WO2022255323A1 - 膨化食品、及びその生地組成物 - Google Patents
膨化食品、及びその生地組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022255323A1 WO2022255323A1 PCT/JP2022/022014 JP2022022014W WO2022255323A1 WO 2022255323 A1 WO2022255323 A1 WO 2022255323A1 JP 2022022014 W JP2022022014 W JP 2022022014W WO 2022255323 A1 WO2022255323 A1 WO 2022255323A1
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- Prior art keywords
- puffed food
- dough composition
- bread
- protein
- dough
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Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D13/00—Finished or partly finished bakery products
- A21D13/06—Products with modified nutritive value, e.g. with modified starch content
- A21D13/064—Products with modified nutritive value, e.g. with modified starch content with modified protein content
- A21D13/066—Gluten-free products
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D2/00—Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking
- A21D2/08—Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking by adding organic substances
- A21D2/14—Organic oxygen compounds
- A21D2/18—Carbohydrates
- A21D2/186—Starches; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D2/00—Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking
- A21D2/08—Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking by adding organic substances
- A21D2/24—Organic nitrogen compounds
- A21D2/26—Proteins
- A21D2/261—Animal proteins
- A21D2/263—Animal proteins from dairy products
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
- A23P30/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the process or apparatus
- A23P30/30—Puffing or expanding
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a puffed food that does not substantially contain wheat-derived protein.
- the present invention also relates to a dough composition used for producing the puffed food and a method for producing the puffed food using the dough composition.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method for producing a bread-like food that has a fluffy texture and does not use wheat-derived protein, including eggs, unripened cheese or fermented milk, leavening agents, plant-derived proteins (wheat-derived (excluding protein) or milk protein, and a method of baking a dough containing xanthan gum and/or guar gum.
- a bread-like food containing leavening agents such as eggs, cheese, and baking powder as main raw materials without using wheat-derived protein is known as "cloud bread" because of its fluffy texture.
- Patent Document 2 as a method for producing bakery products mainly composed of soybean protein instead of wheat-derived protein, 5 to 30% by weight of powdered soybean protein, 10 to 30% by weight of oil, and 2 to 20% of eggs.
- a bakery dough containing 45 to 58% by weight of water and less than 50% by weight of starch relative to the powdered soybean protein is formed, and then heated and expanded.
- Such bakery products have a soft crust, a soft texture, and a good texture that melts in the mouth.
- Patent Document 3 describes a method for producing gluten-free baked goods comprising about 10-75% wet weight whole egg, about 5-15% water-dispersible soy protein isolate, about 0.1 A method of baking a wheat-free dough or batter containing ⁇ 2.0% by weight hydrocolloid and water to form a support matrix is described. Due to their low carbohydrate content, such baked goods are said to be useful in dietary weight loss programs such as low-carb diets.
- Patent Document 1 Although not a gluten-free food, many bakery products containing fermented milk products such as fermented milk and yogurt, and methods for producing bread using lactic acid bacteria have been proposed, as in Patent Document 1.
- Patent Document 4 describes the production of bread by adding fermented milk to bread dough containing wheat flour as the main ingredient without sterilization, and by doing so, the tensile strength of the bread dough is increased ( It is described that effects such as firmness of the dough), shortening of fermentation time, production of fine-textured, high-quality bread, and prolongation of aging of bread can be obtained.
- Patent Document 5 describes that fermented milk is added to 1 to 30 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of wheat flour, and lactic acid bacteria are present in the dough in a viable state and aged to produce bread.
- Patent Document 6 describes the production of bread by baking bread dough in which lactic acid bacteria are added to hops yeast and grain flour such as wheat flour, and the addition of lactic acid bacteria makes bread unique and refreshing. It is described that a fragrance can be imparted.
- wheat flour and / or rye flour is fermented with yeast and lactic acid bacteria, and after fermenting by adding flour other than the above to the primary fermentation substrate, flour other than wheat flour and rye flour is added to the fermented product.
- the fermented flour prepared by adding and fermenting is performed one or more times, mixed with seasonings such as eggs and oils, molded, and then baked to produce fermented flavored confectionery. It is described that by doing so, a confectionery having a high nutritional value, sufficient fermented flavor, umami, water retention, good texture such as flexibility and extensibility can be obtained.
- Patent Document 8 describes the production of bread using a soaked product prepared by adding water containing lactic acid bacteria to partially dehulled wheat grains having a specific dehulling rate and grain size and soaking them.
- Patent Document 9 describes that bread is produced by adding a lactic acid bacterium seed obtained by fermenting wheat flour, sugar and water with lactic acid bacteria to the raw material of bread dough, and baking is performed in this way. It is described that it sometimes cooks well, makes the bread crust thin, has a fine texture, and can produce bread with excellent elasticity and water retention.
- Patent Document 10 describes the production of bread by adding a flavor liquid obtained by fermenting molasses with lactic acid bacteriostasis during the production process of bread using wheat flour as the main raw material.
- Patent Document 11 describes a method for producing sour bread using wheat flour or rice flour as the raw material flour. Specifically, by adopting a manufacturing method in which the secondary raw material flour is added to the lactic acid dough obtained by fermenting the primary raw material flour with lactic acid bacteria, and the kneaded dough is baked, sour bread can be produced in a short time and in large quantities. It states what you can do.
- Patent document 12 also describes a method for making sourdough bread.
- Patent Literatures 13 and 14 describe a method for producing pizza craft using dairy foods containing lactic acid bacteria such as yogurt.
- wheat flour which is the main raw material of pizza dough, is added with bound water made of milk, yogurt, and cheese, kneaded and molded to produce a pizza craft, and immediately after kneading even when frozen or refrigerated. It is described that the texture and flavor equivalent to those obtained by baking the product are obtained.
- Patent Document 14 describes the production of pizza craft (bread) by blending fermented seeds obtained by blending lactic acid-containing dairy food and baker's yeast into grain flour and then fermenting them into pizza dough. It is described that this pizza craft has a good brown color when baked, has a fragrant and mellow flavor, and has a moist and chewy texture.
- Patent Document 15 describes a yogurt powder containing a live lactic acid bacteria culture and 10-30% by weight of dry starch with a moisture content of less than 8% by weight, with a water activity of 0.05-0.25 (Aqualab CX-2 or series 3) and one or more biscuit parts containing flour are described. Such composite biscuit products are said to have improved shelf life and stability by containing live lactic acid bacteria cultures in the presence of dry starch.
- Patent Document 16 describes a low-calorie biscuit product containing 0.2-0.6% by weight of yoghurt powder as a flavoring agent.
- this yoghurt powder is a flavoring agent and this product is a gluten-containing product containing 40-42% wheat flour, 1-2.5% gluten and 18-23% starch by weight.
- these technologies improve the flavor, texture, preservability, etc. of bread, etc. by blending fermented milk products and lactic acid bacteria into dough such as bread and pizza, which are mainly made of grain flour such as wheat flour.
- this technology targets foods containing gluten, which is a protein derived from wheat, as a protein.
- JP 2018-174860 A Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-81882 U.S. Pat. No. 07595081 Japanese Patent Publication No. 42-1463 JP-A-2-215334 JP 2004-321097 A JP-A-2004-357631 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-17802 JP 2009-142181 A JP 2011-97897 A JP-A-11-266775 JP 2007-110953 A JP-A-2003-259796 JP 2014-23454 A EP 2885979 EP 2392215
- the present inventors have been studying day and night to solve the above problems, and found that by heat-treating a dough composition containing milk protein, starch, a swelling agent and water as basic raw materials, wheat such as gluten It was confirmed that a support matrix that swells like bread and has a predetermined cellular structure (sudachi) similar to bread can be formed even if it does not substantially contain the derived protein. In addition, although its texture is soft on the teeth and resembles bread, it is difficult for the bolus to cling to the teeth and in the oral cavity when chewing in the oral cavity (less sticky feeling), and the bolus can be quickly loosened. It was confirmed that it is different from conventional bread in that it is easy to use. The present disclosure has been completed through further studies based on such knowledge, and has the following embodiments.
- Puffed food dough composition (I-1) A puffed food dough composition containing at least the following components and substantially free of wheat-derived protein, (a) milk protein in a proportion of 90% or more by weight of total protein; (b) starch, (c) a swelling agent, and (d) water: swelled by heat treatment to form a support matrix; The puffed food dough composition. (I-2) The dough composition for puffed food according to (I-1), wherein the (a) milk protein is at least one selected from the group consisting of casein and whey protein. (I-3) The puffed food dough composition according to (I-1) or (I-2), wherein the (a) milk protein contains a protein derived from a fermented milk product.
- (I-4) Any one of (I-1) to (I-3), which contains an edible composition containing the (a) milk protein, and at least one of the edible compositions is a fermented milk product
- the (b) starch is at least one selected from the group consisting of natural starch and modified starch (excluding wheat-derived starch and modified starch thereof), (I-1) to ( The puffed food dough composition according to any one of I-4).
