WO2023052064A1 - Procédé et dispositif de mesure de la géométrie d'une vitre courbe - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif de mesure de la géométrie d'une vitre courbe Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023052064A1
WO2023052064A1 PCT/EP2022/074861 EP2022074861W WO2023052064A1 WO 2023052064 A1 WO2023052064 A1 WO 2023052064A1 EP 2022074861 W EP2022074861 W EP 2022074861W WO 2023052064 A1 WO2023052064 A1 WO 2023052064A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
laser
radiation
measuring
glass pane
detector
Prior art date
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PCT/EP2022/074861
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Tobias NIELSEN
Original Assignee
Saint-Gobain Glass France
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Publication date
Application filed by Saint-Gobain Glass France filed Critical Saint-Gobain Glass France
Priority to CN202280004309.0A priority Critical patent/CN116209874A/zh
Publication of WO2023052064A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023052064A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
    • G01B11/25—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures by projecting a pattern, e.g. one or more lines, moiré fringes on the object
    • G01B11/2518—Projection by scanning of the object
    • G01B11/2522—Projection by scanning of the object the position of the object changing and being recorded
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B23/00—Re-forming shaped glass
    • C03B23/02—Re-forming glass sheets
    • C03B23/023—Re-forming glass sheets by bending
    • C03B23/025—Re-forming glass sheets by bending by gravity
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
    • G01B11/06—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring thickness ; e.g. of sheet material
    • G01B11/0608—Height gauges
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
    • G01B11/25—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures by projecting a pattern, e.g. one or more lines, moiré fringes on the object
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
    • G01B11/25—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures by projecting a pattern, e.g. one or more lines, moiré fringes on the object
    • G01B11/2513—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures by projecting a pattern, e.g. one or more lines, moiré fringes on the object with several lines being projected in more than one direction, e.g. grids, patterns
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B21/00—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant
    • G01B21/02—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring length, width, or thickness
    • G01B21/04—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring length, width, or thickness by measuring coordinates of points
    • G01B21/045—Correction of measurements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B5/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of mechanical techniques
    • G01B5/0011—Arrangements for eliminating or compensation of measuring errors due to temperature or weight
    • G01B5/0014—Arrangements for eliminating or compensation of measuring errors due to temperature or weight due to temperature

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for measuring the geometry of a curved pane of glass.
  • optical effects can be, for example, optical distortions when looking through the window pane or a distorted representation of a head-up display.
  • Laser methods for distance measurement are known, for example laser triangulation.
  • the laser radiation reflected from the surface of the object to be measured is detected, the distance being measured from the angle at which the point of light is observed.
  • Such methods allow conclusions to be drawn about their relative position and thus the geometry of the object.
  • such a laser process can also be easily integrated into a bending process, because no direct contact with the object is required, but the geometry measurement is carried out at a distance.
  • laser triangulation and similar methods require diffuse reflection on the surface of the measurement object, which does not always occur to the required degree with panes of glass.
  • the bending takes place of glass panes sometimes at temperatures of over 500 °C.
  • turbulence in the furnace atmosphere leads to inaccurate measurements. This is caused by the temperature dependence of the refractive index of air.
  • US20100051817A1, EP0747664A2, EP3786576A1 and DE202020104634U1 disclose methods for measuring the geometry of a curved pane of glass, in which tin deposits, such as those that occur in float glass due to the production process, are excited to fluoresce by means of laser radiation.
  • the spatial position of the fluorescent surfaces or points is determined, which allows conclusions to be drawn about the geometry of the glass pane, in particular its curvature.
  • These methods also suffer from measurement inaccuracies caused by the hot atmosphere in glass bending furnaces.
  • US2019302582A1 relates to a measuring device and a method for focusing and leveling for use in the field of photolithographic technology.
  • US2008068620A1 relates to a method for measuring the deflection of a glass sheet when the glass sheet is bent on a ring mold, the method comprising establishing a stationary reference plane with respect to the ring shape and measuring the deflection at a measuring point of the glass sheet and using the measurement data to control the The course of the bending process, in particular the heating of the glass sheet or the termination of the bending process.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method and a device for measuring the geometry of a curved glass pane at elevated temperatures, which is suitable for industrial use and easy to implement.
  • the method should be easy to integrate into multi-stage bending processes.
  • the method according to the invention serves to measure the geometry of a curved pane of glass.
  • the term "geometry” here refers to the curvature of the disk. One could therefore also speak of the measurement of the curvature, the curvature geometry, the curved shape or the degree of curvature.
  • the Glass pane has a first side (I) and an opposite second side (II). The peripheral edge surface (side edge) of the disc extends between the first side and the second side.
  • the method according to the invention is particularly suitable for being carried out in a hot atmosphere, ie at ambient temperatures of at least 200° C., preferably at temperatures such as those prevailing during glass bending within the furnace or between two furnaces. These are temperatures of at least 300.degree. C., preferably at least 400.degree. C., very particularly preferably at least 500.degree. C., for example about 650.degree.
  • a particular advantage of the method according to the invention is that it can also be used at such high temperatures and delivers precise results. The process also works at lower temperatures. However, the special advantages come into play particularly at high temperatures.
  • step a) of the method according to the invention the radiation of a measuring laser is measured with a first wavelength aimed at a measuring point on the first side (I) of the glass pane.
  • the reflected radiation is then detected with a first detector.
  • the measuring laser is the laser that is used to irradiate a measuring point to be measured on the first side of the glass pane.
  • the first detector detects the reflected radiation as a location-dependent signal.
  • the measured distance h between the measuring point and the laser is determined using laser triangulation.
