WO2022260048A1 - 弱アンカリング液晶配向剤、液晶表示素子、及び共重合体 - Google Patents
弱アンカリング液晶配向剤、液晶表示素子、及び共重合体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022260048A1 WO2022260048A1 PCT/JP2022/022993 JP2022022993W WO2022260048A1 WO 2022260048 A1 WO2022260048 A1 WO 2022260048A1 JP 2022022993 W JP2022022993 W JP 2022022993W WO 2022260048 A1 WO2022260048 A1 WO 2022260048A1
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Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F293/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerisation on to a macromolecule having groups capable of inducing the formation of new polymer chains bound exclusively at one or both ends of the starting macromolecule
- C08F293/005—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerisation on to a macromolecule having groups capable of inducing the formation of new polymer chains bound exclusively at one or both ends of the starting macromolecule using free radical "living" or "controlled" polymerisation, e.g. using a complexing agent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/10—Esters
- C08F220/12—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
- C08F220/16—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms
- C08F220/18—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms with acrylic or methacrylic acids
- C08F220/1806—C6-(meth)acrylate, e.g. (cyclo)hexyl (meth)acrylate or phenyl (meth)acrylate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/10—Esters
- C08F220/34—Esters containing nitrogen, e.g. N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate
- C08F220/36—Esters containing nitrogen, e.g. N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen, e.g. 2-N-morpholinoethyl (meth)acrylate or 2-isocyanatoethyl (meth)acrylate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F297/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by successively polymerising different monomer systems using a catalyst of the ionic or coordination type without deactivating the intermediate polymer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2438/00—Living radical polymerisation
- C08F2438/03—Use of a di- or tri-thiocarbonylthio compound, e.g. di- or tri-thioester, di- or tri-thiocarbamate, or a xanthate as chain transfer agent, e.g . Reversible Addition Fragmentation chain Transfer [RAFT] or Macromolecular Design via Interchange of Xanthates [MADIX]
Definitions
- the present invention makes it possible to manufacture an organic film exhibiting weak anchoring properties (weak anchoring film) by a method that is inexpensive and does not include complicated steps, and further increases brightness and lowers driving voltage.
- liquid crystal display elements have been widely used in mobile phones, computer and television displays.
- Liquid crystal display elements have characteristics such as thinness, light weight, and low power consumption, and are expected to be applied to further contents such as VR (Virtual Reality) and ultra-high-definition displays in the future.
- Various display methods such as the TN (Twisted Nematic) method, the IPS (In-Plane Switching) method, and the VA (Vertical Alignment) method have been proposed as display methods for liquid crystal displays, but liquid crystal is used in all display methods.
- a film (liquid crystal alignment film) that induces a desired alignment state is used.
- the IPS method is preferred because the display is less likely to be disturbed even when touched.
- a liquid crystal alignment technique using a photo-alignment method is used.
- the FFS method has the problem of higher substrate manufacturing costs and the occurrence of a unique display defect called Vcom shift.
- the photo-alignment method has advantages over the rubbing alignment method in that it is easily adaptable to device enlargement and in that the display characteristics can be greatly improved, there are theoretical issues (if a photodegradable material is used, the display failure light, and in the case of an isomerization type, burn-in due to insufficient orientation force).
- liquid crystal display element manufacturers and liquid crystal alignment film manufacturers are devising various ways to solve these problems.
- a liquid crystal alignment film with strong anchoring energy is applied to one substrate, and a thin film with no anchoring energy is applied to the other substrate (equipped with electrodes that generate a lateral electric field).
- Patent Document 2 The method of directly providing a dense polymer brush on a substrate (Patent Document 2) requires a surface treatment step of providing reaction points on the substrate and a step of allowing the polymer to grow from the reaction points on the substrate surface. Since the oxygen-removing conditions are required, the environment must be strictly controlled, which is technically difficult and impractical from the viewpoint of mass production.
- Patent Document 3 the method of providing a polymer brush on the surface of the alignment film using a photoradical polymerization reaction (Patent Document 3) requires a step of irradiating ultraviolet rays after manufacturing the liquid crystal element, which complicates the process, and unreacted substances are left inside the element. It is considered to be a big problem for actual industrialization from the point that it induces a change over time when it remains.
- the weak anchoring IPS Due to its orientation principle, the weak anchoring IPS has a slow response speed when the voltage is turned off. This is because the drive voltage of the liquid crystal is low, so it is affected by the response with a weak electric field compared to the normal drive method, and because the anchoring force of the alignment film is extremely small, it takes time to restore the liquid crystal. caused by.
- weak anchoring only on the electrodes of the IPS comb-tooth electrodes can suppress the response speed delay during driving.
- it is considered unsuitable for actual industrialization because it requires a highly difficult technique such as coating different materials in minute regions.
- a liquid crystal display element tends to increase its response speed by narrowing the cell gap, but it is necessary to use a liquid crystal with a large birefringence difference ( ⁇ n) in order to suppress a decrease in transmittance.
- ⁇ n birefringence difference
- the physical properties of the liquid crystal such as the dielectric anisotropy ( ⁇ ) and the elastic modulus, change greatly.
- ⁇ dielectric anisotropy
- the elastic modulus change greatly.
- the liquid crystal is tilted (pretilt angle is attached) in the weak anchoring alignment. Therefore, it is important to obtain weak anchoring characteristics without depending on the physical properties of the liquid crystal.
- the present invention has been made in order to solve the above-described problems, and a weak anchoring IPS using a material that enables the production of a weak anchoring film more easily and stably than the conventional method. Even with a display element and a narrower cell gap, stable low-voltage driving and high-speed response when the voltage is turned off can be achieved simultaneously without the occurrence of a pretilt angle. It is an object of the present invention to provide a lateral electric field liquid crystal display device capable of achieving both low voltage driving.
- the present invention includes the following.
- the block segment (A) is a compound represented by the following formula (1), a compound represented by the following formula (2), a compound represented by the following formula (4), and a compound represented by the following formula (6)
- the weakly anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent according to [1] which contains at least one selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by: (In formula (1), M represents a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group, X represents a single bond, an ether bond, an ester bond, an amide bond, a urethane bond, a urea bond, or a thioether bond.
- R 1 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms into which a bonding group may be inserted, and n is an integer of 1 to 2.
- n is 2
- M represents a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group
- S is a single bond
- T represents an organic group represented by the following formula (3)
- n is an integer of 1 to 2.
- n 2
- S represents a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms which may be inserted with a bonding group.
- * indicates a binding site.
- X is a single bond, ether bond, ester bond, amide bond, urethane bond, urea bond, thioether bond, —Si(R 1 )(R 2 )—(R 1 and R 2 each independently represent an alkyl group bonded to Si.), -Si(R 3 )(R 4 )-O- (R 3 and R 4 each independently represent an alkyl group bonded to Si ), and —N(R 5 )—(R 5 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group bonded to N), and Cy is a 6- to 20-membered non-aromatic represents a cyclic group of (In formula (4), M represents a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group, R
- M in the formula (1) is any one of the structures represented below
- M in the formula (2) is any one of the structures represented below
- M in the formula (4) is one of the structures represented below
- M in the formula (6) is one of the structures represented below
- the block segment (B) comprises a trialkoxysilyl group, an isocyanate group, a blocked isocyanate group, an epoxy group, an oxetane group, a vinyl group, an allyl group, an oxazoline group, an amino group, a protected amino group, an aniline group, and a protected aniline.
- the block segment (B) contains, as a component, a polymerizable compound
- L is a trialkoxysilyl group, an isocyanate group, a blocked isocyanate group, an epoxy group, an oxetane group, a vinyl group, an allyl group, an oxazoline group, an amino group, a protected amino group, an aniline group, a protected aniline group, Hydroxy group, protected hydroxy group, phenol group, protected phenol group, thiol group, protected thiol group, thiophenol group, protected thiophenol group, aldehyde group, carboxy group, maleimide group, N-hydroxysuccinimide ester group, bonding group inserted an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 18 carbon atoms which may be substituted, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 5 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a bonding group inserted therein, a cinnamic acid group, a cinnamic acid aromatic ester group, cinnamon a functional
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms;
- X, Y, and Z each independently represent an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom;
- *, * 1 and * 2 represent binding sites, and either one of * 1 and * 2 may be replaced by a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the block segment (B) contains, as a constituent, at least one selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formulas (B-1) to (B-13), [1] to The weakly anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent according to any one of [6].
- Me represents a methyl group
- Et represents an ethyl group.
- a copolymer contained in a liquid crystal aligning agent having a block segment (A') and a block segment (B'),
- the block segment (A') is a compound represented by the following formula (1), a compound represented by the following formula (2), a compound represented by the following formula (4), and a compound represented by the following formula (6).
- the block segment (B') contains a compound represented by the following formula (7) as a constituent, copolymer.
- M represents a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group
- X represents a single bond, an ether bond, an ester bond, an amide bond, a urethane bond, a urea bond, or a thioether bond.
- R 1 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms into which a bonding group may be inserted
- n is an integer of 1 to 2.
- M represents a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group
- S is a single bond, or a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms which may be inserted with a bonding group represents
- T represents an organic group represented by the following formula (3)
- n is an integer of 1 to 2.
- two T may be the same or different
- S represents a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms which may be inserted with a bonding group.
- * indicates a binding site.
- X is a single bond, ether bond, ester bond, amide bond, urethane bond, urea bond, thioether bond, —Si(R 1 )(R 2 )—(R 1 and R 2 each independently represent an alkyl group bonded to Si.), -Si(R 3 )(R 4 )-O- (R 3 and R 4 each independently represent an alkyl group bonded to Si ), and —N(R 5 )—(R 5 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group bonded to N), and Cy is a 6- to 20-membered non-aromatic represents a cyclic group of (In formula (4), M represents a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group, R 1 represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having a linear or branched structure with 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and 3 Each of the three Xs independently represents a hydrogen atom or the following formula (5), provided that at least one of the three
- M represents a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group
- R 1 to R 3 each independently represent a single bond, or the number of carbon atoms into which a represents an alkylene group of 1 to 6
- Ar represents an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group
- X 1 and X 2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, or represents a good aromatic hydrocarbon group
- R 1 X 1 and R 2 X 2 and the carbon atoms bonded to R 1 X 1 and R 2 X 2 may together form a ring.
- the total carbon number of R 1 X 1 , R 2 X 2 and R 3 is 1 or more.
- M represents a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group
- n is an integer of 1 to 2
- Z represents a group represented by the following formula (8).
- L is a trialkoxysilyl group, an isocyanate group, a blocked isocyanate group, an epoxy group, an oxetane group, a vinyl group, an allyl group, an oxazoline group, an amino group, a protected amino group, an aniline group, a protected aniline group, Hydroxy group, protected hydroxy group, phenol group, protected phenol group, thiol group, protected thiol group, thiophenol group, protected thiophenol group, aldehyde group, carboxy group, maleimide group, N-hydroxysuccinimide ester group, bonding group inserted an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 18 carbon atoms which may be substituted, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 5 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a bonding group inserted therein, a cinnamic acid group, a cinnamic acid aromatic ester group, cinnamon a functional
- M in the formula (1) is any structure represented by the following formula
- M in the formula (2) is any structure represented by the following formula
- M in the formula (4) is any structure represented by the following formula
- M in the formula (6) is any structure represented by the following formula
- M in the formula (7) is any structure represented by the following formula
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms;
- X, Y, and Z each independently represent an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom;
- *, * 1 and * 2 represent binding sites, and either one of * 1 and * 2 may be replaced by a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the liquid crystal display device according to [15] which is a low-voltage horizontal electric field liquid crystal display device.
- the present invention it is possible to manufacture a stable weak anchoring alignment film by an extremely simple method compared to the conventional technology, so that it is possible to reduce the process load and improve the yield of weak anchoring IPS manufacturing in actual industrialization. Become.
- the materials and methods of the present invention it is possible to realize faster response when the voltage is turned off, less burn-in, high backlight transmittance in low-temperature environments, and low-voltage driving compared to conventional technologies, resulting in excellent characteristics. can be provided stably and a lateral electric field liquid crystal display device.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a lateral electric field liquid crystal display device of the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another example of the horizontal electric field liquid crystal display device of the present invention
- the term “weak anchoring” means that although the liquid crystal molecules have the force to regulate the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules in the azimuthal direction or the polar direction with respect to the substrate, the anchoring strength (that is, the position of the liquid crystal molecules is maintained, Alternatively, even if the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules changes, the interfacial elastic energy) that returns to the original state is absent, or even if there is, it means that it is weaker than the intermolecular force between the liquid crystals. indicates that the azimuth anchoring strength (A 2 ) is smaller than 10 ⁇ 5 [J/m 2 ].
- the term “weakly anchored alignment film” means a film that forms a weakly anchored state by contact with liquid crystal, and is not limited to solid films, but also includes liquid films covering solid surfaces.
- strong anchoring means that the alignment of liquid crystal molecules can be uniaxially regulated and the alignment of the liquid crystal can be maintained even when energy is applied from the outside, or the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules can be changed even if the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules changes.
- azimuth anchoring strength (A 2 ) is greater than 10 -4 [J/m 2 ] .
- strongly anchored alignment film means a film that forms a strongly anchored state by contact with liquid crystals, and is not limited to solid films, but also includes liquid films covering solid surfaces.
- the weak anchoring alignment film and the strong anchoring alignment film defined above are each applied to a substrate with an electrode, and laminated to form a pair to produce a weak anchoring liquid crystal display element.
- the azimuth anchoring strength of one liquid crystal alignment film is extremely small, so a weak electric field or external field energy can induce a change in the alignment of the liquid crystal, and the liquid crystal molecules in the region that normally does not move can also be aligned. Since it is possible to change the alignment, especially in a display element using a comb-teeth electrode such as IPS or FFS, it is possible to drive liquid crystal molecules on an electrode with a weak electric field strength. Compared with a liquid crystal display element in which both films are strongly anchoring alignment films, it is possible to increase the transmittance and reduce the driving voltage.
- the azimuth angle anchoring strength is an index representing the strength of interfacial elastic energy between the liquid crystal molecules and the liquid crystal alignment film in the azimuth direction.
- a torque balance method, a strong electric field method, a Geometry method (external field application method), a Freedericksz transition method, and the like are used as methods for calculating the azimuth anchoring strength.
- One embodiment of the "copolymer” in the present invention is a copolymer contained in the weak anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent.
- a weakly anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent is used for forming a liquid crystal alignment film of a liquid crystal cell having a liquid crystal and a liquid crystal alignment film.
- the copolymer has a block segment (A) that is compatible with the liquid crystal and a block segment (B) that is incompatible with the liquid crystal or becomes insoluble in the liquid crystal by baking.
- the block segment (A) is compatible with the liquid crystal even when the copolymer is fired.
- One embodiment of the "copolymer” in the present invention has a block segment (A') and a block segment (B').
- the block segment (A') includes a compound represented by the following formula (1), a compound represented by the following formula (2), a compound represented by the following formula (4), and a compound represented by the following formula (6). at least one selected from the group consisting of compounds as a constituent.
- a block segment (B') contains the compound represented by following formula (7) as a structural component.
- the copolymer may have three or more block segments.
- the copolymer is preferably a copolymer in which the main chain extends linearly without branching.
- the block segment (A) is compatible with the liquid crystal in a thin film state, thereby contributing to the development of weak anchoring properties.
- an example of the polymerizable compound used for the block segment (A) is represented by the following formula (1), (2), (4) or (6).
- the present applicant has proposed a radically polymerizable compound contained in a liquid crystal composition that can stably produce a weak anchoring lateral electric field liquid crystal display device without generating a pretilt angle, and which contributes to the generation of weak anchoring.
- a block segment that is compatible with liquid crystal as the block segment of the copolymer contained in the liquid crystal aligning agent, it is possible to produce a weak anchoring film more easily than the conventional method.
- a specific compound is used as an example of a constituent component of the block segment that is compatible with the liquid crystal.
- M represents a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group
- X represents a single bond, an ether bond, an ester bond, an amide bond, a urethane bond, a urea bond, or a thioether bond.
- R 1 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms into which a bonding group may be inserted, and n is an integer of 1 to 2.
- the linking group in the alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms into which a linking group may be inserted include an ether bond, an ester bond, an amide bond, a urethane bond, a urea bond, a thioether bond, and —Si(R 11 ) ( R 12 )—(R 11 and R 12 each independently represent an alkyl group bonded to Si), —Si(R 13 )(R 14 )—O—(R 13 and R 14 each independently represents an alkyl group bonded to Si), -N(R 15 )- (R 15 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group bonded to N).
- alkyl groups for R 11 to R 15 include alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon
- M represents a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group
- S is a single bond, or a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms which may be inserted with a bonding group represents
- T represents an organic group represented by the following formula (3)
- n is an integer of 1 to 2.
- two T may be the same or different
- S represents a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms which may be inserted with a bonding group.
- X is a single bond, an ether bond, an ester bond, an amide bond, a urethane bond, a urea bond, a thioether bond, —Si(R 1 )(R 2 )—(R 1 and R 2 each independently represent an alkyl group bonded to Si.), -Si(R 3 )(R 4 )-O- (R 3 and R 4 each independently represent an alkyl group bonded to Si ), and —N(R 5 )—(R 5 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group bonded to N), and Cy is a 6- to 20-membered non-aromatic represents a cyclic group of
- the saturated hydrocarbon group in S in formula (2) refers to an n + 1 valent group formed by removing n + 1 hydrogen atoms from a saturated hydrocarbon (n is the same integer as n in formula (2) be).
- n is 1, the saturated hydrocarbon group is an alkylene group.
- the saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which the bonding group is inserted is the carbon in the saturated hydrocarbon group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms - the bonding group is inserted between the carbon or an n+1 valent group in which a bonding group is inserted between a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and an atom (e.g., carbon atom) bonded thereto.
- the bonding group for S in formula (2) includes, for example, a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, an ether bond (-O-), an ester bond (-COO- or -OCO-), an amide bond (-CONH- or - NHCO-) and the like.
- the carbon-carbon unsaturated bond includes, for example, a carbon-carbon double bond. It is preferable to have a carbon-carbon double bond inside.
- examples of the alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms into which a bonding group may be inserted include an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and an oxyalkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. .
- the alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms may be a linear alkylene group, a branched alkylene group, or a cyclic alkylene group.
- R 1 and R 2 of —Si(R 1 )(R 2 )— in X of formula (3) are each independently an alkyl group bonding to Si, for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- R 3 and R 4 of —Si(R 3 )(R 4 )—O— in X of formula (3) are each independently an alkyl group bonding to Si, for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is the base.
- R 5 of —N(R 5 )— in X of formula (3) is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group bonded to N.