- (I-6) Any one of (I-1) to (I-5), wherein the (c) leavening agent is at least one selected from the group consisting of yeast, baking powder, baking soda, and ispata.
- (I-8) A puffed food dough composition that does not substantially contain a processed rice product, and is puffed by heat treatment to form a support matrix of (I-1) to (I-7).
- (I-9) A dough composition for a puffed food that does not contain at least one or all selected from the group consisting of eggs and egg-derived ingredients, puffed by heat treatment to form a support matrix, ( The puffed food dough composition according to any one of I-1) to (I-8).
- (II) Puffed food (II-1) A puffed food, which is a heat-treated product of the puffed food dough composition according to any one of (I-1) to (I-10).
- (II-2) The puffed food dough composition according to any one of (I-6) to (I-10) containing yeast as the (c) leavening agent is fermented and then heat-treated.
- III Method for producing puffed food (III-1) (II- 1) A method for producing a puffed food according to any one of (II-3). (III-2) (c) The puffed food dough composition according to any one of (I-6) to (I-10) containing yeast as a leavening agent is subjected to fermentation treatment, and then heated. A method for producing a bread-like puffed food product, comprising the step of treating.
- the puffed food dough composition of the present disclosure it puffs like bread and has a predetermined cell structure (sudachi) similar to bread, even if it does not substantially contain wheat-derived proteins such as gluten.
- Food can be manufactured.
- the texture of the puffed food is soft and similar to bread, but it has a weak adhesion and stickiness during mastication in the oral cavity, and the texture is light (the teeth and the oral cavity when saliva is moist in the middle of mastication). It has a new texture different from bread in that it has less clinging feeling (feeling sticky), and the water-containing bolus in the latter stage of mastication in the oral cavity is easy to loosen (easy to loosen quickly in the oral cavity). .
- the puffed food of the present disclosure has a characteristic new texture that is easy to chew and swallow.
- the puffed food dough composition of the present disclosure it is possible to produce the puffed food as described above without substantially containing wheat-derived proteins such as gluten, so that gluten-free bread-like food can be provided.
- a gluten-free bread-like food can omit or reduce the time required for kneading the dough and resting the dough, so that the production time can be shortened.
- FIG. Images of (A) the eating surface and (B) the vertical surface of the internal cross-section of the bread-like food of Example 1. Images of (A) the eating surface and (B) the vertical surface of the internal cross-section of the bread-like food of Example 2. Images of (A) the eating surface and (B) the vertical surface of the internal cross-section of the bread-like food of Example 3. Images of (A) the eating surface and (B) the vertical surface of the internal cross-section of the bread-like food of Example 4. Images of (A) the eating surface and (B) the vertical surface of the internal cross-section of the bread-like food of Example 5.
- Puffed food and dough composition for puffed food is mainly composed of proteins, carbohydrates, swelling agents, and water, and is subjected to heat treatment such as baking, frying, steaming, or steaming. It is a processed food that is manufactured. The processed food is puffed by heat treatment, and the heat-treated protein, carbohydrate (mainly starch), or the like forms a network solid region (three-dimensional network structure) (this is also referred to as a support matrix structure). forming Generally, such puffed foods include, for example, breads, baked goods, cakes, waffles, choux, donuts, fried foods, pies, pizzas, crepes, and the like.
- Puffed foods also include so-called “bakery products”, which are products prepared by baking flour-containing dough in an oven or the like.
- the grain flour includes gramineous cereal flour (wheat flour, rice flour, barley flour, rye flour, oat flour, pigeon flour, corn flour, barley flour, millet flour, millet flour, teff flour), and legume flour ( soybean flour, soybean flour, chickpea flour, pea flour, mung bean flour), pseudocereal flour (buckwheat flour, amaranth flour), potato and root vegetable flour (katakuri flour, tapioca flour, arrowroot flour, potato flour), and nut flour Contains flour (chestnut flour, acorn flour, coconut flour).
- Examples of bread include meal bread (e.g., white bread, rye bread, French bread, dry bread, variety bread, roll bread, etc.), cooking bread (e.g., hot dog, hamburger, pizza pie, etc.), sweet bread (e.g., jam bread, anpan, cream bread, raisin bread). , melon bread, sweet roll, croissant, brioche, Danish pastry, coronet, etc.), steamed bread (eg, meat bun, Chinese bun, red bean bun, etc.), special bread (eg, grissini, muffin, naan, etc.).
- Examples of dried bread products include rusks and bread crumbs.
- Examples of cakes include steam cakes, sponge cakes, butter cakes, roll cakes, hot cakes, busses, baumkuchen, pound cakes, cheese cakes, snack cakes, and the like.
- the puffed food targeted by the present disclosure is mainly composed of (a) milk protein, (b) starch, (c) a swelling agent, and (d) water, and contains substantially no wheat-derived protein (puffed food It is a processed food produced by heat-treating a dough composition for food (hereinafter also simply referred to as "puffed food dough” or “disclosed dough”).
- the puffed food to which the present disclosure is directed is not limited, but is preferably a bakery product among the general puffed foods described above, and more preferably a food similar to bread or dried bread.
- the processed wheat product refers to an edible raw material prepared by processing wheat as a raw material.
- Wheat processed products include, for example, wheat flour (soft flour, all-purpose flour, hard flour, durum semolina) and wheat-derived protein.
- a “wheat-derived protein” is a protein derived from wheat, and includes gliadin, glutenin, and gluten.
- Gluten is a protein having a network structure formed by kneading gliadin and glutenin contained in wheat in the presence of moisture. "Substantially free of wheat-derived protein” means that it does not contain wheat-derived protein at all, or even if it is contained, it is contained in 100% by mass of the puffed food obtained by heat-treating the dough of the present disclosure.
- the content of wheat-derived gluten is less than 1% by mass.
- the content of wheat-derived gluten contained in the puffed food is preferably less than 100 ppm (mass parts per million, hereinafter the same), more preferably less than 20 ppm, and still more preferably less than 10 ppm.
- the content of wheat-derived gluten contained in 100% by wet mass of the dough of the present disclosure can be converted based on the above ratio in consideration of the amount of water contained in the dough of the present disclosure.
- “100% by wet mass of the fabric of the present disclosure” means that the wet mass of the fabric of the present disclosure including water is 100% (the same shall apply hereinafter). Even if a part of the wheat-derived protein is changed by the processing of the processed wheat product, it is regarded as a wheat-derived protein if it is perceived as a source of wheat allergy.
- the protein content, carbohydrate content, and fat content of the puffed food of the present disclosure can be exemplified by: Protein content: 10 to 30 or 10 to 31% by mass, preferably 12.8 to 28.4% by mass, more preferably 15 to 26% by mass, carbohydrate content: 5-30 or 5-31% by weight, preferably 7-27% by weight, more preferably 10-21% by weight, Lipid content: 0.1-20% by weight, preferably 0.5-15% by weight, more preferably 1-12% by weight.
- milk protein means a protein derived from milk, especially cow's milk.
- milk means the normal mammary secretion obtained from a milking animal and intended for consumption as a liquid or for processing (Codex STAN 206-1999 "General Standards for the Use of Dairy Terminology”). ), raw milk, cow's milk, special milk, raw goat's milk, pasteurized goat's milk, raw sheep's milk, ingredient adjusted milk, low-fat milk, non-fat milk, and processed milk Ministerial Ordinance Concerning Standards”, Article 2 (Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan))). It is preferably milked from dairy cows. Milk-derived proteins primarily include casein and whey proteins.
- the casein and whey proteins may be derived from fermented milk obtained by fermenting milk with microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria.
- the milk protein used as a raw material for the dough of the present disclosure may be casein or whey protein isolated or purified from milk or fermented milk, or an edible composition containing casein or / and whey protein It can be a thing.
- Such edible compositions include fermented milk, milk beverages, milk, special milk, formula milk, low-fat milk, non-fat milk, processed milk, cheese, cream, cream powder, butter, buttermilk powder, whey concentrate.
- fermented milk product or milk drink may be combined with cheese, cream, whey concentrate, protein-concentrated whey powder, skimmed milk powder, or the like.
- “Milk fermented product” is obtained by fermenting the aforementioned edible composition containing milk protein with microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria, and yeast, and includes fermented milk and lactic acid beverages.
- Fermented milk refers to milk or milk containing non-fat milk solids equivalent to or higher than this, fermented with lactic acid bacteria or yeast, made into paste or liquid, or frozen, non-fat
- the content of milk solids is 8.0% or more (see Food Sanitation Law "Ministerial Ordinance Concerning Ingredient Standards for Milk and Dairy Products” (Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan)).
- Fermented milks include yogurt.
- lactic acid bacteria beverages are beverages (excluding fermented milk) that are processed or made from milk or the like fermented with lactic acid bacteria or yeast (see the above ministerial ordinance).