  • step b) the radiation of a reference laser with a second wavelength X R is directed onto a reference point on a diffusely reflecting reference sample with a known position and the reflected reference radiation is detected as a spatially resolved reference signal with a second detector. Since the position of the diffusely reflecting reference sample is known, the desired distance f between the reference laser and the reference point is also known. The reference distance r between the reference point and the reference laser is determined by means of triangulation.
  • the second wavelength differs from the first wavelength, so that the reflected radiation from the measuring laser also differs from the reflected reference radiation from the reference laser.
  • the reference laser is the laser used to irradiate a reference sample.
  • step c) the difference between the reference distance r and the target distance f is determined.
  • the difference is caused by disturbing environmental influences such as turbulence in the furnace atmosphere or vibrations of a chassis. Therefore, the difference is subtracted from the measured distance h to obtain a corrected distance d between the laser and the measurement point.
  • the idea behind this method is that, for example, the turbulence in the furnace atmosphere, which affects the reflected radiation due to the temperature dependence of the refractive index of the air, is the same for the reference point and for the measuring point. Since the position of the reference sample is known, the difference between the measured reference distance r and the target distance f can be used to correct the measured distance h.
  • steps a) to c) are carried out for at least two measurement points and at least two reference points.
  • the number of measuring points and reference points is the same.
  • a corrected distance is then obtained for each measuring point.
  • the spatial position of the at least two measuring points is determined from the at least two corrected distances.
  • the relative position of the at least two measuring points allows a statement to be made about the curvature geometry. Such a statement can already be made on the basis of two measuring points. By increasing the number of measuring points, more precise statements about the pane geometry are possible.
  • the measured distance or the measured reference distance is determined using the laser triangulation method.
  • This is a well-known method for determining distances at room temperature, the measuring principle of which has been published many times.
  • the measuring principle is described here, for example: Laser triangulation: fundamental uncertainty in distance measurements, RG Dorsch, G. Häusler, JM Herrmann; Applied Optics, Vol. 33, No. 7, 1306-1314.
  • the laser radiation reflected from the surface of the object to be measured is detected, the distance being measured from the angle at which the point of light is observed.
  • By measuring two or more points such methods allow conclusions to be drawn about their relative position and thus the geometry of the object.
  • the distance within the meaning of the invention designates the shortest distance between two points in space.
  • a point is understood to be a measuring point according to an approximately punctiform focused laser radiation (laser point, laser spot).
  • the point is therefore not a point in the mathematical sense, but an area that corresponds to the expansion of the point-like focused laser radiation and is therefore dependent on the focusing optical element (lens, in particular spherical converging lens).
  • the at least two measurement points in step d) can be discrete, that is to say spaced apart from one another, with no laser radiation striking the glass pane between the measurement points.
  • the two discrete measuring points can be irradiated simultaneously. This means that steps a) to c) are carried out simultaneously for at least two measurement points. Alternatively, the two discrete measuring points can be irradiated sequentially (ie one after the other).
  • a laser line ie a line-like radiation focus
  • a laser line can be understood as a large number of adjacent measuring points.
  • a laser line contains a large number of measuring points within the meaning of the invention.
  • the variants described can be used both for the measuring laser and for the reference laser. The same variant is preferably selected for the measuring laser as for the reference laser, so that the spatially resolved signal can be corrected and the number of reference points and the number of measuring points is the same.
  • step a several different measuring lasers are preferably used to measure several measuring points on the glass surface.
  • two measuring lasers with the same first wavelength can be used to measure two specific measuring points on the glass pane.
  • a single measuring laser is preferably used, which is focused on a number of measuring points in succession or simultaneously, as described above.
  • several different reference lasers are preferably used to measure several reference points on the reference sample for the repeated implementation of step b).
  • a single reference laser is preferably used, which is focused on a number of reference points in succession or simultaneously.
  • Steps a) and b) are carried out as promptly as possible, preferably at the same time, so that the disruptive influences on the measuring point and on the reference point on the reference sample are the same. If there is a very large time interval of more than 5 seconds, for example, the environmental influences on the measuring point and on the reference point may be different.
  • the maximum time interval depends on the disturbing influences of the environment that are to be corrected. In the case of a correction for the vibrations of a moving frame, for example, the maximum time interval depends on the speed of the frame.
  • the time interval between steps a) and b) is preferably less than 0.1 seconds, particularly preferably less than 0.01 second.
  • the turbulence in the hot furnace atmosphere leads to rapidly changing conditions, so that the measurement and reference measurement are carried out as nearly as possible simultaneously.
  • the distance a between a measurement point on the glass pane and the reference point on the diffusely reflecting reference sample should preferably not be too great so that the environmental conditions are as similar as possible so that the signal can be corrected successfully.
  • the distance a is the shortest possible connection in space between the measuring point on the first side of the glass pane and the reference point.
  • the distance a between the measurement point on the glass pane and the reference point on the diffusely reflecting reference sample is preferably between 1 mm and 30 mm, preferably between 5 mm and 20 mm.
  • reference sample refers to the object that reflects diffusely, i.e. is colored white, for example.
  • the object is preferably made of a heat-stable material.
  • the object itself can have any geometric shape, such as circular, rectangular, strip-shaped, or triangular.
  • the object can be irradiated at several different points (reference points). Several separate objects can also be used, so that reference points on different reference samples are also used to correct different measurement points. Preferred a reference sample is used, which is irradiated at different reference points for the repeated implementation in step d).
  • the reference sample can be arranged in a stationary manner at a point in the vicinity of the glass pane, for example in the oven, or for example directly on a movable carrier on which the glass pane is transported.
  • the arrangement on the support for the glass pane is particularly preferred because in this case a correction for undesired movements of the support is carried out at the same time.
