WO2022083517A1 - 天线罩及天线 - Google Patents

天线罩及天线 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022083517A1
WO2022083517A1 PCT/CN2021/124142 CN2021124142W WO2022083517A1 WO 2022083517 A1 WO2022083517 A1 WO 2022083517A1 CN 2021124142 W CN2021124142 W CN 2021124142W WO 2022083517 A1 WO2022083517 A1 WO 2022083517A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
layer
radome
openings
functional coating
opening
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2021/124142
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
陈勇
陈泽峰
黄发
顾爱军
Original Assignee
华为技术有限公司
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Application filed by 华为技术有限公司 filed Critical 华为技术有限公司
Publication of WO2022083517A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022083517A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/42—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
    • H01Q1/422—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome comprising two or more layers of dielectric material
    • H01Q1/424—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome comprising two or more layers of dielectric material comprising a layer of expanded material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/42—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/14—Reflecting surfaces; Equivalent structures

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the field of antenna technology, and in particular, to a radome and an antenna.
  • the antenna is installed in the outdoor environment to radiate and receive electromagnetic waves from the space. Its performance parameters directly affect the electromagnetic wave wireless transmission distance, coverage area, system stability and other indicators.
  • the radome is one of the necessary components of the antenna. It is required to effectively protect the radiating element of the antenna from the outdoor environment and maximize the penetration of electromagnetic waves. Generally, materials such as plastic are used, but the wave transmission performance of plastic materials is not good. ideal. In the natural environment, water film, ice, and snow are attached to the surface of the radome, which affects the transmission of electromagnetic waves, and manifests as adverse effects such as antenna gain reduction, beam deflection, and radiation distribution changes, which worsen as the frequency of electromagnetic waves increases.
  • the current solution includes the following two solutions.
  • the rain/snow cover is separated from the antenna, which increases the material cost and occupies the space of the iron tower, and cannot solve the problem that the wind is facing from the front.
  • the antenna is blowing rain and snow; the other is to add a cover cloth with a hydrophobic material outside the antenna, or spray the hydrophobic material directly on the antenna component to prevent rain, ice or snow, but the hydrophobic material is easily damaged by rain, ice or snow after a period of use.
  • Snow or gravel is rubbed off and the hydrophobicity is lost, so it needs to be replaced on a regular basis, cleaned up and sprayed, resulting in high costs in the later stage, which is not conducive to large-scale promotion.
  • the present application provides a radome that can not only prolong the service life of the hydrophobic coating but also ensure the transmission of electromagnetic waves.
  • a first aspect provides a radome, the radome includes a base body and a functional coating, the base body includes a first layer and a second layer located on one side of the first layer, the first layer is provided with a plurality of closed pores, and the second layer is provided.
  • the surface away from the first layer is concavely provided with a plurality of openings, the openings include a bottom wall and an opening arranged away from the first layer, the bottom wall is connected with the wall of at least one closed cell, and the functional coating is arranged at least in the openings.
  • the hole wall of the opening includes a bottom wall and a peripheral wall, one end of the peripheral wall is connected to the bottom wall, and the other end of the peripheral wall is the opening.
  • the peripheral wall of the opening of the second layer can be used to protect the functional coating in the opening and prevent the functional coating from being rubbed off, so that the radome can be used in an outdoor environment. Better functional properties are maintained over time, which means that the life of the functional coating can be extended.
  • the hydrophobic coating is prepared from a hydrophobic material, and waterproof is achieved through the unique micro-nano structure of the hydrophobic material.
  • the water droplet is on the surface of the hydrophobic coating, it will form a spherical shape due to surface tension, reaching a super-hydrophobic angle greater than 150°. Since the protrusions protrude outward and are extremely tiny micro-nano structures, they are easily damaged by external forces, resulting in a deterioration of the hydrophobic effect.
  • the hydrophobic coating is arranged in the opening, and the hydrophobic coating is deeply filled in the opening.
  • the peripheral wall of the opening can be used to protect the hydrophobic coating in the opening and prevent the protrusions from being rubbed. Lose.
  • the functional coating on the surface of the second layer is not protected by the peripheral wall of the opening, which may It is rubbed off by foreign objects, but because of the functional coating inside the opening, even after the functional coating on the second surface is rubbed off, the functional coating inside the opening can still maintain its functional properties, which can also prolong the use of the functional coating. life.
  • the bottom wall of the opening is connected to the wall of the closed cell, that is to say, the opening is connected to the closed cell, the closed cell is in a hollow state, and the cell wall has an elastic force.
  • the elastic force of the closed cell connected to the bottom wall of the opening can buffer part of the external force, thereby reducing the damage to the functional coating caused by the external force, so as to protect the functional coating. layer.
  • the bottom walls of some openings are connected with the cell wall of one closed cell, and the bottom walls of some openings are connected with the cell walls of two or more closed cells.
  • the closed pores of the first layer have air, and the air has extremely low electromagnetic wave penetration loss and low dielectric constant, so that the radome has low electromagnetic wave penetration loss value and low dielectric constant, which can improve electromagnetic waves. transmission performance.
  • the peripheral wall of the opening can prevent the functional coating from being rubbed off and can maintain good functional characteristics for a long time;
  • the matrix is a polymer microcellular foam matrix.
  • the polymer in the polymer microcellular foam matrix includes at least one of polypropylene, polystyrene, polyester foam matrix, rigid polyvinyl chloride, rigid polyurethane and polymethacrylimide.
  • the matrix can also be a non-polymeric matrix.
  • the polymeric microcellular foamed matrix is a polypropylene microcellular foamed matrix.
  • the polypropylene microcellular foam matrix has good mechanical properties, thermal stability and structural stability.
  • the polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet can be obtained by slitting, and any surface of the polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet has no openings and all are closed before the slitting.
  • the polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet is cut with a cut surface to obtain a polypropylene microcellular foamed matrix, and the cut cut surface is the surface of the second layer of the polypropylene microcellular foamed matrix.
  • the pores located on the cut surface are closed cells, after the cut surface is cut, the closed cells are cut into open cells, and the pores on the surface of the polypropylene microcellular foam matrix opposite the cut surface are closed cells.
  • the polypropylene microcellular foamed matrix obtained by cutting the polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet as the matrix.
  • the process is simple, no additional components are required, and the cost is saved. It has a certain degree of flexibility, and when it is impacted by external force, it can play a certain buffering role, thereby protecting the feed source or reflective substrate inside the radome.
  • the polymer microcellular foamed matrix can be obtained after cutting them.
  • the closed cells in the polymer microcellular foamed matrix are continuously distributed, and the closed cells are connected to each other through the cell walls, and the cells are distributed in the second layer after being cut open.
  • the openings are also distributed continuously, and the openings are connected to each other through the peripheral wall.
  • the polymer microcellular foamed sheet is obtained from the original polymer sheet through the foaming process.
  • the polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet is foamed by the CO2 supercritical foaming method.
  • the foaming parameters such as the foaming agent, foaming time, foaming temperature and foaming pressure in the foaming process can be used to obtain a polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet with a specified foaming ratio, for example, foaming the original polypropylene sheet to obtain foaming Polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet with a magnification of 25 times.
  • the foaming method and foaming parameters can be adapted and adjusted.
  • the foaming ratio is controlled by parameters such as foaming temperature, foaming pressure and foaming time, or the diameter distribution range of closed cells and open cells can be controlled by foaming parameters.
  • the thickness of the functional coating is less than or equal to the depth of the opening.
  • the depth direction of the opening is a direction perpendicular to the surface of the second layer of the radome.
  • the thickness of the functional coating is 1 micrometer to 5 micrometers, and the depth of the openings is 5 micrometers to 100 micrometers.
  • the functional properties of the functional coating can be maintained.
  • the thickness of the functional coating is greater than the depth of the opening, that is to say, the functional coating will accumulate on the surface of the second layer, and when the foreign matter falls on the surface, the part of the function that is higher than the depth of the opening will be worn away first. coating, while the part of the functional coating below the opening still maintains the functional properties.
  • the thickness of the functional coating can be set to be less than or equal to the depth of the opening.
  • the thickness of the functional coating is less than or equal to the depth of the opening. Due to process limitations, the thickness of the functional coating in a small part of the opening is allowed to be greater than the depth of the opening, but this The proportion of a small portion of the openings is within a preset error range. For example, when the functional coating is prepared by spraying functional materials by spraying, the thickness of the functional coating in a small part of the openings is larger than the depth of the openings due to the limitation of the spraying process accuracy.
  • the preset error can be controlled to 1 according to the process accuracy. % or 2%.
  • the diameter difference between the open pores and the closed pores is smaller than a preset value.
  • the polymer original sheet is foamed to form a polymer microcellular foamed matrix with multiple closed cells.
  • the diameter range distribution of the pores and the closed pores is the same, and the diameter difference between the open pores and the closed pores is smaller than the preset value.
  • the default value is 0.
  • the diameter difference refers to the difference between the diameter ranges of the open and closed cells, not the diameter difference between a single open cell and a single closed cell.
  • the diameter of the openings is 5 micrometers to 100 micrometers.
  • “5 micrometers-100 micrometers” in this application represents a range value, and the range includes the endpoint values at both ends.
  • the diameter of the opening is 5 micrometers to 100 micrometers, which means that the diameter of the openings is between 5 micrometers and 100 micrometers, and includes two endpoints of 5 micrometers and 100 micrometers.
  • the diameter of the opening is in the order of microns, which is relatively small. When a large foreign object falls on the substrate, it will not fall into the opening, which can isolate most of the external foreign objects, thereby protecting the holes in the opening.
  • Functional coating when a small foreign body falls into the opening, the very small size foreign body generally has a small mass and low impact force, and the functional coating itself can withstand it. It has a certain buffering effect to maximize the protection of the functional coating from being damaged by foreign matter, so as to prolong the service life of the functional coating.
  • the diameter of the opening is set to be greater than 100 microns, only foreign objects with a diameter of more than 100 microns can be isolated, which will affect the isolation rate of foreign objects with a diameter of less than 100 microns.
  • the diameter of the opening can also be set larger than 100 microns; when it is set to less than 5 microns, the process difficulty increases, and it is difficult to control when the foaming process is used, but with the progress of the process, the diameter of the openings can also be less than 5 microns.
  • the functional coating for protecting the isolation of small-sized foreign objects can be guaranteed, and the process difficulty can be reduced.
  • the diameter of the closed pores is 5 micrometers to 100 micrometers.
  • the diameter of the closed cells is set within the above range, on the one hand, it is conducive to the penetration of electromagnetic waves and improves the transmission performance of electromagnetic waves; on the other hand, under the same foaming ratio, when the diameter of the closed cells is set too large, the pores The wall will thicken, and the thickening of the hole wall will reduce the elasticity.
  • the closed hole connected to the opening its buffering ability to the impact of foreign objects will decrease, thereby damaging the functional coating.
  • the diameter of the closed hole is set too small, Then, when the polymer microcellular foamed matrix is used as the matrix, it is difficult for the foaming process to control the diameter of the closed cells to be smaller, which increases the difficulty of the process.
  • the functional coating is set as a hydrophobic coating in the present application, it is found through experiments that when the diameter of the closed cell is set within the above range, the hydrophobicity of the radome is better.
  • the diameter of the closed pores 310 may also be set to be larger than 100 microns, or smaller than 5 microns.
  • the matrix is a polymer microcellular foam matrix
  • the open cells are derived from closed cells, the diameter range distribution of closed cells and open cells is the same.
  • the shape of the openings can be hemispherical, spherical at any angle, ellipsoid, irregular surface, etc., and the shape of the closed pores can be spherical, ellipsoid, square, or irregular surface.
  • the ratio of the number of openings with a diameter of 5 micrometers to 50 micrometers to the number of all openings in the second layer is greater than a preset ratio.
  • the smaller the diameter of the openings the smaller the size of the isolated foreign objects.
  • the preset ratio can be set as required, for example, the preset ratio is 60%, 80% or 90%.
  • the ratio of the area of all openings with diameters of 5 microns to 50 microns in the second layer to the area of the surface of the second layer away from the first layer is greater than the predetermined area ratio.
  • the area ratio is used to improve the isolation effect of isolating foreign objects.
  • the preset area ratio is 50%, 70% or 90%.
  • the matrix is a polypropylene microcellular foam matrix
  • the openings are derived from closed cells after incision
  • the selection can be made according to the state of the cut surface after incision. For example, when a polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet is cut with a cut surface to obtain a polypropylene microcellular foamed matrix, and it is found through testing that the number of openings with a diameter of 5 microns to 50 microns in the second layer is less than 60%, it can be Cut the polypropylene microcellular foam matrix with another section to obtain a new polypropylene microcellular foam matrix. It is found through detection that the number of openings with a diameter of 5 microns to 50 microns in the second layer is greater than 60%.
  • the polypropylene microcellular foamed matrix can be used as the matrix, and the ratio of the number of openings with a diameter of 5 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m in the second layer to the number of all openings in the second layer is greater than the preset ratio. .
  • the above method can also be used.
  • the method for detecting the diameter of the closed pores includes observing and detecting by using a microscopic electron microscope.
  • the number or area ratio of the openings with smaller diameters can be reversely determined by counting the openings with larger diameters in the second layer.
  • the openings on the substrate can be obtained by methods such as laser laser, chemical etching or deposition, and the individual openings with a diameter of 5 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m in the second layer can be obtained by adjusting the process parameters.
  • the ratio of the number to the number of all openings is greater than the preset ratio, or the area ratio of the openings with diameters of 5 to 50 microns in the second layer to the surface of the second layer away from the first layer is greater than the preset area ratio.
  • the thickness of the pore walls of the open pores is 0.1 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m
  • the thickness of the pore walls of the closed pores is 0.1 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m
  • the hole wall of the opening includes a bottom wall and a peripheral wall
  • the thickness of the bottom wall and the peripheral wall is 0.1 micrometers to 2 micrometers.
  • the wall thickness of the open and closed cells is set within the above range, which can also make the closed cell wall and the bottom wall of the open cell have better elastic force, thereby buffering the loss of the functional coating in the open cell by foreign matter .
  • the wall thickness of the openings can also be set to be greater than 2 microns, or less than 0.1 microns.
  • the thickness of the hole wall of the opening can be achieved by laser laser, chemical etching or deposition.