- An alkyl group is, for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- Cy is a 6- to 20-membered non-aromatic cyclic group, preferably an 8- to 18-membered non-aromatic cyclic group. Cy may be a 12- to 20-membered non-aromatic cyclic group.
- X is bonded to a ring-constituting atom in Cy. Atoms constituting the ring in the non-aromatic cyclic group include, for example, a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a silicon atom and the like. A bond between atoms constituting a ring may be a single bond, a double bond, or a triple bond, but is preferably a single bond.
- rings in non-aromatic cyclic groups include cyclic alkanes, cyclic ethers, and cyclic siloxanes.
- Cyclic ethers include, for example, crown ethers.
- the atoms constituting the ring are a carbon atom and an oxygen atom, and the number of members is 12.
- the ring may be monocyclic or polycyclic.
- the number of rings in the polycyclic ring is, for example, 2-4. For example, the following three methods are included in the manner of bonding between rings in a polycyclic ring.
- ⁇ Sharing one atom for example, a spiro ring compound ⁇ Sharing two atoms: when two rings share two atoms, such as decalin ⁇ Bridging structure: two rings share three atoms, such as norbornane When it can be considered that more than one atom is shared
- the number of ring members is the number of atoms constituting the ring.
- norbornane is a seven-membered ring.
- a halogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms may be bonded to the atoms constituting the ring instead of the hydrogen atom.
- Halogen atoms include, for example, fluorine atoms and chlorine atoms.
- M represents a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group
- R 1 represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having a linear or branched structure with 1 to 10 carbon atoms
- Each of the three Xs independently represents a hydrogen atom or the following formula (5), provided that at least one of the three Xs represents formula (5).
- Y is a single bond, -O-, -S- or -N(R)- (R represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms bonded to N.) * indicates a binding site R 2 , R 3 and R 4 each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group .)
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group in R 1 in formula (4) has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, may have 1 to 8 carbon atoms, may have 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or may have 1 to 6 carbon atoms. It may be 1-4.
- the alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in R 2 , R 3 and R 4 in formula (5) may be, for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. It may be an alkyl group. These alkyl groups may have a linear structure or a branched structure.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon group for R 2 , R 3 and R 4 in formula (5) may be unsubstituted, or a hydrogen atom may be substituted with a substituent.
- the substituents of the aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent include, for example, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and a halogen having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. alkyl groups, halogenated alkoxy groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and the like. Halogenation in the halogenated alkyl group and the halogenated alkoxy group may be total halogenation or partial halogenation.
- Halogen atoms include, for example, fluorine atoms and chlorine atoms.
- Examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group of the aromatic hydrocarbon group optionally having a substituent include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group. The number of substituents in the aromatic hydrocarbon group is not particularly limited.
- formula (5) is one or more, and may be one, two, or three. In formula (4), three X's are independent. Therefore, in formula (4), when there are two or more formulas (5), the two or more formulas (5) may have the same structure or different structures.
- R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group. Therefore, in formula (5), one of R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, or R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be aromatic hydrocarbon groups optionally having substituents, or three of R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be aromatic hydrocarbon groups optionally having substituents There may be.
- M represents a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group
- R 1 to R 3 each independently represent a single bond, or the number of carbon atoms into which a represents an alkylene group of 1 to 6
- Ar represents an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group
- X 1 and X 2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, or represents a good aromatic hydrocarbon group
- R 1 X 1 and R 2 X 2 and the carbon atoms bonded to R 1 X 1 and R 2 X 2 may together form a ring, provided, however, that The total carbon number of R 1 X 1 , R 2 X 2 and R 3 is 1 or more.
- the alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which a bonding group is inserted means that the bonding group is inserted between the carbon-carbon atoms in the alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. or a divalent group in which a bonding group is inserted between an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and a carbon atom bonded thereto.
- the linking group includes, for example, a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, an ether bond (-O-), an ester bond (-COO- or -OCO-), an amide bond (-CONH- or -NHCO-) and the like.
- the unsaturated bond includes, for example, a carbon-carbon double bond
- the alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms into which the bonding group is inserted has a carbon-carbon double bond not at the end but inside. Having a bond is preferred.
- the alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms into which a bonding group may be inserted include an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and an oxyalkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- the oxygen atom in the oxyalkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is bonded, for example, to the carbon atom that is bonded to M, R 1 , R 2 and R 3 in formula (6).
- the alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms may be a linear alkylene group, a branched alkylene group, or a cyclic alkylene group.
- Examples of the optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group for X 1 and X 2 in formula (6) include an optionally substituted phenyl group and naphthyl group.
- Examples of the substituent include a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a halogenated alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and the like. are mentioned.
- Halogenation in the halogenated alkyl group and the halogenated alkoxy group may be total halogenation or partial halogenation.
- Halogen atoms include, for example, fluorine atoms and chlorine atoms.
- Examples of R 1 in formula (6) include a single bond and an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- the alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms more specifically includes a linear alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- Examples of R 2 in formula (6) include a single bond and an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- the alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms more specifically includes a linear alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- Examples of R 3 in formula (6) include a single bond and an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- the alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms more specifically includes a linear alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- X 1 in formula (6) includes, for example, a hydrogen atom and a phenyl group.
- Examples of X 2 in formula (6) include a hydrogen atom and a phenyl group.
- Ar in formula (6) includes, for example, a phenyl group.
- the total carbon number of R 1 X 1 , R 2 X 2 and R 3 in formula (6) is not particularly limited as long as it is 1 or more, but may be 2 or more. Further, the total carbon number of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 in formula (6) may be, for example, 18 or less, 15 or less, or 10 or less. . Further, when X 1 and X 2 in formula (6) are hydrogen atoms, the total number of carbon atoms of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is not particularly limited as long as it is 1 or more; good. When at least one of X 1 and X 2 in formula (6) is an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, the total number of carbon atoms of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is 0. may be
- the ring formed by combining R 1 X 1 , R 2 X 2, and the carbon atoms bonded to R 1 X 1 and R 2 X 2 includes , for example, a bonding group. and a hydrocarbon ring having 3 to 13 carbon atoms, which may be The linking groups are as described above.
- Block segment (A) and block segment (A') are mainly swollen by liquid crystal in a thin film state and play a role of forming a weak anchoring film. Since the physical properties of the weak anchoring film differ greatly depending on the molecular weights of the block segment (A) and the block segment (A'), optimization of the molecular weight is not necessary but important. From the viewpoint of forming a good weak anchoring film, the block segment (A) and block segment (A') preferably have a molecular weight of 1,000 to 100,000, more preferably 3,000 to 50,000. This molecular weight is the number average molecular weight (Mn) in terms of polystyrene measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
- Mn number average molecular weight
- the molecular weight distribution PDI (Mw/Mn), which is represented by the ratio of the polystyrene equivalent weight average molecular weight (Mw) and number average molecular weight (Mn) measured by GPC, is preferably 3.0 or less, and more preferably. is 2.0 or less.
- the block segment (A) and block segment (A') may be homopolymers of the above compounds, and multiple compounds can be used in combination. When combined, random copolymerization or block copolymerization may be used.
- the ratio is not particularly limited regardless of the combination method.
- the combination ratio of the compound species that is insolubilized in the liquid crystal is preferably 30 mol% or less, more preferably 20 mol% or less from the viewpoint of maintaining properties, but there is no limitation. do not do. It is preferable to use these combination methods, compound types to be combined, and combination ratios within the range in which the desired physical properties, display characteristics, electrical characteristics, and the like can be obtained.
- Block segment (B) and block segment (B') contribute to film stability in a thin film state.
- Block segment (B) and block segment (B') are preferably a trialkoxysilyl group, an isocyanate group, a blocked isocyanate group, an epoxy group, an oxetane group, a vinyl group, an allyl group, an oxazoline group, an amino group, and a protected amino group.
- aniline group aniline group, protected aniline group, hydroxy group, protected hydroxy group, phenol group, protected phenol group, thiol group, protected thiol group, thiophenol group, protected thiophenol group, aldehyde group, carboxy group, maleimide group, N-hydroxy a succinimide ester group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 18 carbon atoms optionally having a bonding group inserted therein, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 5 to 18 carbon atoms optionally having a bonding group inserted therein, a cinnamic acid group, A side having at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a cinnamic acid aromatic ester group, a cinnamic acid alkyl ester group, a cinnamyl group, a phenylbenzoate group, an azobenzene group, an N-benzylideneaniline group, a stilbene group, and a tolan group It has a chain structure.
- the binding group includes the specific examples of the binding group given in the description of formula (1).
- the block segment (B) and the block segment (B') contain, as constituents, for example, a polymerizable compound having the above functional group and a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group.
- polymerizable compound used for forming the block segment (B) and block segment (B') is represented by the following formula (7).
- M represents a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group
- n is an integer of 1 to 2
- Z represents a group represented by the following formula (8).
- L is a trialkoxysilyl group, an isocyanate group, a blocked isocyanate group, an epoxy group, an oxetane group, a vinyl group, an allyl group, an oxazoline group, an amino group, a protected amino group, an aniline group, a protected aniline group, Hydroxy group, protected hydroxy group, phenol group, protected phenol group, thiol group, protected thiol group, thiophenol group, protected thiophenol group, aldehyde group, carboxy group, maleimide group, N-hydroxysuccinimide ester group, bonding group inserted an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 18 carbon atoms which may be substituted, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 5 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a bonding group inserted therein, a cinnamic acid group, a cinnamic acid aromatic ester group, cinnamon a functional
- the block segment (B) and block segment (B') have a side chain structure that is incompatible with the liquid crystal or becomes incompatible with the liquid crystal by firing.
- Compound species incompatible with the liquid crystal used for forming the block segment (B) and the block segment (B′) include highly polar compound species and compound species having a rigid structure.
- a thermosetting compound is exemplified as the compound that becomes incompatible with the liquid crystal when fired to be used for forming the segment (B').
- An example of the polymerizable compound used to form the block segment (B) and the block segment (B') is a compound having a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group and a highly polar structure.
- the above highly polar structure is preferably the following structure. However, it is not limited to these.
- (X and Y each independently represent an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom;
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represent a single bond or an alkylene group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms;
- R 3 represents a represents an alkyl group, one of A 1 , A 2 and A 3 represents N and the remaining two represent CH, one of A 4 and A 3 represents N and the remaining one represents CH * represents the binding site.
- An example of the polymerizable compound used for forming the block segment (B) and the block segment (B') is a compound having a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group and a rigid structure.
- the rigid structure described above preferably has the following structure. However, it is not limited to these.
- X, Y, and Z each independently represent an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom;
- R 1 and R 2 represent a single bond or an alkylene group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms;
- R 3 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms; represents a group, * represents a binding site, and n represents an integer of 1 to 5.
- thermosetting structure preferably has the following structure. However, it is not limited to these.
- X, Y and Z each independently represent an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms
- R 4 and R 5 are Each independently represents a single bond or an alkylene group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms.* represents a bonding site.
- the following structures are preferable as the polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms
- X, Y, and Z each independently represent an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom
- *, * 1 and * 2 represent binding sites, and either one of * 1 and * 2 may be replaced by a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the block segment (B) and block segment (B') are mainly responsible for stabilization in the thin film state and do not significantly affect the physical properties of the weak anchoring film. It is sufficient that the block segment (B) and the block segment (B') complement the stability of the membrane, and the optimum molecular weight that can complement the stability of the membrane varies depending on the type of compound used and is not particularly limited. In addition, depending on the type of compound used, it is possible to obtain advantages in solvent selectivity and coatability. Therefore, it is possible to control the types of compounds constituting the block segment (B) and block segment (B') and their molecular weights according to the application and purpose. is good.
- the polymerizable compounds described above may be used alone, or a plurality of compounds may be used in combination.
- the block segment (B) and the block segment (B') are block segments that contribute to the stability of the membrane, and do not significantly contribute to the weak anchoring properties.
- the compound species to be combined and the method of combining are not particularly limited.
- One embodiment of the copolymer of the present invention is characterized by being a copolymer having a block segment (A) that is compatible with the liquid crystal and a block segment (B) that is insoluble or insoluble in the liquid crystal.
- a configuration having a plurality of block segments such as (A)-(B)-(A) may be used, and the number and combination of these block segments are not particularly limited. It is also possible to introduce block segments that impart electrical properties.
- the number of block segments is preferably about 2 to 4
- the terminal block segment of the polymer is preferably the block segment (B).
- the block segment (A) compatible with the liquid crystal controls weak anchoring properties, and the molecular weight of the block segment (A) greatly affects the properties.
- the molecular weight ratio is not limited.
- One embodiment of the copolymer of the present invention is characterized by being a copolymer having block segments (A') and block segments (B'), but the number of blocks is not limited. )-(B')-(A') may have a plurality of block segments, and the number and combination of these block segments are not particularly limited. It is also possible to introduce block segments that impart electrical properties. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of ease of synthesis, the number of block segments is preferably about 2 to 4, and from the viewpoint of film stability, the terminal block segment of the polymer is preferably the block segment (B'). .
- the block segment (A') controls weak anchoring properties, and the molecular weight of the block segment (A') greatly affects the properties.
- the ratio is not limited.
- the copolymer of the present invention can be obtained, for example, by living polymerization.
- Living polymerization is a polymerization reaction that is not accompanied by side reactions such as chain transfer reaction and termination reaction during the polymerization reaction, and it is possible to obtain a polymer with a narrow molecular weight distribution and a highly controlled structure.
- a method of suppressing deactivation of the active site by introducing a stable covalent species called a dormant species into the polymerization active site to prevent side reactions such as chain transfer reaction and termination reaction from occurring.
- Living polymerization includes those using radicals, cations, and anions as active species, and it is important to use them properly according to the structure and properties of the polymerizable compound to be used.
- the polymerization method is not particularly limited.
- Metal complexes and halogen compounds are often used, and contamination with metal residues and halogen compounds can cause burn-in and display defects in liquid crystal displays. is preferred.
- Examples of living radical polymerization include living radical polymerization (NMP) using a nitroxide as a dormant species, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using a metal complex, and reversible irreversible elimination chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) using a sulfur compound as a dormant species.
- polymerization living radical polymerization (TERP) using an organic tellurium compound or the like, and reversible transfer catalyst polymerization (RTCP) using an alkyl iodide compound as a dormant species and using a phosphorus compound, alcohol, or the like as a catalyst, etc., which are preferable.
- the polymerization method include living radical polymerization such as NMP, RTCP, and RAFT polymerization, and NMP or RAFT polymerization is particularly preferred.
- polymerization initiators to be used include, for example, 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), benzoyl peroxide, 1,1 '-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, hydrogen peroxide and the like.
- the proportion of the polymerization initiator to be used is generally 0.000001 to 0.1 mol parts, preferably 0.00001 to 0.01 mol parts, per 1 mol part of the monomer used.
- nitroxides include compounds represented by the following formulas (N-1) to (N-12).
- the proportion of nitroxide used is generally 0.000001 to 0.1 mol part, preferably 0.00001 to 0.01 mol part, per 1 mol part of the monomer used.
- the reaction temperature in the above polymerization is preferably 20 to 200° C., more preferably 40 to 150° C., and the reaction time is preferably 1 to 168 hours, more preferably 8 to 72 hours.
- polymerization initiators to be used include, for example, 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), benzoyl peroxide, 1,1 '-bis(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, hydrogen peroxide and the like.
- the proportion of the polymerization initiator to be used is generally 0.000001 to 0.1 mol parts, preferably 0.00001 to 0.01 mol parts, per 1 mol part of the monomer used.
- iodide catalysts include compounds represented by the following formulas (P-1) to (P-7).
- the proportion of the iodide catalyst used is generally 0.000001 to 0.1 mol part, preferably 0.00001 to 0.01 mol part, per 1 mol part of the monomer used.
- hydride catalysts include compounds represented by the following formulas (O-1) to (O-6).
- the proportion of the hydride catalyst used is 0.000001 to 0.1 mol parts, preferably 0.00001 to 0.01 mol parts, per 1 mol part of the monomer used.
- the reaction temperature in the above polymerization is preferably 20-200° C., more preferably 40-150° C.
- the reaction time is preferably 1-168 hours, more preferably 8-72 hours.
- polymerization initiators to be used include, for example, 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), benzoyl peroxide, 1, 1′-bis(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, hydrogen peroxide and the like.
- the proportion of the polymerization initiator to be used is generally 0.000001 to 0.1 mol part, preferably 0.00001 to 0.01 mol part, per 1 mol part of the monomer used.
- chain transfer agent As the chain transfer agent (RAFT agent), trithiocarbonate, dithiobenzoate, dithiocarbamate, and kirintate are preferable, and specific examples thereof are represented by the following formulas (R-1) to (R-24). compound.
- the proportion of the chain transfer agent used is usually 0.000001 to 0.1 mol part, preferably 0.00001 to 0.01 mol part, per 1 mol part of the monomer used.
- the reaction temperature in the above polymerization is preferably 20 to 200° C., more preferably 40 to 150° C., and the reaction time is preferably 1 to 168 hours, more preferably 8 to 72 hours.
- Living radicals are expressed in RAFT polymerization because most of the living chains are dormant (dormant), and there is a compound that can reversibly inactivate the growing radical species, and the active chain and the dormant This is because there is a fast equilibrium between the chains.
- RAFT polymerization By using RAFT polymerization, it is possible to control the ends of polymers, and to control the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution at a high level.
- the polymer terminal can be controlled by thermally and chemically modifying the RAFT terminal present at the growing terminal.
- thermal reforming the end can be reformed into an unsaturated hydrocarbon group by heating above the temperature at which the RAFT agent used is thermally decomposed.
- chemical modification contact with a primary amine, secondary amine, or the like accompanies aminolysis, and the terminal can be modified into a thiol bond.
- a new block segment can be provided at the end by contacting with a new polymerizable compound and a radical generator.
- the molecular weight can be controlled by using the following formula (eq1). Specifically, the number average molecular weight (Mn) changes linearly with the ratio of the molar concentration of the monomer and the molar concentration of the chain transfer agent, so that the molecular weight can be controlled.
- Mn theor
- [Monomer] 0 the molar concentration of the polymerizable compound
- [CTA] 0 the molar concentration of the chain transfer agent
- M monomer represents the molecular weight of the polymerizable compound
- conv. represents the polymerization conversion rate
- MCTA represents the molecular weight of the chain transfer agent.
- the reaction solution may be directly subjected to the preparation of the liquid crystal aligning agent, and the copolymer contained in the reaction solution is isolated.
- the organic solvent used in the synthesis of the copolymer should be one that does not chemically react with the compound species that make up the copolymer and that does not scavenge radicals.
- the component constituting the alignment film may be a single component of the copolymer or a composite material.
- a composite component other than a copolymer may be a monomer or a polymer.
- the composite polymer may contain polymer components such as polyamic acid, polyimide, polyamic acid ester, polyamide, polyester, polyurea, polyacrylate, and polyorganosiloxane, and may contain a silane coupling agent and other additives. May contain.