  • the radiation from the measuring laser is reflected diffusely on the first side of the glass pane or the radiation from the measuring laser excites atoms on the first side to fluoresce, so that the reflected radiation is emitted fluorescence radiation.
  • the method can be carried out statically. This designates a procedure in which the glass pane is stationary during the measurement.
  • the laser radiation can also be stationary on the glass pane. Stationary means that the laser radiation is not moved in the direction of length or width of the glass pane.
  • At least two laser spots can be used for the measuring laser and/or the reference laser.
  • a large number of measuring points are distributed over the glass pane in a grid pattern in order to enable the most accurate possible measurement of the curvature profile.
  • the measuring points can be measured simultaneously with several lasers or the divided radiation of a single laser, or sequentially, i.e. one after the other, preferably with the same laser.
  • a laser line can also be used, which is understood to mean laser radiation that is focused in a line-like manner.
  • the laser line preferably extends over the entire width of the glass pane (or smaller laser lines of several lasers are used which are adjacent to one another, so that the entire width of the glass pane is covered overall).
  • a plurality of parallel laser lines spaced apart from one another are preferably used. Measurement with two or more laser spots leads to two or more measured position points, measurement with one or more laser lines to one or more line-like curvature profiles (profile lines, line profiles) along the laser line(s).
  • the reference laser and the measuring laser are preferably used in the same way. That means, for example, if a laser line is used for the measuring laser, a laser line is also used for the reference laser.
  • the laser radiation from the measuring laser and/or reference laser over the glass pane, in particular by means of a suitable laser scanning device, for example using two tiltable mirrors.
  • a single laser spot can be used, which is preferably moved over the entire length of the glass pane. This leads to the measurement of a line profile.
  • several laser spots are used, which are distributed along a line across the width of the glass pane. These measurement points are moved across the glass pane, preferably along the entire length of the glass pane. In this way, line profiles of the curvature geometry that are spaced apart from one another can be determined.
  • the method can be carried out with one laser line of a laser which preferably covers the entire width of the glass pane (or with smaller laser lines of several lasers which are adjacent to one another so that the entire width of the glass pane is covered). If the laser line is then moved over the entire glass pane (perpendicular to its direction of extension), a continuous or quasi-continuous curvature profile of the entire pane can be created.
  • the variant with stationary laser radiation has the advantage that it does not require a complex and potentially fault-prone scanning device.
  • the variant with moving laser radiation has the advantage that it achieves an exact measurement result with a smaller number of lasers (or with less technical effort for dividing the laser radiation).
  • the process can also be carried out as a continuous process, in which the glass pane is moved under the laser radiation.
  • This is understood to mean a movement of the glass pane, with the laser radiation preferably remaining stationary (that is to say directed at the same point or the same area in space), so that the surface of the pane is swept by the laser radiation.
  • the laser radiation sweeps over the glass pane along its entire length. The length is the dimension in the direction of movement (transport direction) of the glass pane.
  • the reflected radiation and the reflected reference radiation are detected by means of the first and second detectors, and the measured distance h and the reference distance r are determined in each case.
  • the spatial position of the irradiated area can be determined in a location-dependent manner along the area swept by the laser radiation.
  • the possible designs of the laser radiation correspond to those of the static implementation with moving laser radiation.
  • a single laser spot can be used for measuring laser and reference laser (measurement of a profile line), several laser spots distributed along a line across the width of the glass pane (measurement of several parallel profile lines) or one laser line, which preferably extends over the entire width of the glass pane (Measurement of a continuous or quasi-continuous total curvature profile).
  • a movable laser beam can also be used when the method is carried out as a continuous method, for example to use the same laser to measure several profile lines that are next to one another in relation to the transport direction, or to scan the laser beam during the movement of the pane perpendicular to the transport direction in order to detect profile lines perpendicular to the transport direction ( along the width of the disk), whereby a continuous or quasi-continuous curvature profile of the entire disk is accessible.
  • the continuous method design is preferred over the static design because it can be integrated particularly well in industrial processes, in particular in multi-stage bending processes where the glass sheet is typically moved from a first bending station to a second bending station. If a continuous process cannot be implemented, for example because the glass pane wobbles too much during transport, the transport can also be stopped and the process carried out statically.
  • the measuring laser and/or the reference laser can/can be operated in pulsed or continuous wave mode. Pulsed lasers are preferred because they are less expensive to obtain, particularly in the UV-C range. It is preferable to work with a high pulse rate (pulse repetition frequency) in order to enable fast measurements.
  • the pulse rate is, for example, at least 100 Hz, preferably at least 1 kHz.
  • the measuring laser and the reference laser are not limited to a specific design.
  • a "frequency tripler" (355 nm; sum frequency mixing of the fundamental radiation with the frequency doubled radiation; third harmonic) or doubly frequency doubled (266 nm; fourth harmonic; second harmonic frequency doubling) Nd:YAG laser widely used for industrial applications (fundamental radiation 1064 nm).
  • a Yb:YAG laser (fundamental radiation 1030 nm), which is also widespread, is suitable.
  • other types of lasers can also be used, for example diode lasers, excimer lasers or dye lasers.
  • the movement speed of the glass pane is preferably from 0.5 m/s to 5 m/s, particularly preferably from 1 m/s to 2 m/s. Such speeds of movement are common in industrial bending processes. If the method is carried out statically with moving laser radiation, the movement speed of the laser radiation (scanning speed) is preferably from 5 m/s to 20 m/s. In this way, a geometry measurement can be carried out with little expenditure of time.
  • the minimum expansion of the focus of the laser radiation from the measuring laser and reference laser is preferably from 0.2 mm to 1 mm, particularly preferably from 0.3 mm to 0.7 mm. This range is particularly advantageous with regard to radiation intensity and resolution.