- Lactic acid bacteria beverages include dairy product lactic acid bacteria beverages (those containing 3.0% or more non-fat milk solids and a lactic acid bacteria count or yeast count of 10 million/ml or more) and lactic acid bacteria beverages (non-fat milk solids content of less than 3.0%, The number of lactic acid bacteria or yeast is 1 million / ml or more) is included. Fermented milk sterilized with a heat history corresponding to 75° C. for 15 minutes or more does not have to satisfy the number of bacteria. "Milk drink” is a product made mainly from milk or dairy products mixed with non-milk ingredients (fruit juice, vitamins, sugars, coffee, minerals, etc.), and the milk solid content is 3.0%.
- proteins derived from fermented milk or milk beverages for part or all of it (hereinafter, proteins derived from fermented milk are also referred to as "proteins derived from fermented milk”). More preferably, as the edible composition containing milk protein, fermented milk products such as yogurt or milk beverages are used alone, or these are used in combination with cheese, cream, butter, or the like described above.
- the proportion of milk protein in the disclosed dough is 90% or more by weight of the total protein content in the disclosed dough. It is preferably 93% by mass or more, more preferably 95% by mass or more, still more preferably 98% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 99% by mass or more and less than 100% by mass.
- the ratio of the fermented milk-derived protein to the total protein in the dough of the present disclosure is 9% by mass or more, preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 11% by mass. or more, more preferably 12% by mass or more.
- the percentage of total protein contained in 100% wet weight of the dough of the present disclosure is 10-30% by weight, preferably 12.5-27.5% by weight, more preferably 15-25% by weight.
- the total protein content in the dough of the present disclosure can be measured by a protein measurement method (combustion method).
- the Combustion Law is stipulated in the Food Labeling Standards based on Article 4, Paragraph 1 of the Food Labeling Act (Act No. 70 of 2013) established by the Consumer Affairs Agency of Japan. This is the official method described in the appendix "Methods for analyzing nutritional components, etc.”
- the “official method” means the analysis method described in the “Method for analysis of nutritional components, etc.”.
- the total protein content in the dough of the present disclosure can also be calculated based on a predetermined protein content contained in the protein-containing edible composition to be blended (see, for example, the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan).
- starch used as a raw material for the dough of the present disclosure is not particularly limited as long as it does not contain wheat-derived protein.
- examples include starches derived from cereals, plant seeds other than cereals, starchy vegetables, and nuts.
- examples of "cereal grains” include rice (non-glutinous rice, glutinous rice), wheat, barley, rye, oats, corn, waxy corn, millet, millet, millet, and dovetail. Grains other than gluten-containing grains such as wheat, barley, rye, and oats (gluten-free grains) are preferred. It can also be gluten-containing grains and grains other than rice.
- plant seeds include legumes such as mung beans, soybeans, peas, and chickpeas, and pseudocereals such as buckwheat and amaranth.
- starch-containing vegetables include potatoes such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, taro, cassava, and konnyaku, and root vegetables such as bracken, waste, and dogtooth violet.
- nuts include chestnuts, acorns, and coconuts. Preferred are starches derived from corn, waxy corn, potato, or tapioca, and more preferred are starches derived from waxy corn.
- the starch isolated or purified from the above plants may be used, or an edible composition containing starch (starch raw material) may be used.
- the starch material includes grains other than wheat (preferably grains other than gluten-containing grains (gluten-free grains), more preferably grains other than gluten-containing grains and rice), the endosperm of the grains, or the endosperm Flours prepared by grinding with or without the skin (flours other than wheat flour, preferably flours other than gluten-containing flours (gluten-free flours), more preferably gluten-containing flours and flours other than rice flour ); plant seeds other than cereal grains containing starch (beans, pseudocereals), the endosperm of such plant seeds, or flour prepared by grinding the endosperm with the germ or epidermis attached (seed flour); Powdered vegetables (potatoes, root vegetables) containing vegetables (vegetable powder): Powdered nuts are included. Wheat-derived starch may be included as long as it is a
- the starch used as a raw material for the dough of the present disclosure includes the above-mentioned natural starch, as well as processed starch (functional starch obtained by physically and chemically processing natural starch).
- processed starches include acetylated adipic acid crosslinked starches, acetylated phosphorylated crosslinked starches, acetylated oxidized starches, and octenylsuccinic acid, which are processed from natural starches such as potato starch, corn starch, waxy corn starch, or tapioca starch.
- Sodium starch, starch acetate, oxidized starch, hydroxypropyl starch, hydroxypropyl phosphate crosslinked starch, phosphate monoesterified phosphate crosslinked starch, phosphated starch, phosphate crosslinked starch, undenatured pregelatinized starch, or denatured pregelatinized starch etc. can be exemplified.
- starches may be used singly or in combination of two or more. Although not limited, corn starch, waxy corn starch, modified starches thereof, and combinations thereof are preferred.
- the proportion of starch contained in 100% wet mass of the dough of the present disclosure is 2-25% by mass, preferably 5-20% by mass, more preferably 10-15% by mass.
- the content of starch in the dough of the present disclosure can also be calculated from the formulation indicated on the starch-containing edible composition to be blended.
- the content of starch (% by mass) is determined by the official method from the measured value (wet mass) of the dough disclosed in the present invention. , dietary fiber (Prosky method), sugars (gas chromatography), and moisture (atmospheric pressure heating and drying method) are subtracted.
- the ratio of carbohydrates contained in 100% wet mass of the dough of the present disclosure can be 2 to 30% by mass, preferably 5 to 26% by mass, more preferably 10 to 20% by mass.
- Carbohydrates include the starches, dietary fibers, and sugars mentioned above.
- the ratio (mass%) of carbohydrates in the dough of the present disclosure is determined by the official method from the measured value (wet weight) of the dough of the present disclosure, protein (combustion method), lipid (acid decomposition method), ash (magnesium acetate added ash method) and the measured value (mass) of moisture (normal pressure heating and drying method) are subtracted.
- the inflating agent is a substance that promotes or assists the expansion of the dough by blending it with the dough of the present disclosure containing the above raw materials together with water. It can be used to raise the disclosed dough.
- the puffing includes puffing by fermentation and heat treatment.
- leavening agents include, but are not limited to, yeast (eg, fresh yeast, dry yeast, instant dry yeast, etc.), koji mold, baking powder, baking soda, ispata, and the like.
- yeast yeast
- baking powder eg. fresh yeast, dry yeast, instant dry yeast, etc.
- the ratio of the expansion agent in the dough of the present disclosure is not particularly limited as long as it is within the range where the above effects are achieved.
- the content in 100% wet mass of the dough of the present disclosure that exhibits the function of swelling the dough of the present disclosure is 0.05 to 5% by mass, preferably 0.2 to 2.5% by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 1.5% by mass can be mentioned.
- the content of water in the dough of the present disclosure is not particularly limited as long as it is within the range where the effects of the present disclosure are exhibited. Without limitation, the moisture content in 100% wet weight of the dough of the present disclosure is 30-70% by weight, preferably 40-60% by weight, more preferably 45-55% by weight.
- the content of water in the dough of the present disclosure can be measured by the normal pressure heat drying method based on the official method.
- the water used for producing the dough of the present disclosure is not particularly limited as long as it is water used for food production. In addition, as long as it does not interfere with the effects of the present invention, it may be any beverage containing water, such as tea beverages, fruit juice beverages, coffee beverages, nutritional drinks, and soft drinks, and liquids containing water. can.
- Thickening component The dough of the present disclosure may optionally contain a thickening component in addition to the components described above. By blending the thickening component, it becomes possible to give the puffed food to be produced a softer and more elastic texture.
- Thickening ingredients include, but are not limited to, thickening polysaccharides (guar gum, xanthan gum, tamarind seed gum, carrageenan, agar, pectin, gum arabic, pullulan, soy polysaccharides, gellan gum, welan gum, locust bean gum, sodium alginate, albino xylan, curdlan, karaya gum, glucomannan, psyllium seed gum, gelatin, tara gum, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc.); plant-derived ingredients such as Japanese yam; natural cheese (cream cheese, mozzarella cheese, cottage cheese, etc.) ) and processed cheese.
- the ratio of the thickening component in the dough of the present disclosure is not particularly limited as long as it is within the range where the above effects are exhibited. Although not limited, it is 0 to 30% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 20% by weight, more preferably 1 to 15% by weight, when the wet weight of the fabric of the present disclosure is 100% by weight.
- the dough of the present disclosure may consist solely of the milk protein, starch, leavening agent, and water described above or only the milk protein, starch, leavening agent, water, and thickening ingredients, although wheat
- auxiliary materials can be added as long as they do not substantially contain the derived protein and do not interfere with the effects of the present invention.
- Secondary materials include fermentation types (e.g. home-cultured fermented seeds, simple fermented seeds, sake seeds, Levain seeds, panettone seeds, yogurt seeds, sour seeds, etc.), yeast foods (e.g.
- inorganic foods examples include proteins other than milk proteins, amino acids (eg, glycine, glutamic acid, etc.), flavors, and the like.