  • the functional coating includes at least one of a hydrophobic coating, a self-cleaning coating, a high temperature resistant coating or an antibacterial and antifungal coating.
  • the hydrophobic coating is used to block the rain, ice and snow on the surface of the radome
  • the self-cleaning coating can be used to block the dust on the surface of the radome
  • the high temperature resistant coating can be used for heat insulation
  • the antibacterial and antifungal coating can be used to prevent the surface of the radome from antibacterial and antibacterial.
  • the specific functional coating type can be selected according to the application environment of the radome.
  • the hydrophobic coating is a super-hydrophobic nano-coating, which has a good hydrophobic anti-ice and snow effect, and can make the surface contact angle of the second layer greater than 150°.
  • the hydrophobic coating may also be an organic hydrophobic coating.
  • the high temperature resistant coating is a PTFE modified fluororesin coating.
  • the antimicrobial anti-mildew coating is a fluorocarbon anti-mildew coating.
  • the functional coating includes two or more of the above coatings.
  • some functional coatings include both hydrophobic and self-cleaning functions. For example, different areas on the substrate can be used as required. Set hydrophobic coating and antibacterial and anti-mildew coating respectively.
  • the functional coating may also be other functional coatings, and a functional coating that does not affect the transmission of electromagnetic waves is preferably selected.
  • a plurality of protrusions are provided on the surface of the second layer away from the first layer.
  • the convex part is spherical, conical or cylindrical, etc.
  • the convex part can further protect the functional coating from being rubbed off.
  • the protrusions are uniformly distributed on the second layer.
  • the size and number of the convex portions can be set according to the size of the radome, which is not limited in this application.
  • the surface of the second layer away from the first layer is a plane or a curved surface.
  • the contact point of the second layer with a curved surface and the conveying tool is not the entire surface of the second layer during the handling process, which can reduce the number of handling tools and antennas during the handling process.
  • the contact area of the radome can be reduced, thereby reducing frictional damage to the radome by handling tools.
  • the second layer is a curved surface
  • the openings of the openings are distributed on the curved surface.
  • the curved surface shown in the figure is wavy.
  • the curved surface can also be in an arc shape.
  • the radome can be adapted to the shape of the reflective substrate to be a pot-shaped arc surface.
  • the surface of the second layer away from the first layer is a curved surface
  • the curved surface includes a plurality of concave subsurfaces and convex subsurfaces that are staggered and connected, and the center of curvature of the concave subsurface is located away from the second layer.
  • the center of curvature of the convex subsurface is located on the side of the second layer adjacent to the first layer, and the width of the concave subsurface is greater than that of the convex subsurface.
  • the curvature and width of the concave subsurface can be set according to product requirements.
  • the base body includes a plurality of base body sub-layers arranged in layers, at least one surface of the base body sub-layer is provided with a plurality of openings, and the openings are enclosed with the surfaces of adjacent base sub-layers to form closed cells .
  • the plurality of base sub-layers include two or more base sub-layers.
  • the openings in the base sublayer can be prepared by methods such as laser laser, chemical etching, or deposition.
  • the base body includes three base body sublayers, which are a first base body sublayer, a second base body sublayer and a third base body sublayer, respectively.
  • Openings are first formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the first base body sublayer, and then The first base layer and the second base sub-layer are laminated, the openings on one surface of the first base sublayer become closed cells, and the openings on the other surface of the first base sublayer are in the second layer. of openings.
  • the two base sublayers may be provided with a plurality of openings corresponding to each other, and then the surfaces of the two base sublayers with openings are combined, and the openings become closed cells, as shown in the figure Closed pores in the second substrate sublayer and the third substrate sublayer.
  • the number of substrate sublayers in the substrate is not limited to only three, but may also be two or other numbers, which can be set according to actual needs.
  • one of the substrate sub-layers can be formed with openings on the upper and lower surfaces, and one of the surfaces of the other substrate sub-layer can be formed with openings, and then the two substrate sub-layers can be overlapped and arranged, wherein The openings located on the outer surface are the openings of the second layer, and the openings enclosed by the two substrate sub-layers inside become closed pores.
  • other functional layers such as a heat-resistant layer, may also be disposed between the multiple laminated substrate sub-layers, and one or more functional layers may be added without affecting the transmission of electromagnetic waves.
  • the side of the substrate away from the functional coating may also have other functional layers, such as a heat-resistant layer, and one or more functional layers may be added without affecting the transmission of electromagnetic waves.
  • the thickness of the radome is 8mm-60mm.
  • the hardness of the radome is related to the foaming ratio and thickness of the polymer microcellular foaming matrix. The higher the foaming ratio, the thinner the thickness, the lower the hardness and the flexibility. also higher.
  • the thickness and structural strength of the radome of the present application can be set according to actual product requirements. When the radome is applied to the antenna, the radome needs to have certain structural strength and certain flexibility, which can achieve strong structural support. Toughness buffers hard friction damage to the radome surface.
  • the thickness of the radome can be set smaller.
  • the specific thickness of the radome is not limited to the above thickness range, and the specific thickness and size of the radome can be set according to the actual size of the antenna.
  • an antenna in a second aspect, includes a feed source, a reflective substrate and the radome as described above, the feed source and the radome are fixed on the reflective substrate, and the feed source is located between the incident surface of the reflective substrate and the radome between.
  • Including the above-mentioned radome can protect the feed source and the reflective substrate, and does not affect the electromagnetic wave transmission performance of the antenna.
  • an antenna in a third aspect, includes a feed source, a reflective substrate and the above-mentioned radome, the radome is arranged on the incident surface of the reflective substrate, and the feed source is arranged on the side of the radome away from the reflective substrate. Including the above-mentioned radome can protect the reflective substrate without affecting the electromagnetic wave transmission performance of the antenna.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an antenna provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a signal transmitted by an antenna provided by an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of an antenna receiving signals provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an antenna provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a radome provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 6a is a partial enlarged view of N part in Fig. 5;
  • Fig. 6b is a scanning electron microscope image of the surface of the base of the radome provided by an embodiment of the present application with openings;
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a radome in the prior art being rubbed by foreign objects according to an embodiment of the present application;
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of a radome rubbed by foreign objects according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic structural diagram of the polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet provided by an embodiment of the present application before it is cut;
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of the polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet provided by an embodiment of the present application after being cut;
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic structural diagram of the polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet provided by an embodiment of the present application before it is cut;
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic structural diagram of the polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet provided by an embodiment of the present application after being cut;
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic structural diagram of a radome provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic structural diagram of a radome provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • 15 is a schematic structural diagram of a radome provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • 16 is a schematic diagram of the preparation of the base of the radome provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 17 is a schematic structural diagram of a base body of a radome provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 18 is a schematic structural diagram of a base body of a radome provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 19 is a schematic structural diagram of a base body of a radome provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • 20 is a schematic diagram of the waterproof effect of the radome provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • 21 is a schematic diagram of the waterproof effect of the radome provided by a comparative embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram of the anti-snow effect of the radome provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram of the anti-snow effect of a radome provided by a comparative embodiment of the present application.
  • 24 is a schematic structural diagram of an electromagnetic wave transmission signal of a radome provided by a comparative embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 25 is a test effect diagram of the radome provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • first, second, etc. are only used for descriptive purposes, and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined as “first” or “second” may expressly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this application, unless stated otherwise, “plurality” means two or more.
  • orientation terms such as “upper” and “lower” are defined relative to the orientation in which the structures in the accompanying drawings are schematically placed, and it should be understood that these directional terms are relative concepts, and they are used relative to descriptions and clarifications, which can vary accordingly depending on the orientation in which the structure is placed.
  • UV ultraviolet, ultraviolet light.
  • CO 2 carbon dioxide
  • PTFE Poly tetra fluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • a diameter of 5 micrometers to 100 micrometers means a diameter between 5 micrometers and 100 micrometers, inclusive.
  • the application provides a radome and an antenna.
  • the radome includes a base body and a functional coating.
  • the base body includes a first layer and a second layer located on one side of the first layer.
  • the first layer is provided with a plurality of closed holes, and the second layer
  • the surface away from the first layer is concavely provided with a plurality of openings, the openings include a bottom wall and an opening arranged away from the first layer, the bottom wall is connected with the wall of at least one closed cell, and the functional coating is arranged at least in the openings.
  • the radome can prevent the functional coating from being rubbed off by arranging it in the opening, and the closed pores in the first layer can buffer part of the external force, reduce the damage of the external force to the functional coating, and thus can maintain a relatively long time.
  • the closed pores of the first layer can also make the radome have low electromagnetic wave penetration loss value and low dielectric constant, which is beneficial to electromagnetic wave transmission.
  • an embodiment of the present application provides an antenna 1 , which includes a feed 10 , a reflective substrate 20 and a radome 30 , the feed 10 and the radome 30 are fixed on the reflective substrate 20 , and the feed 10 is located on the reflective substrate 20 between the incident surface 21 and the radome 30 .
  • the reflective substrate 20 is a pot-shaped reflective substrate
  • the center of the reflective substrate 20 has an installation position, and is installed on the support 40 through the installation position
  • the feed source 10 is fixed on the support 40 through the feed pipe 50
  • the radome 30 is fixedly connected to the edge of the reflective surface 20 and is located in the center of the reflective substrate 20 .
  • the radome 30 and the reflective surface 20 enclose a receiving space 60 , and the feed 10 is located in the receiving space 60 .
  • the shape of the reflective substrate 20 may also be a trumpet shape, a paraboloid shape, a rectangle shape or other curved shapes.
  • the feed 10 is used for transmitting and receiving signals
  • the reflective substrate 20 is used for reflecting signals
  • the feed pipe 50 is used for supporting the feed 10 and for transmitting the received signal of the feed 10 and the transmitted signal of the feed 10
  • the radome 30 is used to protect the antenna 1 from being damaged by rain, snow or sand. Please refer to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 , FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the antenna 1 transmitting a signal, and FIG.
  • the antenna 1 receives a signal.
  • the specific working process of the antenna 1 is as follows: when transmitting a signal, the signal is transmitted to the After the feed 10, the feed 10 radiates the electromagnetic wave M outward, is reflected by the incident surface 21 of the reflective substrate 20 and radiates into the space through the radome 30; in the receiving direction, the electromagnetic wave M in the space penetrates the radome 30 and enters the antenna 1 is reflected and converged to the feed source 10 by the reflective substrate 20 .
  • the electromagnetic wave M can be a signal wave in any frequency band in the range of 700MHz-110GHz.
  • the antenna 1 in this embodiment may be a microwave antenna. It should be noted that the structure of the antenna 1 shown in FIG. 1 does not constitute a limitation on the antenna 1, and may include more or less components, or combine some components, or split some components, or arrange different components .
  • the second layer of the radome 30 of the present application is disposed away from the feed source 10 , that is, the side with the openings and the functional coating faces the external environment.
  • the functional coating is a hydrophobic coating
  • the radome 30 can both It ensures the signal transmission performance of the electromagnetic wave signal, and also prolongs the service life of the hydrophobic coating, avoiding adverse effects such as the decrease of the gain of the antenna 1, the deflection of the beam, and the change of the radiation distribution caused by the friction and damage of the rain, snow and sand.
  • an embodiment of the present application provides an antenna 2 , which includes a feed source 10 , a reflective substrate 20 and a radome 30 , the radome 30 is arranged on the incident surface 21 of the reflective substrate 20 , and the feed source 10 is arranged on the radome
  • the side of the reflective substrate 30 away from the reflective substrate 20 can be installed on the reflective substrate 20 through the feed pipe 50 .
  • the second layer of the radome 30 is disposed farther from the reflective substrate 20 than the first layer.
  • the specific working process of the antenna 2 is as follows: when transmitting a signal, the feed 10 radiates the electromagnetic wave outward, enters the incident surface 21 of the reflective substrate 20 through the radome 30 and reflects it into the external space; in the receiving direction, the electromagnetic wave in the external space
  • the radome 30 penetrates into the reflective substrate 20 and is reflected and converged to the feed source 10 .
  • the radome 30 only covers the reflective substrate 20 but does not cover the feed 10 , and is directly laid on the reflective substrate 20 .
  • the antenna 2 in this embodiment may be a satellite antenna.
  • the reflective substrate 20 has a parabolic shape. In other embodiments, the shape of the reflective substrate 20 may also be a trumpet shape, a rectangle or other curved shapes. It should be noted that the structure of the antenna 2 shown in FIG. 4 does not constitute a limitation on the antenna 2, and may include more or less components, or combine some components, or split some components, or arrange different components.
  • the radome 30 includes a base body 100 and a functional coating 200 .
  • the base body 100 includes a first layer 110 and a second layer located on one side of the first layer 110 .
  • Layer 120 the first layer 110 is provided with a plurality of closed pores 310, the surface of the second layer 120 away from the first layer 110 is concave with a plurality of openings 320, the openings 320 include a bottom wall 321 and are arranged away from the first layer 110
  • the opening 322 (as shown in FIG. 6 a ), the bottom wall 321 is connected with the hole wall 311 of the at least one closed hole 310 , and the functional coating 200 is arranged at least in the opening hole 320 .
  • the hole wall of the opening 320 includes a bottom wall 321 and a peripheral wall 323. One end of the peripheral wall 323 is connected to the bottom wall 321, and the other end of the peripheral wall 323 is the opening 322.
  • the peripheral wall 323 of the opening 320 of the second layer 120 can be used to protect the functional coating 200 in the opening 320 and prevent the functional coating
  • the layer 200 is rubbed off, so that the radome 30 can maintain good functional properties for a long time when used in an outdoor environment, that is, the life of the functional coating 200 can be prolonged. Please refer to FIG.
  • the hydrophobic coating 210 is made of a hydrophobic material, and waterproofing is achieved through the specific micro-nano structure of the hydrophobic material.
  • the micro-nano structure is characterized by the surface of the hydrophobic coating 210 .
  • Micron-scale protrusions 211 are formed, and there are nano-scale "burrs" on each micron-scale protrusion 211.
  • the protrusions 211 protrude outward and have extremely tiny micro-nano structures, they are easily damaged by external forces, resulting in the deterioration of the hydrophobic effect.
