveguides are further divided into volume holographic waveguides and surface relief grating waveguides.
  • the essence of diffractive optical waveguides is to couple incident light into waveguides through grating diffraction.
  • the surface relief grating waveguide has obvious advantages in many schemes because of its extremely high degree of design freedom and the mass production brought by nanoimprint processing.
  • the technical parameters of the AR waveguide mainly include field of view (Field Of View, FOV), viewing distance eye relief, orbital size eyebox, etc.
  • the field of view is usually represented by a diagonal angle such as 40°, and the field of view corresponding to the 16:9 ratio frame is about 35°(H)*20°(V); the viewing distance is usually about 20-25mm, which can basically meet
  • the horizontal size of the moving eye socket needs to be able to adapt to the range of the exit pupil distance of the human eye, and give users enough margin for different horizontal wearing standards.
  • the vertical size of the moving eye socket needs to adapt to the user's vertical wearing standard. It is generally believed that the orbital size of 15mm(H)*10mm(V) can meet the basic needs of user experience.
  • the AR waveguide is optimized with high efficiency and good uniformity.
  • the purpose of high efficiency is to achieve high brightness output under the same micro-projection input, so that the human eye can see the picture bright enough; uniformity includes FOV uniformity, that is, human
  • uniformity includes FOV uniformity, that is, human
  • the full field of view picture seen by the eyes has better brightness and color uniformity, including eyebox uniformity, that is, the difference in brightness received by the human eye at different positions of the eyebox (or when worn by users with different pupil distances and nose bridge heights) is as small as possible , and it is expected that different positions have better FOV uniformity.
  • AR waveguide technology pursues a larger viewing angle, higher efficiency, and better uniformity of the display effect.
  • the viewing angle directly determines the size of the image that the observer can see, which is a key parameter that affects the user experience.
  • the viewing angle The larger it is, the more vivid and specific the observation effect tends to be.
  • the state of different light transmission in the optical waveguide is not much different, and when the field of view becomes larger, the maximum field of view and the minimum field of view correspond to the light transmission in the optical waveguide (here mainly refers to The size of the reflection angle) is quite different, which will lead to the deterioration of the uniformity of different viewing angles.
  • the present application provides a pupil-expanding area of a modulating optical waveguide, which is configured to modulate light, and the pupil-expanding area includes a plurality of discrete pupil-expanding sub-areas, and the plurality of discrete pupil-expanding sub-areas are configured to The light is diffracted after the pupil dilation sub-region, so as to realize the modulation of the density of light diffraction points in the modulated optical waveguide.
  • each pupil expansion sub-region is provided with a diffraction grating.
  • the grating period is the same in multiple pupil expansion sub-regions.
  • the location of the dilated pupil region is determined by the rays of the four bordering fields of view.
  • the shape of each pupil dilation sub-region is one of circle, ellipse and polygon, or a figure obtained by Boolean operation of at least one of circle, ellipse and polygon.
  • the plurality of pupil dilation sub-regions do not overlap each other.
  • the distance between adjacent discrete pupil dilating sub-areas corresponding to the same field of view light in the pupil dilating area is less than 8mm.
  • the dimensions of the plurality of pupil dilating sub-regions are smaller than 4.5 mm in both the horizontal and vertical directions.
  • the depth of the grating in the pupil expansion region gradually increases along the light propagation direction, and the depth of the grating is in the range of 20nm-150nm.
  • the present application provides an outcoupling region of a modulated optical waveguide, which is configured to modulate light.
  • the outcoupling region includes a plurality of discrete outcoupling subregions, and the plurality of discrete outcoupling subregions are configured to The light is diffracted after the outcoupling sub-region, so as to realize the modulation of the density of light diffraction points in the modulated optical waveguide.
  • each outcoupling sub-region is provided with a diffraction grating.
  • the grating period of the multiple outcoupling sub-regions is the same.
  • the shape of each outcoupling sub-region is one of circle, ellipse and polygon, or a figure obtained by Boolean operation of at least one of circle, ellipse and polygon.
  • the multiple outcoupling sub-regions do not overlap each other.
  • the distance between adjacent discrete outcoupling sub-regions corresponding to the same field of view light in the outcoupling region is less than 8 mm.
  • the dimensions of the plurality of outcoupling sub-regions in the horizontal and vertical directions are all less than 4.5 mm.
  • the outcoupling region includes 12 or more discrete outcoupling subregions.
  • the grating depth in the outcoupling region gradually increases along the light propagation direction, and the grating depth ranges from 50 nm to 300 nm.
  • the present application provides a modulating optical waveguide, which is configured to modulate light.
  • the modulating optical waveguide includes an optical waveguide substrate, an in-coupling area, a pupil expansion area, and an out-coupling area.
  • the in-coupling area, the pupil expansion area And the outcoupling region is arranged on the surface of the modulation optical waveguide substrate;
  • the modulated optical waveguide satisfies at least one of the following:
  • the pupil expansion area includes a plurality of discrete pupil expansion sub-areas, and the plurality of discrete pupil expansion sub-areas are configured to diffract the light after the light reaches the pupil expansion sub-area, so as to realize the Modulation of light diffraction point density;
  • the outcoupling region includes a plurality of discrete outcoupling subregions, and the plurality of discrete outcoupling subregions are configured to diffract the light after the light reaches the outcoupling subregion, so as to achieve the modulation Modulation of the density of light diffraction spots in an optical waveguide.
  • the coupling region is provided with a sawtooth grating, a helical grating or a rectangular grating.
  • At least one of the following is satisfied:
  • each pupil expansion sub-area is provided with a diffraction grating
  • each outcoupling subregion is provided with a diffraction grating.
  • At least one of the following is satisfied:
  • the grating periods in the multiple pupil expansion sub-areas are the same;
  • the grating period in the plurality of outcoupling subregions is the same.
  • the position of the pupil dilating area is determined by the rays of the four border fields of view; or by the rays of the four border fields of view and multiple intermediate fields of view.
  • At least one of the following is satisfied:
  • the pupil dilation region comprises a plurality of discrete pupil dilation sub-regions, the number of the pupil dilation sub-regions is at least 12;
  • the outcoupling region comprises a plurality of discrete outcoupling subregions
  • the number of the outcoupling subregions is at least 12.
  • At least one of the following is satisfied:
  • the shape of each pupil dilation sub-area is a shape of a circle, an ellipse, and a polygon, or a shape of a circle, an ellipse, and a polygon. At least one shape obtained by Boolean operations;
  • each outcoupling subregion is one of circle, ellipse and polygon, or a combination of circle, ellipse and polygon At least one shape in is obtained by Boolean operations.
  • At least one of the following is satisfied:
  • the multiple pupil dilation sub-areas do not overlap each other;
  • the outcoupling region includes a plurality of discrete outcoupling subregions
  • the plurality of outcoupling subregions do not overlap each other.
  • At least one of the following is satisfied:
  • the distance between adjacent discrete pupil dilation sub-areas corresponding to the same field of view light in the pupil dilation area is less than 8mm;
  • the distance between adjacent discrete outcoupling sub-regions corresponding to the light in the same field of view of the outcoupling region is less than 8mm.
  • At least one of the following is satisfied:
  • the dimensions of multiple pupil dilation sub-regions in the horizontal and vertical directions are all less than 4.5mm;
  • the dimensions of the plurality of outcoupling sub-regions in the horizontal and vertical directions are all less than 4.5 mm.
  • the grating depth of the pupil expansion area gradually increases along the light propagation direction, and the grating depth ranges from 20nm to 150nm .
  • the grating depth of the outcoupling region gradually increases along the direction of light propagation, and the range of the grating depth is 50nm- 300nm.
  • the pupil dilating area and the outcoupling area are the same area, and the optical structure provided in the area is configured to perform pupil dilation and outcoupling of light at the same time.