- fats and oils e.g., shortening, lard, margarine, butter, liquid oil, powdered oil, etc.
- sugars e.g., trehalose, glucose, fructose, lactose, sugar, maltose, isomaltose, etc.
- sugar alcohols e.g., Sorbitol, maltitol, palatinit, reduced starch syrup, etc.
- emulsifiers e.g., lecithin, sucrose fatty acid esters, glycerin fatty acid esters, etc.
- enzymes e.g., salt, amino acids, nucleic acids, etc.
- preservatives examples include proteins other than milk proteins, amino acids (eg, glycine, glutamic acid, etc.), flavors, and the like.
- Eggs or egg products can be used as secondary materials, but they do not have to be used. These secondary materials may be added alone, or two or more of them may be mixed and added. When these secondary materials are added, the mixing ratio of the secondary materials in 100 wet mass % of the dough of the present disclosure can be in the range of 0.1 to 55 mass %.
- the dough of the present disclosure is preferably not only substantially free of wheat-derived proteins, but also processed products (flours, starches) of barley, rye, and oats, which are gluten-containing grains like wheat, and their gluten-containing It is preferred that it does not substantially contain grain-derived protein.
- the gluten content in the food (final food) at the time of sale to the final consumer is less than 100mg/kg (less than 100ppm). If it is less than 20 mg/kg (less than 20 ppm), it can be labeled as "gluten-free food”.
- the dough of the present disclosure has a gluten content (corresponding to the gluten content in 100% by mass of the solid content of the dough of the present disclosure) in the puffed food (final food) that is actually eaten, preferably less than 100 ppm, It is desirable to adjust the gluten-containing processed grain product and the protein content derived therefrom so that the content is more preferably less than 20 ppm, more preferably 10 ppm or less.
- the gluten content in the dough or puffed food of the present disclosure can be quantified using an ELISA
- the dough of the present disclosure preferably not only contains substantially no wheat-derived protein, but also substantially does not contain processed rice products.
- the processed rice product refers to an edible raw material prepared by processing rice (non-glutinous rice, glutinous rice) as a raw material. Examples include rice flour, rice starch, and rice protein. “Substantially free of processed rice products” means that the processed rice products are not contained at all, or even if they contain processed rice products, the total content of processed rice products in 100% by wet mass of the dough of the present disclosure is 0.1% by mass. less than
- the disclosed dough is used as a dough for producing puffed foods.
- a puffed food bread-like food having a cell structure similar to bread (sudachi)
- the milk protein, starch, leavening agent, and water or Milk protein, starch, leavening agent, water, and thickening component described above
- the above secondary ingredients are mixed (mixed) to produce a dough, which is then subjected to a primary bread-making method according to a conventional bread-making method.
- a desired puffed food (bread-like food) can be obtained by performing the fermentation process, molding process, division process, secondary fermentation process, and heat treatment process.
- a known bread making method can be employed in place of (or in addition to) a conventional method.
- the bread method can be used selectively as appropriate. These methods may optionally be used in combination of two or more or three or more.
- the heat treatment process is carried out by baking, steaming, steaming, frying, etc., depending on the type of puffed food to be manufactured.
- it is a baking process used in the manufacture of bakery products, more preferably bread.
- the operation and conditions employed in the conventional bread making process are used.
- the dough of the present disclosure does not substantially contain gluten, it is sufficient to stir and mix the raw materials in producing the dough, and the kneading step can be omitted.
- Fermented milk for raw material Prepared by mixing 15.71 g of powdered skim milk (manufactured by Meiji Co., Ltd.), 3.0 g of yogurt (Meiji Probio Yogurt R-1 Plain: manufactured by Meiji Co., Ltd.) and 81.29 g of water. Contains 0.2% fat and 5.4% protein in 100% total.
- Raw milk beverage Prepared by mixing 13.9 g of skimmed milk powder (manufactured by Meiji Co., Ltd.), 13.53 g of fresh cream (manufactured by Meiji Co., Ltd.), and 72.57 g of water. Contains 7% fat and 7.2% protein in 100% total.
- Unsalted butter Meiji Hokkaido butter (salt-free) (manufactured by Meiji Co., Ltd.). Contains 82.6% fat and 0.5% protein in 100% total.
- Sugar Nitten HA (manufactured by Nippon Beet Sugar Co., Ltd.).
- Milk protein concentrate trade name YO-8236 (manufactured by Arla Foods Ingredients Co., Ltd.). Contains 5% fat and 82% protein in 100% total.
- Micellar casein trade name MCC85 (Premium) (manufactured by Gambmilch Co., Ltd.). Contains 1.5% fat and 81.1% protein in 100% total.
- WPI whey protein isolate
- WPI895 (manufactured by Fonterra Co., Ltd.). Contains 0.1% fat and 91.9% protein in 100% total.
- Starch Waxy Starch Y (manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.). Modified starch: Waxy Alpha S-1 (manufactured by Sanwa Denpo Kogyo Co., Ltd.).
- Powdered soybean protein Solpy 6000H (manufactured by Nisshin OilliO Group Co., Ltd.).
- Rice flour Li Farine (manufactured by Gunma Flour Milling Co., Ltd.).
- Baker's yeast Safu instant dry yeast (manufactured by Safu Co., Ltd.).
- Example 1 Production of puffed food dough composition and puffed food Bread- like foods (Examples 1 to 9) were produced as puffed foods according to the formulations and production steps shown in Tables 1-1 and 1-2. . Bread was also produced according to the formulation and production process shown in Table 2 (Comparative Examples 1 to 3). Each step was carried out in accordance with the standard bread manufacturing method. The mixing step (kneading step) was performed at 25°C. As a result, in the puffed foods of Examples 1 to 9, similar to the breads of Comparative Examples 1 to 3, the baked proteins, carbohydrates, etc.
- the "inside” is a portion other than the surface of each puffed food and a portion other than the hardened surface portion (in the case of bread, the portion called the crust).
- a cube with a side of 2 cm was cut out from the central part including the center of each puffed food (see Fig. 1 (2)).
- 11 to 13 show images of internal cross sections of bread ((A) eating surface, (B) vertical plane) of Comparative Examples 1 to 3
- FIGS. 14 to 18 show commercially available bread A to Images of the internal cross section ((A) eating surface, (B) vertical surface) of E (6 slices of bread, 2 cm thick) are shown.
- Table 3 shows the nutrient contents and raw material indications of commercially available breads A to E.
- the cell structures of the bread-like foods of Examples 1-7 were clearly different from those of the wheat breads of Comparative Examples 1-8. Specifically, the size and shape of the cell structure can be mentioned. In the cell structures of the bread-like foods of Examples 1 to 9, each cell is large, and there is no clear tendency to elongate in the vertical direction on the eating surface. On the other hand, the cell structures of the wheat breads of Comparative Examples 1 to 8 are small one by one, and there is a clear tendency to elongate in the vertical direction on the eating surface, and a plurality of vertically long cells are present.
- Experimental Example 2 Texture Evaluation of Puffed Food Bread- like foods produced in Experimental Example 1 (Examples 1 to 9) and bread (Comparative Examples 1 to 3), and commercially available breads A to E described in Table 3 (Comparative Example 4 to 8) (hereinafter referred to as "test food") were eaten by a skilled panel, and the texture, specifically "hardness of chewing when first chewing", “chewing in the mouth” The feeling of stickiness that develops when the food is chewed” and the “ease of loosening of the bolus when chewing in the mouth” were evaluated. These textures correspond to the textures felt at each stage of the mastication process described below. All of the panelists received training in sensory evaluation in-house, and are experts in sensory evaluation for 10 years or more (experts in sensory evaluation) who routinely perform sensory evaluation tests in their work.
- the eating process of puffed foods consists of chewing and swallowing processes.
- the mastication process in the oral cavity can be divided into four stages: the first mastication period, the early mastication period, the middle mastication period, and the late mastication period.
- First chewing stage The stage in which the food is first chewed with the teeth. In terms of texture, the stage where you can feel the “hardness of chewing”.
- Early mastication period Corresponds to the period up to the first half when the period from the start of mastication in the oral cavity to swallowing (mastication period) is divided into three periods.
- Middle mastication corresponds to a period in which the number of times of mastication from the start of mastication corresponds to 1/3 to 2/3 of the total number of times of mastication.
- the sensory evaluation was carried out by masticating the test food with teeth against the eating surface (see Fig. 1 (1)).
- the amount for one mouthful was set so that one test piece could be eaten in two mouthfuls.
- the panelists were asked to eat the test food, and the number of times of chewing required to swallow a mouthful was counted.
- the "hardness of chewing" when the same test food is chewed again with teeth on the eating surface first mastication period
- the total number of chewing times between chewing in the mouth and swallowing the sticky feeling that sticks to the teeth and oral cavity during the period from 1/3 to 2/3 of the number of chewing (mid-mastication), and swallowing from 2/3 of the total number of chewing.