  • the friction of various foreign objects 400 caused by the vibration of packaging and transportation, the friction of various media caused by touching and bumping during installation and maintenance, and the impact of dust during long-term outdoor use, etc. will directly act on the protrusions 211.
  • the hydrophobic coating 210 is arranged in the opening 320 , and the hydrophobic coating 210 is deeply filled in the opening 320 , and the peripheral wall 323 of the opening 320 can be used for protection when there are external foreign objects 400 rubbing against it.
  • the hydrophobic coating 210 in the opening prevents the protrusions 211 from being rubbed off.
  • the functional coating 200 on the surface of the second layer 120 is not opened.
  • the protection of the surrounding wall 323 of the hole 320 will be rubbed off by the foreign objects 400, but since the opening 320 has the functional coating 200 inside, even after the functional coating 200 on the surface of the second layer 120 is rubbed off, the functional coating inside the opening 320 200 can still maintain functional properties, which can also extend the service life of the functional coating 200.
  • the bottom wall 321 of the opening hole 320 is connected with the hole wall 311 of the closed hole 310 (as shown in FIG. 6a ), that is to say, the opening hole 320 is connected with the closed hole 310 , the closed hole 310 is in a hollow state, and the hole wall 311
  • the elastic force of the closed hole 310 connected with the bottom wall 321 of the opening 320 can buffer part of the outside Therefore, damage to the functional coating 200 caused by external forces can be reduced, so as to protect the functional coating 200 .
  • the bottom walls 321 of some openings 320 are connected to the wall 311 of one closed cell 310 , and the bottom walls 321 of some openings 320 are connected to the walls 311 of two or more closed cells 310 .
  • the closed cells 310 of the first layer 110 have air, and the air has extremely low electromagnetic wave penetration loss and low dielectric constant, so that the radome 30 has low electromagnetic wave penetration loss value and low dielectric constant, and further It can improve the transmission performance of electromagnetic waves.
  • the peripheral wall 323 of the opening 320 can prevent the functional coating 200 from being rubbed off and can maintain good functional properties for a long time. Part of the external force is buffered to reduce the damage to the functional coating 200 caused by the external force.
  • the closed pores 310 of the first layer 110 can make the radome 30 have low electromagnetic wave penetration loss value and low dielectric constant, which is beneficial to electromagnetic waves. transmission.
  • the matrix 100 is a polymer microcellular foamed matrix.
  • the polymer in the polymer microcellular foam matrix includes at least one of polypropylene, polystyrene, polyester foam matrix, rigid polyvinyl chloride, rigid polyurethane and polymethacrylimide.
  • the matrix 100 may also be a non-polymeric matrix.
  • the polymeric microcellular foamed matrix is polypropylene microcellular foamed matrix 101 .
  • the polypropylene microcellular foamed matrix 101 has good mechanical properties, thermal stability and structural stability.
  • the polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet 3 can be obtained by cutting it. Before the cutting, there are no openings 320 on any surface of the polypropylene microcellular foaming sheet 3, and all are closed. . Please refer to FIGS. 9 and 10.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic structural diagram of the polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet 3 before it is cut
  • FIG. 10 is a structural schematic diagram of the polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet 3 after cutting with the cut plane L.
  • the polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet 3 is cut with the cut surface L to obtain the polypropylene microcellular foamed matrix 101, and the cut cut surface is the surface of the second layer 120 of the polypropylene microcellular foamed matrix 101,
  • the hole located on the cutting plane L is the closed cell 310.
  • the closed cell 310 is cut into the open cell 320.
  • the polypropylene microcellular foam matrix 101 is opposite to the cutting plane L.
  • the holes of the provided surface are closed holes 310 .
  • the foam base 101 has a certain flexibility as a whole, and can play a certain buffering role when being impacted by an external force, thereby protecting the feed source 10 or the reflective substrate 20 inside the radome 300 .
  • the polymer microcellular foamed matrix can be obtained after cutting them.
  • the closed cells 310 in the polymer microcellular foamed matrix are continuously distributed, and the closed cells 310 are connected to each other through the cell walls 311.
  • the openings 320 distributed in the second layer 120 are also continuously distributed, and the openings 320 are connected to each other through the peripheral wall 323, as shown in FIG.
  • the irregular circle in Fig. 6b is the opening 320
  • the white periphery of the circle is the peripheral wall 323 of the opening 320. It can be seen from Fig. 6b that the openings 320 are connected to each other through the peripheral wall 323.
  • the polymer microcellular foamed sheet 3 is obtained from the original polymer sheet through a foaming process.
  • the polypropylene original sheet is foamed by CO Control the foaming parameters such as foaming agent, foaming time, foaming temperature and foaming pressure in the foaming process to obtain a polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet 3 with a specified foaming ratio, for example, foaming the original polypropylene sheet A polypropylene microcellular foamed sheet 3 with an expansion ratio of 25 times was obtained.
  • the foaming method and foaming parameters can be adapted and adjusted.
  • the foaming ratio is controlled by parameters such as foaming temperature, foaming pressure and foaming time, or the diameter distribution range of closed cells 310 and open cells 320 can be controlled by foaming parameters. .
  • the thickness of the functional coating 200 is less than or equal to the depth of the opening 320 .
  • the depth direction of the opening 320 is a direction perpendicular to the surface of the second layer 120 of the radome 30 .
  • the thickness of the functional coating 200 is 1 micrometer to 5 micrometers, and the depth of the openings 320 is 5 micrometers to 100 micrometers.
  • the thickness of the functional coating 200 is equal to the depth of the opening 320 , when the foreign matter 400 rubs the surface of the second layer 320 , it can only damage the functional coating 200 at the position of the opening 322 at most, while the functional coating located inside the opening 320 200 will not be worn away and the functional properties of the functional coating 20 can also be maintained.
  • the thickness of the functional coating 200 is greater than the depth of the opening 320 , that is to say, the functional coating 200 will accumulate on the surface of the second layer 120 , and when the foreign matter 400 falls on the surface of the surface 320 , it will first wear off more than the opening 320 .
  • the portion of the functional coating 200 at the depth of the hole 320 and the portion of the functional coating 200 below the opening 322 can still maintain functional properties.
  • the thickness of the functional coating 200 can be set to be less than or equal to the depth of the opening 320 .
  • the thickness of the functional coating 200 is less than or equal to the depth of the openings 320. Due to process limitations, the thickness of the functional coating 200 in a small part of the openings 320 is allowed to be greater than that of the openings 320. , but the proportion of the small portion of the openings 320 is within a preset error range. For example, when the functional coating 200 is prepared by spraying the functional material by spraying, the thickness of the functional coating 200 in a small part of the openings 320 is larger than the depth of the openings 320 due to the limitation of the spraying process precision. Let the error be 1% or 2%.
  • the diameter difference between the opening hole 320 and the closed hole 310 is smaller than a preset value.
  • the polymer original sheet is foamed to form a polymer microcellular foamed matrix with a plurality of closed cells 320, since the open cells 320 are formed by cutting the closed cells 320. Therefore, the diameter range distribution of the openings 320 and the closed pores 310 is the same, and the diameter difference between the openings 320 and the closed pores 310 is smaller than the preset value.
  • the default value is 0.
  • the diameter difference refers to the difference between the diameter ranges of the opening 320 and the closed cell 310 , and does not refer to the diameter difference between a single opening 320 and a single closed cell 310 .
  • the diameter difference between the open cells 320 and the closed cells 310 is smaller than the preset value, the polymer microcellular foamed matrix is well controlled during the foaming process and is easy to form.
  • the diameter of the openings 320 is 5 micrometers to 100 micrometers.
  • “5 micrometers-100 micrometers” in this application represents a range value, and the range includes the endpoint values at both ends.
  • the diameter of the opening 320 is 5 micrometers to 100 micrometers, which means that the diameter of the openings 320 is between 5 micrometers and 100 micrometers, and includes the two endpoints of 5 micrometers and 100 micrometers.
  • the diameter of the openings 320 is micron-level, which is relatively small.
  • the larger foreign objects 400 fall on the substrate 100, they will not fall into the openings 320, which can isolate most of the external foreign objects, thereby protecting the The functional coating 200 in the opening 320; when a small foreign object 400 falls into the opening 320, the very small size foreign object generally has a small mass and low impact force, and the functional coating 200 itself can withstand it, plus The hole wall 311 of the closed hole 310 below the opening hole 320 has a certain buffering effect, so as to maximize the protection of the functional coating 200 from being damaged by foreign objects, so as to prolong the service life of the functional coating 200 .
  • the diameter of the opening 320 is set to be larger than 100 microns, only foreign objects with a diameter larger than 100 microns can be isolated, which will affect the isolation rate for the foreign objects 400 with a diameter smaller than 100 microns.
  • the diameter of the openings 320 is set to be greater than 100 microns; when the diameter is set to be less than 5 microns, the process difficulty increases, and it is difficult to control when the foaming process is used, but with the progress of the process, the diameter of the openings 320 can also be less than 5 microns.
  • the thickness is between 5 microns and 100 microns, the protective functional coating 200 can be isolated from small-sized foreign objects, and the process difficulty can be reduced.
  • the diameter of the closed pores 310 is 5 micrometers to 100 micrometers.
  • the diameter of the closed cells 310 is set within the above range, on the one hand, it is conducive to the penetration of electromagnetic waves and improves the electromagnetic wave transmission performance; on the other hand, under the same foaming ratio, when the diameter of the closed cells 310 is set too large, the closed cells
  • the hole wall 311 of 310 will become thicker, and the thickening of the hole wall 311 will reduce the elasticity.
  • the closed hole 310 connected to the opening hole 320 its buffering ability to the impact of foreign objects will decrease, thereby damaging the functional coating 200.
  • the diameter of the pores 310 is set too small, when the polymer microcellular foamed matrix is used as the matrix 100, it is difficult for the foaming process to control the diameter of the closed cells 310 to be smaller, which increases the difficulty of the process.
  • the functional coating 200 is set as the hydrophobic coating 210 in the present application, it is found through experiments that when the diameter of the closed cell 310 is set within the above range, the hydrophobic property of the radome 30 is better.
  • the diameter of the closed pores 310 may also be set to be larger than 100 microns, or smaller than 5 microns.
  • the open cells 320 are derived from the closed cells 310, the diameter ranges of the closed cells 320 and the open cells 310 are the same.
  • the shape of the opening hole 320 can be hemispherical, spherical, ellipsoid, irregular curved surface, etc.
  • the shape of the closed hole 310 can be spherical, ellipsoidal, square, or irregular curved surface.
  • the ratio of the number of the openings 320 with diameters of 5 micrometers to 50 micrometers to the number of all openings 320 in the second layer 120 is greater than a preset ratio.
  • the preset ratio can be set as required, for example, the preset ratio is 60%, 80% or 90%.
  • the area ratio of all the openings 320 with diameters of 5 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m in the second layer 120 to the area of the surface of the second layer 120 away from the first layer 110 is greater than a predetermined area ratio, by setting a small diameter
  • the area ratio of the openings 320 is so as to improve the isolation effect of isolating the foreign objects 400 .
  • the preset area ratio is 50%, 70% or 90%.
  • the substrate 100 is a polypropylene microcellular foamed substrate
  • the openings 320 are derived from the closed cells 310 after incision
  • the selection can be made according to the condition of the incised section.
  • Fig. 9 to Fig. 12 wherein Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 are schematic diagrams of the structure before and after cutting the polypropylene microcellular foam sheet 3 with the cut plane L, and Fig. 11 and Fig.
  • the polypropylene microcellular foaming The schematic diagram of the structure after the sheet 3 is cut with the cutting plane L1, when the polypropylene microcellular foaming sheet 3 is cut with the cutting plane L, the polypropylene microcellular foaming matrix 101 is obtained, and it is found that the diameter of the second layer 120 is 5
  • the polypropylene microcellular foam matrix 101 can be cut with the cutting plane L1 to obtain a new polypropylene microcellular foam matrix 102, and the second layer can be found through detection.
  • the polypropylene microcellular foamed matrix 102 can be used as the matrix 100.
  • the diameter of the second layer 120 is selected to be 5 micrometers-
  • the ratio of the number of openings 320 of 50 microns to the total number of openings 320 is greater than the predetermined ratio of the base 100 .
  • the above method can also be used to solve the problem. choose.
  • the method for detecting the diameter of the closed hole 320 includes observing and detecting using a microscopic electron microscope.
  • the number or area ratio of the openings 320 with smaller diameters can be reversely determined by counting the openings 320 with larger diameters in the second layer 120 .
  • the openings 320 on the substrate 100 can be obtained by laser, chemical etching or deposition, etc., and the second layer 120 can be obtained by adjusting the process parameters with a diameter of 5-50 microns.
  • the ratio of the number of openings 320 to the number of all openings 320 is greater than the preset ratio, or the openings 320 with a diameter of 5 ⁇ m-50 ⁇ m in the second layer 120 occupy the second layer 120 away from the first layer 110 .
  • the area ratio of the surface is greater than the preset area ratio.
  • the thickness of the hole wall of the opening hole 320 is 0.1 ⁇ m-2 ⁇ m
  • the thickness of the hole wall of the closed hole 310 is 0.1 ⁇ m-2 ⁇ m
  • the hole wall of the opening 320 includes a bottom wall 321 and a peripheral wall 323, and the thickness of the bottom wall 321 and the peripheral wall 323 is 0.1 ⁇ m-2 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the hole wall of the opening hole 320 and the closed hole 310 is set within the above range, which can also make the hole wall 11 of the closed hole 310 and the bottom wall 321 of the opening hole 320 have better elastic force, thereby buffering the foreign objects 400 to the opening hole. Loss of functional coating 200 in 320.
  • the thickness of the hole wall of the opening 320 can also be set to be greater than 2 microns, or less than 0.1 microns.
  • the thickness of the hole wall of the opening 320 can be achieved by methods such as laser laser, chemical etching or deposition.
  • the functional coating 200 includes at least one of a hydrophobic coating 210, a self-cleaning coating, a high temperature resistant coating, or an antibacterial and mildew proof coating.
  • the hydrophobic coating 210 is used to block the rain, ice and snow on the surface of the radome 30, the self-cleaning coating can be used to block the dust on the surface of the radome 30, the high temperature resistant coating can be used for heat insulation, and the antibacterial and mildew-proof coating can be used to protect the radome.