  • the laser radiation preferably strikes the glass pane essentially perpendicularly.
  • the optical axis i.e. the propagation direction of the laser radiation
  • the first and second detectors are preferably arranged on the same side of the glass pane, with the detection direction typically including an angle between 0° and 90° to the surface normal in the geometric center, for example from 20° to 70°.
  • Perpendicular irradiation is preferred because the curved geometry of the disk sometimes requires a special design of the focus arrangement, which is easier to achieve in this case. This is particularly the case when using laser radiation with a linear focus (laser line).
  • the first detector and/or the second detector are preferably a photodiode, a photomultiplier or a spatially resolved photodetector, for example a CCD (charge-coupled device) sensor or CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductur) sensor or a photodiode array. These detectors detect a spatially resolved signal. This spatially resolved signal is used to determine the distance from the measuring point to the laser and/or detector via triangulation.
  • CCD charge-coupled device
  • CMOS complementary metal-oxide semiconductur
  • the geometry of the glass pane can be determined in various ways using the reflected radiation.
  • the radiation of the at least one measuring laser can be focused onto the first side, so that at least two measuring points are irradiated simultaneously.
  • a CCD or CMOS camera for example, is used as the first detector.
  • the radiation of the at least one reference laser can be focused onto the first side, so that at least two reference points are irradiated simultaneously.
  • a second CCD or CMOS camera for example, is used as the second detector, or the same camera that can simultaneously detect the reflected radiation and the reflected reference radiation is used.
  • the respective camera records a spatially resolved signal for each measuring point and reference point, from which the distance of the measuring points and reference points from the camera / laser is determined by means of triangulation.
  • the processor required to calculate the distances is preferably integrated in the camera, but can also be integrated in a computer connected to the camera.
  • the reflected radiation of the at least two measuring points can be detected simultaneously with the respective camera.
  • the position of the at least two measuring points can be determined, in particular their relative position to one another, which allows a statement to be made about the curvature of the glass pane.
  • the laser radiation preferably strikes the glass pane essentially perpendicularly, but this is not absolutely necessary.
  • the laser radiation can hit the glass pane at any angle from 1° to 90° to the surface normal (in the geometric center of the glass pane).
  • the decisive factor is the angle between the radiation from the laser directed at the first pane (excitation beam path) and the detected reflected radiation (detection beam path). The larger this angle, the better the resolution of the measurement method.
  • the angle between the excitation beam path and the detection beam path is preferably from 10° to 170° and can be selected by a person skilled in the art according to the requirements and restrictions in the application.
  • the process described above can be carried out statically, ie with a stationary glass pane, or in a continuous process.
  • the static implementation can two or more separate measuring points (laser spots) that irradiate the pane simultaneously, or one or more laser lines that ideally extend over the entire length or width of the glass pane.
  • the laser radiation can also be moved over the stationary glass pane in order to get a more precise measurement.
  • two or more separate measurement points may be distributed across the width of the sheet of glass (along a line extending along the width dimension of the sheet) and moved along the length of the sheet of glass.
  • a laser line can also be used, which extends across the width of the glass pane and is moved along the length of the glass pane.
  • the length is the dimension in the direction of movement
  • the width is the dimension perpendicular to it.
  • length and width are interchangeable.
  • step a) the radiation of the measuring laser with the first wavelength is reflected by the first side of the glass pane.
  • the reflected radiation is detected with the first detector as the reflected radiation.
  • the measurement does not require direct contact with the glass pane, but takes place at a relatively large distance and is suitable for continuous processes. As a result, the process can be easily integrated into industrial bending processes.
  • step a) fluorescence radiation which is emitted from the first side is detected as the reflected radiation.
  • Window panes are usually manufactured using the widespread float glass process. Included the molten glass is directed onto a bath of molten tin, where it hardens into a layer of glass that is then cut into sheets of glass. An inevitable consequence of this process is that the two surfaces of the glass pane are not identical. A distinction is made between the side of the tin bath that was in direct contact with the tin bath and the opposite side of the atmosphere. The difference is based, among other things, on the fact that tin atoms diffuse from the tin bath into the glass surface during the hardening of the glass pane.
  • tin residues can be excited to fluoresce and the diffuse fluorescence radiation can be used to determine the relative position of various measuring points on the glass surface and thus the curvature geometry of the glass pane.
  • the fluorescence radiation is not coherent, so that no disturbing interference effects (speckle, laser granulation) are to be expected.
  • the measurement does not require direct contact with the glass pane, but takes place at a relatively large distance and is suitable for continuous processes. As a result, the process can be easily integrated into industrial bending processes.
  • the glass sheet is a float glass sheet and the first side is the tin bath side of the float glass sheet and the second side is the atmosphere side of the float glass sheet.
  • the surface of the pane that was in contact with the tin bath during the float process is referred to as the tin bath side.
  • the surface opposite the tin bath side, which was in contact with the surrounding atmosphere during the float process, is referred to as the atmosphere side.
  • the peripheral edge surface (side edge) of the disk extends between the tin bath side and the atmosphere side.
  • a curved float glass pane is measured.
  • the radiation from the measuring laser is directed or focused onto a measuring point on the tin bath side.
  • tin residues that are deposited on the tin bath side or that have diffused under the wafer surface via the tin bath side are excited to fluoresce (laser-induced fluorescence).
  • the measuring laser is suitably selected for this.
  • the emitted fluorescence radiation is the radiation reflected back from the measuring point and is detected by the first detector (photodetector).
  • the measuring laser must be suitable for fluorescence excitation of the tin residues in or on the glass pane.