- the following method was used to evaluate the "ease of loosening of the bolus" felt during the period (late mastication) until (3/3 of the total number of mastications).
- the reference product (2) After cutting off the four edges of the reference product (1), it was cut into pieces of 5 cm in length and width and 1 cm in thickness, baked in an oven toaster for 3 minutes, and returned to room temperature.
- the scoring method was carried out based on the description on pages 186 to 187 of "Sensory Evaluator Text" (edited by Japan Sensory Evaluation Society: 2009, published by Kenpakusha).
- the sensory evaluation in order to unify the internal standards of each panel, several puffed foods were used in advance, and the sensory evaluation test was performed by the above method. By combining these feelings (trial evaluation/calibration), each panel has a common understanding. This evaluation was performed blind so as not to distinguish between test foods.
- Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 4 were carried out by three panelists, and the average values and standard deviations are shown. Other examples and comparative examples were carried out by one of the three panelists who was an expert in the sensory evaluation test and who represented the panel, and the results are shown below.
- the bread-like food of the example has a chewy hardness similar to that of the wheat bread of the comparative example, and has a fluffy and soft texture. A test (t-test) showed no significant difference.
- the bread-like food of the example had a significantly lower feeling of clinging (adhering) to the teeth and the oral cavity in the middle stage of mastication than the wheat bread of the comparative example.
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Abstract
Description
例えば、特許文献1には、ふわふわした食感を有し、かつ小麦由来たんぱく質を用いないパン様食品を製造する方法として、卵、非熟成チーズもしくは発酵乳、膨脹剤、植物由来たんぱく質(小麦由来たんぱく質を除く)もしくは乳たんぱく質、ならびにキサンタンガム及び/又はグアーガムを含有する生地を焼成する方法が記載されている。このような卵、チーズ、及びベーキングパウダーをはじめとする膨張剤を主要原料とし、且つ小麦由来たんぱく質を用いないパン様食品は、ふわふわとした食感から「クラウドブレッド」として知られている。
特許文献2には、小麦由来たんぱく質に代えて大豆たんぱく質を主体とするベーカリー製品の製造方法として、粉末状大豆たんぱく質を5~30重量%、油分を10~30重量%、卵類を2~20重量%、及び水分を45~58重量%含み、且つでん粉類を粉末状大豆たんぱく質に対して50重量%未満含むベーカリー生地を、成形後、加熱膨化する方法が記載されている。このようなベーカリー製品は、皮が柔らかく、ソフトで口溶けがよい食感を有し、小麦粉を全く使用しなくても、パンやドーナツのような食感を有する。
特許文献3には、グルテンを含まない焼き菓子を製造する方法として、湿重量で約10~75重量%の全卵、約5~15重量%の水分散性大豆たんぱく質分離物、約0.1~2.0重量%の親水コロイド、及び水を含有し、小麦粉を含まない生地又はバッターを焼成して支持マトリックスを形成する方法が記載されている。このような焼き菓子は炭水化物含量が少ないため、ローカーボ・ダイエットなど食事療法による減量プログラムに有用であるとされている。
例えば、特許文献4には、発酵乳を滅菌することなく、小麦粉を主成分とするパン生地に添加してパンを製造することが記載されており、こうすることでパン生地の抗張力が増大すること(生地が締まる)、発酵時間が短縮できること、キメの細かい良質なパンが得られること、パンの老化が延長すること等の効果が得られることが記載されている。
特許文献5には、発酵乳を小麦粉100重量部あたり1~30重量部になるように添加し、乳酸菌を生菌状態で生地に存在させて熟成することでパン類を製造することが記載されており、こうすることで、こくのある乳フレーバーやバターフレーバーを有する風味良好なパンが得られることが記載されている。
特許文献6には、ホップス酵母と小麦粉等の穀物粉にさらに乳酸菌を配合したパン生地を焼成してパンを製造することが記載されており、乳酸菌を配合することで、パンに独特なスッキリとした香りを付与できることが記載されている。
特許文献7には、酵母菌と乳酸菌とにより小麦粉及び/又はライ麦粉を発酵させた一次発酵基質に、前記以外の穀粉を加えて発酵させた後、該発酵物に小麦粉及びライ麦粉以外の穀粉を加えて発酵させる操作を1回以上行って調製した穀粉発酵物を、卵や油脂等の調味料を配合して成形後、焼成して発酵風味菓子を製造することが記載されている。こうすることで、高い栄養価と十分な発酵風味、旨味や保水性、柔軟性や伸展性等の良好な食感を有する菓子が得られることが記載されている。
特許文献8には、特定の剥皮率と粒度を有する部分剥皮小麦粒に、乳酸菌を含有する水を加えて浸漬処理して調製した浸漬処理物を用いてパン類を製造することが記載されており、こうすることで、パンに含まれる粒状の部分剥皮小麦粒の影響で、芳醇な香りを有し、非常に甘味があり、小麦粒の硬さと周りの柔らかさとのバランスが良好なパン類が得られることが記載されている。
特許文献9には、小麦粉、糖質及び水を原料として乳酸菌で発酵させて得られた乳酸菌中種を、パン生地原料に添加してパンを製造することが記載されており、こうすることで焼成時に火通りがよく、パンの皮を薄くでき、キメが細かくなり、弾力性や保水性に優れたパンを製造することができることが記載されている。
特許文献10には、糖蜜を乳酸性静菌で発酵させた風味液を、小麦粉を主原料とするパンの製造過程で添加したパンを製造することが記載されており、こうすることで従来にない独特な風味や香りを付与することができるとされている。
特許文献11には、原料粉として小麦粉または米粉を用いたサワーブレッドの製造方法が記載されている。具体的には、一次原料粉を乳酸菌で発酵させた乳酸生地に二次原料粉を添加して本練りした生地を焼成する製造方法を採用することで、サワーブレッドを短時間に且つ大量に生産できることが記載されている。
特許文献12にもサワーブレッドの製造方法が記載されている。ここでは、小麦粉やライ麦粉等の穀粒粉を原料とするサワー種生地の製造に、中温性乳酸球菌と高温性乳酸菌を組み合わせて用いることでGABA産生量が顕著に増加することが記載されている。
特許文献13及び14には、ヨーグルトなどの乳酸菌入り乳性食品を用いてピザクラフトを製造する方法が記載されている。特許文献13には、ピザ生地の主原料である小麦粉に、牛乳、ヨーグルト、チーズからなる結合水を添加して混捏及び成型してピザクラフトを製造することで、冷凍・冷蔵した場合でも混捏直後のものを焼成した場合と同等の食感・風味が得られることが記載されている。特許文献14には、乳酸菌入り乳性食品及びパン酵母を穀類粉に配合してから発酵させた発酵種をピザ生地に配合してピザクラフト(パン類)を製造することが記載されており、このピザクラフトは焼成により良好な焼色がつき、香ばしくて芳醇な風味と、しっとりとしてもちもちした食感を有することが記載されている。
特許文献15には、生きた乳酸菌培養物を含むヨーグルト粉末と水分量8重量%未満の乾燥でん粉10~30重量%を含む、水分活性が0.05~0.25(Aqualab CX-2又はシリーズ3で測定)のフィリングと、穀粉を含む1以上のビスケット部材とを含む複合ビスケット製品が記載されている。このような複合ビスケット製品は、乾燥でん粉の存在環境中で生きた乳酸菌培養物を含有することで、貯蔵寿命及び安定性が改善するとされている。