  • the present application provides a modulation method for modulating an optical waveguide, and the modulating optical waveguide satisfies at least one of the following:
  • the pupil expansion region of the modulated optical waveguide is provided with a plurality of discrete pupil expansion subregions;
  • the outcoupling region of the modulated optical waveguide is provided with a plurality of discrete outcoupling subregions;
  • the modulation method includes at least one of the following:
  • the distance between the total reflection points of the light in the pupil expansion area is modulated by discrete pupil expansion sub-areas in the pupil expansion area;
  • the distance between the total reflection points of the light in the outcoupling pupil area is modulated by the discrete outcoupling sub-areas in the outcoupling area.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the propagation process and outcoupling density of light rays at different viewing angles in a modulated optical waveguide provided by an embodiment of the present application;
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a diffraction angle provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 3 is a case of diffracting light rays with different viewing angles in the traditional pupil dilating area and outcoupling area provided by the embodiment of the present application;
  • Fig. 4 is a case of diffraction of light rays with different viewing angles in the modulated pupil expansion area provided by the embodiment of the present application;
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a pupil dilation area including multiple discrete pupil dilation sub-areas provided by the embodiment of the present application according to the grating depth modulation division;
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the diffraction of light rays with different viewing angles in the modulated outcoupling area provided by the embodiment of the present application;
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the structure and light distribution of a modulated optical waveguide provided by the embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of the outcoupling power of a modulated optical waveguide provided by an embodiment of the present application when the waveguide is not modulated;
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of the outcoupling power obtained after modulating the waveguide of a modulated optical waveguide provided by the embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of numerical comparison of outcoupling power before and after modulation of a modulated optical waveguide at the same straight line in the outcoupling area provided by the embodiment of the present application;
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic flowchart of a modulation method for modulating an optical waveguide provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • An embodiment of the present application provides a pupil expansion area of a modulated optical waveguide, which is configured to modulate light.
  • the pupil expansion area includes a plurality of discrete pupil expansion sub-areas, and the multiple discrete pupil expansion sub-areas are set to The light is diffracted to realize the modulation of the density of light diffraction points in the modulated optical waveguide.
  • the embodiment of the present application also provides an outcoupling region of a modulated optical waveguide, which is configured to modulate light.
  • the outcoupling region includes a plurality of discrete outcoupling subregions, and the plurality of discrete outcoupling subregions are configured to The light is diffracted after exiting the sub-region, so as to realize the modulation of the density of light diffraction points in the modulated optical waveguide.
  • An embodiment of the present application also provides a modulating optical waveguide, which is configured to modulate light.
  • the modulating optical waveguide includes an optical waveguide substrate, an in-coupling area, a pupil expansion area, and an out-coupling area.
  • the in-coupling area, the pupil expansion area, and the out-coupling area The area is set on the surface of the modulation optical waveguide substrate;
  • the modulation optical waveguide satisfies at least one of the following: the pupil expansion area includes a plurality of discrete pupil expansion sub-areas, and the multiple discrete pupil expansion sub-areas are set to The light is diffracted to realize the modulation of the density of light diffraction points in the modulated optical waveguide;
  • the outcoupling region includes a plurality of discrete outcoupling subregions, and the plurality of discrete outcoupling subregions are set to The light is diffracted to realize the modulation of the density of light diffraction points in the modulated optical waveguide.
  • the light emitted by the optical machine 1 first passes through the grating coupled into the area 2, and then enters the optical waveguide 3 after being diffracted.
  • the light propagates in the optical waveguide 3 in a way of total reflection.
  • the light will be diffracted again.
  • the more times of total reflection the more times of diffraction, the larger the range of pupil expansion.
  • ⁇ Indicates the angle of incident light
  • ⁇ 1 Indicates the angle of the ray after diffracted once in the in-coupling area, and together they determine the direction of the total reflection of the ray.
  • n 1 is the refractive index of the waveguide material
  • m 1 is the diffraction order
  • ⁇ is the wavelength of light
  • the lateral distances traveled by them for total reflection in the waveguide are different.
  • the direct result of the difference in z is that the light density after pupil dilation is different.
  • the density of the outgoing light 7 is greater than the density of the outgoing light 8.
  • the human eye may not be able to receive the light at some positions.
  • the light at the angle of view loses part of the image information, resulting in unevenness of the angle of view. From the above analysis, it can be seen that the factor that affects the uniformity of the viewing angle is the light density in the waveguide.
  • This uneven light density at the field of view may also lead to excessive diffraction of light at the front end of the pupil dilation area, and a large amount of energy is concentrated at the front end of the light propagation path, while the energy at the back end of the pupil dilation area is too low, which will cause more serious problems.
  • the field of view is missing. Therefore, by modulating the light densities of different viewing angles to be approximately equal, the uniformity of the viewing angle can be effectively optimized.
  • the modulated optical waveguide structure proposed in this application is the in-coupling region+pupil expansion region+outcoupling region, wherein the optical structure set in the in-coupling area is set to realize the optical coupling function, and the optical structure set in the pupil expansion area is set to realize For the light expansion function, the optical structure set in the outcoupling area is set to realize the light outcoupling function.
  • the light expansion function and the light outcoupling function can be realized through two mutually independent optical structures, that is, the pupil expansion area and the outcoupling area are two different areas, and the light expansion function and the light outcoupling function can also be realized through the same optical structure at the same time. That is, the dilated pupil area and the outcoupling area are the same area.
  • the light coupling-in function, the light expansion function and the light out-coupling function can also be realized simultaneously through the same optical structure.
  • the pupil expansion area and the outcoupling area are two different areas as examples.
  • This structure has two modulation effects on the diffraction angle ( ⁇ ). 2) Determine, it has determined the size of the total reflection point spacing z1 ; The second time is the effect of the pupil dilation grating, which determines the size of the total reflection point spacing z2 , and the second diffraction process is determined by the following formula:
  • Modulating the light density is actually modulating the size of z1 and/or z2 .
  • the size of z 1 is modulated by arranging multiple discrete pupil expansion gratings at appropriate positions in the pupil expansion area
  • the size of z 2 is modulated by arranging multiple discrete outcoupling gratings at appropriate positions in the outcoupling area.
  • an appropriate waveguide structure is selected so that the light density of the light 47 with the longest distance z 1 is small enough to ensure that enough light can be coupled out from the outcoupling region 43 at this viewing angle.
  • the density of diffraction points of light 44, light 45, and light 46 corresponding to the remaining viewing angles must be very large, and the position and diffraction times of the diffraction points can be controlled by reasonably selecting the position of the pupil expansion grating to reduce the remaining viewing angles Diffraction point density of light rays.
  • a plurality of discrete diffraction gratings of a certain size with rectangular borders are set at the light diffraction points.
  • the borders are not limited to rectangles, and can also be in any shape such as circles and polygons.
  • 41 is the coupling area.
  • the final optimized pupil dilation area 42 including multiple discrete pupil dilation sub-areas is shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 . It can be understood that the pupil dilation area optimized here includes a plurality of discrete pupil dilation sub-areas, which means that the pupil dilation area also includes blank areas (areas without diffraction gratings), and the pupil dilation sub-areas can be connected or separated. The separated pupil dilation sub-areas There is white space between the regions.
  • the diffraction efficiency may be modulated at different positions of the pupil dilation area after the position of the diffraction point is optimized.
  • grating height modulation can be performed on different positions of the pupil dilation area. As shown in FIG. 20nm to 150nm increases sequentially, and can be divided into more large areas according to the increase in the area of the pupil dilation area. Wherein, each large area may include one or more pupil expansion sub-areas, and one pupil expansion sub-area may also be located within one or more large areas.
  • the grating heights of different regions increase sequentially along the direction of light propagation. Optionally, the height of the gratings in each large area is uniform.
  • the variation of the height of the grating between adjacent large areas may be continuous, and the continuous variation here may be that the variation of the height of the grating is less than 10% or less than 5% or even 1%.
  • the height of the grating in each large area can also increase sequentially along the direction of light propagation. So far, the magnitude modulation of z 1 has been realized.
  • the light rays in the outcoupling region of the optical waveguide corresponding to the four boundary viewing angles are light 71 , light 72 , light 73 and light 74 .
  • the shapes and intervals of multiple outcoupling sub-regions are reasonably selected, so that light rays with different viewing angles can obtain approximately equal outcoupling light densities, thereby improving the uniformity of the viewing angle.
  • the diffraction efficiency modulation may also be performed on different positions of the outcoupling region.