  • Lasers are particularly suitable for this purpose, the radiation of which has a wavelength in the UV spectral range of at most 360 nm. Radiation in is particularly preferred UV range from 240 nm to 355 nm used, very particularly preferably from 240 nm to 300 nm, in particular in the UV-C range from 240 nm to 280 nm.
  • the tin residues have a sufficiently high fluorescence quantum yield, so that the fluorescence radiation can be used as a basis for a geometry measurement.
  • suitable reference lasers are, for example, green (490 nm to 575 nm, for example 532 nm) or red (635 nm - 750 nm, for example 650 nm) reference lasers because they are available at low cost.
  • the method according to the invention for geometry measurement is integrated into a multi-stage bending method. It is carried out between two bending steps.
  • the method is preferably carried out as a continuous method, while the glass sheet is transported from a first bending station to a second bending station.
  • the glass pane can, for example, lie directly on a conveyor system, for example a roller or belt conveyor system, or on a carrier form, which in turn is moved, for example, by a roller, rail or belt conveyor system.
  • a first bending step is carried out in the first bending station, and a second bending step is carried out in the second bending station.
  • the first bending step can be gravity bending, which achieves a pre-bending of the glass sheet
  • the second bending step can be press and/or suction bending, which achieves the final shape of the sheet (final bending).
  • Such multi-stage bending processes are typically subject to a not inconsiderable scatter with regard to the disk geometry.
  • the application of the method according to the invention between the two bending steps has the advantage that the extent of the pre-bending can be determined.
  • the parameters of the subsequent bending step (for example bending temperature or pressing pressure) are then preferably adjusted as a function of the measured pre-bending in order to reduce the deviation from the specified pane shape and the scattering of the finally bent panes.
  • the thermal radiation from the bending furnaces can interfere with the measurement. Therefore, in an advantageous embodiment for the detection of Fluorescence radiation by means of the first detector uses an optical filter that blocks radiation that is longer in wavelength than its filter edge.
  • This filter edge of the optical filter is preferably at most 600 nm, particularly preferably from 500 nm to 600 nm.
  • a suitable bandpass or highpass filter is preferably also used, which is tuned to the laser used and allows its wavelength to pass.
  • the optical filter is arranged between the glass pane and the first detector in the beam path of the first detector, so that the radiation recorded by the first detector initially runs through the filter.
  • a high-pass filter or a band-pass filter can be used as the optical filter.
  • a high-pass filter has a filter edge, with longer-wave radiation being blocked and shorter-wave radiation being transmitted.
  • a bandpass filter also has an additional filter edge at shorter wavelengths, with shorter-wave radiation being blocked.
  • the bandpass filter only allows radiation in the wavelength range between the two filter edges to pass.
  • a combination of a high-pass filter and a low-pass filter can also be used instead of a band-pass filter.
  • the optical filter can be dispensed with if the first detector is only sensitive in the relevant spectral range and is not sensitive to interfering radiation. In particular, photodiodes can be designed in this way.
  • Bending processes for components of composite panes, such as windshields, are sometimes carried out in such a way that the two individual panes that are later to be connected to one another are simultaneously bent congruently while lying on top of one another.
  • the shape of the individual panes should be matched to one another particularly well. It is an advantage of the present invention that the measurement method can also be applied to two glass panes lying one on top of the other, and their geometry can be measured at the same time.
  • the exciting laser radiation passes through the panes and can excite fluorescence on both sides of the tin bath.
  • the tin bath sides of the two disks preferably face away from each other.
  • the reflection of the radiation of the measuring laser can be detected at powdered parting agent that is between two stacked glass panes is on the first side of one of the two glass panes.
  • the invention also includes a bending process with at least the following process steps:
  • the invention also includes an apparatus for measuring the geometry of a curved sheet of glass having a first side and a second side
  • a measuring laser with a first wavelength the radiation of which can be directed to at least two measuring points on the first side of the glass pane
  • a first detector directed at the at least two measuring points, which is suitable for detecting the reflected radiation
  • a second detector directed at the at least two reference points, which is suitable for detecting the reflected reference radiation
  • an evaluation unit which is suitable for determining the spatial position of the at least two measuring points from the corrected distances d for the at least two measuring points.
  • the respective measured distance h between the corresponding measuring points and the laser is determined by means of triangulation. This preferably takes place in a first evaluation unit for calculating the distance, which is connected directly to the first detector. The detector is then connected to a processor which directly calculates the measured distance h. Alternatively, the measured distance h can be determined in a separate first evaluation unit, such as in a downstream computer.
  • the evaluation unit is suitable for determining the spatial position of the at least two measurement points. This means that the evaluation unit is configured in such a way that it can carry out steps a) to d) of the method according to the invention.
  • the respective measured reference distance r between the individual reference points and the laser is determined by means of triangulation from the reflected reference radiation detected by the second detector. This is preferably done in a second evaluation unit for calculating the distance, which is connected directly to the second detector. The detector is then connected to a processor which directly calculates the measured reference distance r. Alternatively, the measured reference distance r can be determined in a separate second evaluation unit, for example in a downstream computer.
  • the device preferably comprises means for moving the pane.
  • the means are suitable for moving the glass pane under the laser radiation, so that the glass pane is preferably exposed to the laser radiation along its entire length (in the direction of movement).
  • the invention also includes a device for bending glass panes, comprising a first bending station, a device according to the invention for measuring the geometry of the glass pane, a second bending station,
  • the movement means can be designed, for example, as a rail, roller or belt conveyor system.
  • the glass pane can rest directly on the conveyor system (particularly with roller or belt conveyor systems) or rest on a carrier form.