  • the surface of the radome 30 is antibacterial and mildew-proof, and a specific type of functional coating 200 can be selected according to the application environment of the radome 30 .
  • the hydrophobic coating 210 is a super-hydrophobic nano-coating, which has a good hydrophobic anti-ice and snow effect, and can make the surface contact angle of the second layer 120 greater than 150°.
  • the hydrophobic coating 210 may also be an organic hydrophobic coating.
  • the high temperature resistant coating is a PTFE modified fluororesin coating.
  • the antimicrobial anti-mildew coating is a fluorocarbon anti-mildew coating.
  • the functional coating 200 includes two or more of the above-mentioned coatings.
  • some functional coatings 200 include both hydrophobic and self-cleaning functions. For example, they can be applied on the substrate 100 as required.
  • the hydrophobic coating 210 and the antibacterial and mildew-proof coating are respectively set in different areas of the .
  • the functional coating 200 may also be other functional coatings, and the functional coating 200 that does not affect the transmission of electromagnetic waves is preferably selected.
  • a plurality of protrusions 130 are provided on the surface of the second layer 120 away from the first layer 110 .
  • the convex part 130 is a spherical, conical or cylindrical body, etc.
  • the convex part 130 can further protect the functional coating 200 from being rubbed off, such as friction of various foreign objects caused by vibration of packaging and transportation, and various types of friction caused by touching and bumping during installation and maintenance. Media friction, etc.
  • the protrusions 130 are evenly distributed on the second layer 120 .
  • the size and number of the protrusions 130 can be set according to the size of the radome 30, which is not limited in this application.
  • the surface of the second layer 120 away from the first layer 110 is a plane or a curved surface 140 .
  • the surface of the second layer 120 away from the first layer 110 is a curved surface 140 (as shown in FIG. 14 )
  • the contact point between the second layer 120 with the curved surface 140 and the handling tool is not the entire second layer 120 Therefore, the contact area between the carrying tool and the radome 30 can be reduced during the carrying process, thereby reducing friction damage to the radome 30 caused by the carrying tool.
  • the openings 322 of the openings 320 are distributed on the curved surface 140 .
  • the curved surface 140 may also have an arc shape.
  • the radome 30 when the radome 30 is applied to the antenna 1 in FIG. 1 , the radome 30 may be adapted to the shape of the reflective substrate 20 to be a pot-shaped arc surface.
  • the surface of the second layer 120 away from the first layer 110 is a curved surface 140 .
  • the center of curvature of the subsurface 141 is located on the side of the second layer 120 away from the first layer 110
  • the center of curvature of the convex subsurface 142 is located on the side of the second layer 120 adjacent to the first layer 110
  • the width of the concave subsurface 141 greater than the width of the convex sub-face 142 .
  • the curvature and width of the concave sub-surface 141 can be set according to product requirements.
  • the curvature and width of the concave sub-surface 141 are set larger, which is conducive to the sliding of snow and rain, while the width and curved surface of the convex sub-surface 142 are set smaller. , to reduce the contact area between the convex sub-surface 142 and the foreign matter, so as to protect the functional coating 200 in the concave sub-surface 141 and avoid being rubbed off during handling.
  • the base body 100 includes a plurality of base body sub-layers 150 arranged in layers, and at least one surface of the base body sub-layer 150 is provided with a plurality of openings 320 , and the openings 320 A closed cell 310 is formed by surrounding with the surface of the adjacent base sub-layer 150 .
  • the plurality of base sub-layers 150 include two or more than two base sub-layers 150 .
  • the openings 320 in the base sub-layer 150 can be prepared by methods such as laser laser, chemical etching, or deposition. As shown in FIG.
  • the substrate 100 includes three substrate sublayers 150 , which are a first substrate sublayer 151 , a second substrate sublayer 152 and a third substrate sublayer 153 .
  • Openings 320 are formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the sublayer 151, and then the first base layer 151 and the second base sublayer 152 are bonded together, and the openings 320 on one surface of the first base sublayer 151 become closed pores 310 (eg 17 ), the openings 320 on the other surface of the first base sub-layer 151 are the openings 320 in the second layer 120 .
  • the two base sublayers 150 may be provided with a plurality of openings 320 corresponding to each other, and then the surfaces of the two base sublayers 150 with the openings 320 are aligned, and the openings 320 become closed. Holes 310, such as closed holes 310 in the second substrate sub-layer 152 and the third substrate sub-layer 153 in FIG. 16 .
  • the base sub-layers 152 in the base 100 are not limited to only three, but may also be two or other numbers, which can be set according to actual needs.
  • one of the base sub-layers 150 may be formed with openings 320 on the upper and lower surfaces, and the other base sub-layer 150 may be formed with openings 320 on one surface thereof, and then the two base sub-layers 150 may be formed with openings 320.
  • the layers 150 are overlapped, wherein the openings 320 on the outer surface are the openings 320 of the second layer 120 , and the openings 320 enclosed by the two substrate sub-layers 150 inside become the closed pores 310 .
  • a heat-resistant layer 160 may be disposed between the multiple laminated substrate sub-layers 150, and one or more functional layers may be added without affecting the transmission of electromagnetic waves. layer.
  • the side of the substrate 100 away from the functional coating 200 may also have other functional layers, such as a heat-resistant layer 160 , which can be added without affecting the transmission of electromagnetic waves. Multiple functional layers.
  • the thickness of the radome 30 is 8mm-60mm.
  • the hardness of the radome 30 is related to the foaming ratio and thickness of the polymer microcellular foamed matrix. The higher the foaming ratio, the thinner the thickness and the lower the hardness. The flexibility is also higher.
  • the thickness and structural strength of the radome 30 of the present application can be set according to actual product requirements. When the radome 30 is applied to the antenna 1, the radome 30 needs to have a certain structural strength and a certain flexibility, so as to achieve strong structural support.
  • the toughness of the base material itself can buffer the hard friction damage on the surface of the radome 30 .
  • the radome 30 When the radome 30 is applied to the antenna 2, since the radome 30 is directly laid on the reflective substrate 20, the structural strength requirement is not high, and the thickness of the radome 30 can be set smaller.
  • the specific thickness of the radome 30 is not limited to the above-mentioned thickness range, and the specific thickness and size can be set according to the actual size of the antenna 1 .
  • the present application also provides the following specific embodiments, comparative embodiments and test effects for description.
  • Embodiment 1 provides an antenna 1 (as shown in FIG. 1 ).
  • the antenna 1 includes a feed source 10 , a reflective substrate 20 and a radome 30 (as shown in FIG. 5 ).
  • the feed source 10 and the radome 30 are fixed on the reflective substrate 20 , and the feed 10 is located between the incident surface 21 of the reflective substrate 20 and the radome 30 .
  • the reflective substrate 20 is a pot-shaped reflective substrate.
  • the center of the reflective substrate 20 has a mounting position and is mounted on the support 40 through the mounting position.
  • the feed source 10 is fixed on the support 40 through the feed pipe 50 and is located in the center of the reflecting substrate 20 , the radome 30 is fixedly connected to the edge of the reflective surface 20 , the radome 30 and the reflective surface 20 are enclosed to form an accommodation space 60 , and the feed 10 is located in the accommodation space 60 .
  • the radome 30 includes a substrate 100 and a functional coating 200 , the substrate 100 is a polypropylene microcellular foamed substrate 101 , and the polypropylene microcellular foamed substrate 101 includes a first layer 110 and a second layer 120 on one side of the first layer 110 , the first layer 110 is provided with a plurality of closed pores 310 , the surface of the second layer 120 away from the first layer 110 is concave with a plurality of openings 320 , the openings 320 include a bottom wall 321 and an opening set away from the first layer 110 322 , the bottom wall 321 is connected with the hole wall 311 of at least one closed hole 310 , and the functional coating 200 is arranged in the opening hole 320 .
  • the surface of the second layer 120 away from the first layer 110 is flat, and the second layer 120 is disposed farther from the feed 10 than the first layer 110 , that is to say, the surface with the functional coating 200 faces the outside, the first layer
  • the surface of 110 remote from the second layer 120 is closed.
  • the functional coating 200 is a hydrophobic coating 210, specifically a super-hydrophobic nano coating.
  • the thickness is less than the depth of the opening 320 .
  • the openings 320 are formed by cutting the closed cells 310 of the cut surface of the polypropylene microcellular foamed substrate 101 .
  • the diameter distribution range of the open pores 320 is 5 ⁇ m-100 ⁇ m, and the diameter distribution range of the closed pores 310 is 5 ⁇ m-100 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness distribution of the pore walls of the open pores 320 is 0.1 micrometers to 2 micrometers, and the thickness distribution of the pore walls of the closed pores 310 is 0.1 micrometers to 2 micrometers.
  • the difference from the above-mentioned Embodiment 1 is that the hydrophobic coating 210 is not provided in the openings 320 of the polypropylene microcellular foamed matrix 101 , and other aspects are the same as those of Embodiment 1.
  • FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of the waterproof effect of Embodiment 1
  • FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram of the waterproof effect of the comparative embodiment.
  • the water on the surface of the radome 30 in Embodiment 1 is in the form of water beads, and does not infiltrate.
  • the hydrophobic effect is good; as can be seen from FIG. 21, the water on the surface of the radome 30 in the comparative embodiment is in the form of a water film, and completely infiltrates the surface of the radome 30, which will seriously affect the electromagnetic waves.
  • Signal transmission is mainly manifested in the reflection, refraction and scattering of electromagnetic waves. As shown in FIG.
  • Embodiment 1 can completely avoid the influence of water hanging on the radome 30 on the antenna 1 when it rains.
  • FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram of the anti-icing effect of Embodiment 1
  • FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram of the anti-icing and snow effect of the comparative embodiment. It can be seen from FIG. 22 that there is no ice and snow on the surface of the radome 30 in Embodiment 1, only on the top of the radome 30 Hanging ice has little effect on electromagnetic wave transmission, indicating that the surface of the radome 30 has a better effect of blocking ice and snow; it can be seen from FIG.
  • the surface of the radome 30 will seriously affect the signal transmission of electromagnetic waves, mainly manifested as reflection, refraction and scattering of electromagnetic waves, and then manifested as adverse effects such as antenna gain reduction, beam deflection, and radiation distribution changes, and the effects increase with the frequency of electromagnetic waves. Aggravated and exacerbated. It can be seen that under the same ice and snow conditions, the radome 30 in Embodiment 1 can reduce the amount of ice/snow adhesion, and improve the ice/snow resistance of the antenna 1 and the availability index of the antenna 1 .
  • the radome 30 in Embodiment 1 is also subjected to outdoor environmental tests, specifically including initial water contact angle, friction resistance test, reliability test, salt spray resistance test and falling sand test.
  • Test 1 the radome 30 was not treated, and the initial water contact angle was directly tested.
  • the initial water contact angle is an important criterion for measuring the hydrophobic effect.
  • the contact angle greater than 90° is hydrophobic, and greater than 150° It is superhydrophobic.
  • the friction resistance test refers to simulating the friction of various media that may occur during the installation, use and maintenance of the equipment, including rubbing gloves (test 2), steel wool (test 3) and sandpaper (test 4) for 1000 times respectively.
  • Use steel wool with model 0000#, 0000# represents a type of steel wool thickness
  • sandpaper with model P240, P240 represents 240 mesh, which refers to the thickness of the sandpaper and the amount of abrasive per square inch. The finer the abrasive, the greater the quantity.
  • Reliability test refers to the accelerated aging process test simulating high temperature, high humidity and strong ultraviolet environment, including damp heat test (test 5) and ultraviolet light test (test 6). For 2000h; the ultraviolet light power during the ultraviolet light test is 12W/m 2 , the temperature is 60°C, and the holding time is 2000h.
  • the salt spray resistance test refers to the accelerated aging process test simulating the environment in coastal areas, the salt concentration is 5% (test 7), and the holding time is 30 days.
  • the falling sand test refers to the accelerated aging process test simulating the sandstorm environment. It is tested by the method of GB/T 23988, and the weight of 67kg of Chinese ISO standard sand (test 8) is used. After the surface of the radome 30 is treated by the above method, the hydrophobicity effect thereof is tested.
  • the test structure is shown in Table 1 and FIG. 25 .
  • the initial contact angle of the surface of the radome 30 in Embodiment 1 is 158.475°, which is greater than 150°, and has super-hydrophobic properties. It can be maintained above 154°, and it also has super-hydrophobic properties. Although the contact angle in test 8 has decreased to 138.194°, it also has hydrophobic properties.
  • the present application also tests the electromagnetic wave transmission performance of the antenna 1 in Embodiment 1, wherein the relative permittivity of the radome 30 is 1.1, and the lower the relative permittivity, the better the transmission of electromagnetic waves.
  • the antenna 1 supports signals in the frequency band of 700MHz-110GHz wave transmission.
  • the electromagnetic wave pattern emitted by antenna 1 has no distortion.
  • the electromagnetic wave pattern refers to the radiation intensity distribution of electromagnetic waves, which is a conventional indicator of antenna 1, indicating the radiation intensity distribution of antenna 1 in each direction.
  • Electromagnetic wave transmission of the antenna 1 Through testing, when the antenna 1 transmits electromagnetic waves of 700MHz-110GHz, the electromagnetic wave penetration loss of the radome 30 is close to 0 dB, indicating that the radome 30 has extremely low electromagnetic wave penetration loss.