  • the grating distributed in the outcoupling area can also be depth-modulated according to the direction of light propagation, and the depth of the grating increases sequentially along the direction of light propagation, and the selection range of depth is 50nm-300nm.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the structure and light distribution of a modulation optical waveguide provided by the embodiment of the present application.
  • the field angle of the modulated optical waveguide 10 is selected as 40°, and the selected 4 field angles are 4 boundary field angles, and the 4 boundary field angles are The distribution is (-17.5°, -10°), (-17.5°, 10°), (17.5°, -10°), (17.5°, 10°).
  • the modulated optical waveguide 10 includes an optical waveguide substrate 11, an incoupling region 110, a pupil expansion region 120 and an outcoupling region 130, wherein the incoupling region 110, the pupil expansion region 120 and the outcoupling region 130 are set
  • the light 20 is coupled into the modulating optical waveguide 10 from the optical machine, and first passes through the coupling area 110, and then enters the optical waveguide base material 11 in the form of total reflection after being grating.
  • Propagate reach the pupil expansion area 120 for multiple pupil expansion and deflection of the light 20, and finally reach the outcoupling area 130, where the light 20 is decoupled by the action of the grating.
  • the directions in which light rays 20 of four viewing angles are coupled into the modulated optical waveguide 10 can be obtained, corresponding to the first light rays 21, the second light rays 22, the third light rays 23 and the fourth light rays 24 , the solid and hollow dots and square dots in FIG. 7 all indicate the intersection of the light 20 and the waveguide surface.
  • Calculate the total reflection position of each light 20 that is, the intersection point between the light 20 and the surface of the modulating optical waveguide 10 ), and obtain the density of diffraction points of different light rays 20 .
  • the diffraction point density of the third light 23 corresponding to the viewing angle (17.5°, -10°) is the sparsest, and the density of the light 20 in the viewing field can be increased by adjusting the period, waveguide thickness, material refractive index, etc. .
  • the density of diffraction points of light 20 in the remaining three viewing fields will increase, and the distance z 1 between the actual diffraction points of the three viewing angles is an object that needs to be controlled.
  • the diffraction point of the third light ray 23 has been determined. As shown in Figure 7, there are three diffraction points.
  • Three discrete pupil expansion sub-regions 1201 are set at the position of the point, and the three pupil expansion sub-regions 1201 are respectively three different sizes and shapes. oval. Wherein, a diffraction grating is arranged in the pupil expansion sub-region 1201 .
  • the positions of three diffraction points on the first light ray 21 are selected to set the pupil expansion sub-region 1201 .
  • the positions of three diffraction points are also selected to set the pupil expansion sub-region 1201 .
  • the plurality of pupil dilation sub-regions 1201 may communicate with each other. As shown in FIG.
  • the boundaries of the modulated pupil dilation sub-areas 1201 form a quadrilateral area, that is, the optimized pupil dilation area 120 .
  • the pupil dilating area 120 can be divided into four areas with equal areas along the direction of light propagation, wherein the grating depths of the four areas are 60nm, 80nm, 100nm and 120nm in sequence from left to right.
  • the areas may be the same or different.
  • the light 20 propagates toward the outcoupling region 130 after being diffracted in the quadrangular region. It can be seen that three diffracted rays 20 of the light rays 20 at the four viewing angles propagate toward the outcoupling region 130 , and their lateral densities are approximately equal.
  • the longitudinal density of the outcoupling light 20 can be adjusted, that is, the spacing z 2 of the diffraction points of the light 20 in the outcoupling region 130 can be adjusted.
  • a plurality of rectangular outcoupling sub-regions 1301 are set in the outcoupling region 130, and they cover their respective corresponding outcoupling diffraction points, and there may be communication between the plurality of outcoupling subregions 1301, resulting in finally including a plurality of discrete outcoupling subregions Region 1301 is coupled out of region 130 .
  • Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the outcoupling power of the viewing angle obtained when a modulated optical waveguide provided by the embodiment of the present application is not modulated, the horizontal and vertical coordinates in Figure 8 indicate different positions, and Figure 9 A schematic diagram of the outcoupling power of a modulated optical waveguide obtained after modulating the waveguide provided for the embodiment of the present application, that is, the outcoupling power of the viewing angle obtained by using the modulated waveguide, and its value is normalized, whichever The values at the dotted line are analyzed, and Figure 10 is obtained. It can be seen from Fig. 10 that the outcoupling power of the viewing angle increases after the optical waveguide is modulated.
  • the modulated optical waveguide 10 provided by the present application modulates the outcoupling energy of multiple viewing angles, that is, increases the energy of the viewing angles with low coupling efficiency, so that the energy of the modulated viewing angles (that is, (17.5°, 10°) in this example) reaches the same or similar degree as other viewing angles.
  • the field of view analyzed can be 5, 6 or even more. Often, the more field of view angles are analyzed, the more accurate the positioning of the sub-region is, and the smaller the area of the sub-region is.
  • the pupil expansion region 120 and the outcoupling region 130 in the modulated optical waveguide 10 simultaneously perform multiple pupil expansion subregions 1201 and multiple outcoupling subregions 1301 set up.
  • the pupil expansion region 120 and the outcoupling region 130 in the modulated optical waveguide 10 simultaneously perform multiple pupil expansion subregions 1201 and multiple outcoupling subregions 1301 set up.
  • only setting a plurality of pupil expansion sub-regions 1201 or only setting a plurality of outcoupling sub-regions 1301 can also achieve the purpose of homogenizing the viewing angle.
  • the modulated optical waveguide 10 includes an optical waveguide with three functional areas: an incoupling region 110 , a pupil expansion region 120 and an outcoupling region 130 .
  • the modulated optical waveguide 10 described in this application is also suitable for waveguide structures with more functional areas, such as 4, 5 or even more functional areas.
  • the modulated optical waveguide 10 can be configured not only for the transmission of monochrome images, but also for the transmission of color images.
  • the incoupling region 110 is provided with a sawtooth grating, a helical grating or a rectangular grating, so as to achieve the effect of coupling in the light 20;
  • the pupil dilation region 120 is provided with a diffraction The grating, so as to play the role of pupil expansion;
  • the outcoupling region 130 is provided with a diffraction grating, so as to play the role of pupil expansion and outcoupling at the same time.
  • the number of the pupil expansion area may be one or more than one, and the outcoupling area may be one or more than one.
  • the grating periods in the multiple pupil expansion sub-areas 1201 in the pupil expansion area 120 are the same, and the position of the pupil expansion area 120 is determined by the light rays 20 of the four fields of view.
  • the 4 fields of view here are 4 boundary fields of view of the full field of view.
  • the position of the pupil dilating area 120 may also be determined by the rays 20 of multiple fields of view, wherein the multiple fields of view are, for example, four boundary fields of view and multiple intermediate fields of view.
  • the shapes of the multiple pupil expansion sub-regions 1201 include but are not limited to circles, ellipses, or polygons, and their shapes obtained through Boolean operations.
  • the plurality of pupil expansion sub-regions 1201 do not overlap each other.
  • the distance between adjacent discrete pupil dilating sub-areas corresponding to the same field of view ray 20 in the pupil dilating area 120 is less than or equal to the first preset size. Since the distance between the discrete pupil dilation sub-regions corresponding to the same field of view light is larger, the energy will be sparser.
  • the value of the first preset size can be determined according to the required energy value of the application scene, for example, it can be 8mm.
  • the pupil dilation area 120 includes at least 12 or more discrete pupil dilation sub-areas. When the area of the pupil dilation area is constant, the more divided areas, the denser the outgoing rays will be.
  • the size and shape of the plurality of pupil expansion sub-regions 1201 may be set to be the same or different.
  • the sizes of the plurality of pupil expansion sub-regions 1201 in the horizontal and vertical directions are all smaller than the second preset size.
  • the size limitation of the pupil dilation sub-region 1201 in the horizontal and vertical directions is used to ensure that the pupil dilation sub-region only acts on the desired field of view diffraction point, so the second preset size can be based on the position of the desired field of view diffraction point in the application scenario and the desired The distance between the field diffraction point and the undesired field diffraction point is set.
  • the value of the second preset size can be determined according to the required energy value of the application scene, such as 4.5mm.