  • the carrier shape is in particular designed as a so-called frame shape with a frame-like contact surface on which a peripheral edge region of the glass pane rests, while the majority of the glass pane has no direct contact with the carrier shape.
  • the glass pane is preferably a float glass pane and preferably consists of soda-lime glass, as is customary for window panes.
  • the thickness of the glass pane can be freely selected according to the requirements in the individual case. Typical thicknesses are in the range from 1 mm to 20 mm, in particular 1.5 mm to 5 mm.
  • the glass pane is preferably used as a vehicle pane or as a part of such, in particular as a windshield, side window, rear window or roof pane of a motor vehicle or as a part of such (in the case of laminated panes).
  • the glass pane is particularly preferably used as a windshield of a vehicle, in particular a motor vehicle, where particularly high demands are placed on the optical quality.
  • the method according to the invention is particularly advantageous because it enables the production of glass panes with a curvature geometry that is particularly low in deviation, as a result of which disruptive optical effects such as distortions are reduced.
  • the invention is explained in more detail with reference to a drawing and exemplary embodiments.
  • the drawing is a schematic representation and not to scale. The drawing does not limit the invention in any way. Show it:
  • FIG. 1 shows a cross section through a glass pane during an embodiment of the method according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of the measurement of a distance by means of triangulation
  • FIG. 3 top views of glass panes in various embodiments of the method according to the invention for measuring their geometry
  • FIG. 6 shows a cross section through a bending device with an integrated measuring device according to the invention
  • FIG. 7 shows a schematic cross section through a float glass pane.
  • FIG. 1 shows a cross section through a curved glass pane 1 during an embodiment of the method according to the invention.
  • the radiation from a measuring laser L and the radiation from a reference laser LR are each shown as a laser spot 2 on the first side I or directed to the reference sample 5.
  • the measuring laser L has a first wavelength and the reference laser LR has a second wavelength XR , which differs from the first wavelength differs.
  • the radiation of the measuring laser L is directed to a measuring point P and reflected from there as reflected radiation B.
  • the reflected radiation B is fluorescent radiation emitted or radiation reflected on the first side.
  • the reflected radiation B hits a first detector 6 and is detected there as a spatially resolved signal.
  • the radiation from the reference laser LR is directed onto a reference point R which is located on a diffusely reflecting reference sample 5 .
  • the reference sample has a known position.
  • the radiation of the reference laser LR is diffusely reflected at the reference sample as reflected reference radiation BR.
  • the reflected reference radiation BR is detected as a spatially resolved reference signal with a second detector.
  • the first detector and the second detector are a CCD (charge-coupled device) color sensor, which detects the reflected radiation B and the reflected reference radiation BR as separate signals.
  • the CCD color sensor is connected to an evaluation unit for distance calculation, which determines the measured distance h between the measuring point and the laser and calculates the measured reference distance r between the reference point and the reference laser.
  • the steps described are then repeated for several measuring points P and several reference points R.
  • the number of measuring points P is always the same as that of the reference points R.
  • An evaluation unit can then use the corrected distances d for the at least two measuring points to determine the spatial position of the at least two measuring points are determined.
  • the distance a between the measurement point P on the glass pane and the reference point R on the diffusely reflecting reference sample 5 is approximately 5 mm, for example. This ensures that the environmental conditions for the measuring point and the reference point are similar. It is thus ensured with the aid of the method according to the invention that the turbulence in the hot oven does not influence the measurement result.
  • the at least two measuring points can be irradiated simultaneously or measured sequentially, for example with the same laser L, which is directed onto the two measuring points one after the other.
  • several reference points are also irradiated, which are either arranged on the same reference sample or which are arranged on several reference samples.
  • the method is shown with only one measuring point. Increasing the number of laser spots 2 enables the curvature geometry to be measured more precisely. Examples for the arrangement of measurement points and reference points are shown in FIG.
  • the design can be static with a stationary glass pane 1 (both purely static and static with moving laser radiation) or as a continuous process.
  • a single laser spot 2 for the measuring laser and the reference laser is sufficient for the static implementation with moving laser radiation and the implementation as a continuous process with a moving pane, which sweeps over the glass pane 1 and measures a large number of measuring points along a line.
  • the accuracy can be increased by several laser spots 2 (several measuring lines).
  • the procedure is as similar as possible for measuring lasers and reference lasers.
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows the determination of two measured distances hi and h2 between two measuring points P1 and P2 and the measuring laser L.
  • the measuring laser is aimed at the measuring points P1 and P2, which are at different distances hi and h2 from the laser.
  • a first detector 6 is aligned in such a way that it detects the radiation reflected back from the measuring points P1 and P2 and thereby detects it as a spatially resolved signal.
  • the angle ⁇ or ⁇ at which the reflected radiation impinges on the detector 6 is also determined.
  • the distance hi or h2 can be determined from the angle and the known distance between the laser L and the detector 6 .
  • the distances measured in this way are corrected according to the method according to the invention using the measurement for the reference sample carried out in parallel.
  • FIG. 3 shows various versions of the method according to the invention in a top view of a glass pane 1.
  • the versions differ in the manner in which the laser radiation is focused onto the glass pane 1.
  • the position of at least two measuring points on the surface of the pane must be determined.
  • the curvature results from the relative positioning of these measuring points to one another.
  • corrected distances d are determined for at least two measurement points P1 and P2 using the method according to the invention.
  • the measured distances h are determined from the reflected radiation from the measuring points P1 and P2.
  • the reflected radiation from at least two reference points R1 and R2, for which reference distances are determined, is used to correct the measured distances h. As described, these reference distances are used to correct the measured distances.