- the compounding ratio of the polymer to be combined with the copolymer is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of optical properties and processability, the preferred compounding ratio (the ratio of the composite component to the total of the copolymer and the composite component) is 99% by mass. or less, more preferably 70% by mass or less. Additives are not particularly limited in amount. Also when a monomer is selected as a composite component, a plurality of monomers can be mixed and used.
- the monomers to be combined are preferably thermally curable such as polyfunctional (meth)acrylates, polyfunctional epoxides, and polyfunctional ethylene, and also thermal acid generators, thermal base generators, thermal radical generators, etc. may be used together.
- the compounding ratio of the monomer compounded with the copolymer is not particularly limited, the compounding ratio is preferably 99% by mass or less, more preferably 70% by mass or less, from the viewpoint of optical properties and processability.
- diamines can be mentioned as diamine components used in synthesizing polyamic acid or polyimide.
- diamines can be mentioned as diamine components used in synthesizing polyamic acid or polyimide.
- the above diamines may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the tetracarboxylic dianhydride to be reacted with the above diamine component is not particularly limited. Specifically, pyromellitic acid, 2,3,6,7-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,5,6-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid, 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid, 2, 3,6,7-anthracenetetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,5,6-anthracenetetracarboxylic acid, 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 2,3,3',4'-biphenyl Tetracarboxylic acid, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)ether, 3,3',4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)sulfone, bis(3,4-di carboxy
- tetracarboxylic dianhydrides may also be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the structure of the tetracarboxylic acid dialkyl ester to be reacted with the diamine component is not particularly limited, but specific examples are given below.
- Specific examples of aliphatic tetracarboxylic acid diesters include 1,2,3,4-cyclobutanetetracarboxylic acid dialkyl ester, 1,2-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-cyclobutanetetracarboxylic acid dialkyl ester, 1 ,3-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-cyclobutanetetracarboxylic acid dialkyl ester, 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-cyclobutanetetracarboxylic acid dialkyl ester, 1,2, 3,4-cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid dialkyl ester, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrofurantetracarboxylic acid dialkyl ester, 1,2,4,5-cyclohexanetetracarbox
- aromatic tetracarboxylic acid dialkyl esters include pyromellitic acid dialkyl ester, 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid dialkyl ester, 2,2′,3,3′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid dialkyl ester, 2,3,3′,4-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid dialkyl ester, 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dialkyl ester, 2,3,3′,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dialkyl ester, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) ether dialkyl ester, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) sulfone dialkyl ester, 1,2,5,6-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid dialkyl ester, 2,3,6,7 - naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid dialkyl
- the diisocyanate to be reacted with the diamine component is not particularly limited, and can be used according to availability and the like. Specific structures of diisocyanates are shown below.
- R 2 and R 3 represent aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- Aliphatic diisocyanates represented by formulas (K-1) to (K-5) are inferior in reactivity but have the advantage of improving solvent solubility, and formulas (K-6) to (K-13) as shown Aromatic diisocyanates are highly reactive and have the effect of improving heat resistance, but they have the drawback of lowering solvent solubility.
- Formulas (K-1), (K-7), (K-8), (K-9), and (K-10) are preferable in terms of versatility and characteristics, and formula (K-12) is preferable in terms of electrical characteristics. ), and formula (K-13) is preferable from the viewpoint of liquid crystal orientation.
- Two or more kinds of diisocyanates can be used in combination, and it is preferable to apply various kinds of diisocyanates according to desired properties.
- part of the diisocyanate can be replaced with the tetracarboxylic dianhydride described above, and it may be used in the form of a copolymer of polyamic acid and polyurea, and chemical imidization can be used to convert polyimide and polyurea. It may be used in the form of a copolymer.
- the structure of the dicarboxylic acid to be reacted is not particularly limited, but specific examples are given below.
- Aliphatic dicarboxylic acids include malonic acid, oxalic acid, dimethylmalonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, muconic acid, 2-methyladipic acid, trimethyladipic acid, pimelic acid, and 2,2-dimethylglutaric acid. Mention may be made of acids, dicarboxylic acids such as 3,3-diethylsuccinic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid and suberic acid.
- Alicyclic dicarboxylic acids include 1,1-cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid, 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid, and 1,3-cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid.
- Aromatic dicarboxylic acids include o-phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, 5-methylisophthalic acid, 5-tert-butylisophthalic acid, 5-aminoisophthalic acid, 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid, and 2,5-dimethylterephthalic acid.
- Dicarboxylic acids containing a heterocyclic ring include 1,5-(9-oxofluorene)dicarboxylic acid, 3,4-furandicarboxylic acid, 4,5-thiazoledicarboxylic acid, 2-phenyl-4,5-thiazoledicarboxylic acid, 1,2,5-thiadiazole-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, 1,2,5-oxadiazole-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 2, 5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 3,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and the like can be mentioned.
- the various dicarboxylic acids mentioned above may have an acid dihalide or an anhydride structure. These dicarboxylic acids are preferably dicarboxylic acids capable of giving a polyamide having a linear structure, in order to maintain the orientation of liquid crystal molecules.
- terephthalic acid isoterephthalic acid, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-diphenylmethanedicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-diphenylethanedicarboxylic acid, 4,4 '-diphenylpropanedicarboxylic acid, 4,4'-diphenylhexafluoropropanedicarboxylic acid, 2,2-bis(phenyl)propanedicarboxylic acid, 4,4-terphenyldicarboxylic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2, 5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid or acid dihalides thereof are preferably used. Although some of these compounds have isomers, mixtures containing them may also be used. Moreover, you may use together 2 or more types of compounds.
- the dicarboxylic acids used in the present invention are not limited to the compounds exemplified above.
- raw material diamine also referred to as “diamine component”
- raw material tetracarboxylic dianhydride also referred to as “tetracarboxylic dianhydride component
- tetracarboxylic acid diester diisocyanate and dicarboxylic acid
- known synthesis techniques can be used. Generally, it is a method of reacting a diamine component with one or more components selected from a tetracarboxylic dianhydride component, a tetracarboxylic acid diester, a diisocyanate and a dicarboxylic acid in an organic solvent.
- One of the preferred embodiments of the polyacrylate as the composite component is a polyacrylate that does not have the block segment [A] that is soluble in the liquid crystal and the block segment [B] that is insoluble in the liquid crystal or is insolubilized by heating.
- it is a polymer obtained by polymerizing an industrially available radical polymerizable monomer using a general radical generator.
- radically polymerizable monomers include unsaturated carboxylic acids, acrylic acid ester compounds, methacrylic acid ester compounds, maleimide compounds, acrylonitrile, maleic anhydride, styrene compounds and vinyl compounds. mentioned.
- unsaturated carboxylic acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, and fumaric acid.
- acrylic acid ester compounds include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, naphthyl acrylate, anthryl acrylate, anthryl methyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylates, cyclohexyl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, methoxytriethylene glycol acrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate, 3-methoxybutyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-adamantyl acrylate, 2- Propyl-2-adamantyl acrylate, 8-methyl-8-tricyclodecyl acrylate, 8-ethyl-8-tricyclodecyl acrylate and the like.
- Acrylate compounds with cyclic ether groups such as glycidyl acrylate, (3-methyl-3-oxetanyl)methyl acrylate, and (3-ethyl-3-oxetanyl)methyl acrylate can also be used.
- methacrylate compounds include methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, naphthyl methacrylate, anthryl methacrylate, anthryl methyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, 2-methoxyethyl methacrylate, methoxytriethylene glycol methacrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate, 3-methoxybutyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate, 2- Propyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate, 8-methyl-8-tricyclodecyl methacrylate, 8-ethyl-8-tricyclode
- Methacrylate compounds with cyclic ether groups such as glycidyl methacrylate, (3-methyl-3-oxetanyl)methyl methacrylate, and (3-ethyl-3-oxetanyl)methyl methacrylate can also be used.
- vinyl compounds include vinyl ether, methyl vinyl ether, benzyl vinyl ether, 2-hydroxyethyl vinyl ether, phenyl vinyl ether, and propyl vinyl ether.
- styrene compounds include styrene, methylstyrene, chlorostyrene, bromostyrene, and the like.
- maleimide compounds include maleimide, N-methylmaleimide, N-phenylmaleimide, and N-cyclohexylmaleimide.
- liquid crystalline side chain monomers monomers having a liquid crystalline side chain structure
- photosensitive groups are used.
- a photosensitive monomer hereinafter referred to as a photoreactive side chain monomer having a
- a liquid crystalline side-chain monomer is a monomer in which a polymer derived from the monomer expresses liquid crystallinity and the polymer can form a mesogenic group at the side chain site. More specific examples of liquid crystalline side chain monomers include radically polymerizable groups such as hydrocarbons, (meth)acrylates, itaconates, fumarate, maleates, ⁇ -methylene- ⁇ -butyrolactone, styrene, vinyl, maleimide, and norbornene.
- a structure having a side chain having at least one polymerizable group composed of at least one selected from the group consisting of a mesogenic group of a liquid crystalline side chain is preferred.
- liquid crystalline side chain monomer a monomer in which a liquid crystalline side chain selected from the following formulas (LS-1) to (LS-13) is bonded to a radically polymerizable group is preferable.
- the polymerizable group capable of radical polymerization includes a polymerizable group having a polymerizable unsaturated hydrocarbon group exemplified in the description of the copolymer in the present invention.
- R 12 is a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a biphenylyl group, a furanyl group, a monovalent nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, a carbon number of 5 to a group selected from the group consisting of monovalent alicyclic hydrocarbon groups of No.
- R 11 and R 12 the hydrogen atoms bonded thereto are —NO 2 , —CN , a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms
- R 13 is a hydrogen atom, —NO 2 , —CN, —CH ⁇ C(CN) 2 , —CH ⁇ CH—CN, halogen atom, phenyl group, naphthyl group, biphenylyl group, furanyl group, monovalent nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, monovalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 carbon atom
- d is an integer of 1 to 12 k1 to k5 are each independently an integer of 0 to 2, but
- Photoreactive side-chain monomers have photosensitive side chains attached to the main chain, and photoreactive side-chain monomers can undergo cross-linking reactions, isomerization reactions, or photofries rearrangements in response to light. It is a monomer having a side chain.
- the structure of the side chain having photosensitivity is not particularly limited, but a structure that causes a cross-linking reaction or photofries rearrangement in response to light is desirable, and one that causes a cross-linking reaction is more desirable. In this case, even when exposed to external stress such as heat, the realized orientation controllability can be stably maintained for a long period of time.
- the structure of the photosensitive side-chain type acrylic polymer capable of exhibiting liquid crystallinity is not particularly limited as long as it satisfies such properties, but it is preferable that the side chain structure has a rigid mesogenic component.
- the structure of the photosensitive side-chain type acrylic polymer has, for example, a main chain and side chains bonded thereto, and the side chains are biphenyl groups, terphenyl groups, phenylcyclohexyl groups, phenylbenzoate groups, and azobenzene groups. and a structure having a photosensitive group that is bound to the tip of the side chain and undergoes a cross-linking reaction or an isomerization reaction in response to light, and a main chain and a side chain that binds to it, A structure having a phenylbenzoate group whose side chain also serves as a mesogenic component and undergoes a photo-Fries rearrangement reaction can be employed.
- More specific examples of the structure of the photosensitive side-chain acrylic polymer capable of exhibiting liquid crystallinity in a given temperature range include hydrocarbons, (meth)acrylates, itaconates, fumarate, maleates, and ⁇ -methylene- ⁇ .
- a structure having a chain is preferred.
- Ar 1 and Ar 2 each independently represent a divalent organic group obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from a benzene ring, naphthalene ring, pyrrole ring, furan ring, thiophene ring, or pyridine ring, One of q1 and q2 is 1 and the other is 0, Y 1 -Y 2 represents CH ⁇ CH, CH ⁇ N, N ⁇ CH or C—C (wherein the carbon-carbon bond is a triple bond); S 1 and S 2 each independently represent a single bond, a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having 5 to 8 carbon atoms, a phenylene group or a biphenylylene group, a single bond, an ether One or two selected from a bond, an ester bond, an amide bond, a urea bond, a urethane bond, -NR- (R represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having
- the alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkoxycarbonyl group having 2 to 11 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, cyclic, or a structure combining them. may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- the method for producing the polyacrylate is not particularly limited, and general-purpose industrial methods can be used. Specifically, it can be produced by cationic polymerization, radical polymerization, or anionic polymerization using a vinyl group of a liquid crystalline side chain monomer or a photoreactive side chain monomer. Among these, radical polymerization is particularly preferred from the viewpoint of ease of reaction control.
- radical polymerization initiators such as AIBN (azobisisobutyronitrile) and known compounds such as reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization reagents can be used. can be done.
- AIBN azobisisobutyronitrile
- RAFT reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer
- the radical polymerization method is not particularly limited, and an emulsion polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, a dispersion polymerization method, a precipitation polymerization method, a bulk polymerization method, a solution polymerization method, or the like can be used.
- the organic solvent used in the polymerization reaction of the photosensitive side-chain type acrylic polymer capable of exhibiting liquid crystallinity within a predetermined temperature range is not particularly limited as long as it dissolves the produced polymer. Specific examples are given below. N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl- ⁇ -caprolactam, dimethylsulfoxide, tetramethylurea, pyridine, dimethylsulfone, Hexamethylphosphoramide, ⁇ -butyrolactone, isopropyl alcohol, methoxymethylpentanol, dipentene, ethyl amyl ketone, methyl nonyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isoamyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, methyl cellolube, ethyl cellolube, methyl cell
- organic solvents may be used alone or in combination. Furthermore, even a solvent that does not dissolve the generated polymer may be mixed with the above-described organic solvent and used as long as the generated polymer does not precipitate. In addition, since oxygen in an organic solvent inhibits the polymerization reaction in radical polymerization, it is preferable to use an organic solvent that has been degassed to the extent possible.
- the polymerization temperature for radical polymerization may be any temperature from 30 to 150.degree. C., preferably from 50 to 100.degree.
- the reaction can be carried out at any concentration, but if the concentration is too low, it becomes difficult to obtain a high-molecular-weight polymer, and if the concentration is too high, the viscosity of the reaction solution becomes too high, making uniform stirring difficult. Therefore, the monomer concentration is preferably 1 to 50% by mass, more preferably 5 to 30% by mass.
- the initial stage of the reaction can be carried out at a high concentration, and then the organic solvent can be added.
- the ratio of the radical polymerization initiator to the monomer is large, the molecular weight of the polymer obtained will be small, and if it is small, the molecular weight of the polymer obtained will be large. It is preferably 0.1 to 10 mol % with respect to the monomer to be polymerized. Further, various monomer components, solvents, initiators, etc. can be added during polymerization.
- the reaction solution In the case of recovering the produced polymer from the reaction solution of the photosensitive side-chain type polymer capable of exhibiting liquid crystallinity obtained by the above reaction, the reaction solution is put into a poor solvent, and the polymer is added. All you have to do is let the coalesce settle. Poor solvents used for precipitation include methanol, acetone, hexane, heptane, butyl cellulose, heptane, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethanol, toluene, benzene, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, and water.
- the polymer precipitated by putting it into a poor solvent can be filtered and recovered, and then dried at room temperature or under heat under normal pressure or reduced pressure.
- the impurities in the polymer can be reduced by redissolving the precipitated and recovered polymer in an organic solvent and repeating the operation of reprecipitating and recovering 2 to 10 times.
- the poor solvent in this case include alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons, and the like, and it is preferable to use three or more poor solvents selected from these, because the purification efficiency is further improved.
- the molecular weight of the photosensitive side-chain acrylic polymer capable of exhibiting liquid crystallinity in a given temperature range is determined by considering the strength of the resulting coating film, the workability during coating film formation, and the uniformity of the coating film.
- the weight average molecular weight measured by GPC method is preferably 2,000 to 1,000,000, more preferably 5,000 to 100,000.
- the organic solvent used for the liquid crystal aligning agent includes the above-mentioned specific organic solvent. These organic solvents may be used alone or in combination.
- a solvent that improves the uniformity and smoothness of the coating film by mixing it with a highly soluble organic solvent.
- Solvents that improve the uniformity and smoothness of coating films include, for example, isopropyl alcohol, methoxymethylpentanol, methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, methyl cellosolve acetate, butyl cellosolve acetate, ethyl cellosolve acetate, butyl carbitol, ethyl carbitol, Ethyl carbitol acetate, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monoacetate, ethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (butyl cellosolve), propylene glycol, propylene glycol monoacetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol -tert- Butyl ether, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoacetate, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, dipropylene glycol
- the weakly anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent of the present invention may contain components other than those described above. Examples include compounds that improve film thickness uniformity and surface smoothness when the composition contained in the weakly anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent is applied, and adhesion between the composition contained in the weakly anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent and the substrate. compounds that improve the properties, compounds that further improve the film strength of the composition contained in the weak anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent, and the like.
- Compounds that improve film thickness uniformity and surface smoothness include fluorine-based surfactants, silicone-based surfactants, and nonionic surfactants. More specifically, for example, Ftop EF301, EF303, EF352 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Materials Electronic Chemicals), Megaface F171, F173, R-30 (manufactured by DIC), Florado FC430, FC431 (manufactured by 3M), Asahi Guard AG710, Surflon S-382, SC101, SC102, SC103, SC104, SC105, SC106 (manufactured by AGC) and the like.
- the ratio of use is preferably 0.01 to 2 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the polymer contained in the composition contained in the weak anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent. , more preferably 0.01 to 1 part by mass.
- compounds that improve the adhesion between the composition contained in the weakly anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent and the substrate include functional silane-containing compounds and epoxy group-containing compounds.
- functional silane-containing compounds and epoxy group-containing compounds include functional silane-containing compounds and epoxy group-containing compounds.
- phenolic compounds such as 2,2′-bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dihydroxymethylphenyl)propane and tetra(methoxymethyl)bisphenol are added. may be added. When these compounds are used, it is preferably 0.1 to 30 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the polymer contained in the weak anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent. is.
- the composition contained in the weakly anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent may have electrical properties such as dielectric constant and conductivity of the weakly anchoring liquid crystal aligning film as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. Dielectrics and conductive materials for the purpose of changing may be added.
- the strong anchoring horizontal alignment film described here is a liquid crystal alignment film that can evenly align liquid crystals in the horizontal direction and has a sufficiently strong force for maintaining aligned liquid crystals, that is, interfacial anchoring energy.
- the strongly anchoring horizontal alignment film can be obtained by subjecting the above-described polyamic acid, polyimide, polyamic acid ester, polyamide, polyester, polyacrylate, or the like to alignment treatment in a uniaxial direction by rubbing treatment, photo-alignment treatment, or the like.