  • the grating depth in the pupil expansion area 120 gradually increases along the propagation direction of the light 20 , and the grating depth ranges from 20 nm to 150 nm. This setting can enhance the uniformity of EYEBOX.
  • the grating periods of the multiple outcoupling sub-regions 1301 are the same.
  • the positions of the multiple outcoupling sub-regions 1301 are determined by the positions of the pupil dilating regions 120 and the corresponding directions of the light rays 20 .
  • the area shapes of the plurality of outcoupling sub-areas 1301 include, but are not limited to, circles, ellipses, polygons, and figures obtained through Boolean operations. Wherein, the multiple outcoupling sub-regions 1301 do not overlap with each other.
  • the distance between adjacent discrete outcoupling sub-regions corresponding to the same field of view light 20 in the outcoupling region 130 is less than 8 mm.
  • the dimensions of the plurality of outcoupling sub-regions 1301 in the horizontal and vertical directions are all smaller than 4.5 mm.
  • the outcoupling region 130 includes at least 12 or more discrete outcoupling subregions 1301 .
  • the grating depth of the plurality of outcoupling sub-regions 1301 increases gradually along the propagation direction of the light 20 , and the grating depth ranges from 50 nm to 300 nm.
  • the sizes and shapes of the plurality of outcoupling sub-regions 1301 are set to be the same or different.
  • the pupil expansion area, the outcoupling area and the modulation optical waveguide provided by the application, the pupil expansion area and the outcoupling area of the modulation optical waveguide can increase the uniformity of the field angle of the optical waveguide;
  • the pupil expansion area and coupling The output area realizes the modulation of the density of light diffraction points in the optical waveguide by setting discrete areas, and finally realizes that the light of different viewing angles can be emitted uniformly, thereby forming a more uniform image;
  • the modulated optical waveguide can be applied to different ranges of viewing angles , both have improved display performance, so as to achieve effective modulation of the uniformity of the viewing angle;
  • the pupil expansion area and the outcoupling area of the optical waveguide can simultaneously set the sub-areas for the pupil expansion area and the outcoupling area, so as to achieve uniformity
  • the outcoupling area can only set a plurality of discrete sub-areas for the outcoupling area according to the actual situation, so that the uniformity of
  • the present application provides a modulation method for modulating an optical waveguide, and the modulation method for modulating an optical waveguide includes steps:
  • 1002 Modulate the distance between the total reflection points of the light 20 in the pupil expansion area 120 through the discrete pupil expansion sub-areas 1201 in the pupil expansion area 120 .
  • the modulation method of the optical waveguide includes the steps of:
  • 1003 Setting a plurality of discrete outcoupling subregions 1301 in the outcoupling region 130 of the optical waveguide.
  • 1004 Modulating light 20 through the outcoupling subregions 1301 in the outcoupling region 130 in the outcoupling region 130 The spacing between total reflection points of .

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Abstract

本申请提供一种调制光波导的扩瞳区域、耦出区域、调制光波导及调制方法，调制光波导设置为对光线进行调制，包括光波导基材、耦入区域、扩瞳区域和耦出区域，耦入区域、扩瞳区域和耦出区域被设置于调制光波导基材的上表面或下表面；调制光波导满足以下至少之一：扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域，多个离散的扩瞳子区域设置为在光线到达扩瞳子区域后对光线进行衍射，以实现对调制光波导中光线衍射点密度的调制；耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域，多个离散的耦出子区域设置为在光线到达耦出子区域后对光线进行衍射，以实现对调制光波导中衍射点密度的调制。

Description

调制光波导的扩瞳区域、耦出区域、调制光波导及调制方法
本申请要求在2021年11月15日提交中国专利局、申请号为202122795068.1的中国专利申请的优先权，要求在2021年11月15日提交中国专利局、申请号为202111346818.5的中国专利申请的优先权，该申请的全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及光学元件领域，例如涉及调制光波导的扩瞳区域、耦出区域、调制光波导及调制方法。
背景技术
增强现实(Augmented Reality，AR)是一种将真实世界和虚拟信息相融合的技术，AR显示***通常包括微型投影仪和光学显示屏，将微型投影仪上的像素通过光学显示屏投射到人眼中，同时，用户可以透过光学显示屏看到真实世界。微型投影仪为设备提供虚拟内容，光学显示屏通常是透明的光学部件。