  • the reflected radiation can be used to determine its origin using various methods, which are described below. By analyzing the corrected distances d between two measuring points on the pane surface, their relative positioning to one another can be determined. Comparing the relative positioning with the corresponding specified values allows a statement to be made as to the extent to which the disk curvature deviates from the specification. By increasing the number of measuring points, a more precise and meaningful measurement of the degree of curvature is possible.
  • At least two measuring points must be irradiated with a measuring laser.
  • this can be done with two laser spots 2 spaced apart from one another for the measuring points P1 and P2 (FIG. 3a). This results in two spaced-apart exit points for retroreflected radiation.
  • two laser spots 2 of a reference laser are each directed to a reference point R1 and R2, which are located in the vicinity of the measurement points P1 and P2.
  • R1 and R2 For each measurement point P1 and P2, this leads to a starting point for reflected reference radiation from an adjacent reference point R1 and R2.
  • a value for a measured distance h is also obtained for a reference distance r, which is necessary for the subsequent correction.
  • laser lines 3 can also be used.
  • the laser focus is focused in the form of a line that ideally extends over the entire width of the glass pane 1 extends ( Figure 3c).
  • the laser line 3 can be understood as the superimposition or juxtaposition of a large number of measuring points or reference points, so that the laser line 3 contains the at least two measuring points required according to the invention.
  • the linear exit surface of the reflected radiation produced thereby can be analyzed in order to determine the curved shape of this exit surface in space.
  • a profile line results along the laser line 3.
  • Both the measuring laser and the reference laser are focused in the form of a line.
  • the informative value of the measurement can be increased by using a large number of laser lines 3, which ideally extend parallel to one another and at a uniform distance from one another over the entire width of the glass pane 1 (FIG. 3d).
  • a corresponding number of parallel profile lines result, from which the curvature profile of the glass pane 1 can be determined well.
  • the method according to the invention can be carried out in various ways. On the one hand, it can be carried out statically, which means a measurement with a stationary glass pane 1 .
  • statically means a measurement with a stationary glass pane 1 .
  • two variants have to be distinguished, namely a measurement with stationary laser radiation (purely static) and a measurement in which the laser radiation is moved over the pane surface (static with moving laser radiation).
  • the method can also be used as a continuous method, with the laser radiation being stationary and the pane being moved under the laser radiation, ie relative to the laser radiation, so that the laser radiation sweeps over the glass pane 1 ideally along its entire length. This enables the creation of a curvature profile along the area of the disc surface swept by laser radiation.
  • the distribution of the laser foci according to FIGS. 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d are suitable for purely static measurement (disk and laser foci stationary).
  • one or more laser spots 2 or a laser line 3 can in turn be used.
  • a plurality of laser spots 2 are preferably used for the measuring laser and the reference laser, which are lined up along a line that extends along the width of the glass pane 1 and are ideally evenly distributed (FIG. 3e).
  • each laser spot 2 of the measuring laser leads to a profile line along the Length dimension of the glass pane 1 (dimension of the direction of movement) and each laser spot 2 of the reference laser to a profile line along the length dimension and can be used to correct the profile line of the measuring points.
  • a single laser spot 2 is sufficient for the measuring laser and a single laser spot 2 for the reference laser, which then cover a line-shaped area. This area can in turn be viewed as a superimposition or juxtaposition of a large number of measurement points, so that the at least two measurement points required according to the invention are irradiated.
  • the use of multiple laser spots 2 leads to a more accurate measurement with multiple length profile lines distributed across the width of the pane. It is also possible to work with one laser line 3 each for the measuring laser and the reference laser, which extend across the width of the glass pane 1 and sweep over the length of the glass pane 1 (FIG. 3f). A continuous or quasi-continuous overall profile of the disk curvature is thereby accessible.
  • the movement of the laser radiation relative to the glass pane 1 is shown by the block arrow W in FIGS. 3e and 3f.
  • the relative movement can be achieved by moving the laser radiation over the stationary glass pane 1 (static implementation with moving laser radiation) or by moving the glass pane 1 under the laser radiation (throughput method).
  • a laser spot 2 can be generated by focusing the laser radiation using a spherically curved lens.
  • the laser spot 2 forms in the focal point of the lens (if it enters the lens collimated).
  • a laser line 3 can be generated by focusing the laser radiation using a cylindrical lens, a diffractive optical element (DOE) or a holographic optical element (HOE).
  • DOE diffractive optical element
  • HOE holographic optical element
  • the laser line 3 forms in the focal line of the lens.
  • FIG. 4 shows a diagram of the fluorescence quantum yield of the tin residues 4 (see FIG. 7), plotted against the wavelength ⁇ of the excitation radiation.
  • the fluorescence quantum yield was measured on the tin bath side I of a float glass pane 1. Fluorescence excitation can take place at wavelengths of less than about 360 nm. The quantum yield increases with decreasing wavelength, so that the same excitation intensity leads to more intense fluorescence emission.
  • the tin residues are efficiently stimulated to fluoresce, especially in the UV-C range from 100 nm to 280 nm.
  • good fluorescence excitation can be achieved with a twice frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (266 nm). If one wants to avoid excessive excitation, for example to avoid fluorescence saturation, the excitation power can be reduced or work can be carried out at higher wavelengths (lower quantum yield).
  • FIG. 5 shows the spectrum of the thermal radiation of an exemplary industrial bending furnace (“bending furnace spectrum”) in comparison to the fluorescence spectrum of the tin bath side of a float glass pane 1 (“fluorescence spectrum”).
  • the fluorescence spectrum was recorded after excitation with a UV-C LED, which had a nominal radiation wavelength of around 255 nm. It can be seen that the thermal radiation is clearly red-shifted compared to the fluorescence radiation.