- a strongly anchoring horizontal alignment film can be obtained by a combination of the monomers mentioned above.
- the weakly anchoring alignment film of the present invention is obtained by using the weakly anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent described above.
- the weakly anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent used in the present invention can be applied to a substrate, and then dried and baked to obtain a cured film, which can be used as it is as the weakly anchoring alignment film.
- this cured film can be subjected to alignment treatment by rubbing, irradiation with polarized light or light of a specific wavelength, ion beam treatment, etc. It is also possible to irradiate the liquid crystal display element after liquid crystal filling with UV. be.
- the strong anchoring alignment film can be obtained by applying a strong anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent to a substrate, then drying and baking the cured film, and subjecting the cured film to alignment treatment.
- the first substrate may be a substrate having comb-teeth electrodes
- the second substrate may be a counter substrate.
- the second substrate may be a substrate having comb-teeth electrodes
- the first substrate may be a counter substrate.
- the substrate on which each liquid crystal alignment film is applied is not particularly limited as long as it is a highly transparent substrate, but a substrate having a transparent electrode for driving liquid crystal formed thereon is preferable.
- Substrates in which a transparent electrode is formed on a plastic plate of acetylcellulose, diacetylcellulose, acetate butyrate cellulose, or the like can be mentioned.
- Substrates that can be used for IPS type liquid crystal display elements include electrode patterns such as standard IPS comb electrodes and PSA (Polymer-Stabilized Alignment) fishbone electrodes, and protrusion patterns such as MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment). can.
- high-performance elements such as TFT (Thin-Film-Transistor) type elements are used in which an element such as a transistor is formed between an electrode for driving liquid crystal and a substrate.
- TFT Thin-Film-Transistor
- the substrates as described above are generally used. Opaque substrates such as wafers can also be used. At that time, a material such as aluminum that reflects light can also be used for the electrodes formed on the substrate.
- Examples of the method for applying the weakly anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent include spin coating, printing, inkjet, spraying, and roll coating, but transfer printing is widely used industrially in terms of productivity. and is preferably used in the present invention.
- the drying process after applying the liquid crystal aligning agent is not necessarily required, but if the time from application to baking is not constant for each substrate, or if it is not baked immediately after application, a drying process is included. is preferred.
- the drying means is not particularly limited as long as the solvent is removed to such an extent that the coating film shape is not deformed by transportation of the substrate or the like.
- Preferred conditions for the drying step include a method of drying on a hot plate at a temperature of 40 to 150° C., more preferably 60 to 100° C., for 0.5 to 30 minutes, more preferably 1 to 5 minutes.
- baking when the block segment to be insolubilized in the liquid crystal is composed of a thermosetting compound, baking is preferably performed at a temperature higher than the curing temperature and lower than the thermal decomposition temperature of the polymer.
- Preferred conditions for the baking step include a hot plate or thermal circulation oven at a temperature of 80 to 250° C., more preferably 100 to 230° C., and baking for 1 to 120 minutes, more preferably 5 to 30 minutes.
- the thickness of this cured film can be selected according to need, but a thickness of preferably 5 nm or more, more preferably 10 nm or more is preferable because the reliability of the liquid crystal display element is improved. Further, when the thickness of the cured film is preferably 300 nm or less, more preferably 150 nm or less, the power consumption of the liquid crystal display device does not become extremely large, which is preferable.
- a first substrate having a weak anchoring alignment film and a second substrate having a strong anchoring alignment film can be obtained.
- the method for uniaxial orientation treatment include a photo-alignment method, an oblique vapor deposition method, rubbing, and a uniaxial orientation treatment using a magnetic field.
- the alignment treatment is performed by rubbing in one direction, for example, while rotating a rubbing roller around which a rubbing cloth is wound, the substrate is moved so that the rubbing cloth and the film are in contact with each other.
- the alignment treatment can be performed by irradiating the entire surface of the film with polarized UV light of a specific wavelength and heating as necessary.
- the direction is selected according to the electrical properties of the liquid crystal. It is preferable that the direction is substantially the same as the direction in which the .
- the liquid crystal cell of the present invention comprises a substrate (first substrate) having a weak anchoring alignment film obtained by using the liquid crystal aligning agent of the present invention after forming a radical generating film on the substrate by the above method, and A substrate (second substrate) having a strongly anchoring liquid crystal alignment film (second substrate) is arranged so that the weakly anchoring alignment film and the strong anchoring alignment film face each other, sandwiching a spacer and fixing with a sealant, and the liquid crystal Obtained by injection and sealing.
- the size of the spacer to be used is usually 1 to 30 ⁇ m, preferably 2 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the IPS substrate which is a comb-teeth electrode substrate used in the IPS system, includes a base material, a plurality of linear electrodes formed on the base material and arranged in a comb-like shape, and linear electrodes on the base material.
- the FFS substrate which is a comb-teeth electrode substrate used in the FFS method, includes a base material, a plane electrode formed on the base material, an insulating film formed on the plane electrode, and an insulating film formed on the insulating film. , a plurality of linear electrodes arranged in a comb shape, and a liquid crystal alignment film formed on an insulating film so as to cover the linear electrodes.
- the liquid crystal display element has, for example, a first substrate, a second substrate facing the first substrate, and liquid crystal filled between the first substrate and the second substrate. Then, the liquid crystal display element is a first substrate or second substrate provided with a weak anchoring alignment film formed by coating the weak anchoring liquid crystal alignment agent of the present invention, and a second substrate or second substrate provided with a strong anchoring horizontal alignment film. Fabricated using a first substrate.
- the liquid crystal display element can be made into a reflective liquid crystal display element, for example, by providing a liquid crystal cell with a reflective electrode, a transparent electrode, a ⁇ /4 plate, a polarizing film, a color filter layer, etc. according to a conventional method.
- a transmissive liquid crystal display element can be obtained by providing a liquid crystal cell with a backlight, a polarizing plate, a ⁇ /4 plate, a transparent electrode, a polarizing film, a color filter layer, etc. according to a conventional method.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the horizontal electric field liquid crystal display device of the present invention, which is an example of an IPS mode liquid crystal display device.
- the liquid crystal 3 is sandwiched between the comb-teeth electrode substrate 2 having the liquid crystal alignment film 2c and the opposing substrate 4 having the liquid crystal alignment film 4a.
- the comb-shaped electrode substrate 2 includes a base material 2a, a plurality of linear electrodes 2b formed on the base material 2a and arranged in a comb-like shape, and a plurality of linear electrodes 2b formed on the base material 2a so as to cover the linear electrodes 2b. and a liquid crystal alignment film 2c.
- the opposing substrate 4 has a substrate 4b and a weakly anchoring liquid crystal alignment film or a strong anchoring horizontal alignment film (liquid crystal alignment film 4a) formed on the substrate 4b.
- the liquid crystal alignment film 2c is, for example, the weak anchoring alignment film or the strong anchoring horizontal alignment film of the present invention.
- the liquid crystal alignment films provided on the opposing substrates are each produced by combining a strong anchoring alignment film and a weak anchoring liquid crystal alignment film.
- the horizontal electric field liquid crystal display element 1 when a voltage is applied to the linear electrodes 2b, an electric field is generated between the linear electrodes 2b as indicated by electric lines of force L.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view showing another example of the horizontal electric field liquid crystal display element of the present invention, which is an example of the FFS mode liquid crystal display element.
- the liquid crystal 3 is sandwiched between the comb-teeth electrode substrate 2 having the liquid crystal alignment film 2h and the counter substrate 4 having the liquid crystal alignment film 4a.
- the comb-shaped electrode substrate 2 includes a substrate 2d, a plane electrode 2e formed on the substrate 2d, an insulating film 2f formed on the plane electrode 2e, and a comb-shaped electrode formed on the insulating film 2f.
- the counter substrate 4 has a base material 4b and a liquid crystal alignment film 4a formed on the base material 4b.
- the liquid crystal alignment film 4a is the same as the liquid crystal alignment film 4a in FIG. 1 described above.
- the liquid crystal alignment film 2h is the same as the liquid crystal alignment film 2c in FIG. 1 described above.
- the lateral electric field liquid crystal display element 1 when a voltage is applied to the plane electrode 2e and the linear electrode 2g, an electric field is generated between the plane electrode 2e and the linear electrode 2g as indicated by electric lines of force L.
- Viscosity measurement The viscosity of the polyamic acid solution, etc., was measured using an E-type viscometer TVE-22H (manufactured by Toki Sangyo Co., Ltd.), a sample amount of 1.1 mL (milliliter), a cone rotor TE-1 (1° 34', R24), and a temperature of 25. °C.
- the molecular weights of polyimide precursors and polyimides were measured using a room temperature gel permeation chromatography (GPC) device (GPC-101) (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) and a column (GPC KD-803, GPC KD-805 in series) (manufactured by Showa Denko KK). was measured as follows.
- GPC room temperature gel permeation chromatography
- a proton derived from a structure that does not change before and after imidization is determined as a reference proton, and the peak integrated value of this proton and the proton derived from the NH group of amic acid appearing around 9.5 to 10.0 ppm. It was calculated by the following formula using the peak integrated value.
- X is the proton peak integrated value derived from the NH group of the amic acid
- Y is the peak integrated value of the reference protons
- ⁇ is the polyamic acid (imidization rate is 0%) of the amic acid. It is the ratio of the number of standard protons to one proton of the NH group.
- Imidation rate (%) (1- ⁇ X/Y) x 100
- Synthesis Example 3-1 The mixture obtained in Synthesis Example 2-1 was placed in a 100 ml eggplant flask equipped with a stirrer and a nitrogen inlet tube so that the molar ratio [B-2/A-1mCTA-1] of A-1mCTA-1 and B-2 used was 57.
- A-1mCTA-1 (1.91 g, 0.222 mmol), B-2 (3.20 g, 12.7 mmol), and AIBN (18.3 mg, 0.111 mmol) were measured and THF (12.0 g) was added and dissolved by stirring at room temperature, the inside of the system was replaced with nitrogen, and the mixture was heated and stirred in an oil bath set at 60°C for 12 hours.
- PAA-1 polyamic acid solution having a viscosity of about 740 mPa ⁇ s and a solid content concentration of 15% by mass was obtained.
- This polyamic acid had a number average molecular weight of 12,600 and a weight average molecular weight of 35,200.
- TC-1 (1.84 g: 9.4 mmol) and NMP (10.0 g) were added and reacted at room temperature for 18 hours, resulting in a viscosity of about 1120 mPa s and a solid content concentration of 20 mass.
- % polyamic acid solution (PAA-3) was obtained. This polyamic acid had a number average molecular weight of 11,200 and a weight average molecular weight of 31,400.
- the polyamic acid solution (PAA-3) (40.0 g) obtained above was weighed into a 300 mL eggplant flask equipped with a stirrer and a nitrogen inlet tube, NMP (74.3 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred for a while at room temperature.
- PAA-4 polyamic acid solution having a viscosity of about 680 mPa ⁇ s and a solid content concentration of 15% by mass was obtained.
- This polyamic acid had a number average molecular weight of 17,200 and a weight average molecular weight of 48,200.
- This polyimide had an imidization rate of 60%, a number average molecular weight of 12,800, and a weight average molecular weight of 27,500.
- Table 5 shows the contents of the polyamic acid and polyimide synthesized above.
- Preparation Example 1 Weigh 0.9 g of A-1mCTA-1 obtained in Synthesis Example 2-1 into a 15 mL vial equipped with a stirrer, add 14.1 g of PGMEA, and stir at room temperature for 1 hour to form a weak anchor. A ring liquid crystal aligning agent (WAS-1) was obtained.
- the substrate is a non-alkali glass substrate having a size of 30 mm ⁇ 35 mm and a thickness of 0.7 mm.
- an ITO (Indium-Tin-Oxide) electrode having a comb tooth pattern with an electrode width of 3 ⁇ m, an electrode-to-electrode spacing of 6 ⁇ m, and an angle of 10° with respect to the long side of the substrate was formed. and form a pixel.
- the size of each pixel is 10 mm long and about 5 mm wide.
- it will be called an IPS substrate (first substrate).
- weak anchoring liquid crystal aligning agents WAS-1 to WAS-95 obtained by the above method, radical generation forming compositions (AL-1, AL-2), liquid crystal aligning agents for horizontal alignment (SE -6414, NRB-U973 (manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.)) was filtered through a filter with a pore size of 1.0 mm, and an ITO film was formed on the back surface of the prepared first substrate and the counter substrate, A glass substrate (hereinafter referred to as a second substrate) having columnar spacers with a height of 3.0 ⁇ m was coated and formed into a film by a spin coating method.
- a second substrate having columnar spacers with a height of 3.0 ⁇ m
- the substrate coated with the weak anchoring liquid crystal aligning agent was baked at 180°C for 20 minutes, and the radical generating composition and the liquid crystal aligning agent for horizontal alignment were applied.
- the substrate was baked at 230° C. for 20 minutes to obtain a coating film having a thickness of 100 nm.
- the coating film on the first substrate was oriented along the direction of the comb teeth, and the coating film on the second substrate was oriented in the direction orthogonal to the comb electrodes.
- the rubbing method was used in AL-1 and SE-6414, the photo-alignment method was used in AL-2 and NRB-U973, and no alignment treatment was performed in WAS-1 to WAS-82. Used as is.
- a rubbing device manufactured by Iinuma Gauge Co., Ltd., a rubbing cloth (YA-20R) manufactured by Yoshikawa Kako Co., Ltd., a rubbing roller (diameter 10.0 cm), a stage feed speed of 30 mm / s, a roller rotation speed of 700 rpm, and a pushing pressure of 0.3 mm. went.
- a UV exposure apparatus manufactured by Ushio Inc. was used to irradiate linearly polarized UV with an extinction ratio of about 26:1 so that the irradiation amount was 300 mJ/cm 2 based on the wavelength of 254 nm. , and heating at 230° C.
- a photodiode was attached to a polarizing microscope, connected to an electrometer via a current-voltage conversion amplifier, and black luminance was measured by monitoring the voltage under the condition that the luminance was minimized under crossed Nicols.
- VT curve (Measurement of VT curve and evaluation of driving threshold voltage, maximum luminance voltage, and transmittance)
- the VT curve was measured by applying voltage and measuring the luminance at the voltage.
- a value of voltage (Vmax) at which the luminance becomes maximum was estimated from the obtained VT curve.
- the maximum transmittance (Tmax) was estimated by comparing the maximum transmittance in the VT curve with the transmittance in parallel Nicols through the liquid crystal cell to which no voltage was applied as 100%.
- the azimuth angle anchoring strengths A 2 and SA of the strongly anchoring alignment films AL-1, SE-6414, AL-2, and NRB-U973 were values separately measured by the torque balance method.
- the azimuth anchoring strengths A2 and WA of the weakly anchoring alignment film are calculated by the following formulas (eq2) and (eq3) using the driving threshold voltage (Vth) obtained from the VT curve measurement of the liquid crystal cell prepared above.
- a film with an azimuth angle anchoring strength of less than 10 ⁇ 5 [J/m 2 ] is defined as a weak anchoring alignment film
- a film with an azimuth angle anchoring strength of greater than 10 ⁇ 4 [J/m 2 ] is defined as a strong anchoring alignment film.
- V th,SA represents the driving threshold voltage of the strong anchoring liquid crystal cell
- V th,WA represents the driving threshold voltage of the weakly anchoring liquid crystal cell
- l is the inter-comb electrode distance
- d is the cell gap
- K 2 is the twist elastic constant of the liquid crystal
- ⁇ 0 is the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal in vacuum
- ⁇ is the dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal.
- the rotation angle when the liquid crystal cell was rotated from the angle at which the first region of the second pixel was darkest to the angle at which the first region of the first pixel was darkest was calculated as the angle ⁇ .
- the second area of the second pixel and the second area of the first pixel were compared to calculate a similar angle ⁇ . Then, the average value of the calculated angle ⁇ values was calculated as the angle ⁇ of the liquid crystal cell.
- the liquid crystal cell was temperature-modulated between 20 and ⁇ 20° C. using a temperature modulation stage manufactured by Linkam, the VT curve was measured at each temperature, and the low-temperature driving characteristics were evaluated by comparing the values of Tmax and Vmax. . Based on the values of Tmax and Vmax at 20 ° C., if the variation in Tmax at each temperature is less than 3% and the variation in Vmax is less than 0.2 V, it is considered “good", and the variation in Tmax is 3% or more, or Vmax A change of 0.2 V or more was evaluated as "poor".
- Thin films composed of weakly anchoring liquid crystal aligning agents shown in Preparation Examples 1 to 5 and 51 to 56 are compatible with liquid crystals, and the polymers used in Preparation Examples 1 to 5 and 51 to 56 are compatible with liquid crystals. It can be said that it is suitable.
- the thin films shown in Preparation Examples 6 to 12 and 57 to 63 are insoluble in liquid crystals, and the polymers used in Preparation Examples 6 to 12 and 57 to 63 are suitable as block segments that are insoluble in liquid crystals.
- Evaluation results are shown in Tables 10-1 to 10-3.
- Tables 10-1 to 10-3 also show the measurement results of the azimuthal anchoring strength (A 2 ).
- the liquid crystal cells produced using the copolymers of the present invention have high transmittance and low driving voltage, and exhibit weak anchoring properties.
- a homopolymer or copolymer consisting of only block segments that are compatible with liquid crystal Comparative Examples 1 and 4
- only block segments that are insoluble in liquid crystal Comparative Examples 2 and 3
- a pretilt angle is developed. Therefore, it is important to use a copolymer with two or more block segments that satisfies both factors at the same time.
- the copolymer of the present invention when used, better alignment quality, black brightness, and faster response when the voltage is turned off are realized compared to the weak anchoring cell produced by the method of Patent Document 3 (Comparative Example 6). ing.
- the number average molecular weight of each block segment compatible with liquid crystal is preferably 1,000 to 100,000, more preferably 3,000 to 50,000.
- the black luminance and the response speed change depending on the compound species constituting the block segment that is compatible with the liquid crystal.
- the compound species is not limited to those described in the examples.
- Examples of compound species suitable for the block segment compatible with the liquid crystal include compounds that are flexible and have a sufficiently low glass transition temperature (Tg), and compounds that have low polarity.
- the number average molecular weight of each block segment to be insolubilized in liquid crystal is preferably 1,000 to 100,000, more preferably 3,000 to 50,000.
- any compound species that does not elute into the liquid crystal when the coating film comes into contact with the liquid crystal may be used, and the compound species is not limited to those described in the examples.
- Examples of compound species suitable for the block segment to be insolubilized in the liquid crystal include compounds with strong intermolecular interaction, highly polar compounds, and compounds that induce a cross-linking reaction by heating.
- the transmittance exhibited by the substrate on which the copolymer is provided changes greatly. This indicates that the effective film thickness with which the liquid crystal can be driven varies depending on the substrate on which the weak anchoring film is provided.