光波导是光学显示屏的一种实现路径。当传输介质的折射率大于周围介质且在波导中的入射角大于全反射临界角时，光即可在波导内无泄漏地传输，发生全反射。来自投影仪的光被耦合进光波导后，光就在波导内继续无损地传播图像，直到被后续结构耦出。
市面上光波导通常被分为几何阵列波导和衍射光波导，其中衍射光波导又分为体全息波导和表面浮雕光栅波导，衍射光波导的本质都是通过光栅衍射将入射光耦入到波导中，表面浮雕光栅波导以其极高的设计自由度和由纳米压印加工带来的可量产性，在众多方案中具有明显的优势。
AR波导的技术参数主要包括视场角(Field Of View，FOV)、视距eye relief、动眼眶尺寸eyebox等。视场角通常用对角线角度表示如40°，对应16:9比例画幅的视场角约为35°(H)*20°(V)；视距通常在20-25mm左右，基本能满足大部分用户的佩戴需求，包括佩戴近视眼镜的用户；动眼眶尺寸决定了用户眼镜可自由移动的范围，尺寸越大丢失图像的可能性越小，因而适应性更广。动眼眶的水平尺寸需要能够适应人眼的出瞳距范围，并给用户不同的水平佩戴基准给足余量，动眼眶的垂直尺寸需要适配用户的垂直佩戴基准。一般认为动眼眶尺寸15mm(H)*10mm(V)可满足用户体验的基本需求。AR波导以高效率和良好的均匀性为优化目标，高效率的目的是在相同微投输入下能实现较高的亮度输出，使人眼看到画面足够明亮；均匀性包括FOV均匀性，即人眼看 到的全视场画面具有较好的亮度、颜色均匀性，还包括eyebox均匀性，即人眼在eyebox不同位置(或不同瞳距、鼻梁高度的用户佩戴时)接收到的亮度差异尽量小，且期望不同位置都具有较好的FOV均匀性。
AR波导技术追求较大视场角、较高效率及较好均匀性的显示效果，其中的视场角直接决定了观察者能看到的图像大小，是影响用户体验的关键参数，视场角越大，往往观察效果越生动具体。对于小视场角情况，光波导中的不同光线传输的状态差别不大，而当视场角变大时，最大视场角和最小视场角对应在光波导中的光线传输情况(这里主要指反射角大小)差别较大，从而会导致不同视场角的均匀性变差。
发明内容
本申请提供一种调制光波导的扩瞳区域，设置为对光线进行调制，所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域，所述多个离散的扩瞳子区域设置为在光线到达所述扩瞳子区域后对所述光线进行衍射，以实现对所述调制光波导中光线衍射点密度的调制。
在一些实施例中，每个扩瞳子区域设置有衍射光栅。
在一些实施例中，多个扩瞳子区域中的光栅周期相同。
在一些实施例中，扩瞳区域的位置由4个边界视场的光线决定。
在一些实施例中，每个扩瞳子区域的形状为圆形、椭圆形以及多边形中的一种形状，或由圆形、椭圆形以及多边形中的至少一种形状经过布尔运算得到的图形。
在一些实施例中，多个扩瞳子区域互不重叠。
在一些实施例中，扩瞳区域的同一视场光线对应的相邻的离散扩瞳子区域的间距小于8mm。
在一些实施例中，多个扩瞳子区域在横纵方向的尺寸均小于4.5mm。
在一些实施例中，扩瞳区域中的光栅深度沿着光线传播方向逐渐增加，所述光栅深度的范围为20nm-150nm。
本申请提供一种调制光波导的耦出区域，设置为对光线进行调制，所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域，所述多个离散的耦出子区域设置为在光线到达所述耦出子区域后对所述光线进行衍射，以实现对所述调制光波导中光线衍射点密度的调制。
在一些实施例中，每个耦出子区域设置有衍射光栅。
在一些实施例中，多个耦出子区域的光栅周期相同。
在一些实施例中，每个耦出子区域的形状为圆形、椭圆形以及多边形中的一种形状，或由圆形、椭圆形以及多边形中的至少一种形状经过布尔运算得到的图形。
在一些实施例中，多个耦出子区域互不重叠。
在一些实施例中，耦出区域的同一视场光线对应的相邻的离散耦出子区域的间距小于8mm。
在一些实施例中，多个耦出子区域在横纵方向的尺寸均小于4.5mm。
在一些实施例中，耦出区域包括12个及以上的离散的耦出子区域。
在一些实施例中，耦出区域中的光栅深度沿着光线传播方向逐渐增加，所述光栅深度的范围为50nm-300nm。
本申请提供一种调制光波导，设置为对光线进行调制，所述调制光波导包括光波导基材、耦入区域、扩瞳区域以及耦出区域，所述耦入区域、所述扩瞳区域以及所述耦出区域被设置于所述调制光波导基材的表面；
所述调制光波导满足以下至少之一：
所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域，所述多个离散的扩瞳子区域设置为在光线到达所述扩瞳子区域后对所述光线进行衍射，以实现对所述调制光波导中光线衍射点密度的调制；
所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域，所述多个离散的耦出子区域设置为在光线到达所述耦出子区域后对所述光线进行衍射，以实现对所述调制光波导中光线衍射点密度的调制。
在一些实施例中，所述耦入区域设置有锯齿光栅、斜齿光栅或者矩形光栅。
在一些实施例中，满足以下至少之一：
在所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域的情况下，每个扩瞳子区域设置有衍射光栅；
在所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域的情况下，每个耦出子区域设置有衍射光栅。
在一些实施例中，满足以下至少之一：
在所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域的情况下，多个扩瞳子区域中的光栅周期相同；
在所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域的情况下，多个耦出子区域中 的光栅周期相同。
在一些实施例中，所述扩瞳区域的位置由4个边界视场的光线决定；或由4个边界视场和多个中间视场的光线决定。
在一些实施例中，满足以下至少之一：
在所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域的情况下，所述扩瞳子区域的数量为至少12个；
在所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域的情况下，所述耦出子区域的数量为至少12个。
在一些实施例中，满足以下至少之一：
在所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域的情况下，每个扩瞳子区域的形状为圆形、椭圆形以及多边形中的一种形状，或由圆形、椭圆形以及多边形中的至少一种形状经过布尔运算得到的图形；
在所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域的情况下，每个耦出子区域的形状为圆形、椭圆形以及多边形中的一种形状，或由圆形、椭圆形以及多边形中的至少一种形状经过布尔运算得到的图形。
在一些实施例中，满足以下至少之一：
在所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域的情况下，多个扩瞳子区域互不重叠；
在所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域的情况下，多个耦出子区域互不重叠。
在一些实施例中，满足以下至少之一：
扩瞳区域的同一视场光线对应的相邻的离散扩瞳子区域的间距小于8mm；
耦出区域的同一视场光线对应的相邻的离散耦出子区域的间距小于8mm。
在一些实施例中，满足以下至少之一：
多个扩瞳子区域在横纵方向的尺寸均小于4.5mm；
多个耦出子区域在横纵方向的尺寸均小于4.5mm。
在一些实施例中，在所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域的情况下，所述扩瞳区域的光栅深度沿着光线传播方向逐渐增加，所述光栅深度的范围为20nm-150nm。
在一些实施例中，在所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域的情况下， 所述耦出区域的光栅深度沿着光线传播方向逐渐增加，所述光栅深度的范围为50nm-300nm。
在一些实施例中，所述扩瞳区域与所述耦出区域为同一区域，所述区域中设置的光学结构设置为同时对光线进行扩瞳和耦出。
本申请提供一种调制光波导的调制方法，所述调制光波导满足以下至少之一：
所述调制光波导的扩瞳区域设置有多个离散的扩瞳子区域；所述调制光波导的耦出区域设置有多个离散的耦出子区域；
所述调制方法包括以下至少之一：
当光线到达所述扩瞳区域时，通过所述扩瞳区域中离散的扩瞳子区域调制所述光线在所述扩瞳区域中的全反射点之间的间距；
当光线到达所述耦出区域时，通过所述耦出区域中离散的耦出子区域调制所述光线在所述耦出瞳区域中的全反射点之间的间距。
附图说明
图1为本申请实施例提供的一种调制光波导中不同视场角光线的传播过程及耦出密度示意图；
图2为本申请实施例提供的一种衍射角度的示意图；
图3为本申请实施例提供的一种不同视场角光线在传统扩瞳区域和耦出区域衍射的情况；
图4为本申请实施例提供的一种不同视场角光线在调制的扩瞳区域衍射的情况；
图5为本申请实施例提供的一种包括多个离散扩瞳子区域的扩瞳区域按光栅深度调制分区的示意图；
图6为本申请实施例提供的一种不同视场角光线在调制的耦出区域衍射的情况的示意图；
图7为本申请实施例提供的一种调制光波导的结构和光线分布示意图；
图8为本申请实施例提供的一种调制光波导在未调制波导时得到的耦出功率的示意图；
图9为本申请实施例提供的一种调制光波导在调制波导后得到的耦出功率的示意图；