  • the thermal radiation begins at around 600 nm. Their potentially disruptive influence can therefore be easily filtered out in the measurement according to the invention, for example by using a high-pass filter with a filter edge at around 550 nm in the detection beam path.
  • An additional low-pass filter can also be used to filter out UV components, such as scattered excitation radiation.
  • low-pass filter and high-pass filter can also be replaced by a corresponding band-pass filter.
  • the choice of reference laser is flexible, since the reflected reference radiation always has a higher intensity than the reflected radiation from the measuring point, so that no filters are required here to prevent interference from the thermal background radiation.
  • FIG. 6 schematically shows a cross section through a bending device with an integrated device according to the invention for measuring the disk geometry.
  • the bending device is intended for a two-stage bending process, with a float glass pane 1 being pre-bent in a first bending chamber 12 and being bent into the final shape in a second bending chamber 13 .
  • the float glass pane is using a transport system 10, for example a roller conveyor system, resting on a gravity bending mold 11, moved into the first bending chamber 12 and pre-bent there by means of gravity bending.
  • the gravity bending mold 11 together with the float glass pane 1 is then transported from the first bending chamber 12 to the second bending chamber 13, where they are press-bended between an upper press-bending mold 14 and a complementary lower mold (e.g. the gravity bending mold 11 or another mold to which they are previously transferred is) is final bent.
  • a measuring device according to the invention is installed between the first bending chamber 12 and the second bending chamber 13, with the measuring laser L and the first detector 6, as well as a high-pass filter 8, which is arranged in front of the first detector 6 in order to filter out interfering thermal radiation.
  • a diffusely reflecting reference sample 5 is attached to the gravity bending mold 11 .
  • the reference laser LR irradiates the diffusely reflecting reference sample 5 and the reflected reference radiation is detected by the second detector 7 .
  • the arrangement of the reference sample on the gravity bending mold 11 has the advantage over attaching it elsewhere, for example below the gravity bending mold, that corrections can also be made for the transport movements, since the reference sample experiences the same movements as the bending mold 11.
  • FIG. 7 shows a cross section through a float glass pane 1.
  • the float glass pane 1 consists of soda-lime glass, has a thickness of 3 mm, for example, and is manufactured using the float process.
  • the molten glass is poured onto a bath of liquid tin, where it is evenly distributed and hardens.
  • the surface of the resulting float glass pane 1, which had direct contact with the tin bath, is referred to as the tin bath side I, the opposite surface as the atmosphere side II.
  • Tin atoms can diffuse into the float glass pane 1 or adhere to it via the tin bath side I during the float process.
  • the tin bath side I differs from the atmosphere side II due to these remaining tin residues 4.
  • the tin residues 4 can be excited to fluoresce, which is the basis of the second embodiment of the measuring method according to the invention.
  • R reference point on the reference sample a distance between the measuring point and the reference point h measured distance between the measuring point and the laser f known nominal distance between the reference laser and the reference point r measured reference distance between the reference laser and the reference point d corrected distance between the measuring point and the laser

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de mesure de la géométrie d'une vitre courbe (1) à des températures d'au moins 200 °C, ladite vitre présentant un premier côté (I) et un second côté (II), dans lequel : a) le rayonnement d'un laser de mesure (L) est dirigée à une première longueur d'onde (λM) sur un point de mesure (P) sur le premier côté (I) et le rayonnement (B) émis est détectée par un premier détecteur (6), et la distance mesurée h entre le point de mesure (P) et le laser (L) est déterminée ; b) le rayonnement d'un laser de référence (LR) est dirigé à une seconde longueur d'onde (λR), qui diffère de la première longueur d'onde (λM) sur un point de référence (R) sur un échantillon de référence à réflexion diffuse (5) ayant une distance cible f connue par rapport au laser de référence (LR) et le rayonnement de référence (BR) réémis est détecté par un second détecteur (7), et la distance de référence r entre le point de référence (R) et le laser de référence (LR) est déterminée ; c) la différence entre la distance de référence r et la différence cible f est déterminée et soustraite de la distance mesurée h de telle sorte qu'une distance corrigée d'est obtenue ; d) les étapes a) à c) sont effectuées pour au moins deux points de mesure et juste autant de points de référence, et la position spatiale des au moins deux points de mesure est déterminée à partir des au moins deux distances corrigées.
PCT/EP2022/074861 2021-09-30 2022-09-07 Procédé et dispositif de mesure de la géométrie d'une vitre courbe WO2023052064A1 (fr)

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DE202020104634U1 (de) 2019-08-26 2020-08-20 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vorrichtung zur Messung der Geometrie einer gekrümmten Floatglas-Scheibe mittels Fluoreszenzstrahlung nach Laseranregung
EP3786576A1 (fr) 2019-08-26 2021-03-03 Saint-Gobain Glass France Procédé et dispositif de mesure de la géométrie d'une vitre en verre flotté incurvée au moyen du rayonnement fluorescent après excitation laser

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EP0531152A2 (fr) 1991-09-04 1993-03-10 Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd. Procédé et dispositif pour le bombage de feuilles de verre
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US20190302582A1 (en) 2016-05-31 2019-10-03 Shanghai Micro Electronics Equipment (Group) Co., Ltd. Focusing and leveling measurement device and method
DE202020104634U1 (de) 2019-08-26 2020-08-20 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vorrichtung zur Messung der Geometrie einer gekrümmten Floatglas-Scheibe mittels Fluoreszenzstrahlung nach Laseranregung
EP3786576A1 (fr) 2019-08-26 2021-03-03 Saint-Gobain Glass France Procédé et dispositif de mesure de la géométrie d'une vitre en verre flotté incurvée au moyen du rayonnement fluorescent après excitation laser

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