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Abstract

本申请提供一种天线罩及天线，天线罩包括基体和功能涂层，基体包括设有闭孔的第一层和位于第一层一侧的凹设有开孔的第二层，开孔包括底壁和远离第一层设置的开口，底壁与至少一个闭孔的孔壁连接，功能涂层至少设置在开孔中。天线罩通过将功能涂层设置在开口中可防止其被摩擦掉，且第一层中的闭孔可缓冲部分外界作用力，减少外界作用力对功能涂层的损坏，进而能够长时间保持较好的功能特性，第一层的闭孔还可使得天线罩具有低电磁波穿透损耗值和低介电常数，有利于电磁波传输。

Description

天线罩及天线
本申请要求于2020年10月20日提交中国专利局、申请号为202011126349.1、申请名称为“天线罩及天线”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及天线技术领域，特别涉及一种天线罩及天线。
背景技术
天线作为无线传输***中关键设备之一，其作用是安装在户外环境中向空间辐射和接收来自空间的电磁波，其性能参数直接影响电磁波无线传输距离、覆盖区域、***稳定性等指标。天线罩是天线的必要部件之一，要求其即能有效保护天线的辐射单元免受户外环境影响，又能使电磁波能最大化穿透，一般采用塑料等材质，但塑料材质的透波性能不理想。在自然环境下，天线罩表面附着水膜、冰、雪，影响电磁波的传输，表现为天线增益下降、波束偏转、辐射分布变化等不利影响，该影响随电磁波频率增大而加剧恶化。目前解决方案包括如下两种，一种是在天线上方增加挡雨/雪罩，该方案中的挡雨/雪罩与天线分离，增加物料成本，以及占用铁塔空间，而且无法解决风从正面向天线吹雨雪的场景；另一种是在天线外部增加带疏水材料的罩布，或直接在天线部件上喷涂疏水材料实现防雨、冰或雪，但是使用一段时间后疏水材料易被雨水、雪或者砂砾摩擦掉而失去疏水性能，从而需要定期上站更换、清理补喷，从而造成后期成本太高，不利于大规模推广。
发明内容
本申请提供既能延长疏水涂层使用寿命又能保证电磁波传输的天线罩。
第一方面，提供一种天线罩，天线罩包括基体和功能涂层，基体包括第一层和位于第一层一侧的第二层，第一层内设有多个闭孔，第二层远离第一层的表面凹设有多个开孔，开孔包括底壁和远离第一层设置的开口，底壁与至少一个闭孔的孔壁连接，功能涂层至少设置在开孔中。
其中，开孔的孔壁包括底壁和周壁，周壁的一端与底壁连接，周壁的另一端即为开口，当功能涂层设置在开孔中时，或者说功能涂层的外表面相较于第二层的外表面呈内凹状态时，第二层的开孔周壁可用于保护开孔中的功能涂层，防止功能涂层被摩擦掉，进而使得天线罩应用于户外环境中时能够长时间保持较好的功能特性，也就是说可延长功能涂层的寿命。当功能涂层为疏水涂层时，疏水涂层是由疏水材料制备，通过疏水材料特有的微纳结构实现防水，其微纳结构的特点是疏水涂层表面形成微米级的突起，且在每个微米级突起上存在纳米级的“毛刺”，当水滴处于疏水涂层表面时，由于表面张力会形成球状，达到大于150°超疏水角。由于突起朝外凸出，且是极为微小的微纳结构，极易受外力破坏，导致疏水效果恶化。例如：包装运输振动造成的各类异物摩擦，安装维护时触摸、磕碰等造成的各类介质摩擦，户外长期应用时的粉尘冲击等，均会直接作用到突起上。本申请是将疏水涂层设置在开孔内，将疏水涂层深度填充在开孔中，当存在外部异物摩擦时，开孔的周壁可用于保护开孔中的疏水涂层，防止突起被摩擦掉。在一些实施方式中，功能涂层的厚度大于开孔的深度时，或者 说功能涂层还在第二层的表面堆积时，第二层表面上的功能涂层没有开孔周壁的保护，会被异物摩擦掉，但由于开孔内部具有功能涂层，即使第二层表面的功能涂层被摩擦掉后，开孔内部的功能涂层仍然能保持功能特性，同样可以延长功能涂层的使用寿命。
本申请中开孔的底壁与闭孔的孔壁连接，也就是说开孔与闭孔连接，闭孔呈中空状态，其孔壁具有弹性力，当外界异物例如雨水、雪或者砂石落在开孔中而对功能涂层施加作用力时，与开孔底壁连接的闭孔的弹性力可缓冲部分外界作用力，进而可减少外界作用力对功能涂层的损坏，以保护功能涂层。其中，一些开孔的底壁与一个闭孔的孔壁连接，一些开孔的底壁与两个或者两个以上闭孔的孔壁连接。
本申请中第一层的闭孔中具有空气，空气具有极低的电磁波穿透损耗和较低的介电常数，使得天线罩具有低电磁波穿透损耗值和低介电常数，进而可提高电磁波的传输性能。
本申请的天线罩一方面开孔的周壁可防止功能涂层被摩擦掉而能够长时间保持较好的功能特性，另一方面开孔和闭孔连接，闭孔可缓冲部分外界作用力，减少外界作用力对功能涂层的损坏，再一方面第一层的闭孔可使得天线罩具有低电磁波穿透损耗值和低介电常数，有利于电磁波传输。
在一种可能的实现方式中，基体为聚合物微孔发泡基体。其中，聚合物微孔发泡基体中的聚合物包括聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚酯发泡基体、硬质聚氯乙烯、硬质聚氨酯和聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺中的至少一种。在一些实施方式中，基体也可以为非聚合物基体。
在一些实施方式中，聚合物微孔发泡基体为聚丙烯微孔发泡基体。聚丙烯微孔发泡基体具有良好的力学性能、热稳定性能和结构稳定性。在一些实施方式中，可将聚丙烯微孔发泡板材剖切开得到，在未剖切开之前聚丙烯微孔发泡板材的任意表面上是没有开孔的，全部是封闭的。将聚丙烯微孔发泡板材以剖切面切开，得到聚丙烯微孔发泡基体，剖切开的剖切面即为聚丙烯微孔发泡基体的第二层的表面，在未切开之前，位于剖切面的孔为闭孔，以剖切面切开后，闭孔被切开为开孔，聚丙烯微孔发泡基体中与剖切面相对设置的表面的孔为闭孔。本申请中优选为采用这种将聚丙烯微孔发泡板材切开后得到聚丙烯微孔发泡基体作为基体，工艺简单，无需额外增加部件，节约成本，另外聚丙烯微孔发泡基体整体具有一定的柔韧性，受外力冲击时，本身可起到一定缓冲作用，进而可保护天线罩内侧的馈源或者反射基板。同样的，对于其他聚合物微孔发泡板材将其剖切开后即可得到聚合物微孔发泡基体。
当采用聚合物微孔发泡基体作为基体时，聚合物微孔发泡基体中的闭孔是连续分布的，闭孔之间通过孔壁相互连接，被剖切开后在第二层分布的开孔也是连续分布的，开孔之间通过周壁相互连接。其中聚合物微孔发泡板材是由聚合物原始板材通过发泡工艺得到，以聚丙烯微孔发泡板材为例，将聚丙烯原始板材采用CO 2超临界发泡方法发泡，通过控制发泡工艺中的发泡剂、发泡时间、发泡温度以及发泡压力等发泡参数来得到具有指定发泡倍率的聚丙烯微孔发泡板材，例如将聚丙烯原始板材发泡得到发泡倍率为25倍的聚丙烯微孔发泡板材。对于不同聚合物的原始板材，发泡方法以及发泡参数可适配调整。当相同原始板材的原始密度一样时，发泡倍率通过发泡温度、发泡压力以及发泡时间等参数进行控制，或者说闭孔和开孔的直径分布范围可通过发泡参数进行控制。
在一种可能的实现方式中，功能涂层的厚度小于或等于开孔的深度。其中开孔的深度方向为垂直于天线罩第二层表面的方向。当功能涂层的厚度小于开孔的深度时，异物在摩擦第二层的表面时，不会触碰到功能涂层，进而可有效保护功能涂层。在本实施方式中，功能涂层的厚度为1微米-5微米，开孔的深度为5微米-100微米。当功能涂层的厚度等于开孔的深度时，异物在摩擦第二层的表面时，最多只能损坏开口位置的功能涂层，而位于开孔里面的 功能涂层不会被磨损掉，同样可保持功能涂层的功能特性。当功能涂层的厚度大于开孔的深度时，也就是说功能涂层会在第二层的表面堆积，当异物落在表面的表面上时先会磨损掉高于开孔深度的那部分功能涂层，而低于开口的部分功能涂层仍然可保持功能特性。在本实施方式中，为了节约功能涂层成本，可选择设置功能涂层的厚度小于或等于开孔的深度。
需要说明的是，在本实施方式中，功能涂层的厚度小于或等于开孔的深度，由于工艺限制，允许存在小部分的开孔中的功能涂层的厚度大于开孔的深度，但该小部分的开孔的占比在预设误差范围内。例如采用喷涂方法喷涂功能材料来制备功能涂层时，由于喷涂工艺精度限制而导致小部分的开孔中的功能涂层的厚度大于开孔的深度，可根据工艺精度控制该预设误差为1％或者2％。
在一种可能的实现方式中，开孔和闭孔的直径差小于预设值。当采用聚合物微孔发泡基体作为基体时，将聚合物原始板材通过发泡工艺形成具有多个闭孔的聚合物微孔发泡基体，由于开孔是通过切开闭孔得到，因此开孔和闭孔的直径范围分布相同，开孔和闭孔的直径差小于预设值。例如，预设值为0。直径差是指开孔和闭孔直径范围的差值，并不是指单个开孔和单个闭孔的直径差。当开孔和闭孔的直径差小于预设值时，聚合物微孔发泡基体在发泡工艺过程中较好控制，容易形成。
在一种可能的实现方式中，开孔的直径为5微米-100微米。其中本申请中“5微米-100微米”表示范围值，该范围包括两端的端点值。例如开孔的直径为5微米-100微米，表示开孔的直径在5微米和100微米之间，且包括5微米和100微米两个端点值，后文的这种表述与上述相类似。在本实施方式中，开孔的直径为微米级，比较小，当较大的异物落在基体上时不会掉进开孔中，可以隔离绝大部分外部异物，进而可保护开孔中的功能涂层；当较小的异物掉进开孔中时，极小尺寸异物，其质量一般较小，冲击力低，功能涂层本身可以承受，再加上开孔下方闭孔的孔壁具有一定缓冲作用，实现最大化保护功能涂层不被异物破坏，以延长功能涂层的使用寿命。当开孔的直径设置大于100微米时，只能隔离直径大于100微米的异物，会影响对于直径小于100微米的异物的隔率效果，但在一些应用环境中也可将开孔的直径设置大于100微米；而要设置小于5微米时，工艺难度增加，采用发泡工艺时比较难控制，但随着工艺的进步，开孔的直径也可以小于5微米。在本实施方式中，当设置在5微米-100微米之间即可保证隔离小尺寸异物保护功能涂层，又能降低工艺难度。
在本实施方式中，闭孔的直径为5微米-100微米。当闭孔的直径设置在上述范围内时一方面有利于电磁波穿透，提高电磁波传输性能；另一方面，在同样的发泡倍率下，当闭孔的直径设置太大时，闭孔的孔壁会变厚，孔壁变厚会使弹性减低，对于与开孔相连接的闭孔，其对异物冲击的缓冲能力会下降，进而损坏功能涂层，当闭孔的直径设置的太小，则当采用聚合物微孔发泡基体作为基体时，发泡工艺很难控制闭孔的直径较小，增加工艺难度。本申请将功能涂层设置为疏水涂层时，通过实验发现将闭孔的直径设置在上述范围内时，天线罩的疏水特性较好。在一些应用环境中，也可将闭孔310的直径设置大于100微米，或者小于5微米。
当基体为聚合物微孔发泡基体时，由于开孔来源于闭孔，闭孔和开孔的直径范围分布相同。其中开孔的形状可为半球形、任意角度的球面、椭球面、不规则曲面等形状，闭孔的形状可为球形、椭球形、方形或者不规则曲面体等形状。
在一种可能的实现方式中，第二层中直径为5微米-50微米的开孔的个数占所有开孔个数的比值大于预设比例。开孔的直径越小所隔离的异物尺寸越小，当个数大于预设比例的开孔直径范围在5微米-50微米时，至少可隔离直径在50微米以上的异物。其中预设比例可根据 需要来设置，例如预设比例为60％、80％或者90％。在一些实施方式中，第二层中直径为5微米-50微米的所有开孔的面积占第二层远离第一层的表面的面积比例大于预设面积比例，通过设置小直径的开孔的面积占比来使得提高隔离异物的隔离效果。例如，预设面积比例为50％、70％或者90％。
其中，当基体为聚丙烯微孔发泡基体，开孔来源于切开后的闭孔时，可通过切开后的切面情况来选择。例如，当以剖切面切开聚丙烯微孔发泡板材时得到聚丙烯微孔发泡基体，通过检测发现第二层中直径为5微米-50微米的开孔个数小于60％时，可将聚丙烯微孔发泡基体再以另一剖切面切开得到新的聚丙烯微孔发泡基体，通过检测发现第二层中直径为5微米-50微米的开孔个数大于60％时，即可将聚丙烯微孔发泡基体作为基体，通过该方法来选择第二层中直径为5微米-50微米的开孔的个数占所有开孔个数的比值大于预设比例的基体。同样的，对于第二层中直径为5微米-50微米的开孔所占第二层远离第一层的表面的面积比大于预设面积比例的情况，也可通过上述方法来选择。其中检测闭孔的直径的方法包括采用微观电镜观察检测。在一些实施方式中，可通过统计第二层中直径较大的开孔来反向确定直径较小的开孔的个数或者面积占比。
当基体为非聚合物基体时，基体上的开孔可通过激光镭射、化学蚀刻或者沉积等方法得到，可通过调整工艺参数来得到第二层中直径为5微米-50微米的开孔的个数占所有开孔个数的比值大于预设比例，或者得到第二层中直径为5微米-50微米的开孔所占第二层远离第一层的表面的面积比大于预设面积比例。
在一种可能的实现方式中，开孔的孔壁厚度为0.1微米-2微米，闭孔的孔壁厚度为0.1微米-2微米。其中，开孔的孔壁包括底壁和周壁，底壁和周壁的厚度为0.1微米-2微米。当基体为聚丙烯微孔发泡基体，开孔来源于切开后的闭孔时，开孔的孔壁厚度和闭孔的孔壁厚度的分布范围相同。在相同发泡倍率下，壁厚太大，闭孔也会变大，切开后形成的开孔直径变大，影响对异物的隔离效果，壁厚越小工艺难度越大，很难控制做到大部分壁厚都小于0.1微米。开孔和闭孔的孔壁厚度设置在上述范围内，还可使得闭孔的孔壁和开孔的底壁具有较佳的弹性力，进而可缓冲异物对开孔中的功能涂层的损耗。在一些实施方式中，也可将开孔的孔壁厚度设置大于2微米，或者小于0.1微米。例如当基体为非聚合物基体时，开孔的孔壁厚度可通过激光镭射、化学蚀刻或者沉积等方法来实现得到。