图10为本申请实施例提供的一种调制光波导在耦出区域同一直线处调制前后耦出功率的数值对比示意图；
图11为本申请实施例提供的一种调制光波导的调制方法的流程示意图。
具体实施方式
以下描述用于揭露本申请以使本领域技术人员能够实现本申请。以下描述中的实施例只作为举例。
在本申请的揭露中，术语“纵向”、“横向”、“上”、“下”、“前”、“后”、“左”、“右”、“竖直”、“水平”、“顶”、“底”、“内”、“外”等指示的方位或位置关系是基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，其仅是为了便于描述本申请和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此上述术语不能理解为对本申请的限制。
术语“一”应理解为“至少一”或“一个或多个”，即在一个实施例中，一个元件的数量可以为一个，而在另外的实施例中，该元件的数量可以为多个，术语“一”不能理解为对数量的限制。
本申请实施例提供一种调制光波导的扩瞳区域，设置为对光线进行调制，扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域，多个离散的扩瞳子区域设置为在光线到达扩瞳子区域后对光线进行衍射，以实现对调制光波导中光线衍射点密度的调制。
本申请实施例还提供一种调制光波导的耦出区域，设置为对光线进行调制，耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域，多个离散的耦出子区域设置为在光线到达耦出子区域后对光线进行衍射，以实现对调制光波导中光线衍射点密度的调制。
本申请实施例还提供一种调制光波导，设置为对光线进行调制，调制光波导包括光波导基材、耦入区域、扩瞳区域以及耦出区域，耦入区域、扩瞳区域以及耦出区域被设置于调制光波导基材的表面；调制光波导满足以下至少之一：扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域，多个离散的扩瞳子区域设置为在光线到达扩瞳子区域后对光线进行衍射，以实现对调制光波导中光线衍射点密度的调制；耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域，多个离散的耦出子区域设置为在光线到达耦出子区域后对光线进行衍射，以实现对调制光波导中光线衍射点密度的调制。
如图1所示，光机1发射的光线首先经过耦入区域2的光栅，发生衍射之后进入光波导3中，光线在光波导中3以全反射的方式进行传播。当光线到达 下一个光栅区域4时，会再次发生衍射，其全反射次数越多，衍射的次数也越多，扩瞳范围就越大。由图1可以看到，不同视场角的光线5和光线6对应了不同的入射角和衍射角，其衍射角大小和方向由下列方程式决定：
Figure PCTCN2022131660-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2022131660-appb-000002
其中θ、
Figure PCTCN2022131660-appb-000003
的定义如图2所示，θ、
Figure PCTCN2022131660-appb-000004
表示入射光线的角度，θ 1、
Figure PCTCN2022131660-appb-000005
表示在耦入区域衍射一次后的光线角度，它们共同决定了光线全反射传播的方向。n 1为波导材料折射率，m 1为衍射级次，λ为光波长，d x、d y分别为光栅周期在x和y方向的分量，满足d x＝d/sinθ,d y＝d/cosθ，d为光栅周期。
由于光线5和光线6的衍射角不同，导致它们在波导中全反射一次所走过的横向距离不同，该距离可以表示为z＝2h×tanθ 1，其中h为波导厚度。z不同导致的直接结果是扩瞳后的光线密度不同，例如出射光线7的密度就大于出射光线8的密度，当z大于瞳孔直径时，人眼在一些位置很有可能就会接收不到该视场角的光线，从而缺失了一部分图像信息，造成视场角的不均匀。由以上分析可知，影响视场角均匀性的因素是波导中的光线密度。并且视场角越大，不同视场角对应的光线密度差距就越大。如图3所示，为耦入光波导中的光经过耦入区域31以及扩瞳区域33后的光线偏转情况，其中的矩形点和圆点均表示一次光线的衍射，点与点之间的距离为z，耦入区域光栅作用后的点距离表示为z 1，扩瞳区域光栅作用后的点距离表示为z 2，点的密度即可以看作能量的密度。图中显示了4个边界视场角对应的光线34，光线35，光线36和光线37，它们均先经过扩瞳区域33，并发生衍射偏转从而向耦出区域32传播。为了使图中线条清楚，图3中只画出了每条光线横向衍射4次(部分次数衍射时的衍射光线未示出)后再沿纵向传播衍射2次的情况作为示意，实际上光线会继续向横纵方向进行多次衍射。可以看出，在耦出区域32中4个视场角对应的耦出光线密度差别较大。对比光线34和光线37，假设每次衍射后衍射光线能量为原来的10％，在衍射四次后两光线损失了相同能量，但光线37比光线34传播了更远的距离。在耦出区域32中光线37的密度远小于光线34的密度，所以光线37对应的耦出能量会低于光线34对应的耦出能量，从而导致视场角的能量分布不均匀。
这种视场角光线密度不均匀还有可能导致扩瞳区域前端光线衍射次数过多，能量大量集中在光线传播路径的前端，而扩瞳区域后端能量太低，此情况会引起更加严重的视场角缺失。因此，调制不同视场角的光线密度达到近似相等， 可以有效地优化视场角均匀性。
本申请提出的调制光波导结构为耦入区域+扩瞳区域+耦出区域，其中，耦入区域内设置的光学结构设置为实现光耦入功能，扩瞳区域内设置的光学结构设置为实现光扩展功能，耦出区域中设置的光学结构设置为实现光耦出功能。光扩展功能和光耦出功能可以通过两个相互独立的光学结构实现，即扩瞳区域和耦出区域为不同的两个区域，光扩展功能和光耦出功能也可以通过同一个光学结构同时实现，即扩瞳区域和耦出区域为同一区域。在部分实施例中，光耦入功能、光扩展功能和光耦出功能也可以通过同一个光学结构同时实现。
以下以扩瞳区域和耦出区域为不同的两个区域来举例说明，该结构对衍射角(θ)存在两次调制作用，第一次是耦入光栅的作用，由公式(1)和(2)确定，其决定了全反射点间距z 1的大小；第二次是扩瞳光栅的作用，其决定了全反射点间距z 2的大小，第二次衍射过程由下式确定：
Figure PCTCN2022131660-appb-000006
Figure PCTCN2022131660-appb-000007
调制光线密度，实际上就是调制z 1和/或z 2的大小。本申请采用在扩瞳区域的合适位置设置多个离散扩瞳光栅的方法来调制z 1的大小，采用在耦出区域的合适位置设置多个离散耦出光栅的方法来调制z 2的大小。方法如下。
如图4所示，首先选择合适的波导结构使间距z 1最长的光线47的光线密度足够小以保证该视场角有足够的光线能够从耦出区域43耦出。此时其余视场角对应的光线44、光线45、光线46的衍射点密度必然很大，可以通过合理选择扩瞳光栅所处的位置来控制衍射点的位置和衍射次数来降低其余视场角光线的衍射点密度。图4中在光线衍射点设置了多个离散的一定大小的具有矩形边界的衍射光栅，当然该边界不限于矩形，也可以是圆形、多边形等任意形状，41为耦入区域。最终优化得到包括多个离散扩瞳子区域的扩瞳区域42如图4、5所示。可以理解，这里优化得到的扩瞳区域包括多个离散扩瞳子区域表示扩瞳区域内还包括空白区域(不设置衍射光栅的区域)，扩瞳子区域之间可以联通也可以分离，分离的扩瞳子区域之间存在空白区域。
一实施例中，为了提高视场角均匀性，可以对衍射点位置优化后的扩瞳区域的不同位置进行衍射效率调制。例如，可以对扩瞳区域的不同位置进行光栅高度调制，如图5所示将扩瞳区域42沿着光线传播方向分为3个大区，沿着光线传播方向每个大区的光栅深度由20nm到150nm依次增加，可以根据扩瞳区 域面积的增加而划分为更多的大区。其中，每个大区可以包括一个或者多个扩瞳子区域，一个扩瞳子区域也可以位于一个或者多个大区范围内。不同大区的光栅高度沿着光线传播方向依次增加。可选地，每个大区内的光栅高度是统一的。相邻大区之间光栅高度的变化可以是连续的，这里的连续变化可以是光栅高度的变化小于10％或者小于5％甚至1％等。当然，每个大区内的光栅高度也可以沿着光线传播方向依次增加。至此，实现了对z 1的大小调制。
在已对z 1调制的基础上，以同样的方式，对四个或更多的视场角的光线路径进行计算，得到光线在耦出区域的分布，进而实现对z 2的大小调制。如图6所示，四个边界视场角对应在光波导耦出区域中的光线分别为光线71，光线72，光线73和光线74。合理选择多个耦出子区域的形状和间隔，使不同视场角的光线能够取得近似相等的耦出光线密度，从而提高视场角的均匀性。
一实施例中，为了进一步提高视场角均匀性，还可以对耦出区域的不同位置进行衍射效率调制。例如，耦出区域分布的光栅还可以根据光线的传播方向进行深度调制，沿着光线传播方向光栅深度依次增加，深度的选择范围为50nm-300nm。
如图7所示，图7为本申请实施例提供的一种调制光波导的结构和光线分布示意图。
在本申请提供的调制光波导10的一实施例中，调制光波导10的视场角被选择为40°，选择的4个视场角为4个边界视场角，4个边界视场角分布为(-17.5°，-10°)，(-17.5°，10°)，(17.5°，-10°)，(17.5°，10°)。
如图7所示，调制光波导10包括光波导基材11、耦入区域110、扩瞳区域120和耦出区域130，其中，耦入区域110、扩瞳区域120和耦出区域130被设置于调制光波导10基材11的上表面或下表面，光线20从光机耦入调制光波导10后首先经过耦入区域110，经过光栅作用后进入光波导基材11中以全反射形式进行传播，到达扩瞳区域120进行多次扩瞳和光线20偏转，最后到达耦出区域130，在耦出区域130光线20被光栅作用实现耦出。