- the panel or liquid crystal is designed so that the product of the birefringence difference ( ⁇ n) of the liquid crystal and the cell gap (D) is about 300 nm in order to obtain high transmittance. It means that high transmittance can be realized even if the above value is 300 nm or less.
- the substrate on which the copolymer is provided may be any substrate, and it is preferable to select it according to the application and demand.
- the block segment compatible with the liquid crystal does not have to be composed of only a single component, and the third component may be randomly copolymerized.
- the third component is preferably a compound that is compatible with the liquid crystal from the viewpoint of maintaining properties, but it may be a compound that is insoluble in the liquid crystal.
- the introduction ratio of the compound that is insoluble in the liquid crystal is preferably 30 mol % or less with respect to the compound that is compatible with the liquid crystal.
- the polymers RC-1 to RC-10 used in synthesizing the copolymers of Examples 18 to 21 and 49 to 52 were compatible with the liquid crystal used.
- the block segment to be insolubilized in the liquid crystal does not have to consist of only a single component, and the third component may be randomly copolymerized.
- the random copolymerization of the third component has little effect on the properties, and the properties are good even when the proportion of the compound that is compatible with the liquid crystal is large.
- the block segment that is insolubilized in the liquid crystal only functions to stabilize the coating film and does not necessarily contribute to the optical properties. Therefore, it can be said that the block segment to be insolubilized in the liquid crystal does not depend on the random copolymerization ratio or the compound species constituting it, as long as the stabilization of the coating film can be complemented.
- the copolymer does not have to be a diblock copolymer composed of two block segments that are compatible with or insoluble in the liquid crystal. I know it's okay. Moreover, it can be seen that the third block segment other than the two block segments that are compatible with or insoluble in the liquid crystal may be compatible with the liquid crystal or may be insoluble in the liquid crystal. Furthermore, it can be seen that the arrangement order of the two block segments and the third block segment that are compatible with or insoluble in the liquid crystal does not matter.
- a composite material may be used as long as it contains a certain amount or more of the copolymer.
- the composite component other than the copolymer need not be limited to polymers, and may be monomers or oligomers.
- it does not depend on the mixing ratio of the copolymer.
- the quality of the properties depends on the state of phase separation between the copolymer and the composite component, so it is necessary to determine the mixing ratio in consideration of the state of phase separation. Phase separability depends on intermolecular interactions and thermal volume changes between materials.
- the seizure was improved. This is as described in WO2021/020399.
- the substrate on which the copolymer is provided may be any substrate, and it is better to select it according to the application and demand.
- Evaluation results are shown in Tables 13-1 to 13-3.
- Tables 13-1 to 13-3 also show the measurement results of the azimuth anchoring strength (A 2 ).
- the liquid crystal cells produced using the copolymers of the present invention showed high transmittance and low driving voltage even when the rubbing alignment method was used, and thus exhibited weak anchoring characteristics. I know there is.
- the alignment quality and black luminance of the liquid crystal cells produced using the copolymers of the present invention were compared with those of the weak anchoring cell produced by the method of Patent Document 3 (Comparative Example 13). was good.
- Vmax and Tmax of the liquid crystal cells produced using the copolymers of the present invention (Examples 69 to 136) were better than those of the strong anchoring liquid crystal cell (Comparative Example 14).
- the liquid crystal cells produced using the copolymers of the present invention realize a faster response when the voltage is turned off than the weak anchoring cell of Comparative Example 13.
- the composition of the weak anchoring cell, the compound type and molecular weight constituting the block segment, and the change in properties when made into a composite material tended to be generally the same as in the case of using the photo-alignment method. I know it doesn't matter.
- a stable weak anchoring film can be manufactured by a very simple method compared to the conventional technology, it is possible to reduce the process load and improve the yield of weak anchoring IPS manufacturing in actual industrialization.
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Abstract
Description
[1] 液晶と、液晶配向膜とを有する液晶セルの前記液晶配向膜の形成に用いられ、
前記液晶に相溶するブロックセグメント(A)と、前記液晶に相溶しない又は焼成により前記液晶に不溶化するブロックセグメント(B)とを有する共重合体を含有する、弱アンカリング液晶配向剤。
[2] 前記ブロックセグメント(A)が、下記式(1)で表される化合物、下記式(2)で表される化合物、下記式(4)で表される化合物、及び下記式(6)で表される化合物からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を、構成成分として含む、[1]に記載の弱アンカリング液晶配向剤。
[3] 前記式(1)中のMが、下記で表されるいずれかの構造であり、
前記式(2)中のMが、下記で表されるいずれかの構造であり、
前記式(4)中のMが、下記で表されるいずれかの構造であり、
前記式(6)中のMが、下記で表されるいずれかの構造である、
[2]に記載の弱アンカリング液晶配向剤。
[4] 前記ブロックセグメント(B)が、トリアルコキシシリル基、イソシアネート基、ブロックイソシアネート基、エポキシ基、オキセタン基、ビニル基、アリル基、オキサゾリン基、アミノ基、保護アミノ基、アニリン基、保護アニリン基、ヒドロキシ基、保護ヒドロキシ基、フェノール基、保護フェノール基、チオール基、保護チオール基、チオフェノール基、保護チオフェノール基、アルデヒド基、カルボキシ基、マレイミド基、N-ヒドロキシスクシンイミドエステル基、結合基が挿入されていてもよい炭素数5~18の芳香族炭化水素基、結合基が挿入されていてもよい炭素数5~18の芳香族複素環基、桂皮酸基、桂皮酸芳香族エステル基、桂皮酸アルキルエステル基、シンナミル基、フェニルベンゾエート基、アゾベンゼン基、N-ベンジリデンアニリン基、スチルベン基、及びトラン基からなる群から選択される少なくとも一種の官能基を有する側鎖構造を有し、
前記ブロックセグメント(B)が、前記官能基と、重合可能な不飽和炭化水素基を有する重合性基とを有する重合性化合物を、構成成分として含む、
[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の弱アンカリング液晶配向剤。
[5] 前記ブロックセグメント(B)が、下記式(7)で表される化合物を、構成成分として含む、[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の液晶配向剤。
[6] 前記式(7)中のMが、下記式で表されるいずれかの構造である、[5]に記載の弱アンカリング液晶配向剤。
[7] 前記ブロックセグメント(B)が、下記式(B-1)~(B-13)で表される化合物からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を、構成成分として含む、[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の弱アンカリング液晶配向剤。
[8] 前記共重合体がリビング重合によって得られたものである[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の弱アンカリング液晶配向剤。
[9] 前記共重合体がリビングラジカル重合によって得られたものである[1]~[8]のいずれかに記載の弱アンカリング液晶配向剤。
[10] 液晶配向剤に含有される共重合体であって、
ブロックセグメント(A’)と、ブロックセグメント(B’)とを有し、
前記ブロックセグメント(A’)が、下記式(1)で表される化合物、下記式(2)で表される化合物、下記式(4)で表される化合物、及び下記式(6)で表される化合物からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を、構成成分として含み、
前記ブロックセグメント(B’)が、下記式(7)で表される化合物を、構成成分として含む、
共重合体。
[11] 前記式(1)中のMが、下記式で表されるいずれかの構造であり、
前記式(2)中のMが、下記式で表されるいずれかの構造であり、
前記式(4)中のMが、下記式で表されるいずれかの構造であり、
前記式(6)中のMが、下記式で表されるいずれかの構造であり、
前記式(7)中のMが、下記式で表されるいずれかの構造である、
[10]に記載の共重合体。
[12] リビング重合によって得られたものである[10]又は[11]に記載の共重合体。
[13] リビングラジカル重合によって得られたものである[10]~[12]のいずれかに記載の共重合体。
[14] [10]~[13]のいずれかに記載の共重合体を含有する弱アンカリング液晶配向剤。
[15] [1]~[9]、及び[14]のいずれかに記載の弱アンカリング液晶配向剤を用いて得られた液晶表示素子。
[16] 低電圧駆動横電界液晶表示素子である[15]に記載の液晶表示素子。
本発明において「弱アンカリング」とは、液晶分子を基板に対して方位角方向または極角方向へ配向規制する力は有しているが、アンカリング強度(すなわち液晶分子の位置を保持する、あるいは液晶分子の配向が変化しても元の状態に戻す、界面弾性エネルギー)が全く無いか、あったとしても液晶同士の分子間力よりも弱いことを意味し、本発明の弱アンカリングにおいては方位角アンカリング強度(A2)が10-5[J/m2]よりも小さい場合を指す。また、「弱アンカリング配向膜」とは、液晶と接触することで弱アンカリング状態を形成する膜のことを意味し、固体膜に限定されず固体表面を被覆する液体膜も含まれる。
本発明において「強アンカリング」とは、液晶分子を一軸配向に配向規制し、外部からエネルギーが与えられても液晶の配向を保持することができる、あるいは液晶分子の配向が変化しても元の位置に戻すことができるアンカリング強度を有することを意味し、本発明の強アンカリングにおいては方位角アンカリング強度(A2)が10-4[J/m2]よりも大きい場合を指す。また、「強アンカリング配向膜」とは、液晶と接触することで強アンカリング状態を形成する膜のことを意味し、固体膜に限定されず固体表面を被覆する液体膜も含まれる。
上記で定義された弱アンカリング配向膜と強アンカリング配向膜をそれぞれ電極付き基板に塗布し、対になるように張り合わせることで弱アンカリング液晶表示素子が作製できる。弱アンカリング液晶表示素子は、一方の液晶配向膜の方位角アンカリング強度が限りなく小さいため、弱い電界や外場エネルギーで液晶の配向変化を誘起でき、通常は動かない領域の液晶分子も配向変化させることが可能になることから、特にIPSやFFSのような櫛歯電極を用いたような表示素子においては、電界強度の弱い電極上の液晶分子も駆動可能となるため、対となる配向膜の両方が強アンカリング配向膜で構成された液晶表示素子と比べて高透過率化及び駆動電圧を低電圧化させることができる。
本発明における「共重合体」の一実施形態は、弱アンカリング液晶配向剤に含有される共重合体である。弱アンカリング液晶配向剤は、液晶と、液晶配向膜とを有する液晶セルの液晶配向膜の形成に用いられる。
共重合体は、液晶に相溶するブロックセグメント(A)と、液晶に相溶しない又は焼成により前記液晶に不溶化するブロックセグメント(B)とを有する。ブロックセグメント(A)は共重合体が焼成されても液晶に相溶する。
ブロックセグメント(A’)は、下記式(1)で表される化合物、下記式(2)で表される化合物、下記式(4)で表される化合物、及び下記式(6)で表される化合物からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を、構成成分として含む。
ブロックセグメント(B’)は、下記式(7)で表される化合物を、構成成分として含む。
共重合体は、好ましくは、主鎖が分岐せずに直鎖状に伸びた共重合体である。
本出願人は、プレチルト角が発生せず安定的に弱アンカリング横電界液晶表示素子が作製できる液晶組成物に含有されるラジカル重合性化合物であって、弱アンカリングの発生に寄与するラジカル重合性化合物として、式(1)で表される化合物、式(2)で表される化合物、式(4)で表される化合物、及び式(6)で表される化合物(以下、特定の化合物と称する)を見出し、出願している(特願2020-134149、特願2020-163212、特願2021-041196、WO2019/004433、WO2022/030602、WO2022/071286、PCT/JP2022/10948。ここに引用されたことによって、これらの出願及び公開公報の内容は、全てが明示されたと同程度に本明細書に組み込まれるものである。)。
本発明では、液晶配向剤に含有される共重合体のブロックセグメントとして、液晶に相溶するブロックセグメントを用いることにより、従来の手法に比べより簡便に弱アンカリング膜を製造可能としている。その際に、特定の化合物を液晶に相溶するブロックセグメントの構成成分の一例として用いている。
結合基が挿入されていてもよい炭素数1~20のアルキル基における結合基としては、例えば、エーテル結合、エステル結合、アミド結合、ウレタン結合、ウレア結合、チオエーテル結合、-Si(R11)(R12)-(R11及びR12はそれぞれ独立してSiに結合するアルキル基を表す。)、-Si(R13)(R14)-O-(R13及びR14はそれぞれ独立してSiに結合するアルキル基を表す。)、-N(R15)-(R15はNに結合する、水素原子又はアルキル基を表す。)が挙げられる。R11~R15におけるアルキル基としては、例えば、炭素数1~6のアルキル基が挙げられる。
式(2)中のSにおいて、結合基が挿入されている炭素数1~6の飽和炭化水素基とは、炭素数2~6の飽和炭化水素基内の炭素-炭素間に結合基が挿入されているn+1価の基、又は炭素数1~6の飽和炭化水素基とそれに結合する原子(例えば、炭素原子)との間に結合基が挿入されているn+1価の基を意味する。
式(2)中のSにおける結合基としては、例えば、炭素-炭素不飽和結合、エーテル結合(-O-)、エステル結合(-COO-又は-OCO-)、アミド結合(-CONH-又は-NHCO-)などが挙げられる。炭素-炭素不飽和結合としては、例えば、炭素-炭素二重結合などが挙げられるが、炭素-炭素二重結合が挿入されている炭素数1~6の飽和炭化水素基は、その末端にではなく、内部に炭素-炭素二重結合を有する方が好ましい。