また、特許文献16には、香味料としてヨーグルト粉末を0.2~0.6重量%の割合で含有する低カロリーのビスケット製品が記載されている。しかし、このヨーグルト粉末は香味料であり、またこの製品は小麦粉を40~42重量%、グルテンを1~2.5重量%、でん粉を18~23重量%含有するグルテン含有製品である。
以上説明するように、これらの技術は、小麦粉等の穀粉を主原料とするパンやピザなどの生地に乳発酵物や乳酸菌を配合することで、パン等の風味や食感または保存性などを改良しようとするものである。つまり、たんぱく質として小麦由来たんぱくであるグルテンを含む食品を対象とした技術である。
本開示は、かかる知見に基づいてさらに検討を重ねて完成したものであり、下記の実施形態を有する。
(I-1)少なくとも下記の成分を含有し、小麦由来たんぱく質を実質的に含有しない膨化食品用生地組成物であって、
(a)全たんぱく質の90質量%以上を占める割合の乳たんぱく質、
(b)でん粉、
(c)膨張剤、及び
(d)水:
加熱処理することで膨化し、支持マトリックスを形成する、
前記膨化食品用生地組成物。
(I-2)前記(a)乳たんぱく質が、カゼイン及びホエイたんぱく質よりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種である、(I-1)に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。
(I-3)前記(a)乳たんぱく質が、乳発酵物に由来するたんぱく質を含むものである、(I-1)又は(I-2)に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。
(I-4)前記(a)乳たんぱく質を含む可食性組成物を含有し、当該可食性組成物の少なくとも一つが乳発酵物である、(I-1)~(I-3)のいずれか一項に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。
(I-5)前記(b)でん粉が、天然でん粉及び加工でん粉からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である(但し、小麦由来でん粉及びその加工でん粉を除く)、(I-1)~(I-4)のいずれか一項に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。
(I-6)前記(c)膨張剤が、酵母、ベーキングパウダー、重曹、及びイスパタからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、(I-1)~(I-5)のいずれか一項に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。
(I-7)さらに(e)増粘成分を含有する、(I-1)~(I-6)のいずれか一項に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。
(I-8)米加工物を実質的に含有しない膨化食品用生地組成物であって、加熱処理することで膨化し、支持マトリックスを形成する、(I-1)~(I-7)のいずれか一項に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。
(I-9)卵及び卵由来成分からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種又は全てを含有しない膨化食品用生地組成物であって、加熱処理することで膨化し、支持マトリックスを形成する、(I-1)~(I-8)のいずれか一項に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。
(I-10)下記の割合で各成分を含有する(I-1)~(I-9)のいずれか一項に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物:
(a)全たんぱく質:10~30質量%、
(b)でん粉:2~25質量%、
(c)膨張剤:0.05~5質量%、
(d)水:30~70質量%、
(f)増粘成分::0~30質量%。
(II-1)(I-1)~(I-10)のいずれか一項に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物の加熱処理物である、膨化食品。
(II-2)前記(c)膨張剤として酵母を含有する(I-6)~(I-10)のいずれか一項に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物を、発酵処理後、加熱処理して製造される、パン様の膨化食品。
(II-3)たんぱく質含量が10~31質量%、炭水化物含量が5~31質量%、脂質含量が0.1~20質量%である、(II-1)又は(II-2)に記載する膨化食品。
(III-1)(I-1)~(I-10)のいずれか一項に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物を、加熱処理する工程を有する、(II-1)~(II-3)のいずれか一項に記載する膨化食品の製造方法。
(III-2)(c)膨張剤として酵母を含有する(I-6)~(I-10)のいずれか一項に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物を、発酵処理に供した後、加熱処理する工程を有する、パン様の膨化食品の製造方法。
一般に「膨化食品」は、たんぱく質、炭水化物、膨張剤、及び水を主材料として、焼成、油ちょう、蒸す、又は蒸し焼き等の加熱処理をして製造される加工食品である。当該加工食品は、加熱処理により膨化し、加熱処理されたたんぱく質や炭水化物(主にでん粉)等からなる支持体が網目状の固体領域(3次元網目構造)(これを、支持マトリックス構造ともいう)を形成している。
一般的に、こうした膨化食品には、例えばパン、パン乾燥品、ケーキ、ワッフル、シュー、ドーナツ、揚げ菓子、パイ、ピザ、クレープ等が含まれる。なお、膨化食品には、穀粉を含む生地をオーブン等で焼成して調製される製品である、いわゆる「ベーカリー製品」と称される食品も含まれる。なお、ここで穀粉には、イネ科穀物の粉(小麦粉、米粉、大麦粉、ライ麦粉、オーツ麦粉、ハト麦粉、トウモロコシ粉、ひえ粉、アワ粉、キビ粉、テフ粉)、豆類の粉(きな粉、大豆粉、ヒヨコマメ粉、エンドウ豆粉、緑豆粉)、擬穀類の粉(蕎麦粉、アマランサス粉)、芋類・根菜の粉(カタクリ粉、タピオカ粉、葛粉、じゃがいも粉)、及び、木の実の粉(栗粉、どんぐり粉、ココナッツ粉)が含まれる。パンとしては、食事パン(例えば食パン、ライ麦パン、フランスパン、乾パン、バラエティブレッド、ロールパン等)、調理パン(例えばホットドッグ、ハンバーガー、ピザパイ等)、菓子パン(例えばジャムパン、アンパン、クリームパン、レーズンパン、メロンパン、スイートロール、クロワッサン、ブリオッシュ、デニッシュ、コロネ等)、蒸しパン(例えば肉まん、中華まん、あんまん等)、特殊パン(例えばグリッシーニ、マフィン、ナン等)等が例として挙げられる。パン乾燥品としては、ラスクやパン粉等が例として挙げられる。ケーキとしては、蒸しケーキ、スポンジケーキ、バターケーキ、ロールケーキ、ホットケーキ、ブッセ、バームクーヘン、パウンドケーキ、チーズケーキまたはスナックケーキ等が例として挙げられる。
「小麦由来たんぱく質」とは、小麦に由来するたんぱく質であり、グリアジン、グルテニン、及びグルテンを挙げることができる。なお、グルテンは、小麦に含まれるグリアジンとグルテニンを水分の存在下で捏ねることで形成される網目構造を有するたんぱく質である。
「小麦由来たんぱく質を実質的に含有しない」とは、小麦由来たんぱく質を全く含有しないか、または含まれていても、本開示生地を加熱処理して得られる膨化食品の100質量%中に含まれる小麦由来のグルテンの含有量が1質量%未満であることを意味する。制限されないものの、膨化食品中に含まれる好ましい小麦由来グルテンの含有量は100ppm(質量百万分率、以下同じ)未満であり、より好ましくは20ppm未満、さらに好ましくは10ppm未満である。なお、本開示生地100湿質量%に含まれる小麦由来のグルテンの含有量は、本開示生地に含まれる水分量を考慮して、上記割合をもとに換算することができる。ここで「本開示生地の100湿質量%」とは、本開示生地の水分を含む湿質量を100%とすることを意味する(以下、同じ)。なお、小麦加工物の加工により小麦由来たんぱく質の一部が変化していても、小麦アレルギー源として感知される場合は、小麦由来たんぱく質と見なされる。
たんぱく質含量:10~30又は10~31質量%、好ましくは12.8~28.4質量%、より好ましくは15~26質量%、
炭水化物含量:5~30又は5~31質量%、好ましくは7~27質量%、より好ましくは10~21質量%、
脂質含量:0.1~20質量%、好ましくは0.5~15質量%、より好ましくは1~12質量%。
(a)乳たんぱく質
本開示において「乳たんぱく質」とは、乳、特に牛乳に由来するたんぱく質を意味する。「乳」とは搾乳動物から得られる通常の乳腺分泌物であり、液体のまま消費すること又は加工することを目的としたものであり(Codex STAN 206-1999「酪農用語の使用に関する一般規格」)、生乳、牛乳、特別牛乳、生山羊乳、殺菌山羊乳、生めん羊乳、成分調整牛乳、低脂肪牛乳、無脂肪牛乳、及び加工乳が含まれる(食品衛生法「乳及び乳製品の成分規格等に関する省令」第2条(日本国厚生労働省)参照))。好ましくは乳牛から搾乳される乳である。
乳に由来するたんぱく質としては、主としてカゼイン、及びホエイたんぱく質を挙げることができる。当該カゼイン及びホエイたんぱく質は、乳酸菌やビフィズス菌等の微生物で乳を発酵して得られる乳発酵物に由来するものであってもよい。