根据上述公式(1)和(2)可以得到四个视场角的光线20耦入调制光波导10中的方向，对应第一光线21、第二光线22、第三光线23和第四光线24，图7中的实心及空心圆点、方点均表示光线20与波导表面的交点。计算出每条光线20发生全反射的位置(即光线20与调制光波导10表面的交点)，得到不同光线20衍射点的密集程度。在本实施例中，视场角(17.5°，-10°)对应的第三光线23衍射点密度最稀疏，可以通过调节周期、波导厚度，材料折射率等方式增加该视场的光线20密度。与此同时，其余三个视场的光线20衍射点密度会增加，该三个视场角的实际衍射点之间的距离z 1是需要控制的对象。第三光线 23的衍射点已经确定，如图7所示有三个衍射点，在该点所在的位置设置三个离散的扩瞳子区域1201，三个扩瞳子区域1201分别为三个大小形状不同的椭圆。其中，扩瞳子区域1201内设置有衍射光栅。
为了让其余的三条光线20，即第一光线21、第二光线22和第四光线24同样进行三次衍射得到三个密度近似相等的衍射点，需要对其在扩瞳区域120内的相应位置进行调制。因此在第一光线21上选取了三个衍射点的位置进行扩瞳子区域1201的设置。在第二光线22和第四光线24的合适位置同样选取了三个衍射点的位置进行扩瞳子区域1201的设置。多个扩瞳子区域1201之间可能互相连通。如图8所示，在扩瞳区域120中的除多个扩瞳子区域1201之外的无光栅区域的位置虽然存在全反射，但不存在衍射作用，光线20到达无光栅区域中的点为全反射点而不是衍射点，因此光线20会沿着原方向继续传播而不会发生衍射偏转，因此光线20在无光栅区域中的传播可以看做能量无损失。
如图7所示，经过调制后的多个扩瞳子区域1201的边界形成一个四边形区域，即优化后的扩瞳区域120。可选地，可将扩瞳区域120沿着光线传播方向分为4个面积相等的区域，其中四个区域的光栅深度从左至右依次取60nm、80nm、100nm以及120nm，这4个区域的面积可以相同也可不同。
如图7所示，光线20在四边形区域发生衍射后向耦出区域130传播。可以看到，4个视场角的光线20均有三条衍射光线20朝着耦出区域130传播，它们的横向密度近似相等。通过设置多个离散耦出子区域1301的位置可以调节耦出光线20纵向的密度，即调节光线20在耦出区域130衍射点的间距z 2。耦出区域130中设置了多个矩形的耦出子区域1301，它们覆盖了各自对应的耦出衍射点，多个耦出子区域1301之间可能发生连通，得到最终包括多个离散耦出子区域1301的耦出区域130。
本实施例中，对边界视场角(17.5°，10°)光线20传输的情况进行仿真模拟，计算出耦出区域130不同位置(17.5°，10°)的光线20的耦出功率。如图8所示，图8为本申请实施例提供的一种调制光波导未进行调制时得到的该视场角的耦出功率的示意图，图8中横纵坐标表示不同的位置，图9为本申请实施例提供的一种调制光波导在调制波导后得到的耦出功率的示意图，即采用调制波导得到的该视场角的耦出功率，对其值进行了归一化，取其虚线处所在的值进行分析，得到图10。从图10可以看到光波导被调制后该视场角的耦出功率增加。
结果表明，本申请提供的调制光波导10通过对多个视场角的耦出能量进行调制，即对耦出效率低的视场角的能量进行增大，从而使被调制视场角的能量(即本例中的(17.5°，10°))达到与其它视场角同等或近似的程度。
在本申请提供的调制光波导10的一实施例中，仅展示了4个视场角的光线20，是为了简化示意图。实际上分析的视场角可以是5个、6个甚至更多。往往分析的视场角越多，子区域定位就越精确，子区域的面积也越小。
另外，在本申请提供的调制光波导10的一实施例中，调制光波导10中的扩瞳区域120和耦出区域130同时进行了多个扩瞳子区域1201和多个耦出子区域1301的设置。实际上，对于较小视场角的情况，仅设置多个扩瞳子区域1201或者仅设置多个耦出子区域1301也能达到匀化视场角的目的。
此外，在本申请提供的调制光波导10的一实施例中，调制光波导10包括耦入区域110、扩瞳区域120和耦出区域130共3个功能区的光波导。除此以外，本申请所述的调制光波导10也适用具有更多功能区的波导结构，比如4个、5个甚至更多数量的功能区等。
在本申请所述的调制光波导10中，调制光波导10既可以被设置为单色图像的传输，也可以被设置为彩色图像的传输。
此外，在本申请提供的调制光波导10的一实施例中，耦入区域110设置有锯齿光栅、斜齿光栅或者矩形光栅，从而起到耦入光线20的效果；扩瞳区域120设置有衍射光栅，从而起到扩瞳作用；耦出区域130设置有衍射光栅，从而同时起到扩瞳和耦出的作用。其中，扩瞳区域的数量可以为一个或者多于一个，耦出区域也可以为一个或者多于一个。
扩瞳区域120中的多个扩瞳子区域1201中的光栅周期相同，且扩瞳区域120的位置由4个视场的光线20确定。例如，这里的4个视场为全视场的4个边界视场。
一实施例中，扩瞳区域120的位置也可以由多个视场的光线20确定，其中，多个视场例如为4个边界视场与多个中间视场。
在本申请提供的调制光波导10的一实施例中，多个扩瞳子区域1201的形状包括但不限于圆形、椭圆形或多边形，以及它们经过布尔运算得到的图形。
一实施例中，多个扩瞳子区域1201互不重叠。其中，扩瞳区域120的同一视场光线20对应的相邻的离散扩瞳子区域的间距小于或者等于第一预设尺寸。由于同一视场光线对应的离散的扩瞳子区域的间距越大能量越稀疏，在通过离散扩瞳子区域的设置来降低某个视场光线的密度时，应当注意不应使得光线过于稀疏而导致整体亮度变低或者出现明暗条纹等情形，则第一预设尺寸的数值可根据应用场景的需求能量数值确定，比如可以是8mm等。
扩瞳区域120包括至少12个及以上的离散的扩瞳子区域。在扩瞳区域面积一定时，划分的区域越多出射光线越密集。
多个扩瞳子区域1201的大小和形状可以被设置为相同或者不同。
多个扩瞳子区域1201在横纵方向的尺寸均小于第二预设尺寸。对扩瞳子区域1201在横纵方向的尺寸限制用于保证扩瞳子区域只对期望的视场衍射点进行作用，故第二预设尺寸可根据应用场景期望的视场衍射点的位置和期望的视场衍射点与不期望的视场衍射点之间的距离进行设定。第二预设尺寸的数值可根据应用场景的需求能量数值确定，比如4.5mm等。
扩瞳区域120中的光栅深度沿着光线20传播方向逐渐增加，光栅深度的范围为20nm-150nm。这样设置可增强EYEBOX的均匀性。
在本申请提供的调制光波导10的一实施例中，多个耦出子区域1301的光栅周期相同。多个耦出子区域1301的位置由扩瞳区域120的位置及对应的光线20方向确定。
多个耦出子区域1301的区域形状包括但不限于圆形、椭圆、多边形，以及它们经过布尔运算得到的图形。其中，多个耦出子区域1301互不重叠。
在本申请提供的调制光波导10的一实施例中，耦出区域130的同一视场光线20对应的相邻的离散耦出子区域的间距小于8mm。其中，多个耦出子区域1301在横纵方向的尺寸均小于4.5mm。
一实施例中，耦出区域130包括至少12个及以上的离散的耦出子区域1301。多个耦出子区域1301的光栅深度沿着光线20传播方向逐渐增加，光栅深度的范围为50nm-300nm。
多个耦出子区域1301的大小和形状被设置为相同或者不同。
本申请提供的调整光波导的扩瞳区域、耦出区域以及调制光波导，调制光波导的扩瞳区域和耦出区域能够增加光波导视场角的均匀性；光波导的扩瞳区域和耦出区域通过设置离散区域，实现对光波导中光线衍射点密度的调制，最终实现不同视场角的光线能均匀出射，从而形成更加均匀的图像；调制光波导能够适用不同范围的视场角情况，均具有显示性能的提升，从而实现对视场角的均匀性的有效调制；光波导的扩瞳区域和耦出区域能够同时对扩瞳区域和耦出区域进行子区域设置，从而达到匀化视场角的目的；耦出区域能够根据实际情况仅对耦出区域设置多个离散子区域，从而使出射光线的视场角的均匀性得到提高；光波导的扩瞳区域和耦出区域能够更加精细地对扩瞳区域和耦出区域的位置进行设计，从而实现不同视场角光线密度的控制，使最后从光波导耦出进入人眼的光线的视场角均匀性更好；在耦出区域采用了非连续光栅，一方面能够减少光栅的总体面积，节省了母版制备时间；另一方面，非连续光栅能够减少对环境光的作用，使挡光部分减少，进而使真实的环境看起来更加明亮； 光波导的扩瞳区域和耦出区域通过调制在扩瞳区域的全反射点之间的距离和/或在耦出区域的全反射点之间的距离，以对光线密度进行调制，从而使从调制光波导进入人眼的光线的视场角的均匀性得到提高。
如图11所示，本申请提供一种调制光波导的调制方法，调制光波导的调制方法包括步骤：
1001：在所述光波导的扩瞳区域120设置多个离散的扩瞳子区域1201。
1002：通过所述扩瞳区域120中的离散的所述扩瞳子区域1201调制光线20在扩瞳区域120中的全反射点之间的间距。
一实施例中，所述光波导的调制方法包括步骤：
1003：在所述光波导的耦出区域130设置多个离散的耦出子区域1301。1004：通过所述耦出区域130中的所述耦出子区域1301调制光线20在耦出区域130中的全反射点之间的间距。
除此以外，本领域技术人员可以根据实际情况对调制光波导中的耦入区域、扩瞳区域以及耦出区域的形状和结构进行变形或调整，比如将设置为不规则形状等，只要在本申请上述揭露的基础上，采用了与本申请相同或近似的技术方案，解决了与本申请相同或近似的技术问题，并且达到了与本申请相同或近似的技术效果，都属于本申请的保护范围之内，本申请的具体实施方式并不以此为限。