在一种可能的实现方式中，功能涂层包括疏水涂层、自洁涂层、耐高温涂层或者抗菌防霉涂层中的至少一种。其中疏水涂层用于阻隔天线罩表面的雨水和冰雪，自洁涂层可用于阻隔天线罩表面的灰尘，耐高温涂层可用于隔热，抗菌防霉涂层可用于对天线罩表面抗菌防霉，可根据天线罩的应用环境来选择具体的功能涂层类型。在一些实施方式中，疏水涂层为超疏水纳米涂层，具有较好的疏水防冰雪效果，可使得第二层表面接触角大于150°。在其他实施方式中，疏水涂层还可为有机疏水涂层。在一些实施方式中，耐高温涂层为PTFE改性氟树脂涂层。在一些实施方式中，抗菌防霉涂层为氟碳防霉涂层。在一些实施方式中，功能涂层包括上述涂层中的两种或者两种以上，例如，有些功能涂层同时包括疏水和自洁两种功能，再例如，根据需要可在基体上的不同区域分别设置疏水涂层和抗菌防霉涂层。在另一些实施方式中，功能涂层还可以为其他功能性的涂层，优先选择不影响电磁波传输的功能涂层。
在一种可能的实现方式中，第二层远离第一层的表面上设有多个凸部。凸部为球形、锥形体或者柱体等，凸部可进一步保护功能涂层不被摩擦掉，例如包装运输振动造成的各类异物摩擦，安装维护时触摸、磕碰等造成的各类介质摩擦等。在一些实施方式中，凸部均匀的分布于第二层上。其中凸部的尺寸和个数可根据天线罩的大小来设置，在本申请中不做限制。
在一种可能的实现方式中，第二层远离第一层的表面为平面或者曲面。当第二层远离第一层的表面为曲面时，在搬运过程中，具有曲面的第二层与搬运工具的接触点不是第二层的整个表面，即可在搬运过程中减少搬运工具与天线罩的接触面积，进而可减少搬运工具对天线罩的摩擦损坏。其中第二层为曲面时，开孔的开口分布于曲面上。在图中示出的曲面呈波浪形。在一些实施方式中，曲面还可以呈弧形，例如当天线罩应用于图中的天线时，天线罩可与反射基板的形状适配，为类似锅形的弧面。
在一种可能的实现方式中，第二层远离第一层的表面为曲面，曲面包括多个交错相连的凹形子面和凸形子面，凹形子面的曲率中心位于第二层远离第一层的一侧，凸形子面的曲率中心位于第二层邻近第一层的一侧，凹形子面的宽度大于凸形子面的宽度。凹形子面的曲率以及宽度可根据产品需求来设置，将凹形子面的曲率和宽度设置较大，有利于积雪和雨水滑落，凸形子面的宽度和曲面设置较小，减少凸形子面与异物的接触面积，以保护凹形子面中的功能涂层，搬运过程中可避免被摩擦掉。
在一种可能的实现方式中，基体包括多个层叠设置的基体子层，基体子层的至少一个表面上设有多个开孔，开孔与相邻的基体子层表面围合构成闭孔。其中多个基体子层包括两个或者两个以上的基体子层。在本实施方式中，基体子层中的开孔可通过激光镭射、化学蚀刻或者沉积等方法制备得到。在本实施方式中，基体包括三个基体子层，分别为第一基体子层、第二基体子层和第三基体子层，先在第一基体子层的上下表面上形成开孔，再将第一基体层与第二基体子层贴合，第一基体子层其中一个表面上的开孔变成闭孔，第一基体子层其中另一个表面上的开孔即为第二层中的开孔。在一些实施方式中，可将两个基体子层上设有多个互相对应的开孔，然后再将两个基体子层具有开孔的表面对合，开孔变成闭孔，如图中第二基体子层和第三基体子层中的闭孔。在实际天线罩产品中，基体中的基体子层不限于只有三个，还可以为两个或者其他个数，可根据实际需要来设置。当基体子层为两个时，可将其中一个基体子层的上下表面上形成开孔，将另一个基体子层的其中一个表面上形成开孔，然后将两个基体子层重叠设置，其中位于外表面的开孔即为第二层的开孔，被两个基体子层围合在内部的开孔变成闭孔。
在一些实施方式中，多个层叠的基体子层之间还可以设置其他功能层，例如耐热层，在不影响电磁波传输的情况下可增加一层或者多层功能层。
在一种可能的实现方式中，基体远离功能涂层的一侧还可有其他功能层，例如耐热层，在不影响电磁波传输的情况下可增加一层或者多层功能层。
在一种可能的实现方式中，天线罩的厚度为8mm-60mm。当采用聚合物微孔发泡基体作为基体时，天线罩的硬度与聚合物微孔发泡基体的发泡倍率和厚度相关，发泡倍率越高，厚度越薄，硬度就越低，柔韧性也就越高。本申请的天线罩可根据实际产品需要来设置厚度和结构强度。当天线罩应用于天线时，天线罩需要具有一定的结构强度和一定的柔韧性，即可实现较强的结构支撑，同时在天线罩受外力作用时，聚合物微孔发泡基体材料本身的韧性可缓冲天线罩表面受到的硬性摩擦损伤。当天线罩应用于天线时，由于天线罩是直接铺设在反射基板上，结构强度需求不高，天线罩的厚度可设置较小。其中，天线罩的具体厚度不限于上述厚度范围，其具体厚度和尺寸可根据天线的实际大小来设置。
第二方面，提供一种天线，天线包括馈源、反射基板以及如上所述的天线罩，馈源和天线罩固定在所述反射基板上，且馈源位于反射基板的入射面和天线罩之间。包括上述的天线罩即可保护馈源和反射基板，也不影响天线的电磁波传输性能。
第三方面，提供一种天线，天线包括馈源、反射基板以及如上所述的天线罩，天线罩设 置在反射基板的入射面上，馈源设置在天线罩远离反射基板的一侧。包括上述的天线罩即可保护反射基板，也不影响天线的电磁波传输性能。
附图说明
图1是本申请一实施方式提供的天线的结构示意图；
图2是本申请一实施方式提供的天线发射信号的结构示意图；
图3是本申请一实施方式提供的天线接收信号的结构示意图；
图4是本申请一实施方式提供的天线的结构示意图；
图5是本申请一实施方式提供的天线罩的结构示意图；
图6a是图5中N部分的局部放大图；
图6b是本申请一实施方式提供的天线罩的基体具有开孔的表面的扫描电子显微镜图；
图7是本申请一实施方式提供的现有技术中的天线罩被异物摩擦的结构示意图；
图8是本申请一实施方式提供的天线罩被异物摩擦的结构示意图；
图9是本申请一实施方式提供的聚丙烯微孔发泡板材未切开之前的结构示意图；
图10是本申请一实施方式提供的聚丙烯微孔发泡板材切开之后的结构示意图；
图11是本申请一实施方式提供的聚丙烯微孔发泡板材未切开之前的结构示意图；
图12是本申请一实施方式提供的聚丙烯微孔发泡板材切开之后的结构示意图；
图13是本申请一实施方式提供的天线罩的结构示意图；
图14是本申请一实施方式提供的天线罩的结构示意图；
图15是本申请一实施方式提供的天线罩的结构示意图；
图16是本申请一实施方式提供的天线罩的基体的制备示意图；
图17是本申请一实施方式提供的天线罩的基体的结构示意图；
图18是本申请一实施方式提供的天线罩的基体的结构示意图；
图19是本申请一实施方式提供的天线罩的基体的结构示意图；
图20是本申请一实施方式提供的天线罩的防水效果示意图；
图21是本申请一对比实施方式提供的天线罩的防水效果示意图；
图22是本申请一实施方式提供的天线罩的防雪效果示意图；
图23是本申请一对比实施方式提供的天线罩的防雪效果示意图；
图24是本申请一对比实施方式提供的天线罩的电磁波传输信号的结构示意图；
图25是本申请一实施方式提供的天线罩的测试效果图。
具体实施方式
本文中，术语“第一”、“第二”等仅用于描述目的，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量。由此，限定有“第一”、“第二”的特征可以明示或者隐含地包括一个或者更多个该特征。在本申请的描述中，除非另有说明，“多个”的含义是两个或两个以上。
此外，本文中，“上”、“下”等方位术语是相对于附图中的结构示意置放的方位来定义的，应当理解到，这些方向性术语是相对的概念，它们用于相对于的描述和澄清，其可以根据结构所放置的方位的变化而相应地发生变化。
为方便理解，下面先对本申请实施例所涉及的有关技术术语进行解释和描述。
DH：Damp Heat，湿热测试。
UV：ultraviolet，紫外光。
ISO：International Organization for Standardization，国际标准化组织。
CO 2：二氧化碳。
PTFE：Poly tetra fluoroethylene，聚四氟乙烯。
在本申请中“-”表示范围值，该范围包括两端的端点值。例如，直径为5微米-100微米，表示直径在5微米和100微米之间，且包括5微米和100微米两个端点值。
本申请提供一种天线罩及天线，天线罩包括基体和功能涂层，基体包括第一层和位于第一层一侧的第二层，第一层内设有多个闭孔，第二层远离第一层的表面凹设有多个开孔，开孔包括底壁和远离第一层设置的开口，底壁与至少一个闭孔的孔壁连接，功能涂层至少设置在开孔中。天线罩通过将功能涂层设置在开口中可防止其被摩擦掉，且第一层中的闭孔可缓冲部分外界作用力，减少外界作用力对功能涂层的损坏，进而能够长时间保持较好的功能特性，第一层的闭孔还可使得天线罩具有低电磁波穿透损耗值和低介电常数，有利于电磁波传输。
请参阅图1，本申请一实施方式提供一种天线1，包括馈源10、反射基板20和天线罩30，馈源10和天线罩30固定在反射基板20上，且馈源10位于反射基板20的入射面21和天线罩30之间。在本实施方式中，反射基板20为锅形反射基板，反射基板20中的中心具有安装位，并通过安装位安装在支座40上，馈源10通过馈管50固定在支座40上，并位于反射基板20的中心，天线罩30固定连接在反射面20的边缘，天线罩30和反射面20围合构成收容空间60，馈源10位于收容空间60内。在其他实施方式中，反射基板20的形状还可以为喇叭形、抛物面形、矩形或者其他曲面形状。其中，馈源10用于发射信号和接收信号，反射基板20用于反射信号，馈管50用于支撑馈源10以及用于传输馈源10的接收信号和馈源10的发射信号，天线罩30用于保护天线1不被雨雪或者砂石损坏。请参阅图2和图3，图2是天线1发射信号的结构示意图，图3是天线1接收信号的结构示意图，天线1具体的工作过程为：在发射信号时，信号通过馈管50传输至馈源10后，馈源10向外辐射电磁波M，经反射基板20的入射面21反射并穿透天线罩30辐射到空间中；在接收方向，空间中的电磁波M穿透天线罩30进入天线1内部，经反射基板20反射汇聚到馈源10。例如，电磁波M可以为700MHz-110GHz中任意频段的信号波。本实施方式中的天线1可为微波天线。需要说明的是，图1示出的天线1结构并不构成对天线1的限定，可以包括更多或更少的部件，或者组合某些部件，或者拆分某些部件，或者不同的部件布置。
本申请天线罩30的第二层相较于第一层背离馈源10设置，即具有开孔和功能涂层的一面朝向外部环境，当功能涂层为疏水涂层时，天线罩30既能保证电磁波信号的信号传输性能，又能延长疏水涂层的使用寿命，避免被雨雪和砂石摩擦损坏而导致天线1增益下降、波束偏转、辐射分布变化等不利影响。
请参阅图4，本申请一实施方式提供一种天线2，包括馈源10、反射基板20和天线罩30，天线罩30设置在反射基板20的入射面21上，馈源10设置在天线罩30远离反射基板20的一侧，具体的，可通过馈管50安装在反射基板20上。其中，天线罩30的第二层相较于第一层远离反射基板20设置。天线2具体的工作过程为：在发射信号时，馈源10向外辐射电磁波，经天线罩30入射至反射基板20的入射面21并反射到外部空间中；在接收方向，外部空间中的电磁波穿透天线罩30进入反射基板20并反射汇聚到馈源10。在本实施方式中，天线罩30只覆盖反射基板20而没有覆盖馈源10，直接铺设在反射基板20上。例如，本实施方 式中的天线2可为卫星天线。在本实施方式中，反射基板20为抛物面形。在其他实施方式中，反射基板20的形状还可以为喇叭形、矩形或者其他曲面形状。需要说明的是，图4示出的天线2结构并不构成对天线2的限定，可以包括更多或更少的部件，或者组合某些部件，或者拆分些部件，或者不同的部件布置。
请参阅图5和图6a，本申请一实施方式提供一种天线罩30，天线罩30包括基体100和功能涂层200，基体100包括第一层110和位于第一层110一侧的第二层120，第一层110内设有多个闭孔310，第二层120远离第一层110的表面凹设有多个开孔320，开孔320包括底壁321和远离第一层110设置的开口322(如图6a所示)，底壁321与至少一个闭孔310的孔壁311连接，功能涂层200至少设置在开孔320中。
其中，开孔320的孔壁包括底壁321和周壁323，周壁323的一端与底壁321连接，周壁323的另一端即为开口322，当功能涂层200设置在开孔320中时，或者说功能涂层200的外表面相较于第二层120的外表面呈内凹状态时，第二层120的开孔320的周壁323可用于保护开孔320中的功能涂层200，防止功能涂层200被摩擦掉，进而使得天线罩30应用于户外环境中时能够长时间保持较好的功能特性，也就是说可延长功能涂层200的寿命。请参阅图7，当功能涂层200为疏水涂层210时，疏水涂层210是由疏水材料制备，通过疏水材料特有的微纳结构实现防水，其微纳结构的特点是疏水涂层210表面形成微米级的突起211，且在每个微米级突起211上存在纳米级的“毛刺”，当水滴处于疏水涂层210表面时，由于表面张力会形成球状，达到大于150°超疏水角。由于突起211朝外凸出，且是极为微小的微纳结构，极易受外力破坏，导致疏水效果恶化。例如：包装运输振动造成的各类异物400摩擦，安装维护时触摸、磕碰等造成的各类介质摩擦，户外长期应用时的粉尘冲击等，均会直接作用到突起211上。请参阅图8，本申请是将疏水涂层210设置在开孔320内，将疏水涂层210深度填充在开孔320中，当存在外部异物400摩擦时，开孔320的周壁323可用于保护开孔中的疏水涂层210，防止突起211被摩擦掉。在一些实施方式中，功能涂层200的厚度大于开孔320的深度时，或者说功能涂层200还在第二层120的表面堆积时，第二层120表面上的功能涂层200没有开孔320周壁323的保护，会被异物400摩擦掉，但由于开孔320内部具有功能涂层200，即使第二层120表面的功能涂层200被摩擦掉后，开孔320内部的功能涂层200仍然能保持功能特性，同样可以延长功能涂层200的使用寿命。