nが1の場合、結合基が挿入されていてもよい炭素数1~6のアルキレン基としては、例えば、炭素数1~6のアルキレン基、炭素数1~6のオキシアルキレン基などが挙げられる。
炭素数1~6のアルキレン基は、直鎖アルキレン基であってもよいし、分岐アルキレン基であってもよいし、環状アルキレン基であってもよい。
式(3)のXにおける-Si(R3)(R4)-O-のR3及びR4は、それぞれ独立してSiに結合するアルキル基であり、例えば、炭素数1~6のアルキル基である。
式(3)のXにおける-N(R5)-のR5は、Nに結合する、水素原子又はアルキル基である。アルキル基は、例えば、炭素数1~6のアルキル基である。
非芳香族の環状基における環を構成する原子としては、例えば、炭素原子、酸素原子、窒素原子、ケイ素原子などが挙げられる。
環を構成する原子-原子間の結合は、単結合であってもよいし、二重結合であってもよいし、三重結合であってもよいが、単結合が好ましい。
非芳香族の環状基における環としては、例えば、環状アルカン、環状エーテル、環状シロキサンなどが挙げられる。環状エーテルとしては、例えば、クラウンエーテルが挙げられる。例えば、12-クラウン-4において、環を構成する原子は、炭素原子及び酸素原子であり、員数は、12である。
環は、単環であってもよいし、多環であってもよい。多環における環の数としては、例えば、2~4が挙げられる。
多環において各環同士の結合の仕方には、例えば、以下の3通りが含まれる。
・1原子の共有:例えば、スピロ環化合物
・2原子の共有:デカリンのように2つの環が2つの原子を共有している場合
・橋かけ構造:ノルボルナンのように、2つの環が3つの原子以上を共有しているとみなせる場合
なお、多環の場合、環を構成する原子の数をもってその員環数とする。例えば、ノルボルナンは7員環である。
環を構成する原子には、水素原子の代わりにハロゲン原子、又は炭素数1~6のアルキル基が結合していてもよい。ハロゲン原子としては、例えば、フッ素原子、塩素原子などが挙げられる。
置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基の置換基としては、例えば、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~4のアルキル基、炭素数1~4のアルコキシ基、炭素数1~4のハロゲン化アルキル基、炭素数1~4のハロゲン化アルコキシ基などが挙げられる。ハロゲン化アルキル基、およびハロゲン化アルコキシ基におけるハロゲン化は、全ハロゲン化であってもよいし、一部のハロゲン化であってもよい。ハロゲン原子としては、例えば、フッ素原子、塩素原子などが挙げられる。
置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基の芳香族炭化水素基としては、例えば、フェニル基、ナフチル基が挙げられる。
芳香族炭化水素基における置換基の数としては、特に限定されない。
式(4)において、3つのXはそれぞれ独立している。そのため、式(4)において、式(5)が2つ以上の場合、2つ以上の式(5)は、同じ構造であってもよいし、異なる構造であってもよい。
結合基としては、例えば、炭素-炭素不飽和結合、エーテル結合(-O-)、エステル結合(-COO-又は-OCO-)、アミド結合(-CONH-又は-NHCO-)などが挙げられる。不飽和結合としては、例えば、炭素-炭素二重結合などが挙げられるが、結合基が挿入されている炭素数1~6のアルキレン基は、その末端にではなく、内部に炭素-炭素二重結合を有する方が好ましい。
結合基が挿入されていてもよい炭素数1~6のアルキレン基としては、例えば、炭素数1~6のアルキレン基、炭素数1~6のオキシアルキレン基などが挙げられる。炭素数1~6のオキシアルキレン基における酸素原子は、例えば、式(6)中のM、R1、R2、及びR3に結合する炭素原子と結合する。
炭素数1~6のアルキレン基は、直鎖アルキレン基であってもよいし、分岐アルキレン基であってもよいし、環状アルキレン基であってもよい。
置換基としては、例えば、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~4のアルキル基、炭素数1~4のアルコキシ基、炭素数1~4のハロゲン化アルキル基、炭素数1~4のハロゲン化アルコキシ基などが挙げられる。ハロゲン化アルキル基、およびハロゲン化アルコキシ基におけるハロゲン化は、全ハロゲン化であってもよいし、一部のハロゲン化であってもよい。ハロゲン原子としては、例えば、フッ素原子、塩素原子などが挙げられる。
式(6)中のR2としては、例えば、単結合、炭素数1~6のアルキレン基などが挙げられる。炭素数1~6のアルキレン基としては、より具体的には炭素数1~6の直鎖アルキレン基が挙げられる。
式(6)中のR3としては、例えば、単結合、炭素数1~6のアルキレン基などが挙げられる。炭素数1~6のアルキレン基としては、より具体的には炭素数1~6の直鎖アルキレン基が挙げられる。
式(6)中のX1としては、例えば、水素原子、フェニル基などが挙げられる。
式(6)中のX2としては、例えば、水素原子、フェニル基などが挙げられる。
式(6)中のArは、例えば、フェニル基などが挙げられる。
また、式(6)中のR1、R2、およびR3の合計炭素数は、例えば、18以下であってもよいし、15以下であってもよいし、10以下であってもよい。
また、式(6)中のX1及びX2が水素原子の場合、R1、R2、およびR3の合計炭素数は1以上であれば、特に限定されないが、2以上であってもよい。
なお、式(6)中のX1及びX2の少なくともいずれかが置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基の場合、R1、R2、およびR3の合計炭素数は0であってもよい。
その場合、ブロックセグメント(B)及びブロックセグメント(B’)は、例えば、上記官能基と、重合可能な不飽和炭化水素基を有する重合性基とを有する重合性化合物を、構成成分として含む。
上記の高極性な構造は以下の構造が好ましい。ただし、これらに限定されるものではない。
上記の剛直な構造は以下の構造が好ましい。ただし、これらに限定されるものではない。
上記の熱硬化性の構造は以下の構造が好ましい。ただし、これらに限定されるものではない。
本発明の弱アンカリング配向膜に使用される共重合体であるブロックポリマーを得る際、重合法は特に限定する必要は無いが、カチオン重合やアニオン重合は活性種を発生させる際にアルカリ金属や金属錯体、ハロゲン化合物を使用することが多く、液晶ディスプレイにおいては金属等の残渣やハロゲン化合物等の混入は焼き付きや表示不良の要因と成りえるため、極力金属やハロゲン化合物を使用しないラジカル重合の使用が好ましい。リビングラジカル重合としてはニトロキシドをドーマント種として使用するリビングラジカル重合(NMP)や、金属錯体を用いる原子移動ラジカル重合(ATRP)、硫黄化合物をドーマントとして使用する可逆的不可・脱離連鎖移動重合(RAFT重合)、有機テルル化合物等を用いるリビングラジカル重合(TERP)、ドーマント種にヨウ化アルキル化合物を使用し、リン化合物やアルコール等を触媒として使用する可逆移動触媒重合(RTCP)等があげられ、好ましい重合法としてはNMPやRTCP、RAFT重合等のリビングラジカル重合が挙げられ、特に好ましくはNMP若しくはRAFT重合である。
ヨウ化物触媒としては、例えば下記式(P-1)~(P-7)で表される化合物が挙げられる。ヨウ化物触媒の使用割合は、使用するモノマー1モル部に対して、通常、0.000001~0.1モル部、好ましくは0.00001~0.01モル部である。また、水素化物触媒としては、例えば下記式(O-1)~(O-6)で表される化合物が挙げられる。水素化物触媒の使用割合は、使用するモノマー1モル部に対して、0.000001~0.1モル部、好ましくは0.00001~0.01モル部である。通常、上記重合における反応温度は、好ましくは20~200℃、より好ましくは40~150℃であり、反応時間は、好ましくは1~168時間、より好ましくは8~72時間である。
本発明における共重合体を含有する液晶配向剤においては、配向膜を構成する成分は共重合体単独成分でも良く、複合材料であっても良い。共重合体以外の複合成分は単量体でも良く、重合体であっても良い。複合成分として重合体を選択する場合、複数の重合体を混合して使用することができる。また、複合する重合体としてポリアミック酸やポリイミド、ポリアミック酸エステル、ポリアミド、ポリエステル、ポリウレア、ポリアクリレート、ポリオルガノシロキサンなどのポリマー成分を含有しても良いし、シランカップリング剤やその他添加剤等を含有していても良い。電気特性や信頼性改善の観点で上記共重合体とは異なる成分との併用が好ましく、特にポリアミック酸やポリイミド等の併用が好ましい。共重合体と複合する重合体の複合比率は特に限定しないが、光学特性や工程性の観点で好ましい複合比率(共重合体と複合成分の合計に対して占める複合成分の割合)は99質量%以下であり、より好ましくは70質量%以下である。添加剤に関しても添加量は特に限定しない。複合成分として単量体を選択する場合についても、複数の単量体を混合して使用することができる。また、複合する単量体として多官能(メタ)アクリラート、多官能エポキシド、多官能エチレンなど熱的に硬化性を示すものが好ましく、同時に熱酸発生剤や熱塩基発生剤、熱ラジカル発生剤等を併用しても良い。共重合体と複合する単量体の複合比率は特に限定しないが、光学特性や工程性の観点で好ましい複合比率は99質量%以下であり、より好ましくは70質量%以下である。
上記のジアミン成分と反応させるテトラカルボン酸二無水物は特に限定されない。具体的には、ピロメリット酸、2,3,6,7-ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸、1,2,5,6-ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸、1,4,5,8-ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸、2,3,6,7-アントラセンテトラカルボン酸、1,2,5,6-アントラセンテトラカルボン酸、3,3’,4,4’-ビフェニルテトラカルボン酸、2,3,3’,4’-ビフェニルテトラカルボン酸、ビス(3,4-ジカルボキシフェニル)エーテル、3,3’,4,4’-ベンゾフェノンテトラカルボン酸、ビス(3,4-ジカルボキシフェニル)スルホン、ビス(3,4-ジカルボキシフェニル)メタン、2,2-ビス(3,4-ジカルボキシフェニル)プロパン、1,1,1,3,3,3-ヘキサフルオロ-2,2-ビス(3,4-ジカルボキシフェニル)プロパン、ビス(3,4-ジカルボキシフェニル)ジメチルシラン、ビス(3,4-ジカルボキシフェニル)ジフェニルシラン、2,3,4,5-ピリジンテトラカルボン酸、2,6-ビス(3,4-ジカルボキシフェニル)ピリジン、3,3’,4,4’-ジフェニルスルホンテトラカルボン酸、3,4,9,10-ペリレンテトラカルボン酸、1,3-ジフェニル-1,2,3,4-シクロブタンテトラカルボン酸、オキシジフタルテトラカルボン酸、1,2,3,4-シクロブタンテトラカルボン酸、1,2,3,4-シクロペンタンテトラカルボン酸、1,2,4,5-シクロヘキサンテトラカルボン酸、1,2,3,4-テトラメチル-1,2,3,4-シクロブタンテトラカルボン酸、1,2-ジメチル-1,2,3,4-シクロブタンテトラカルボン酸、1,3-ジメチル-1,2,3,4-シクロブタンテトラカルボン酸、1,2,3,4-シクロヘプタンテトラカルボン酸、2,3,4,5-テトラヒドロフランテトラカルボン酸、3,4-ジカルボキシ-1-シクロへキシルコハク酸、2,3,5-トリカルボキシシクロペンチル酢酸、3,4-ジカルボキシ-1,2,3,4-テトラヒドロ-1-ナフタレンコハク酸、ビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-2,4,6,8-テトラカルボン酸、ビシクロ[4.3.0]ノナン-2,4,7,9-テトラカルボン酸、ビシクロ[4.4.0]デカン-2,4,7,9-テトラカルボン酸、ビシクロ[4.4.0]デカン-2,4,8,10-テトラカルボン酸、トリシクロ[6.3.0.0<2,6>]ウンデカン-3,5,9,11-テトラカルボン酸、1,2,3,4-ブタンテトラカルボン酸、4-(2,5-ジオキソテトラヒドロフラン-3-イル)-1,2,3,4-テトラヒドリナフタレン-1,2-ジカルボン酸、ビシクロ[2.2.2]オクト-7-エン-2,3,5,6-テトラカルボン酸、5-(2,5-ジオキソテトラヒドロフリル)-3-メチル-3-シクロへキサン-1,2-ジカルボン酸、テトラシクロ[6.2.1.1.0<2,7>]ドデカ-4,5,9,10-テトラカルボン酸、3,5,6-トリカルボキシノルボルナン-2:3,5:6ジカルボン酸、1,2,4,5-シクロヘキサンテトラカルボン酸等のテトラカルボン酸の二無水物が挙げられる。
脂肪族テトラカルボン酸ジエステルの具体的な例としては1,2,3,4-シクロブタンテトラカルボン酸ジアルキルエステル、1,2-ジメチル-1,2,3,4-シクロブタンテトラカルボン酸ジアルキルエステル、1,3-ジメチル-1,2,3,4-シクロブタンテトラカルボン酸ジアルキルエステル、1,2,3,4-テトラメチル-1,2,3,4-シクロブタンテトラカルボン酸ジアルキルエステル、1,2,3,4-シクロペンタンテトラカルボン酸ジアルキルエステル、2,3,4,5-テトラヒドロフランテトラカルボン酸ジアルキルエステル、1,2,4,5-シクロヘキサンテトラカルボン酸ジアルキルエステル、3,4-ジカルボキシ-1-シクロヘキシルコハク酸ジアルキルエステル、3,4-ジカルボキシ-1,2,3,4-テトラヒドロ-1-ナフタレンコハク酸ジアルキルエステル、1,2,3,4-ブタンテトラカルボン酸ジアルキルエステル、ビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-2,4,6,8-テトラカルボン酸ジアルキルエステル、3,3’,4,4’-ジシクロヘキシルテトラカルボン酸ジアルキルエステル、2,3,5-トリカルボキシシクロペンチル酢酸ジアルキルエステル、シス-3,7-ジブチルシクロオクタ-1,5-ジエン-1,2,5,6-テトラカルボン酸ジアルキルエステル、トリシクロ[4.2.1.0<2,5>]ノナン-3,4,7,8-テトラカルボン酸-3,4:7,8-ジアルキルエステル、ヘキサシクロ[6.6.0.1<2,7>.0<3,6>.1<9,14>.0<10,13>]ヘキサデカン-4,5,11,12-テトラカルボン酸-4,5:11,12-ジアルキルエステル、4-(2,5-ジオキソテトラヒドロフラン-3-イル)-1,2,3,4-テトラヒドロナフタレンー1,2-ジカルボンジアルキルエステルなどが挙げられる。
脂環式系のジカルボン酸としては、1,1-シクロプロパンジカルボン酸、1,2-シクロプロパンジカルボン酸、1,1-シクロブタンジカルボン酸、1,2-シクロブタンジカルボン酸、1,3-シクロブタンジカルボン酸、3,4-ジフェニル-1,2-シクロブタンジカルボン酸、2,4-ジフェニル-1,3-シクロブタンジカルボン酸、1-シクロブテン-1,2-ジカルボン酸、1-シクロブテン-3,4-ジカルボン酸、1,1-シクロペンタンジカルボン酸、1,2-シクロペンタンジカルボン酸、1,3-シクロペンタンジカルボン酸、1,1-シクロヘキサンジカルボン酸、1,2-シクロヘキサンジカルボン酸、1,3-シクロヘキサンジカルボン酸、1,4-シクロヘキサンジカルボン酸、1,4-(2-ノルボルネン)ジカルボン酸、ノルボルネン-2,3-ジカルボン酸、ビシクロ[2.2.2]オクタン-1,4-ジカルボン酸、ビシクロ[2.2.2]オクタン-2,3-ジカルボン酸、2,5-ジオキソ-1,4-ビシクロ[2.2.2]オクタンジカルボン酸、1,3-アダマンタンジカルボン酸、4,8-ジオキソ-1,3-アダマンタンジカルボン酸、2,6-スピロ[3.3]ヘプタンジカルボン酸、1,3-アダマンタン二酢酸、カンファー酸等を挙げることができる。
芳香族ジカルボン酸としては、o-フタル酸、イソフタル酸、テレフタル酸、5-メチルイソフタル酸、5-tert-ブチルイソフタル酸、5-アミノイソフタル酸、5-ヒドロキシイソフタル酸、2,5-ジメチルテレフタル酸、テトラメチルテレフタル酸、1,4-ナフタレンジカルボン酸、2,5-ナフタレンジカルボン酸、2,6-ナフタレンジカルボン酸、2,7-ナフタレンジカルボン酸、1,4-アントラセンジカルボン酸、1,4-アントラキノンジカルボン酸、2,5-ビフェニルジカルボン酸、4,4’-ビフェニルジカルボン酸、1,5-ビフェニレンジカルボン酸、4,4”-ターフェニルジカルボン酸、4,4’-ジフェニルメタンジカルボン酸、4,4’-ジフェニルエタンジカルボン酸、4,4’-ジフェニルプロパンジカルボン酸、4,4’-ジフェニルヘキサフルオロプロパンジカルボン酸、4,4’-ジフェニルエーテルジカルボン酸、4,4’-ビベンジルジカルボン酸、4,4’-スチルベンジカルボン酸、4,4’-トランジカルボン酸、4,4’-カルボニル二安息香酸、4,4’-スルホニル二安息香酸、4,4’-ジチオ二安息香酸、p-フェニレン二酢酸、3,3’-p-フェニレンジプロピオン酸、4-カルボキシ桂皮酸、p-フェニレンジアクリル酸、3,3’-[4,4’-(メチレンジ-p-フェニレン)]ジプロピオン酸、4,4’-[4,4’-(オキシジ-p-フェニレン)]ジプロピオン酸、4,4’-[4,4’-(オキシジ-p-フェニレン)]二酪酸、(イソプロピリデンジ-p-フェニレンジオキシ)二酪酸、ビス(p-カルボキシフェニル)ジメチルシラン等のジカルボン酸を挙げることができる。
複素環を含むジカルボン酸としては、1,5-(9-オキソフルオレン)ジカルボン酸、3,4-フランジカルボン酸、4,5-チアゾールジカルボン酸、2-フェニル-4,5-チアゾールジカルボン酸、1,2,5-チアジアゾール-3,4-ジカルボン酸、1,2,5-オキサジアゾール-3,4-ジカルボン酸、2,3-ピリジンジカルボン酸、2,4-ピリジンジカルボン酸、2,5-ピリジンジカルボン酸、2,6-ピリジンジカルボン酸、3,4-ピリジンジカルボン酸、3,5-ピリジンジカルボン酸等を挙げることができる。
液晶性側鎖モノマーのより具体的な例としては、炭化水素、(メタ)アクリレート、イタコネート、フマレート、マレエート、α-メチレン-γ-ブチロラクトン、スチレン、ビニル、マレイミド、ノルボルネン等のラジカル重合性基からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種から構成された重合性基と、液晶性側鎖の有するメソゲン基の少なくとも1種を有する側鎖を有する構造であることが好ましい。
q1とq2は一方が1でもう一方が0であり、
Y1-Y2はCH=CH、CH=N、N=CHまたはC-C(ただし、炭素-炭素間の結合は3重結合)を表し、
S1及びS2はそれぞれ独立に単結合、炭素数1~18の直鎖状又は分岐状のアルキレン、炭素数5~8のシクロアルキレン基、フェニレン基またはビフェニリレン基を表すか、単結合、エーテル結合、エステル結合、アミド結合、ウレア結合、ウレタン結合、-NR-(Rは水素原子又は炭素数1~18のアルキル基を表す。)、及びカルボニル基又はそれらの組み合わせから選ばれる1種又は2種以上の結合を表すか、或いは該1種又は2種以上の結合を介して、炭素数1~18の直鎖状又は分岐状のアルキレン、炭素数5~8のシクロアルキレン、フェニレン、ビフェニリレン又はそれらの組み合わせから選ばれる2~10の部位が結合してなる構造であって、前記Ar1及びAr2は前記結合を介してそれぞれ複数個が連結してなる構造であってもよく、
Rは水素原子、ヒドロキシ基、メルカプト基、アミノ基、炭素数1~10のアルキル基、炭素数1~10のアルコキシ基、炭素数1~8のアルキルアミノ基または炭素数2~16のジアルキルアミノ基を表し、
Ar1、Ar2、S1及びS2におけるベンゼン環および/またはナフタレン環はハロゲン原子、シアノ基、ニトロ基、カルボキシ基および炭素数2~11のアルコキシカルボニル基から選ばれる同一または相異なる1以上の置換基によって置換されていてもよい。その際、炭素数2~11のアルコキシカルボニル基における炭素数1~10のアルキル基は直鎖状でも分岐状でも環状でも、それらを組み合わせた構造でもよく、該炭素数1~10のアルキル基中の水素原子はハロゲン原子で置換されていてもよい。