在本说明书的描述中，参考术语“一个实施例”、“一些实施例”、“示例”、“示例”、或“一些示例”等的描述意指结合该实施例或示例描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点包含于本申请的至少一个实施例或示例中。在本说明书中，对上述术语的示意性表述不必须针对的是相同的实施例或示例。而且，描述的特征、结构、材料或者特点可以在任一个或多个实施例或示例中以合适的方式结合。此外，在不相互矛盾的情况下，本领域的技术人员可以将本说明书中描述的不同实施例或示例以及不同实施例或示例的特征进行结合和组合。

Claims (32)

  1. 一种调制光波导的扩瞳区域，设置为对光线进行调制，所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域，所述多个离散的扩瞳子区域设置为在光线到达所述扩瞳子区域后对所述光线进行衍射，以实现对所述调制光波导中光线衍射点密度的调制。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的调制光波导的扩瞳区域，其中，每个扩瞳子区域设置有衍射光栅。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的调制光波导的扩瞳区域，其中，多个扩瞳子区域中的光栅周期相同。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的调制光波导的扩瞳区域，其中，所述扩瞳区域的位置由4个边界视场的光线决定。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的调制光波导的扩瞳区域，其中，每个扩瞳子区域的形状为圆形、椭圆形以及多边形中的一种形状，或由圆形、椭圆形以及多边形中的至少一种形状经过布尔运算得到的图形。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的调制光波导的扩瞳区域，其中，多个扩瞳子区域互不重叠。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的调制光波导的扩瞳区域，其中，扩瞳区域的同一视场光线对应的相邻的离散扩瞳子区域的间距小于8mm。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的调制光波导的扩瞳区域，其中，多个扩瞳子区域在横纵方向的尺寸均小于4.5mm。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的调制光波导的扩瞳区域，其中，扩瞳区域的光栅深度沿着光线传播方向逐渐增加，所述光栅深度的范围为20nm-150nm。
  10. 一种调制光波导的耦出区域，设置为对光线进行调制，所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域，所述多个离散的耦出子区域设置为在光线到达所述耦出子区域后对所述光线进行衍射，以实现对所述调制光波导中光线衍射点密度的调制。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的调制光波导的耦出区域，其中，每个耦出子区域设置有衍射光栅。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的调制光波导的耦出区域，其中，多个耦出子区域的光栅周期相同。
  13. 根据权利要求10所述的调制光波导的耦出区域，其中，每个耦出子区域的形状为圆形、椭圆形以及多边形中的一种形状，或由圆形、椭圆形以及多 边形中的至少一种形状经过布尔运算得到的图形。
  14. 根据权利要求10所述的调制光波导的耦出区域，其中，多个耦出子区域互不重叠。
  15. 根据权利要求10所述的调制光波导的耦出区域，其中，耦出区域的同一视场光线对应的相邻的离散耦出子区域的间距小于8mm。
  16. 根据权利要求10所述的调制光波导的耦出区域，其中，多个耦出子区域在横纵方向的尺寸均小于4.5mm。
  17. 根据权利要求10所述的调制光波导的耦出区域，其中，耦出区域包括至少12个离散的耦出子区域。
  18. 根据权利要求10所述的调制光波导的耦出区域，其中，耦出区域中的光栅深度沿着光线传播方向逐渐增加，所述光栅深度的范围为50nm-300nm。
  19. 一种调制光波导，设置为对光线进行调制，所述调制光波导包括光波导基材、耦入区域、扩瞳区域以及耦出区域，所述耦入区域、所述扩瞳区域以及所述耦出区域被设置于所述调制光波导基材的表面；
    所述调制光波导满足以下至少之一：
    所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域，所述多个离散的扩瞳子区域设置为在光线到达所述扩瞳子区域后对所述光线进行衍射，以实现对所述调制光波导中光线衍射点密度的调制；
    所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域，所述多个离散的耦出子区域设置为在光线到达所述耦出子区域后对所述光线进行衍射，以实现对所述调制光波导中光线衍射点密度的调制。
  20. 根据权利要求19所述的调制光波导，其中，所述耦入区域设置有锯齿光栅、斜齿光栅或者矩形光栅。
  21. 根据权利要求19所述的调制光波导，满足以下至少之一：
    在所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域的情况下，每个扩瞳子区域设置有衍射光栅；
    在所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域的情况下，每个耦出子区域设置有衍射光栅。
  22. 根据权利要求21所述的调制光波导，满足以下至少之一：
    在所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域的情况下，多个扩瞳子区域中的光栅周期相同；
    在所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域的情况下，多个耦出子区域中的光栅周期相同。
  23. 根据权利要求19所述的调制光波导，其中，所述扩瞳区域的位置由4个边界视场的光线决定；或由4个边界视场和多个中间视场的光线决定。
  24. 根据权利要求23所述的调制光波导，满足以下至少之一：
    在所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域的情况下，所述扩瞳子区域的数量为至少12个；
    在所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域的情况下，所述耦出子区域的数量为至少12个。
  25. 根据权利要求19所述的调制光波导，满足以下至少之一：
    在所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域的情况下，每个扩瞳子区域的形状为圆形、椭圆形以及多边形中的一种形状，或由圆形、椭圆形以及多边形中的至少一种形状经过布尔运算得到的图形；
    在所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域的情况下，每个耦出子区域的形状为圆形、椭圆形以及多边形中的一种形状，或由圆形、椭圆形以及多边形中的至少一种形状经过布尔运算得到的图形。
  26. 根据权利要求19所述的调制光波导，满足以下至少之一：
    在所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域的情况下，多个扩瞳子区域互不重叠；
    在所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域的情况下，多个耦出子区域互不重叠。
  27. 根据权利要求19所述的调制光波导，满足以下至少之一：
    扩瞳区域的同一视场光线对应的相邻的离散扩瞳子区域的间距小于8mm；
    耦出区域的同一视场光线对应的相邻的离散耦出子区域的间距小于8mm。
  28. 根据权利要求19所述的调制光波导，满足以下至少之一：
    多个扩瞳子区域在横纵方向的尺寸均小于4.5mm；
    多个耦出子区域在横纵方向的尺寸均小于4.5mm。
  29. 根据权利要求21所述的调制光波导，其中，在所述扩瞳区域包括多个离散的扩瞳子区域的情况下，所述扩瞳区域的光栅深度沿着光线传播方向逐渐增加，所述光栅深度的范围为20nm-150nm。
  30. 根据权利要求21所述的调制光波导，其中，在所述耦出区域包括多个离散的耦出子区域的情况下，所述耦出区域的光栅深度沿着光线传播方向逐渐增加，所述光栅深度的范围为50nm-300nm。
  31. 根据权利要求19所述的调制光波导，其中，所述扩瞳区域与所述耦出区域为同一区域，所述区域中设置的光学结构设置为同时对光线进行扩瞳和耦出。
  32. 一种调制光波导的调制方法，所述调制光波导满足以下至少之一：
    所述调制光波导的扩瞳区域设置有多个离散的扩瞳子区域；所述调制光波导的耦出区域设置有多个离散的耦出子区域；
    所述调制方法包括以下至少之一：
    当光线到达所述扩瞳区域时，通过所述扩瞳区域中离散的扩瞳子区域调制所述光线在所述扩瞳区域中的全反射点之间的间距；
    当光线到达所述耦出区域时，通过所述耦出区域中离散的耦出子区域调制所述光线在所述耦出瞳区域中的全反射点之间的间距。
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