本申请中开孔320的底壁321与闭孔310的孔壁311连接(如图6a所示)，也就是说开孔320与闭孔310连接，闭孔310呈中空状态，其孔壁311具有弹性力，当外界异物例如雨水、雪或者砂石落在开孔320中而对功能涂层200施加作用力时，与开孔320底壁321连接的闭孔310的弹性力可缓冲部分外界作用力，进而可减少外界作用力对功能涂层200的损坏，以保护功能涂层200。其中，一些开孔320的底壁321与一个闭孔310的孔壁311连接，一些开孔320的底壁321与两个或者两个以上闭孔310的孔壁311连接。
本申请中第一层110的闭孔310中具有空气，空气具有极低的电磁波穿透损耗和较低的介电常数，使得天线罩30具有低电磁波穿透损耗值和低介电常数，进而可提高电磁波的传输性能。
本申请的天线罩30一方面开孔320的周壁323可防止功能涂层200被摩擦掉而能够长时间保持较好的功能特性，另一方面开孔320和闭孔310连接，闭孔310可缓冲部分外界作用力，减少外界作用力对功能涂层200的损坏，再一方面第一层110的闭孔310可使得天线罩30具有低电磁波穿透损耗值和低介电常数，有利于电磁波传输。
在一种可能的实现方式中，基体100为聚合物微孔发泡基体。其中，聚合物微孔发泡基 体中的聚合物包括聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚酯发泡基体、硬质聚氯乙烯、硬质聚氨酯和聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺中的至少一种。在一些实施方式中，基体100也可以为非聚合物基体。
在一些实施方式中，聚合物微孔发泡基体为聚丙烯微孔发泡基体101。聚丙烯微孔发泡基体101具有良好的力学性能、热稳定性能和结构稳定性。在一些实施方式中，可将聚丙烯微孔发泡板材3剖切开得到，在未剖切开之前聚丙烯微孔发泡板材3的任意表面上是没有开孔320的，全部是封闭的。请参阅图9和图10，图9是聚丙烯微孔发泡板材3未切开之前的结构示意图，图10是将聚丙烯微孔发泡板材3以剖切面L切开后的结构示意图，将聚丙烯微孔发泡板材3以剖切面L切开，得到聚丙烯微孔发泡基体101，剖切开的剖切面即为聚丙烯微孔发泡基体101的第二层120的表面，在未切开之前，位于剖切面L的孔为闭孔310，以剖切面L切开后，闭孔310被切开为开孔320，聚丙烯微孔发泡基体101中与剖切面L相对设置的表面的孔为闭孔310。本申请中优选为采用这种将聚丙烯微孔发泡板材3切开后得到聚丙烯微孔发泡基体101作为基体100，工艺简单，无需额外增加部件，节约成本，另外聚丙烯微孔发泡基体101整体具有一定的柔韧性，受外力冲击时，本身可起到一定缓冲作用，进而可保护天线罩300内侧的馈源10或者反射基板20。同样的，对于其他聚合物微孔发泡板材将其剖切开后即可得到聚合物微孔发泡基体。
当采用聚合物微孔发泡基体作为基体100时，聚合物微孔发泡基体中的闭孔310是连续分布的，闭孔310之间通过孔壁311相互连接，被剖切开后在第二层120分布的开孔320也是连续分布的，开孔320之间通过周壁323相互连接，如图6b所示，图6b是聚丙烯微孔发泡基体101具有开孔320的表面的扫描电子显微镜图，图6b中的不规则圆圈为开孔320，圆圈的白色周边为开孔320的周壁323，从图6b可以看出，开孔320之间通过周壁323相互连接。其中聚合物微孔发泡板材3是由聚合物原始板材通过发泡工艺得到，以聚丙烯微孔发泡板材3为例，将聚丙烯原始板材采用CO 2超临界发泡方法发泡，通过控制发泡工艺中的发泡剂、发泡时间、发泡温度以及发泡压力等发泡参数来得到具有指定发泡倍率的聚丙烯微孔发泡板材3，例如将聚丙烯原始板材发泡得到发泡倍率为25倍的聚丙烯微孔发泡板材3。对于不同聚合物的原始板材，发泡方法以及发泡参数可适配调整。当相同原始板材的原始密度一样时，发泡倍率通过发泡温度、发泡压力以及发泡时间等参数进行控制，或者说闭孔310和开孔320的直径分布范围可通过发泡参数进行控制。
在一种可能的实现方式中，功能涂层200的厚度小于或等于开孔320的深度。其中开孔320的深度方向为垂直于天线罩30第二层120表面的方向。当功能涂层200的厚度小于开孔320的深度时，异物400在摩擦第二层320的表面时，不会触碰到功能涂层200，进而可有效保护功能涂层200。在本实施方式中，功能涂层200的厚度为1微米-5微米，开孔320的深度为5微米-100微米。当功能涂层200的厚度等于开孔320的深度时，异物400在摩擦第二层320的表面时，最多只能损坏开口322位置的功能涂层200，而位于开孔320里面的功能涂层200不会被磨损掉，同样可保持功能涂层20的功能特性。当功能涂层200的厚度大于开孔320的深度时，也就是说功能涂层200会在第二层120的表面堆积，当异物400落在表面320的表面上时先会磨损掉高于开孔320深度的那部分功能涂层200，而低于开口322的部分功能涂层200仍然可保持功能特性。在本实施方式中，为了节约功能涂层200成本，可选择设置功能涂层200的厚度小于或等于开孔320的深度。
需要说明的是，在本实施方式中，功能涂层200的厚度小于或等于开孔320的深度，由于工艺限制，允许存在小部分的开孔320中的功能涂层200的厚度大于开孔320的深度，但该小部分的开孔320的占比在预设误差范围内。例如采用喷涂方法喷涂功能材料来制备功能 涂层200时，由于喷涂工艺精度限制而导致小部分的开孔320中的功能涂层200的厚度大于开孔320的深度，可根据工艺精度控制该预设误差为1％或者2％。
在一种可能的实现方式中，开孔320和闭孔310的直径差小于预设值。当采用聚合物微孔发泡基体作为基体100时，将聚合物原始板材通过发泡工艺形成具有多个闭孔320的聚合物微孔发泡基体，由于开孔320是通过切开闭孔320得到，因此开孔320和闭孔310的直径范围分布相同，开孔320和闭孔310的直径差小于预设值。例如，预设值为0。直径差是指开孔320和闭孔310直径范围的差值，并不是指单个开孔320和单个闭孔310的直径差。当开孔320和闭孔310的直径差小于预设值时，聚合物微孔发泡基体在发泡工艺过程中较好控制，容易形成。
在一种可能的实现方式中，开孔320的直径为5微米-100微米。其中本申请中“5微米-100微米”表示范围值，该范围包括两端的端点值。例如开孔320的直径为5微米-100微米，表示开孔320的直径在5微米和100微米之间，且包括5微米和100微米两个端点值，后文的这种表述与上述相类似。在本实施方式中，开孔320的直径为微米级，比较小，当较大的异物400落在基体100上时不会掉进开孔320中，可以隔离绝大部分外部异物，进而可保护开孔320中的功能涂层200；当较小的异物400掉进开孔320中时，极小尺寸异物，其质量一般较小，冲击力低，功能涂层200本身可以承受，再加上开孔320下方闭孔310的孔壁311具有一定缓冲作用，实现最大化保护功能涂层200不被异物破坏，以延长功能涂层200的使用寿命。当开孔320的直径设置大于100微米时，只能隔离直径大于100微米的异物，会影响对对于直径小于100微米的异物400的隔率效果，但在一些应用环境中也可将开孔320的直径设置大于100微米；而要设置小于5微米时，工艺难度增加，采用发泡工艺时比较难控制，但随着工艺的进步，开孔320的直径也可以小于5微米。在本实施方式中，当设置在5微米-100微米之间即可保证隔离小尺寸异物保护功能涂层200，又能降低工艺难度。
在本实施方式中，闭孔310的直径为5微米-100微米。当闭孔310的直径设置在上述范围内时一方面有利于电磁波穿透，提高电磁波传输性能；另一方面，在同样的发泡倍率下，当闭孔310的直径设置太大时，闭孔310的孔壁311会变厚，孔壁311变厚会使弹性减低，对于与开孔320相连接的闭孔310，其对异物冲击的缓冲能力会下降，进而损坏功能涂层200，当闭孔310的直径设置的太小，则当采用聚合物微孔发泡基体作为基体100时，发泡工艺很难控制闭孔310的直径较小，增加工艺难度。本申请将功能涂层200设置为疏水涂层210时，通过实验发现将闭孔310的直径设置在上述范围内时，天线罩30的疏水特性较好。在一些应用环境中，也可将闭孔310的直径设置大于100微米，或者小于5微米。
当基体100为聚合物微孔发泡基体时，由于开孔320来源于闭孔310，闭孔320和开孔310的直径范围分布相同。其中开孔320的形状可为半球形、任意角度的球面、椭球面、不规则曲面等形状，闭孔310的形状可为球形、椭球形、方形或者不规则曲面体等形状。
在一种可能的实现方式中，第二层120中直径为5微米-50微米的开孔320的个数占所有开孔320个数的比值大于预设比例。开孔320的直径越小所隔离的异物400尺寸越小，当个数大于预设比例的开孔320直径范围在5微米-50微米时，至少可隔离直径在50微米以上的异物。其中预设比例可根据需要来设置，例如预设比例为60％、80％或者90％。在一些实施方式中，第二层120中直径为5微米-50微米的所有开孔320的面积占第二层120远离第一层110的表面的面积比例大于预设面积比例，通过设置小直径的开孔320的面积占比来使得提高隔离异物400的隔离效果。例如，预设面积比例为50％、70％或者90％。
其中，当基体100为聚丙烯微孔发泡基体，开孔320来源于切开后的闭孔310时，可通 过切开后的切面情况来选择。例如，请参阅图9至图12，其中图9和图10是将聚丙烯微孔发泡板材3以剖切面L切开前后的结构示意图，图11和图12是将聚丙烯微孔发泡板材3以剖切面L1切开后的结构示意图，当以剖切面L切开聚丙烯微孔发泡板材3时得到聚丙烯微孔发泡基体101，通过检测发现第二层120中直径为5微米-50微米的开孔320个数小于60％时，可将聚丙烯微孔发泡基体101再以剖切面L1切开得到新的聚丙烯微孔发泡基体102，通过检测发现第二层120中直径为5微米-50微米的开孔320个数大于60％时，即可将聚丙烯微孔发泡基体102作为基体100，通过该方法来选择第二层120中直径为5微米-50微米的开孔320的个数占所有开孔320个数的比值大于预设比例的基体100。同样的，对于第二层120中直径为5微米-50微米的开孔320所占第二层120远离第一层110的表面的面积比大于预设面积比例的情况，也可通过上述方法来选择。其中检测闭孔320的直径的方法包括采用微观电镜观察检测。在一些实施方式中，可通过统计第二层120中直径较大的开孔320来反向确定直径较小的开孔320的个数或者面积占比。
当基体100为非聚合物基体时，基体100上的开孔320可通过激光镭射、化学蚀刻或者沉积等方法得到，可通过调整工艺参数来得到第二层120中直径为5微米-50微米的开孔320的个数占所有开孔320个数的比值大于预设比例，或者得到第二层120中直径为5微米-50微米的开孔320所占第二层120远离第一层110的表面的面积比大于预设面积比例。
在一种可能的实现方式中，开孔320的孔壁厚度为0.1微米-2微米，闭孔310的孔壁厚度为0.1微米-2微米。其中，开孔320的孔壁包括底壁321和周壁323，底壁321和周壁323的厚度为0.1微米-2微米。当基体100为聚丙烯微孔发泡基体，开孔320来源于切开后的闭孔310时，开孔320的孔壁厚度和闭孔310的孔壁厚度的分布范围相同。在相同发泡倍率下，壁厚太大，闭孔310也会变大，切开后形成的开孔320直径变大，影响对异物400的隔离效果，壁厚越小工艺难度越大，很难控制做到大部分壁厚都小于0.1微米。开孔320和闭孔310的孔壁厚度设置在上述范围内，还可使得闭孔310的孔壁11和开孔320的底壁321具有较佳的弹性力，进而可缓冲异物400对开孔320中的功能涂层200的损耗。在一些实施方式中，也可将开孔320的孔壁厚度设置大于2微米，或者小于0.1微米。例如当基体100为非聚合物基体时，开孔320的孔壁厚度可通过激光镭射、化学蚀刻或者沉积等方法来实现得到。
在一种可能的实现方式中，功能涂层200包括疏水涂层210、自洁涂层、耐高温涂层或者抗菌防霉涂层中的至少一种。其中疏水涂层210用于阻隔天线罩30表面的雨水和冰雪，自洁涂层可用于阻隔天线罩30表面的灰尘，耐高温涂层可用于隔热，抗菌防霉涂层可用于对天线罩30表面抗菌防霉，可根据天线罩30的应用环境来选择具体的功能涂层200类型。在一些实施方式中，疏水涂层210为超疏水纳米涂层，具有较好的疏水防冰雪效果，可使得第二层120表面接触角大于150°。在其他实施方式中，疏水涂层210还可为有机疏水涂层。在一些实施方式中，耐高温涂层为PTFE改性氟树脂涂层。在一些实施方式中，抗菌防霉涂层为氟碳防霉涂层。在一些实施方式中，功能涂层200包括上述涂层中的两种或者两种以上，例如，有些功能涂层200同时包括疏水和自洁两种功能，再例如，根据需要可在基体100上的不同区域分别设置疏水涂层210和抗菌防霉涂层。在另一些实施方式中，功能涂层200还可以为其他功能性的涂层，优先选择不影响电磁波传输的功能涂层200。
请参阅图13，在一种可能的实现方式中，第二层120远离第一层110的表面上设有多个凸部130。凸部130为球形、锥形体或者柱体等，凸部130可进一步保护功能涂层200不被摩擦掉，例如包装运输振动造成的各类异物摩擦，安装维护时触摸、磕碰等造成的各类介质摩擦等。在一些实施方式中，凸部130均匀的分布于第二层120上。其中凸部130的尺寸和 个数可根据天线罩30的大小来设置，在本申请中不做限制。
请参阅图5和图14，在一种可能的实现方式中，第二层120远离第一层110的表面为平面或者曲面140。当第二层120远离第一层110的表面为曲面140时(如图14所示)，在搬运过程中，具有曲面140的第二层120与搬运工具的接触点不是第二层120的整个表面，即可在搬运过程中减少搬运工具与天线罩30的接触面积，进而可减少搬运工具对天线罩30的摩擦损坏。其中第二层120为曲面140时，开孔320的开口322分布于曲面140上。在图14中示出的曲面140呈波浪形。在一些实施方式中，曲面140还可以呈弧形，例如当天线罩30应用于图1中的天线1时，天线罩30可与反射基板20的形状适配，为类似锅形的弧面。