本開示生地の原料として使用される乳たんぱく質は、乳又は乳発酵物等から単離若しくは精製されたカゼインやホエイたんぱく質であってもよいし、またカゼイン又は/及びホエイたんぱく質を含有する可食性組成物であってもよい。かかる可食性組成物には、乳発酵物、乳飲料、牛乳、特別牛乳、成分調整乳、低脂肪牛乳、無脂肪牛乳、加工乳、チーズ、クリーム、クリームパウダー、バター、バターミルクパウダー、濃縮ホエイ、たんぱく質濃縮ホエイパウダー、ホエイパウダー、濃縮乳、脱脂濃縮乳、練乳(無糖・加糖、脱脂)、全粉乳、脱脂粉乳、加糖粉乳、調整粉乳等の乳製品が含まれる。これらは一種単独で使用しても、また2種以上のものを任意に組み合わせて用いてもよい。制限されないものの、例えば、乳発酵物又は乳飲料に、チーズ、クリーム、濃縮ホエイ、たんぱく質濃縮ホエイパウダー、又は脱脂粉乳等を組み合わせることもできる。
「乳発酵物」は、前述する乳たんぱく質を含有する可食性組成物を乳酸菌、ビフィズス菌、酵母等の微生物で発酵したものであり、発酵乳及び乳酸菌飲料が含まれる。発酵乳とは、乳又はこれと同等以上の無脂乳固形分を含む乳等を、乳酸菌または酵母で発酵させ、糊状または液状にしたもの、またはこれらを凍結させたものであり、無脂乳固形分(脂肪分と水分を除いた成分)の含量が8.0%以上のものである(食品衛生法「乳及び乳製品の成分規格等に関する省令」(日本国厚生労働省)参照)。発酵乳にはヨーグルトが含まれる。また、乳酸菌飲料とは、乳等を乳酸菌又は酵母で発酵させたものを加工し、又は主要原料とした飲料(発酵乳を除く)である(前記省令参照)。乳酸菌飲料には、乳製品乳酸菌飲料(無脂乳固形分を3.0%以上含み、乳酸菌数又は酵母数が1000万/ml以上のもの)と乳酸菌飲料(無脂乳固形分が3.0%未満で、乳酸菌数又は酵母数が100万/ml以上のもの)が含まれる。なお、75℃15分以上に相当する熱履歴で殺菌した発酵乳については、前記菌数は満たさなくても良い。
「乳飲料」とは、牛乳や乳製品を主原料としたものに、乳以外の成分(果汁やビタミン、糖類、コーヒー、ミネラルなど)を混ぜて加工したものであり、乳固形分が3.0%以上の飲料をいう(「飲用乳の表示に関する公正競争規約」(日本)参照)。
乳たんぱく質として、一部またはそのすべてに乳発酵物又は乳飲料に由来するたんぱく質を用いることが好ましい(以下、乳発酵物に由来するたんぱく質を「乳発酵物由来たんぱく質」とも称する)。より好ましくは、乳たんぱく質を含む可食性組成物として、ヨーグルト等の乳発酵物または乳飲料を単独で用いるか、またはこれらに前述するチーズ、クリーム又はバター等を組みあわせて用いる方法である。
本開示生地100湿質量%中に含まれる全たんぱく質の割合としては10~30質量%、好ましくは12.5~27.5質量%、より好ましくは15~25質量%である。
なお、本開示生地中の全たんぱく質の含有量は、たんぱく質測定法(燃焼法)により測定することができる。当該燃焼法は、日本国消費者庁が定める食品表示法(平成25年法律第70号)第4条第1項に基づく食品表示基準で定められた「食品表示基準について」(平成27年3月30日消食表第139号)の別添「栄養成分等の分析方法等」に記載されている公定法である。以下、「公定法」とは、当該「栄養成分等の分析方法等」に記載されている分析方法を意味する。また、本開示生地中の全たんぱく質含量は、配合するたんぱく質含有可食組成物に含まれる所定のたんぱく質含量(例えば、日本食品標準成分表など参照)に基づいて計算により算出することもできる。
本開示生地の原料として使用されるでん粉は、小麦由来たんぱく質を含有するものでなければ、その由来は特に制限されない。例えば、穀物、穀物以外の植物種子、でん粉質を含む野菜、及び木の実に由来するでん粉が含まれる。ここで「穀物」としては、米(うるち米、もち米)、小麦、大麦、ライ麦、オーツ麦、とうもろこし、ワキシーコーン、あわ、ひえ、キビ及びはと麦等を挙げることができる。好ましくは、グルテン含有穀物である小麦、大麦、ライ麦、及びオーツ麦以外の穀物(グルテン非含有穀物)である。また、グルテン含有穀物及び米以外の穀物であることもできる。「植物種子」としては、例えば、緑豆、大豆、エンドウ豆、及ぶヒヨコ豆等の豆類、並びに蕎麦やアマランサス等の擬穀類を挙げることができる。「でん粉質を含む野菜」としては、馬鈴薯、甘藷、里芋、キャッサバ、及びこんにゃく芋などの芋類や、ワラビ、くず、及びカタクリ等の根菜を例示することができる。「木の実」としては、栗、どんぐり、ココナッツを例示することができる。好ましくは、とうもろこし、ワキシーコーン、馬鈴薯、又はタピオカに由来するでん粉であり、より好ましくはワキシーコーンに由来するでん粉である。
膨脹剤は、前述する原料を水とともに含有する本開示生地に配合することで、当該生地の膨化を促進または補助する機能を発揮する物質である。本開示生地を膨化するために使用することができる。当該膨化には、発酵及び加熱処理による膨化が含まれる。制限されないものの、当該膨脹剤には、酵母(例えば、生イースト、ドライイースト、インスタントドライイースト等が含まれる)、麹菌、ベーキングパウダー、重曹、イスパタ等が含まれる。好ましくは酵母(イースト菌)、及びベーキングパウダーである。
本開示生地中の水の含有量は、本開示の効果を奏する範囲であればよく、その限りで特に制限されない。制限されないが、本開示生地100湿質量%中の水分含量は、30~70質量%、好ましくは40~60質量%、より好ましくは45~55質量%である。なお、本開示生地中の水の含有量は、公定法に基づいて常圧加熱乾燥法の測定法により測定することができる。
本開示生地の製造に使用される水は、食品製造に使用される水であれば、特に制限されない。また、本発明の効果を妨げないことを限度として、水を含むものであればよく、茶飲料や果汁飲料、コーヒー飲料、栄養ドリンク飲料、清涼飲料などの飲料や水分を含む液体を用いることもできる。
本開示生地には、必要に応じて、前述する成分に加えて、増粘成分を配合することができる。増粘成分を配合することで、製造される膨化食品の食感をよりふんわり弾力をもたせることが可能になる。増粘成分には、制限されないが、増粘多糖類(グアーガム、キサンタンガム、タマリンドシードガム、カラギーナン、寒天、ペクチン、アラビアガム、プルラン、大豆多糖類、ジェランガム、ウェランガム、ローカストビーンガム、アルギン酸ナトリウム、アルビノキシラン、カードラン、カラヤガム、グルコマンナン、サイリウムシードガム、ゼラチン、タラガム、ヒドロキシメチルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース等);ヤマト芋等の植物由来成分;ナチュラルチーズ(クリームチーズ、モッツァレラチーズ、カッテージチーズ等)、プロセスチーズなどのチーズが含まれる。これらは1種単独で使用してもよいし、また2種以上を任意に組み合わせて用いることができる。
本開示生地中の増粘成分の割合は、上記効果を奏する範囲であればよく、その限りで特に制限されない。制限されないが、本開示生地の湿質量を100質量%にすると、0~30質量%、好ましくは0.5~20質量%、より好ましくは1~15質量%である。
本開示生地は、前述する乳たんぱく質、でん粉、膨脹剤、及び水だけ、または乳たんぱく質、でん粉、膨脹剤、水、及び増粘成分だけから構成されてもよいが、小麦由来たんぱく質を実質的に含有せず、本発明の効果を妨げないことを限度として、前記成分の他に、所望により副材料を添加することもできる。
副材料としては、発酵種類(例えば、自家培養発酵種、簡易発酵種、酒種、ルヴァン種、パネトーネ種、ヨーグルト種、サワー種等)、イーストフード(例えば、無機フード、有機フード、酵素系フード等)、油脂類(例えば、ショートニング、ラード、マーガリン、バター、液状油、粉末油等)、糖(例えば、トレハロース、グルコース、フルクトース、ラクトース、砂糖、マルトース、イソマルトース等)、糖アルコール(例えば、ソルビト-ル、マルチトール、パラチニット、還元水飴等)、乳化剤(例えば、レシチン、ショ糖脂肪酸エステル、グリセリン脂肪酸エステル等)、酵素類、調味料(例えば、食塩、アミノ酸、核酸等)、保存料、乳たんぱく質以外のたんぱく質、アミノ酸(例えば、グリシン、グルタミン酸等)、香料等が例として挙げられる。なお、副材料として卵または卵製品を用いることもできるが、用いなくてもよい。これらの副材料は、単独で添加してもよく、又は2種以上を混合して添加してもよい。これらの副材料を添加する場合、本開示生地の100湿質量%中の副材料の配合割合として、0.1~55質量%の範囲を挙げることができる。
原料用発酵乳:脱脂粉乳((株)明治製)15.71gとヨーグルト(明治プロビオヨーグルトR―1プレーン:(株)明治製)3.0gと水81.29gを混合して調製。全量100%中に脂肪分0.2%、たんぱく質5.4%含有。
原料用乳飲料:脱脂粉乳((株)明治製)13.9gと生クリーム((株)明治製)13.53gと水72.57gを混合して調製。全量100%中に脂肪分7%、たんぱく質7.2%含有。
無塩バター:明治北海道バター(食塩不使用)((株)明治製)。全量100%中に脂肪分82.6%、たんぱく質0.5%含有。
砂糖:ニッテンHA((株)日本甜菜製糖製)。
乳たんぱく質濃縮物:商品名YO-8236((株)アーラフーズイングレディエンツ製)。全量100%中に脂肪分5%、たんぱく質82%含有。
ミセラカゼイン:商品名MCC85(Premium)((株)ザクセンミルヒ製)。全量100%中に脂肪分1.5%、たんぱく質81.1%含有。
WPI(ホエイプロテインアイソレート):WPI895((株)フォンテラ製)。全量100%中に脂肪分0.1%、たんぱく質91.9%含有。
でん粉:ワキシースターチY((株)日本食品化工製)。
加工でん粉:ワキシーアルファS-1((株)三和でん粉工業製)。
粉末状大豆たんぱく質:ソルピー6000H(日清オイリオグループ(株)製)。
米粉:リ・ファリーヌ(群馬製粉(株)製)。
パン酵母:サフ・インスタントドライイースト((株)サフ製)。