N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン、N-エチル-2-ピロリドン、N-メチル-ε-カプロラクタム、ジメチルスルホキシド、テトラメチル尿素、ピリジン、ジメチルスルホン、ヘキサメチルホスホルアミド、γ-ブチロラクトン、イソプロピルアルコール、メトキシメチルペンタノール、ジペンテン、エチルアミルケトン、メチルノニルケトン、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソアミルケトン、メチルイソプロピルケトン、メチルセルロルブ、エチルセロルブ、メチルセロソルブアセテート、エチルセロソルブアセテート、ブチルカルビトール、エチルカルビトール、エチレングリコール、エチレングリコールモノアセテート、エチレングリコールモノイソプロピルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノブチルエーテル、プロピレングリコール、プロピレングリコールモノアセテート、プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、プロピレングリコール-tert-ブチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコール、ジエチレングリコールモノアセテート、ジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、ジプロピレングリコールモノアセテートモノメチルエーテル、ジプロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、ジプロピレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、ジプロピレングリコールモノアセテートモノエチルエーテル、ジプロピレングリコールモノプロピルエーテル、ジプロピレングリコールモノアセテートモノプロピルエーテル、3-メチル-3-メトキシブチルアセテート、トリプロピレングリコールメチルエーテル、3-メチル-3-メトキシブタノール、ジイソプロピルエーテル、エチルイソブチルエーテル、ジイソブチレン、アミルアセテート、ブチルブチレート、ブチルエーテル、ジイソブチルケトン、メチルシクロへキセン、プロピルエーテル、ジヘキシルエーテル、1,4-ジオキサン、n-へキサン、n-ペンタン、n-オクタン、ジエチルエーテル、シクロヘキサノン、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、乳酸メチル、乳酸エチル、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、酢酸n-ブチル、酢酸プロピレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、ピルビン酸メチル、ピルビン酸エチル、3-メトキシプロピオン酸メチル、3-エトキシプロピオン酸メチルエチル、3-メトキシプロピオン酸エチル、3-エトキシプロピオン酸、3-メトキシプロピオン酸、3-メトキシプロピオン酸プロピル、3-メトキシプロピオン酸ブチル、ジグライム、4-ヒドロキシ-4-メチル-2-ペンタノン、3-メトキシ-N,N-ジメチルプロパンアミド、3-エトキシ-N,N-ジメチルプロパンアミド、3-ブトキシ-N,N-ジメチルプロパンアミド等が挙げられる。
これら有機溶媒は単独で使用しても、混合して使用してもよい。さらに、生成する高分子を溶解させない溶媒であっても、生成した高分子が析出しない範囲で、上述の有機溶媒に混合して使用してもよい。
また、ラジカル重合において有機溶媒中の酸素は重合反応を阻害する原因となるので、有機溶媒は可能な程度に脱気されたものを用いることが好ましい。
上述のラジカル重合反応においては、ラジカル重合開始剤の比率がモノマーに対して多いと得られる高分子の分子量が小さくなり、少ないと得られる高分子の分子量が大きくなるので、ラジカル開始剤の比率は重合させるモノマーに対して0.1~10モル%であることが好ましい。また重合時には各種モノマー成分や溶媒、開始剤などを追加することもできる。
さらに、弱アンカリング液晶配向剤に含有する組成物には、上記の他、本発明の効果が損なわれない範囲であれば、弱アンカリング液晶配向膜の誘電率や導電性などの電気特性を変化させる目的の誘電体や導電物質を添加してもよい。
弱アンカリング配向膜が具備された基板の対向側の基板には強アンカリング水平配向膜を設ける必要がある。ここで述べる強アンカリング水平配向膜とは、液晶を水平方向に均一に並べることができ、並んだ液晶を維持する力、すなわち界面アンカリングエネルギーが十分強い液晶配向膜である。
強アンカリング水平配向膜は上記で説明したポリアミック酸やポリイミド、ポリアミック酸エステル、ポリアミド、ポリエステル、ポリアクリレート等をラビング処理や光配向処理等により一軸方向に配向処理を行うことで得られる。
強アンカリング水平配向膜は前記で述べたモノマーの組み合わせにより得ることができる。
本発明の弱アンカリング配向膜は、上記の弱アンカリング液晶配向剤を用いることで得られる。例えば、本発明に用いる弱アンカリング液晶配向剤を、基板に塗布した後、乾燥・焼成を行うことで得られる硬化膜を、そのまま弱アンカリング配向膜として用いることもできる。また、この硬化膜をラビングや偏光又は特定の波長の光等を照射、イオンビーム等の処理にて配向処理を行うことができ、液晶充填後の液晶表示素子にUVを照射することも可能である。
各液晶配向膜を塗布する基板としては、透明性の高い基板であれば特に限定されないが、基板上に液晶を駆動するための透明電極が形成された基板が好ましい。
IPS方式の液晶表示素子に使用できる基板には、標準的なIPS櫛歯電極やPSA(Polymer-Stabilized Alignment)フィッシュボーン電極といった電極パターンやMVA(Multi-domain Vertical Alignment)のような突起パターンでも使用できる。
弱アンカリング液晶配向剤の塗布方法としては、スピンコート法、印刷法、インクジェット法、スプレー法、ロールコート法などが挙げられるが、生産性の面から工業的には転写印刷法が広く用いられており、本発明でも好適に用いられる。
櫛歯電極が形成されている本発明の第一基板の場合、液晶の電気的物性によって方向が選択されるが、正の誘電異方性を有する液晶を用いる場合において、ラビング方向は櫛歯電極の延びている方向とほぼ同一の方向とすることが好ましい。
本発明の液晶セルは、上記の方法により、基板にラジカル発生膜を形成した後、本発明の液晶配向剤を用いて得られた弱アンカリング配向膜を有する基板(第一基板)と、公知の強アンカリング液晶配向膜を有する基板(第二基板)とを、弱アンカリング配向膜と強アンカリング配向膜とが向かい合うように配置し、スペーサーを挟んで、シール剤で固定し、液晶を注入して封止することにより得られる。その際、用いるスペーサーの大きさは通常1~30μmであるが、好ましくは2~10μmである。また、第一基板のラビング方向と、第二基板のラビング方向とを平行にすることにより、IPS方式やFFS方式に使用することができ、ラビング方向が直交するように配置すれば、TN方式に使用することができる。
なお、IPS方式において使用される櫛歯電極基板であるIPS基板は、基材と、基材上に形成され、櫛歯状に配置された複数の線状電極と、基材上に線状電極を覆うように形成された液晶配向膜とを有する。
なお、FFS方式において使用される櫛歯電極基板であるFFS基板は、基材と、基材上に形成された面電極と、面電極上に形成された絶縁膜と、絶縁膜上に形成され、櫛歯状に配置された複数の線状電極と、絶縁膜上に線状電極を覆うように形成された液晶配向膜とを有する。
液晶表示素子は、例えば、第一基板、第一基板に対向して配置された第二基板、および第一基板と第二基板との間に充填された液晶を有する。そして、液晶表示素子は本発明の弱アンカリング液晶配向剤を塗布成膜し弱アンカリング配向膜を具備した第一基板又は第二基板と、強アンカリング水平配向膜を具備した第二基板又は第一基板を使用して作製される。
液晶表示素子は、例えば、液晶セルに必要に応じて反射電極、透明電極、λ/4板、偏光膜、カラーフィルター層等を常法に従って設けることにより反射型液晶表示素子とすることができる。また、液晶セルに必要に応じてバックライト、偏光板、λ/4板、透明電極、偏光膜、カラーフィルター層等を常法に従って設けることにより透過型液晶表示素子とすることができる。
図1に例示する横電界液晶表示素子1においては、液晶配向膜2cを具備する櫛歯電極基板2と液晶配向膜4aを具備する対向基板4との間に、液晶3が挟持されている。櫛歯電極基板2は、基材2aと、基材2a上に形成され、櫛歯状に配置された複数の線状電極2bと、基材2a上に線状電極2bを覆うように形成された液晶配向膜2cとを有している。対向基板4は、基材4bと、基材4b上に形成された弱アンカリング液晶配向膜または強アンカリング水平配向膜(液晶配向膜4a)とを有している。液晶配向膜2cは、例えば、本発明の弱アンカリング配向膜または強アンカリング水平配向膜である。対向する基板に具備した液晶配向膜は互いが強アンカリング配向膜と弱アンカリング液晶配向膜の組み合わせで作製される。この横電界液晶表示素子1においては、線状電極2bに電圧が印加されると、電気力線Lで示すように線状電極2b間で電界が発生する。
図2に例示する横電界液晶表示素子1においては、液晶配向膜2hを具備する櫛歯電極基板2と液晶配向膜4aを具備する対向基板4との間に、液晶3が挟持されている。櫛歯電極基板2は、基材2dと、基材2d上に形成された面電極2eと、面電極2e上に形成された絶縁膜2fと、絶縁膜2f上に形成され、櫛歯状に配置された複数の線状電極2gと、絶縁膜2f上に線状電極2gを覆うように形成された液晶配向膜2hとを有している。対向基板4は、基材4bと、基材4b上に形成された液晶配向膜4aとを有している。液晶配向膜4aは前記で説明した図1における液晶配向膜4aと同様である。液晶配向膜2hは前記で説明した図1における液晶配向膜2cと同様である。
この横電界液晶表示素子1においては、面電極2eおよび線状電極2gに電圧が印加されると、電気力線Lで示すように面電極2eおよび線状電極2g間で電界が発生する。
THF:テトラヒドロフラン
NMP:N-メチル-2-ピロリドン
BCS:ブチルセロソルブ
PGMEA:プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテルアセテート
ポリアミック酸溶液などの粘度は、E型粘度計TVE-22H(東機産業社製)を用い、サンプル量1.1mL(ミリリットル)、コーンロータTE-1(1°34’、R24)、温度25℃において測定した。
共重合体の分子量は、常温ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー(GPC)装置(CBM-20A)(島津製作所製)、カラム(Shodex(登録商標)KF-804L及びKF-803Lの直列)(昭和電工社製)用いて、以下のようにして測定した。
カラム温度:40℃
溶離液:テトラヒドロフラン
流速:1.0mL/分
検量線作成用標準サンプル:標準ポリスチレン(分子量;197000、55100、12800、3950、1260)(東ソー社製)
カラム温度:50℃
溶離液:N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(添加剤として、臭化リチウム一水和物(LiBr・H2O)が30mmol/L(リットル)、リン酸・無水結晶(o-リン酸)が30mmol/L、テトラヒドロフラン(THF)が10mL/L)
流速:1.0mL/分
検量線作成用標準サンプル:TSK 標準ポリエチレンオキサイド(分子量;約900,000、150,000、100,000及び30,000)(東ソー社製)及びポリエチレングリコール(分子量;約12,000、4,000及び1,000)(ポリマーラボラトリー社製)。
ポリイミド粉末20mgをNMRサンプル管(草野科学社製 NMRサンプリングチューブスタンダード Φ5)に入れ、重水素化ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO-d6、0.05質量%テトラメチルシラン(TMS)混合品)1.0mLを添加し、超音波をかけて完全に溶解させた。この溶液をフーリエ変換型超伝導核磁気共鳴装置(FT-NMR)「AVANCE III」(BRUKER製)にて500MHzのプロトンNMRを測定した。
化学イミド化率は、イミド化前後で変化しない構造に由来するプロトンを基準プロトンとして決め、このプロトンのピーク積算値と、9.5~10.0ppm付近に現れるアミック酸のNH基に由来するプロトンピーク積算値とを用い以下の式によって求めた。なお、式中、Xはアミック酸のNH基由来のプロトンピーク積算値であり、Yは基準プロトンのピーク積算値であり、Αはポリアミック酸(イミド化率が0%)の場合におけるアミック酸のNH基のプロトン1個に対する基準プロトンの個数割合である。
イミド化率(%)=(1-Α・X/Y)×100
(合成例1-1)
撹拌子及び窒素導入管を備え付けた100mlナスフラスコに、A-1(9.20g,54.0mmol)、A-5(614mg,6.13mmol)、R-3(219mg,0.543mmol)、及びAIBN(44.6mg,0.272mmol)を量り取り、THF(24.0g)を加え、室温で撹拌し溶解させた後、系内を窒素置換し、60℃設定のオイルバスで12時間加熱撹拌した。加熱撹拌後、メタノール(103g)を撹拌しながら反応溶液を静かに注ぎ固体を析出させ、30分間撹拌した。この沈殿物を濾過により分取し、再びメタノール(103g)で30分間スラリー洗浄を計2回行い、固体を50℃で真空乾燥させることにより、ランダム共重合体(RC-1)を得た。数平均分子量(Mn):10,600、重量平均分子量(Mw):11,800であった。
使用する原料(モノマー)の種類とその量、制御剤の種類を下記表1に示したものに置き換えた以外は合成例1-1と同様に実施することで、下記表1に示すランダム共重合体(RC-2)~(RC-10)を得た。
(合成例2-1)
撹拌子及び窒素導入管を備え付けた100mlのナスフラスコに、A-1とR-3のモル比率〔(R-3/A-1)×100〕が1.4となるようA-1(18g,106mmol)、R-3(600mg,1.49mmol)、及びAIBN(122mg,0.743mmol)を量り取り、THF(43.7g)を加え、室温で撹拌し溶解させた後、系内を窒素置換し、60℃設定のオイルバスで12時間加熱撹拌した。加熱撹拌後、メタノール(187g)を撹拌しながら反応溶液を静かに注ぎ固体を析出させ、30分間撹拌した。この沈殿物を濾過により分取し、再びメタノール(187g)で30分間スラリー洗浄を計2回行い、固体を50℃で真空乾燥させることにより、A-1mCTA-1を得た。数平均分子量(Mn):8,600、重量平均分子量(Mw):9,500であった。
使用する原料(モノマー)を下記表2に示したものに置き換えた以外は合成例2-1と同様に実施することで、下記表2に示す単独重合体を得た。なお、原料(モノマー)の使用量は、合成例2-1におけるA-1の使用モル量と同じである。
原料(A成分またはB成分)の種類、制御剤の種類、及び原料と制御剤の使用モル比率〔(/原料)×100〕を表2に記載のとおりに変更したこと以外は合成例2-1と同様に実施することで、下記表2に示す単独重合体を得た。
(合成例3-1)
撹拌子及び窒素導入管を備え付けた100mlのナスフラスコにA-1mCTA-1とB-2の使用モル比率〔B-2/A-1mCTA-1〕が57となるよう合成例2-1で得たA-1mCTA-1(1.91g,0.222mmol)、B-2(3.20g,12.7mmol)、及びAIBN(18.3mg,0.111mmol)を図り取り、THF(12.0g)を加え、室温で撹拌し溶解させた後、系内を窒素置換し、60℃設定のオイルバスで12時間加熱撹拌した。加熱撹拌後、メタノール(51.4g)を撹拌しながら反応溶液を静かに注ぎ固体を析出させ、30分間撹拌した。この沈殿物を濾過により分取し、再びメタノール(51.4g)で30分間スラリー洗浄を計2回行い、固体を50℃で真空乾燥させることにより、共重合体(BC-1)を得た。数平均分子量:17,400、重量平均分子量:20,200であった。
使用する原料を下記表3-1又は表3-2に示したものに置き換えた以外は合成例3-1と同様に実施することで、下記表3-1及び表3-2に示す共重合体(BC-2)~(BC-22)、(BC-27)~(BC-36)を得た。なお、原料(モノマー)の使用量は、合成例3-1におけるB-2の使用モル量と同じである。
A-1mCTA-1とB-2の使用モル比率〔B-2/A-1mCTA-1〕を表3-1に記載のとおりに変更したことした以外は合成例3-1と同様に実施することで、下記表3-1に示す重合体を得た。
使用する原料及び、原料1と原料2の使用モル比率〔原料2/原料1〕を表3-2に記載のとおりに変更したことした以外は合成例3-1と同様に実施することで、下記表3-2に示す重合体を得た。
撹拌子及び窒素導入管を備え付けた100mlのナスフラスコに、合成例2-1で得たA-1mCTA-1(4.03g,0.469mmol)、B-2(5.60g,22.3mmol)、B-5(322mg,2.48mmol)及びAIBN(38.5mg,0.234mmol)を量り取り、THF(23.3g)を加え、室温で撹拌し溶解させた後、系内を窒素置換し、60℃設定のオイルバスで12時間加熱撹拌した。加熱撹拌後、メタノール(100g)を撹拌しながら反応溶液を静かに注ぎ固体を析出させ、30分間撹拌した。この沈殿物を濾過により分取し、再びメタノール(100g)で30分間スラリー洗浄を計2回行い、固体を50℃で真空乾燥させることにより、共重合体(BC-23)を得た。数平均分子量(Mn):15,700、重量平均分子量(Mw):17,800であった。
使用する原料の種類及び量を下記表4に示したものに置き換えた以外は合成例3-23と同様に実施することで、下記表4に示す共重合体(BC-24)~(BC-26)、(BC-53)を得た。
(合成例4-1)
メカニカルスターラー及び窒素導入管を備え付けた100mLの四つ口フラスコに、DA-5(3.58g:12.0mmol)及びDA-6(1.20g:8.00mmol)を量り取り、NMP(50.0g)を加え、窒素雰囲気下で撹拌し溶解させた後、氷浴にて10℃以下を保ちながらTC-1(3.70g:18.8mmol)を加え、窒素雰囲気下室温で18時間反応させることにより、粘度が約740mPa・s、固形分濃度が15質量%のポリアミック酸溶液(PAA-1)を得た。このポリアミック酸の分子量は、数平均分子量:12,600、重量平均分子量:35,200であった。
メカニカルスターラー及び窒素導入管を備え付けた100mLの四つ口フラスコに、DA-7(3.19g:16.0mmol)及びDA-8(793mg:4.00mmol)を量り取り、NMP(43.5g)を加え、窒素雰囲気下で撹拌し溶解させた後、氷浴にて10℃以下を保ちながらTC-1(3.69g:18.5mmol)を加え、窒素雰囲気下室温で18時間反応させることにより、粘度が約70mPa・s、固形分濃度が15質量%のポリアミック酸溶液(PAA-2)を得た。このポリアミック酸の分子量は、数平均分子量:14,000、重量平均分子量:38,600であった。
メカニカルスターラー及び窒素導入管を備え付けた100mLの四つ口フラスコに、DA-1(1.08g:10.0mmol)及びDA-3(3.30g:10.0mmol)を量り取り、NMP(24.9g)を加え、窒素雰囲気下で撹拌し溶解させた後、氷浴にて10℃以下を保ちながらTC-2(2.50g:10.0mmol)を加え、窒素雰囲気下50℃で6時間反応させた。室温に戻した後、TC-1(1.84g:9.4mmol)及びNMP(10.0g)を加え、室温で18時間反応させることにより、粘度が約1120mPa・s、固形分濃度が20質量%のポリアミック酸溶液(PAA-3)を得た。このポリアミック酸の分子量は、数平均分子量:11,200、重量平均分子量:31,400であった。
撹拌子と窒素導入管を備え付けた300mLのナスフラスコに、上記で得られたポリアミック酸溶液(PAA-3)(40.0g)を量り取り、NMP(74.3g)を加え室温でしばらく撹拌した後、無水酢酸(5.61g:55.0mmol)及びピリジン(2.90g、36.7mmol)を加え、窒素雰囲気下室温で30分撹拌した後、窒素雰囲気下50℃で3時間反応させた。反応終了後、10℃以下に冷やしたメタノール(500mL)中に撹拌しながら反応溶液をゆっくり注ぎ固体を析出させ、10分間撹拌した。この沈殿物を濾過により分取し、再びメタノール(200mL)で30分間スラリー洗浄を計2回行い、固体を80℃で真空乾燥させることにより目的とするポリイミド粉末(SPI-1)(7.04g、収率88%)を得た。このポリイミドのイミド化率は57%、分子量は数平均分子量:10,400、重量平均分子量:29,100であった。
メカニカルスターラー及び窒素導入管を備え付けた100mLの四つ口フラスコに、DA-2(3.42g:14.0mmol)及びDA-4(4.11g:6.0mmol)を量り取り、NMP(56.8g)を加え、窒素雰囲気下で撹拌し溶解させた後、氷浴にて10℃以下を保ちながらTC-3(4.26g:19.0mmol)及びNMP(10.0g)を加え、室温で24時間反応させることにより、粘度が約680mPa・s、固形分濃度が15質量%のポリアミック酸溶液(PAA-4)を得た。このポリアミック酸の分子量は、数平均分子量:17,200、重量平均分子量:48,200であった。
メカニカルスターラー及び窒素導入管を備え付けた100mLの四つ口フラスコに、DA-1(0.433g:4.00mmol)、DA-2(1.47g:6.00mmol)、DA-3(1.92g:6.00mmol)及びDA-7(1.37g:4.00mmol)を量り取り、NMP(68.6g)を加え、窒素雰囲気下で撹拌し溶解させた後、氷浴にて10℃以下を保ちながらTC-1(4.17g:18.6mmol)を加え、窒素雰囲気下室温で18時間反応させることにより、粘度が約370mPa・s、固形分濃度が12質量%のポリアミック酸溶液(PAA-5)を得た。このポリアミック酸の分子量は、数平均分子量:13,300、重量平均分子量:29,900であった。