请参阅图15，在一种可能的实现方式中，第二层120远离第一层110的表面为曲面140，曲面140包括多个交错相连的凹形子面141和凸形子面142，凹形子面141的曲率中心位于第二层120远离第一层110的一侧，凸形子面142的曲率中心位于第二层120邻近第一层110的一侧，凹形子面141的宽度大于凸形子面142的宽度。凹形子面141的曲率以及宽度可根据产品需求来设置，将凹形子面141的曲率和宽度设置较大，有利于积雪和雨水滑落，凸形子面142的宽度和曲面设置较小，减少凸形子面142与异物的接触面积，以保护凹形子面141中的功能涂层200，搬运过程中可避免被摩擦掉。
请参阅图16和图17，在一种可能的实现方式中，基体100包括多个层叠设置的基体子层150，基体子层150的至少一个表面上设有多个开孔320，开孔320与相邻的基体子层150表面围合构成闭孔310。其中多个基体子层150包括两个或者两个以上的基体子层150。在本实施方式中，基体子层150中的开孔320可通过激光镭射、化学蚀刻或者沉积等方法制备得到。如图16所示，在本实施方式中，基体100包括三个基体子层150，分别为第一基体子层151、第二基体子层152和第三基体子层153，先在第一基体子层151的上下表面上形成开孔320，再将第一基体层151与第二基体子层152贴合，第一基体子层151其中一个表面上的开孔320变成闭孔310(如图17所示)，第一基体子层151其中另一个表面上的开孔320即为第二层120中的开孔320。在一些实施方式中，可将两个基体子层150上设有多个互相对应的开孔320，然后再将两个基体子层150具有开孔320的表面对合，开孔320变成闭孔310，如图16中第二基体子层152和第三基体子层153中的闭孔310。在实际天线罩30产品中，基体100中的基体子层152不限于只有三个，还可以为两个或者其他个数，可根据实际需要来设置。当基体子层150为两个时，可将其中一个基体子层150的上下表面上形成开孔320，将另一个基体子层150的其中一个表面上形成开孔320，然后将两个基体子层150重叠设置，其中位于外表面的开孔320即为第二层120的开孔320，被两个基体子层150围合在内部的开孔320变成闭孔310。
请参阅图18，在一些实施方式中，多个层叠的基体子层150之间还可以设置其他功能层，例如耐热层160，在不影响电磁波传输的情况下可增加一层或者多层功能层。
请参阅图19，在一种可能的实现方式中，基体100远离功能涂层200的一侧还可有其他功能层，例如耐热层160，在不影响电磁波传输的情况下可增加一层或者多层功能层。
在一种可能的实现方式中，天线罩30的厚度为8mm-60mm。当采用聚合物微孔发泡基体作为基体100时，天线罩30的硬度与聚合物微孔发泡基体的发泡倍率和厚度相关，发泡倍率越高，厚度越薄，硬度就越低，柔韧性也就越高。本申请的天线罩30可根据实际产品需要来设置厚度和结构强度。当天线罩30应用于天线1时，天线罩30需要具有一定的结构强度和一定的柔韧性，即可实现较强的结构支撑，同时在天线罩30受外力作用时，聚合物微孔发泡基体材料本身的韧性可缓冲天线罩30表面受到的硬性摩擦损伤。当天线罩30应用于天线 2时，由于天线罩30是直接铺设在反射基板20上，结构强度需求不高，天线罩30的厚度可设置较小。其中，天线罩30的具体厚度不限于上述厚度范围，其具体厚度和尺寸可根据天线1的实际大小来设置。
为了说明本申请中天线罩30的有益效果，本申请还做了如下具体实施方式、对比实施方式以及测试效果进行说明。
实施方式1
本实施方式1提供一种天线1(如图1所示)，天线1包括馈源10、反射基板20和天线罩30(如图5所示)，馈源10和天线罩30固定在反射基板20上，且馈源10位于反射基板20的入射面21和天线罩30之间。反射基板20为锅形反射基板，反射基板20的中心具有安装位，并通过安装位安装在支座40上，馈源10通过馈管50固定在支座40上，并位于反射基板20的中心，天线罩30固定连接在反射面20的边缘，天线罩30和反射面20围合构成收容空间60，馈源10位于收容空间60内。
天线罩30包括基体100和功能涂层200，基体100为聚丙烯微孔发泡基体101，聚丙烯微孔发泡基体101包括第一层110和位于第一层110一侧的第二层120，第一层110内设有多个闭孔310，第二层120远离第一层110的表面凹设有多个开孔320，开孔320包括底壁321和远离第一层110设置的开口322，底壁321与至少一个闭孔310的孔壁311连接，功能涂层200设置在开孔320中。其中，第二层120远离第一层110的表面为平面，且第二层120相较于第一层110远离馈源10设置，也就是说具有功能涂层200的一面朝向外部，第一层110远离第二层120的表面是封闭的。功能涂层200为疏水涂层210，具体为超疏水纳米涂层，疏水涂层210的厚度范围为1微米-5微米，开孔320的深度范围为5微米-100微米，疏水涂层210的厚度小于开孔320的深度。开孔320是由将聚丙烯微孔发泡基体101剖切面的闭孔310切开后形成。开孔320的直径分布范围为5微米-100微米，闭孔310的直径分布范围为5微米-100微米。开孔320的孔壁厚度分布范围为0.1微米-2微米，闭孔310的孔壁厚度分布范围为0.1微米-2微米。
对比实施方式
在本对比实施方式中，与上述实施方式1中不同的是，在聚丙烯微孔发泡基体101的开孔320中没有设置疏水涂层210，其他与实施方式1相同。
将上述实施方式1和对比实施方式中的天线1进行防水和防冰雪效果实测，效果如图20至图23所示。
其中图20是实施方式1防水效果示意图，图21是对比实施方式防水效果示意图，从图20可以看出，在实施方式1中的天线罩30的表面上的水是呈水珠状，没有浸润在天线罩30表面，说明疏水效果较好；从图21可以看出，对比实施方式中的天线罩30表面上的水是呈水膜状，完全浸润在天线罩30表面，会严重影响电磁波的信号传输，主要表现为电磁波的反射、折射和散射现象，如图24所示，当天线罩30远离馈源10的表面上堆积有水膜410时，电磁波M会发生反射、折射或者散射现象，进而表现为天线增益下降、波束偏转、辐射分布变化等不利影响，且该影响随电磁波的频率增大而加剧恶化。实施方式1可完全规避降雨时天线罩30挂水对天线1的影响。
其中图22是实施方式1防冰雪效果示意图，图23是对比实施方式防冰雪效果示意图，从图22可以看出，在实施方式1中的天线罩30的表面没有冰雪，仅在天线罩30顶部挂冰，对电磁波传输影响较小，说明天线罩30的表面阻隔冰雪效果较好；从图23可以看出，在对比实施方式中的天线罩30表面上堆积了较多冰雪，冰雪完全覆盖在天线罩30表面，会严重 影响电磁波的信号传输，主要表现为电磁波的反射、折射和散射现象，进而表现为天线增益下降、波束偏转、辐射分布变化等不利影响，且该影响随电磁波的频率增大而加剧恶化。由此可知，同等冰雪条件下，实施方式1中的天线罩30可减少冰/雪的附着量，提升天线1抗冰/雪能力及天线1可用度指标。
为了进一步说明本申请的天线罩30的有益效果，还将实施方式1中的天线罩30进行户外环境测试，具体包括初始水接触角、耐摩擦测试、可靠性测试、耐盐雾测试以及落砂试验。
具体见表1，在试验1中，对天线罩30没有做任何处理，直接测试初始水接触角，初始水接触角使衡量疏水效果的重要标准，接触角大于90°即为疏水，大于150°即为超疏水。耐摩擦测试是指模拟设备在安装使用维护等过程中可能产生的各类介质摩擦，包括线手套(试验2)、钢丝绒(试验3)以及砂纸(试验4)分别摩擦1000次，其中钢丝绒采用型号为0000#的钢丝绒，0000#表示钢丝绒粗细的一种型号，砂纸采用型号为P240的砂纸，P240表示240目，指砂纸的粗细及每平方英寸的磨料数量，目数越高，则磨料越细，数量越多。可靠性测试是指模拟高温高湿及强紫外线环境加速老化过程试验，包括湿热测试(试验5)和紫外光测试(试验6)，其中湿热测试的温度为85℃，湿度为85％，保持时间为2000h；紫外光测试时的紫外光功率为12W/m 2，温度为60℃，保持时间为2000h。耐盐雾测试是指模拟沿海地区环境加速老化过程试验，盐水浓度为5％(试验7)，保持时间为30天。落砂测试是指模拟风沙环境加速老化过程试验，采用GB/T 23988方法测试，采用重量为67kg中国ISO标准砂(试验8)。采用上述方法处理天线罩30的表面后，再对其疏水性效果进行测试，测试结构如表1和图25所示。
表1
Figure PCTCN2021124142-appb-000001
从上述表1可以看出，实施方式1中的天线罩30表面的初始接触角为158.475°，大于150°，具有超疏水特性，而试验2-试验7中的接触角略有下降，但都能保持在154°以上，同样具有超疏水特性，试验8中虽然接触角有所下降，为138.194°，但同样具有疏水特性。
本申请还对实施方式1中的天线1进行电磁波传输性能测试，其中天线罩30的相对介电常数为1.1，相对介电常数越低越有利于电磁波传输，天线1支持频段700MHz-110GHz的信号波传输。天线1发射的电磁波方向图无畸变，电磁波方向图是指电磁波辐射强度分布，是天线1的常规指标，说明天线1在每个方向的辐射强度分布，电磁波方向图无畸变说明天线罩30不影响天线1的电磁波传输。通过测试，天线1在传输700MHz-110GHz的电磁波时，天线罩30的电磁波穿透损耗接近0dB，说明天线罩30具有极低的电磁波穿透损耗。
以上对本申请实施例所提供的天线罩及天线进行了详细介绍，本文中应用了具体个例对本申请的原理及实施例进行了阐述，以上实施例的说明只是用于帮助理解本申请的方法及其核心思想；同时，对于本领域的一般技术人员，依据本申请的思想，在具体实施例及应用范围上均会有改变之处，综上所述，本说明书内容不应理解为对本申请的限制。

Claims (15)

  1. 一种天线罩，其特征在于，所述天线罩包括基体和功能涂层，所述基体包括第一层和位于所述第一层一侧的第二层，所述第一层内设有多个闭孔，所述第二层远离所述第一层的表面凹设有多个开孔，所述开孔包括底壁和远离所述第一层设置的开口，所述底壁与至少一个所述闭孔的孔壁连接，所述功能涂层至少设置在所述开孔中。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的天线罩，其特征在于，所述基体为聚合物微孔发泡基体。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的天线罩，其特征在于，所述功能涂层的厚度小于或等于所述开孔的深度。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的天线罩，其特征在于，所述开孔和所述闭孔的直径差小于预设值。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的天线罩，其特征在于，所述开孔的直径为5微米-100微米。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的天线罩，其特征在于，所述第二层中直径为5微米-50微米的开孔的个数占所有开孔个数的比值大于预设比例。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的天线罩，其特征在于，所述开孔的孔壁厚度为0.1微米-2微米，所述闭孔的孔壁厚度为0.1微米-2微米。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的天线罩，其特征在于，所述开孔的深度为5微米-100微米。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的天线罩，其特征在于，所述功能涂层包括疏水涂层、自洁涂层、耐高温涂层或者抗菌防霉涂层中的至少一种。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的天线罩，其特征在于，所述第二层远离所述第一层的表面上设有多个凸部。
  11. 根据权利要求1所述的天线罩，其特征在于，所述第二层远离所述第一层的表面为平面或者曲面。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的天线罩，其特征在于，所述第二层远离所述第一层的表面为曲面，所述曲面包括多个交错相连的凹形子面和凸形子面，所述凹形子面的曲率中心位于所述第二层远离所述第一层的一侧，所述凸形子面的曲率中心位于所述第二层邻近所述第一层的一侧，所述凹形子面的宽度大于凸形子面的宽度。
  13. 根据权利要求1所述的天线罩，其特征在于，所述基体包括多个层叠设置的基体子层，所述基体子层的至少一个表面上设有多个开孔，所述开孔与相邻的基体子层表面围合构成所述闭孔。
  14. 一种天线，其特征在于，所述天线包括馈源、反射基板以及如权利要求1-13任一项所述的天线罩，所述馈源和所述天线罩固定在所述反射基板上，且所述馈源位于所述反射基板的入射面和所述天线罩之间。
  15. 一种天线，其特征在于，所述天线包括馈源、反射基板以及如权利要求1-13任一项所述的天线罩，所述天线罩设置在所述反射基板的入射面上，所述馈源设置在所述天线罩远离所述反射基板的一侧。
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