表1―1及び表1-2に記載する処方及び製造工程により、膨化食品としてパン様の食品(実施例1~9)を製造した。また表2に記載する処方及び製造工程により、パンを製造した(比較例1~3)。各工程は、パンの製造方法の定法に従って実施した。なお、ミキシング工程(混捏工程)は25℃で実施した。
実施例1~9のパン様食品の内部断面((A)喫食面、(B)垂直面)を撮影した画像を図2~10に示す。喫食面は食パンを実際に噛む面(歯が当たる面)であり、垂直面は喫食面に対して垂直方向の面である(図1(1)参照)。ここで「内部」とは、各膨化食品の表面ではない部分で、表層の硬化した部分(食パンの場合、耳と呼ばれる部分)ではない部分である。被験試料片として、各膨化食品の中心を含む中央部から1辺2cmの立方体を切り出したものを用いた(図1(2)参照)。
図11~13には、比較例1~3のパン内部断面((A)喫食面、(B)垂直面)の画像、及び図14~18には、小麦粉を主原料とする市販食パンA~E(6枚切りパン、厚さ2cm)の内部断面((A)喫食面、(B)垂直面)の画像を示す。市販食パンA~Eの栄養素含有量と原材料表示を表3に示す。
実験例1で製造したパン様食品(実施例1~9)、及びパン(比較例1~3)、ならびに表3に記載する市販食パンA~E(比較例4~8)(以上、「被験食品」と称する)を、熟練したパネルに食べてもらい、その食感、具体的には「最初に噛む際の噛みだしの硬さ」、「口内で咀嚼している際に発現するねちゃつき感」、及び「口内で咀嚼する際の食塊のほぐれやすさ」を評価した。なお、これらの食感は、下記に説明する咀嚼プロセスの各ステージで感じる食感に相当するものである。パネルはいずれも、社内で官能評価の訓練を受け、日頃、業務で官能評価試験を行っている試験歴10年以上熟練者(官能評価のエキスパート)である。
膨化食品の摂食プロセスは、咀嚼プロセスと嚥下プロセスからなる。口腔内での咀嚼プロセスは、第一咀嚼期、咀嚼前期、咀嚼中期、及び咀嚼後期の4段階のステージに分けることができる。
第一咀嚼期:食品を最初に歯で噛むステージ。食感でいうと「噛みだしの硬さ」を感じるステージ。
咀嚼前期:食品を口腔内で咀嚼し始めてから嚥下するまでの期間(咀嚼期間)を3つに区分した場合における前半1/3までの期間に該当する。具体的には、食品を口腔内に入れて咀嚼開始から嚥下するまでに要する咀嚼回数(これを「総咀嚼回数」という)のうち咀嚼開始から総咀嚼回数の1/3の咀嚼回数までに相当する期間。食感でいうと、咀嚼によって膨化食品の気泡が破壊され、圧縮される感覚(硬さ)を感じるステージ。
咀嚼中期:咀嚼開始からの咀嚼回数が総咀嚼回数の1/3から2/3までに相当する期間に該当する。食感でいうと、口腔内で圧縮された食塊が咀嚼によって唾液と混和されることで付着性が増大し、「ねちゃつき感」(唾液と食品が混和された時に口腔内で感じる粘着感)を感じるステージ。
咀嚼後期:咀嚼開始からの咀嚼回数が総咀嚼回数の2/3から3/3に相当する期間に該当する。食感でいうと、食塊の咀嚼が口腔内で継続されることによって食塊が唾液を吸収して水分量が増加することで硬さと付着性が減少する感覚、言い換えれば「食塊のほぐれやすさ」を感じるステージ。
「噛みだしの硬さ」の評価は、採点法(7段階尺度)にて実施した。具体的には、各パネルの内的基準を統一するための基準サンプルとして、基準品(1)ならびに基準品(2)を用意し、基準品(1)の「噛みだしの硬さ」を「1点」(柔らかい)、基準品(2)の「噛みだしの硬さ」を「7点」(硬い)に設定し、これとの対比で、各パネルに各被験食品の「噛みだしの硬さ」をスコアリングしてもらった。この「1点」及び「7点」の基準は、事前にパネル間で摺り合わせて、互いの判断にブレが生じないようにした。基準品(1)は、比較例1のパンと同じ処方のパンの製造において焼成条件を170℃30分に緩和して製造したものを使用した。また、基準品(2)は、前記基準品(1)の四方の耳を切断した後に、縦横5cm・厚さ1cmに切りオーブントースターにて3分間焼成し、室温に戻したものを使用した。なお、採点法は、「官能評価士テキスト」(日本官能評価学会編:2009、出版社 建帛社)の186~187頁の記載に基づいて実施した。なお、官能評価の実施にあたり、各パネルの内的基準を統一するために、事前にいくつかの膨化食品を用いて、上記方法で官能評価試験を行い、パネル間で「噛みだしの硬さ」という感覚をすり合わせて(試し評価・キャリブレーション)、各パネルが共通認識を持つようにした。この評価は、被験食品の別が分からないようにブラインドにて実施した。
「ねちゃつき感」の評価は、順位法(7段階)にて実施した。具体的には、各パネルに、各被験食品を食べてもらい、「ねちゃつき感」を感じる順番に並べて、さらにそれを7段階にカテゴライズしてもらった(1:ねちゃつき感がない又はねちゃつき感が最も低い、7:ねちゃつき感が最も強い)。なお、官能評価の実施にあたり、各パネルの内的基準を統一するために、事前にいくつかの膨化食品を用いて、上記方法で官能評価試験を行い、パネル間で「ねちゃつき感」という感覚をすり合わせて(試し評価・キャリブレーション)、各パネルが共通認識を持つようにした。この評価は、被験食品の別が分からないようにブラインドにて実施した。
「食塊のほぐれやすさ」の評価は、順位法(7段階)にて実施した。具体的には、各パネルに、各被験食品を食べてもらい、「食塊のほぐれやすさ」の順番に並べて、さらにそれを7段階にカテゴライズしてもらった(1:食塊が最もほぐれにくい、7:食塊が最もほぐれやすい)。なお、官能評価の実施にあたり、各パネルの内的基準を統一するために、事前にいくつかの膨化食品を用いて、上記方法で官能評価試験を行い、パネル間で「食塊のほぐれやすさ」という感覚をすり合わせて(試し評価・キャリブレーション)、各パネルが共通認識を持つようにした。この評価は、被験食品の別が分からないようにブラインドにて実施した。
Claims (15)
- 少なくとも下記の成分を含有し、小麦由来たんぱく質を実質的に含有しない膨化食品用生地組成物であって、
(a)全たんぱく質の90質量%以上を占める割合の乳たんぱく質、
(b)でん粉、
(c)膨張剤、及び
(d)水:
加熱処理することで膨化し、支持マトリックスを形成する、
前記膨化食品用生地組成物。 - 前記(a)乳たんぱく質が、カゼイン及びホエイたんぱく質よりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項1に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。
- 前記(a)乳たんぱく質が、乳発酵物に由来するたんぱく質を含むものである、請求項1又は2に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。
- (a)乳たんぱく質を含む可食性組成物を含有し、当該可食性組成物の少なくとも一つが乳発酵物である、請求項1に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。
- 前記(b)でん粉が、天然でん粉及び加工でん粉からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項1又は2に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。
- 前記(c)膨張剤が、酵母、ベーキングパウダー、重曹、及びイスパタからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項1又は2に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。
- さらに(e)増粘成分を含有する、請求項1又は2に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。
- 米加工物を実質的に含有しない膨化食品用生地組成物であって、
加熱処理することで、膨化し支持マトリックスを形成する、
請求項1又は2に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。 - 卵及び卵由来成分からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種又は全てを含有しない膨化食品用生地組成物であって、
加熱処理することで、膨化し支持マトリックスを形成する、
請求項1又は2に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物。 - 下記の割合で各成分を含有する請求項1又は2に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物:
(a)全たんぱく質:10~30質量%、
(b)でん粉:2~25質量%、
(c)膨張剤:0.05~5質量%、
(d)水:30~70質量%、
(f)増粘成分::0~30質量%。 - 請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物の加熱処理物である、膨化食品。
- 前記(c)膨張剤として酵母を含有する請求項6に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物を、発酵処理後、加熱処理して製造される、パン様の膨化食品。
- たんぱく質含量が10~31質量%、炭水化物含量が5~31質量%、脂質含量が0.1~20質量%である、請求項11又は12に記載する膨化食品。
- 請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物を、加熱処理する工程を有する、請求項11に記載する膨化食品の製造方法。
- (c)膨張剤として酵母を含有する請求項6に記載する膨化食品用生地組成物を、発酵処理に供した後、加熱処理する工程を有する、請求項12に記載するパン様の膨化食品の製造方法。
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