撹拌子と窒素導入管を備え付けた300mLのナスフラスコに、上記で得られたポリアミック酸溶液(PAA-5)(40.0g)を量り取り、NMP(13.3g)を加え室温でしばらく撹拌した後、無水酢酸(3.14g:30.8mmol)及びピリジン(0.812g、10.3mmol)を加え、窒素雰囲気下室温で30分撹拌した後、窒素雰囲気下50℃で3時間反応させた。反応終了後、10℃以下に冷やしたメタノール(170mL)中に撹拌しながら反応溶液をゆっくり注ぎ固体を析出させ、10分間撹拌した。この沈殿物を濾過により分取し、再びメタノール(170mL)で30分間スラリー洗浄を計2回行い、固体を80℃で真空乾燥させることにより目的とするポリイミド粉末(SPI-2)(4.15g、収率86%)を得た。このポリイミドのイミド化率は60%、分子量は数平均分子量:12,800、重量平均分子量:27,500であった。
メカニカルスターラー及び窒素導入管を備え付けた100mLの四つ口フラスコに、DA-1(0.649g:6.00mmol)、DA-2(0.977g:4.00mmol)、DA-4(1.55g:6.00mmol)及びDA-10(1.59g:4.00mmol)を量り取り、NMP(65.9g)を加え、窒素雰囲気下で撹拌し溶解させた後、氷浴にて10℃以下を保ちながらTC-1(4.21g:18.8mmol)を加え、窒素雰囲気下室温で18時間反応させることにより、粘度が約410mPa・s、固形分濃度が12質量%のポリアミック酸溶液(PAA-6)を得た。このポリアミック酸の分子量は、数平均分子量:13,000、重量平均分子量:26,700であった。
メカニカルスターラー及び窒素導入管を備え付けた100mLの四つ口フラスコに、DA-1(0.649g:6.00mmol)、DA-2(2.44g:10.0mmol)、及びDA-6(1.17g:4.00mmol)を量り取り、NMP(34.3g)を加え、窒素雰囲気下で撹拌し溶解させた後、氷浴にて10℃以下を保ちながらTC-1(4.30g:19.2mmol)を加え、窒素雰囲気下室温で18時間反応させることにより、粘度が約780mPa・s、固形分濃度が20質量%のポリアミック酸溶液(PAA-7)を得た。このポリアミック酸の分子量は、数平均分子量:12,000、重量平均分子量:29,300であった。
メカニカルスターラー及び窒素導入管を備え付けた100mLの四つ口フラスコに、DA-1(0.649g:6.00mmol)、DA-2(2.44g:10.0mmol)、及びDA-8(0.949g:4.00mmol)を量り取り、NMP(33.2g)を加え、窒素雰囲気下で撹拌し溶解させた後、氷浴にて10℃以下を保ちながらTC-1(4.26g:19.0mmol)を加え、窒素雰囲気下室温で18時間反応させることにより、粘度が約1180mPa・s、固形分濃度が20質量%のポリアミック酸溶液(PAA-8)を得た。このポリアミック酸の分子量は、数平均分子量:14,200、重量平均分子量:33,100であった。
メカニカルスターラー及び窒素導入管を備え付けた100mLの四つ口フラスコに、DA-1(0.649g:6.00mmol)、DA-2(2.44g:10.0mmol)、及びDA-9(1.07g:4.00mmol)を量り取り、NMP(33.5g)を加え、窒素雰囲気下で撹拌し溶解させた後、氷浴にて10℃以下を保ちながらTC-1(4.21g:18.8mmol)を加え、窒素雰囲気下室温で18時間反応させることにより、粘度が約1030mPa・s、固形分濃度が20質量%のポリアミック酸溶液(PAA-9)を得た。このポリアミック酸の分子量は、数平均分子量:13,500、重量平均分子量:32,400であった。
(調製例1)
撹拌子を備えた15mLのバイアル瓶に、合成例2-1で得られたA-1mCTA-1を0.9g量り取り、PGMEAを14.1g加え、室温で1時間撹拌することで、弱アンカリング液晶配向剤(WAS-1)を得た。
使用する重合体を下記表6-1~表6-3に示したものに置き換えた以外は調製例1と同様に実施することで、下記表6-1~表6-3に示す弱アンカリング液晶配向剤(WAS-2)~(WAS-44)、(WAS-51)~(WAS-83)を得た。
撹拌子を備えた15mLのバイアル瓶に、合成例3-1で得られたBC-1(45mg)、及び合成例4-1で得られたPAA-1溶液(5.7g)を量り取り、NMP(4.8g)及びBCS(4.5g)を加え、室温で1時間撹拌することで、弱アンカリング液晶配向剤(WAS-45)を得た。
使用する重合体や溶媒の種類及び量を下記表7に示したものに置き換えた以外は調製例45と同様に実施することで、下記表7に示す弱アンカリング液晶配向剤(WAS-46)~(WAS-50)、(WAS-84)~(WAS-95)を得た。
(調製例96)
撹拌子を備えた50mL三角フラスコに、合成例4-3で得られたポリイミド粉末(SPI-1)を2.0g量り取り、NMP(18.0g)を加え室温で12時間撹拌して溶解させた。固体がすべて溶けたのを確認した後、NMP(8.0g)、BCS(12.0g)、及びAD-1(0.20g)を加え、室温で1時間撹拌することで、比較例として使用するラジカル発生膜形成組成物(AL-1)を得た。
撹拌子を備えた50mL三角フラスコに、上記合成例4-4で得られたポリアミック酸溶液(PAA-4)を15.0g量り取り、NMP(16.5g)及びBCS(13.5g)を加え、室温で1時間撹拌することで、比較例として使用するラジカル発生膜形成組成物(AL-2)を得た。
以下に、液晶配向性および電気光学応答を評価するための液晶セルの作製方法を示す。初めに電極付きの基板を準備した。基板は、30mm×35mmの大きさで、厚さが0.7mmの無アルカリガラス基板である。基板上には電極幅が3μm、電極と電極の間隔が6μm、基板の長辺に対して10°の角度となるような櫛歯型パターンを備えたITO(INDIUM-TIN-OXIDE)電極が形成され、画素を形成している。各画素のサイズは、縦10mmで横約5mmである。以後IPS基板(第一基板)と呼ぶ。
次に、上記の方法で得られた弱アンカリング液晶配向剤(WAS-1~WAS-95)、ラジカル発生形成組成物(AL-1、AL-2)、水平配向用の液晶配向剤(SE-6414、NRB-U973(日産化学社製))をそれぞれ孔径1.0mmのフィルターで濾過した後、準備された上記第一基板と、対向基板として、裏面にITO膜が成膜されており、かつ高さ3.0μmの柱状のスペーサーを有するガラス基板(以後第二基板と呼ぶ)にスピンコート法にて塗布・成膜を行った。次いで、80℃のホットプレート上で2分乾燥後、弱アンカリング液晶配向剤が塗布された基板は180℃で20分焼成、ラジカル発生形成組成物及び水平配向用の液晶配向剤が塗布された基板は230℃で20分焼成し、膜厚100nmの塗膜を得た。第一基板上の塗膜においては、櫛歯の方向に添う方向で配向処理を行い、第二基板上の塗膜においては櫛歯電極と直交する方向に配向処理を行った。尚、配向処理においては、AL-1およびSE-6414においてはラビング法を用い、AL-2及びNRB-U973においては光配向法を用い、WAS-1~WAS-82においては配向処理せず、そのまま用いた。ラビング法では、飯沼ゲージ社製ラビング装置、吉川化工社製ラビング布(YA-20R)、ラビングローラー(径10.0cm)、ステージ送り速度30mm/s、ローラー回転数700rpm、押し込み圧0.3mmにて行った。光配向法では、ウシオ電機社製のUV露光装置を用い、消光比が約26:1の直線偏光UVを、254nmの波長を基準として照射量300mJ/cm2になるように偏光UVを照射し、230℃にて20分加熱することで行い配向処理を行った。
その後、上記2種類の基板を用いて、以下表9-1~表9-3及び表12-1~表12-3に示す組み合わせにて、それぞれの配向方向が平行になるように組み合わせ、液晶注入口を残して周囲をシールし(シール剤:XN-1500T(三井化学社製))、セルギャップが約3.0μmの空セルを作製した。この空セルに、液晶(MLC-3019(Merck社製))を常温で真空注入した後、注入口を封止して、アンチパラレル配向の液晶セルとした。尚、比較対象とする一部の表示素子(ラジカル発生形成組成物を第一基板に用いた比較例6及び比較例13)には添加剤としてA-4を2.0質量%混合させた液晶組成物を常温で真空注入した後、注入口を封止して、アンチパラレル配向の液晶セルとした。
得られた液晶セルは、IPS方式液晶表示素子を構成する。その後、得られた液晶セ
ルを120℃で10分加熱処理することで液晶表示素子を得た。尚、比較対象とする一部の表示素子(比較例5)は加熱処理後に電圧を印加していない状態で東芝ライテック社製UV-FL照射装置を用いてUV(UVランプ:FLR40SUV32/A-1)を30分間照射して液晶表示素子を得た。
弱アンカリング液晶配向剤をガラス基板上に塗布、焼成することで得た弱アンカリング膜を、液晶(MLC-3019(Merck社製))中に30分間浸漬し、ヘキサンで洗浄、80℃で15分乾燥した。液晶に対する溶解性を、下記式より算出される残膜率として評価した。残膜率が80%以上の場合は「不溶」(相溶しない)、10%未満の場合は「溶解」(相溶)とした。
残膜率(%)=[(乾燥後の膜厚)/(液晶浸漬前の膜厚)]×100
偏光顕微鏡を用い、偏光板をクロスニコルに設定し、液晶セルの輝度が最も小さくなる状態で固定し、そこから1°液晶セルを回転させ、液晶の配向状態の観察を行った。ムラやドメイン等の配向不良が観察されない場合あるいは非常に軽微な場合は「良好」とし、明確に観察された場合は「不良」と定義して評価を行った。
偏光顕微鏡にフォトダイオードを取り付け、電流-電圧変換アンプを介してエレクトロメーターに接続し、クロスニコル下で輝度が最も小さくなる条件での電圧をモニターすることで黒輝度の測定を行った。
光軸が合うように白色LEDバックライトと輝度計をセットし、その間に、輝度が最も小さくなるように偏光板を取り付けた液晶セル(液晶表示素子)をセットし、1V間隔で8Vまで電圧を印加し、電圧における輝度を測定することでV-Tカーブの測定を行った。得られたV-Tカーブから輝度が最大になる電圧(Vmax)の値を見積もった。また、電圧無印加の液晶セルを介して、パラレルニコル時の透過輝度を100%とし、V-Tカーブでの最大透過輝度を比較することにより最大透過率(Tmax)として見積もった。
上記V-Tカーブの測定で使用した装置を用い、輝度計をオシロスコープに接続し、最大輝度になる電圧を印加した際の応答速度(Ton)及び電圧を0Vに戻した際の応答速度(Toff)を測定した。
強アンカリング配向膜AL-1、SE-6414、AL-2、NRB-U973の方位角アンカリング強度A2,SAは、トルクバランス法により別途測定した値を用いた。弱アンカリング配向膜の方位角アンカリング強度A2,WAは上記で作成した液晶セルのV-Tカーブ測定から得られた駆動閾値電圧(Vth)を用いて下記式(eq2)および(eq3)から算出した。なお、方位角アンカリング強度が10-5[J/m2]よりも小さい場合を弱アンカリング配向膜とし、10-4[J/m2]よりも大きい場合を強アンカリング配向膜とする。
上記式eq3は本来両基板に弱アンカリング配向膜を用いた際の算出式であるため、正確な弱アンカリング液晶配向膜の方位角アンカリング強度は算出できないが、弱アンカリング配向膜の方位角アンカリング強度の近似値として使用している。
上記IPS駆動液晶セルの第一画素に対してのみ、60℃の恒温環境下、周波数30Hzで±5Vの交流電圧を120時間印加した。その後、液晶セルの画素電極と対向電極との間をショートさせた状態にし、そのまま室温に一日放置した。
放置の後、液晶セルを偏光軸が直交するように配置された2枚の偏光板の間に設置し、電圧無印加の状態でバックライトを点灯させておき、透過光の輝度が最も小さくなるように液晶セルの配置角度を調整した。そして、第二画素の第一領域が最も暗くなる角度から第一画素の第一領域が最も暗くなる角度まで液晶セルを回転させたときの回転角度を角度Δとして算出した。これと同様に、第二画素の第二領域と第一画素の第二領域とを比較し、同様の角度Δを算出した。そして、算出された角度Δ値の平均値を液晶セルの角度Δとして算出した。
Linkam社製温度変調ステージを用いて液晶セルを20~-20℃間で温度変調し、各温度におけるV-Tカーブを測定し、TmaxおよびVmaxの値を比較することで低温駆動特性を評価した。20℃におけるTmaxおよびVmaxの値を基準として、各温度におけるTmaxの変動が3%未満、かつVmaxの変動が0.2V未満の場合は「良好」とし、Tmaxの変動が3%以上、又はVmaxの変動が0.2V以上の場合は「不良」として評価した。
(評価した液晶セルの内容)
評価結果を表10-1~表10-3に示す。表10-1~表10-3には、方位角アンカリング強度(A2)の測定結果も示した。
なお、実施例18~21、49~52の共重合体の合成に用いた重合体RC-1~RC-10は、用いた液晶に相溶した。
(評価した液晶セルの内容)
評価結果を表13-1~表13-3に示す。表13-1~表13-3には、方位角アンカリング強度(A2)の測定結果も示した。
Claims (16)
- 液晶と、液晶配向膜とを有する液晶セルの前記液晶配向膜の形成に用いられ、
前記液晶に相溶するブロックセグメント(A)と、前記液晶に相溶しない又は焼成により前記液晶に不溶化するブロックセグメント(B)とを有する共重合体を含有する、弱アンカリング液晶配向剤。 - 前記ブロックセグメント(A)が、下記式(1)で表される化合物、下記式(2)で表される化合物、下記式(4)で表される化合物、及び下記式(6)で表される化合物からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を、構成成分として含む、請求項1に記載の弱アンカリング液晶配向剤。
- 前記ブロックセグメント(B)が、トリアルコキシシリル基、イソシアネート基、ブロックイソシアネート基、エポキシ基、オキセタン基、ビニル基、アリル基、オキサゾリン基、アミノ基、保護アミノ基、アニリン基、保護アニリン基、ヒドロキシ基、保護ヒドロキシ基、フェノール基、保護フェノール基、チオール基、保護チオール基、チオフェノール基、保護チオフェノール基、アルデヒド基、カルボキシ基、マレイミド基、N-ヒドロキシスクシンイミドエステル基、結合基が挿入されていてもよい炭素数5~18の芳香族炭化水素基、結合基が挿入されていてもよい炭素数5~18の芳香族複素環基、桂皮酸基、桂皮酸芳香族エステル基、桂皮酸アルキルエステル基、シンナミル基、フェニルベンゾエート基、アゾベンゼン基、N-ベンジリデンアニリン基、スチルベン基、及びトラン基からなる群から選択される少なくとも一種の官能基を有する側鎖構造を有し、
前記ブロックセグメント(B)が、前記官能基と、重合可能な不飽和炭化水素基を有する重合性基とを有する重合性化合物を、構成成分として含む、
請求項1に記載の弱アンカリング液晶配向剤。 - 前記ブロックセグメント(B)が、下記式(7)で表される化合物を、構成成分として含む、請求項1に記載の液晶配向剤。
- 前記共重合体がリビング重合によって得られたものである請求項1に記載の弱アンカリング液晶配向剤。
- 前記共重合体がリビングラジカル重合によって得られたものである請求項1に記載の弱アンカリング液晶配向剤。
- 液晶配向剤に含有される共重合体であって、
ブロックセグメント(A’)と、ブロックセグメント(B’)とを有し、
前記ブロックセグメント(A’)が、下記式(1)で表される化合物、下記式(2)で表される化合物、下記式(4)で表される化合物、及び下記式(6)で表される化合物からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を、構成成分として含み、
前記ブロックセグメント(B’)が、下記式(7)で表される化合物を、構成成分として含む、
共重合体。
- 前記式(1)中のMが、下記式で表されるいずれかの構造であり、
前記式(2)中のMが、下記式で表されるいずれかの構造であり、
前記式(4)中のMが、下記式で表されるいずれかの構造であり、
前記式(6)中のMが、下記式で表されるいずれかの構造であり、
前記式(7)中のMが、下記式で表されるいずれかの構造である、
請求項10に記載の共重合体。
- リビング重合によって得られたものである請求項10に記載の共重合体。
- リビングラジカル重合によって得られたものである請求項10に記載の共重合体。
- 請求項10に記載の共重合体を含有する弱アンカリング液晶配向剤。
- 請求項1~9、及び14のいずれかに記載の弱アンカリング液晶配向剤を用いて得られた液晶表示素子。
- 低電圧駆動横電界液晶表示素子である請求項15に記載の液晶表示素子。
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WO2023106365A1 (ja) * | 2021-12-10 | 2023-06-15 | 日産化学株式会社 | 液晶配向剤、及び液晶表示素子 |
WO2023140322A1 (ja) * | 2022-01-20 | 2023-07-27 | 日産化学株式会社 | 弱アンカリング液晶配向剤、及び液晶表示素子 |
WO2023157879A1 (ja) * | 2022-02-17 | 2023-08-24 | 日産化学株式会社 | 弱アンカリング液晶配向剤、及び液晶表示素子 |
WO2023219075A1 (ja) * | 2022-05-10 | 2023-11-16 | 日産化学株式会社 | 弱アンカリング配向膜付き基板の製造方法、及び液晶表示素子の製造方法 |
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JP2016170389A (ja) * | 2015-03-12 | 2016-09-23 | エルジー ディスプレイ カンパニー リミテッド | 液晶表示素子及び液晶表示素子の製造方法 |
JP2018028621A (ja) * | 2016-08-18 | 2018-02-22 | エルジー ディスプレイ カンパニー リミテッド | 液晶表示素子及び液晶表示素子の製造方法 |
US20200310201A1 (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2020-10-01 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display panel and method for manufacturing the same |
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JP2902740B2 (ja) | 1990-06-21 | 1999-06-07 | 株式会社東芝 | 磁気共鳴映像装置 |
JP2013231757A (ja) | 2012-04-27 | 2013-11-14 | Lg Display Co Ltd | ゼロ面アンカリング液晶配向法及びそれを利用した非接触液晶配向法、並びに液晶表示装置 |
KR20200023307A (ko) | 2017-06-30 | 2020-03-04 | 닛산 가가쿠 가부시키가이샤 | 제로면 앵커링막의 제조 방법 및 액정 표시 소자 |
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JP2016170389A (ja) * | 2015-03-12 | 2016-09-23 | エルジー ディスプレイ カンパニー リミテッド | 液晶表示素子及び液晶表示素子の製造方法 |
JP2018028621A (ja) * | 2016-08-18 | 2018-02-22 | エルジー ディスプレイ カンパニー リミテッド | 液晶表示素子及び液晶表示素子の製造方法 |
US20200310201A1 (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2020-10-01 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display panel and method for manufacturing the same |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2023106365A1 (ja) * | 2021-12-10 | 2023-06-15 | 日産化学株式会社 | 液晶配向剤、及び液晶表示素子 |
WO2023140322A1 (ja) * | 2022-01-20 | 2023-07-27 | 日産化学株式会社 | 弱アンカリング液晶配向剤、及び液晶表示素子 |
WO2023157879A1 (ja) * | 2022-02-17 | 2023-08-24 | 日産化学株式会社 | 弱アンカリング液晶配向剤、及び液晶表示素子 |
WO2023219075A1 (ja) * | 2022-05-10 | 2023-11-16 | 日産化学株式会社 | 弱アンカリング配向膜付き基板の製造方法、及び液晶表示素子の製造方法 |
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