WO2022078491A1 - 一种含有碳水化合物和磷元素的肥料组合物及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents

一种含有碳水化合物和磷元素的肥料组合物及其制备方法与应用 Download PDF

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WO2022078491A1
WO2022078491A1 PCT/CN2021/124038 CN2021124038W WO2022078491A1 WO 2022078491 A1 WO2022078491 A1 WO 2022078491A1 CN 2021124038 W CN2021124038 W CN 2021124038W WO 2022078491 A1 WO2022078491 A1 WO 2022078491A1
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phosphorus
fertilizer composition
carbon
fertilizer
application
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PCT/CN2021/124038
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French (fr)
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冯固
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中国农业大学
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Priority to US18/041,468 priority Critical patent/US20230295054A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
    • C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/10—Solid or semi-solid fertilisers, e.g. powders

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of agriculture, and relates to a fertilizer composition containing carbohydrates and phosphorus elements and a preparation method and application thereof.
  • Soil microorganisms play the following two important roles in the activation and utilization of phosphorus in the soil: one is to quickly fix the phosphorus fertilizer applied to the soil in the body to form microbial biomass phosphorus; Phosphorus can be released into the soil, and this part of phosphorus will become an important source of soil available phosphorus.
  • Phosphatase secreted by phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms can hydrolyze organic phosphorus into orthophosphate for plant absorption and utilization; organic acid anions secreted by microorganisms can chelate phosphates precipitated by metal cations; microorganisms secrete protons and CO 2 released through respiration, also It can reduce the pH of the rhizosphere soil, thereby promoting the dissolution of insoluble phosphates (Meyer et al. 2019). But for the growth of soil microorganisms, the vast majority of microorganisms in farmland soil are in a state of "carbon starvation", and only about 5% are in an active state.
  • the carbon-to-phosphorus ratio plays a crucial role in regulating the bioactivation and turnover of phosphorus by soil microorganisms.
  • increasing the soil carbon-to-phosphorus ratio can promote the activation of organic phosphorus by soil microorganisms, increase the activity of alkaline phosphatase, and the abundance and diversity of bacterial functional groups containing phoD.
  • increasing the carbon-to-phosphorus ratio can also increase the soil respiration rate and promote the acidification of local soil microdomains.
  • excessive carbon input will lead to a large amount of phosphate fertilizer applied to the soil being fixed in the microbial body, resulting in a decrease in soil available phosphorus content and inhibiting crop growth.
  • the present invention provides a fertilizer composition containing carbohydrates and phosphorus elements, and a preparation method and application thereof.
  • the fertilizer composition can improve the utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer and regulate the activity of indigenous microorganisms.
  • the fertilizer composition provided by the present invention is composed of carbohydrates and phosphorus-containing compounds
  • the mass ratio of the carbon element in the carbohydrate to the phosphorus element in the phosphorus-containing compound is 1-15:1;
  • the carbohydrate is selected from at least one of citric acid, starch, L-arabinose, galactose, chitosan, erythrose, fructose, maltose and lactose.
  • the phosphorus-containing compound is selected from at least one of monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, urea phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate and phosphoric acid.
  • the polymerization degree of the ammonium polyphosphate is 2-10, which can be purchased from Yunnan Tianyao Chemical Co., Ltd.
  • the components of the fertilizer composition may further include water; the mass ratio of the water to the carbohydrate is 1:10-3:10.
  • the fertilizer composition may be a low-carbon fertilizer composition or a high-carbon fertilizer composition
  • the mass ratio of the carbon element in the carbohydrate to the phosphorus element in the phosphorus-containing compound is 1-4:1; more specifically, it may be 2.45-3.66:1;
  • the mass ratio of the carbon element in the carbohydrate to the phosphorus element in the phosphorus-containing compound is 4-15:1; more specifically, it may be 5.5:1.
  • the present invention also claims a method for fertilizing, the method comprising: fertilizing the fertilizer; wherein, the fertilizer is the aforementioned fertilizer composition.
  • the application amount of the fertilizer is 125-445 kg per hectare of farmland; more specifically, 203.0 kg or 362.5 kg;
  • the fertilization object is corn or cotton
  • the number of fertilization is 1 to 3 times;
  • Fertilization methods are drip, strip or hole application.
  • fertilization object is corn (such as spring corn), when fertilization mode is strip fertilization, fertilization frequency is 2 times;
  • the time and amount of fertilization from the first to the second fertilization are as follows:
  • the number of fertilization times is 3;
  • the time and amount of fertilization from the first to the third fertilization are as follows:
  • Fertilizer is applied for the first time when corn drips seedling water, and the application amount accounts for 40% of the total amount of the fertilizer composition
  • the third application of fertilizer was performed when the third water was dripped after the corn emerged, and the application amount accounted for 20% of the total amount of the fertilizer composition.
  • the present invention also claims the application of the above-mentioned fertilizer composition in any one of the following applications a to application d:
  • Described application a is to improve the utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer
  • the application b is to improve the activity of the indigenous phosphorus-dissolving functional microorganisms in the soil;
  • Described application c is to promote crop growth
  • the application d is to increase the availability of phosphorus in the soil.
  • the present invention also claims a method for preparing the fertilizer composition, the method comprising:
  • the components are mixed uniformly, and then it is obtained.
  • the method for preparing the fertilizer composition provided by the present invention includes the following steps:
  • the carbohydrates and phosphorus-containing compounds are mixed uniformly to prepare powder;
  • the carbohydrate is dissolved in water, and then the phosphorus-containing compound is dissolved and added therein to obtain the liquid fertilizer composition.
  • the invention provides a fertilizer composition with a specific ratio of carbon and phosphorus elements. Since the composition contains a carbon source that stimulates the growth and activity of microorganisms, after the fertilizer composition is applied to the soil, it is similar to that in the prior art.
  • the product can significantly improve the activity of indigenous microorganisms with the function of dissolving phosphorus in the soil, and can simultaneously improve the effectiveness of phosphorus in the soil, so as to achieve the purpose of promoting crop growth and improving the utilization efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer.
  • the inventors of the present application found that when the mixture of chemical phosphorus fertilizer and carbon-containing compound (the ratio of carbon and phosphorus elements is 1-13.3:1) is applied, the activity of soil microorganisms and phosphatase activity is significantly increased, and the efficiency of crop growth and phosphorus absorption is significantly improved.
  • the chemical phosphorus fertilizer containing 19.6-32.7 kg of phosphorus element and the carbon-containing compound containing 48-120 kg of carbon element were applied per hectare of farmland, soil respiration was enhanced, soil phosphatase activity and water-soluble phosphorus content increased, and crop yield was significantly improved.
  • Fig. 1 is the effect of applying the fertilizer composition containing carbohydrate and phosphorus element on corn yield, phosphate fertilizer partial productivity, water-soluble phosphorus concentration and soil respiration rate;
  • A is the yield of corn in different treatments;
  • B is the phosphate fertilizer partial productivity of different treatments;
  • C is the concentration of water-soluble phosphorus in different treatments;
  • D is soil respiration rate in different treatments; different lowercase letters indicate that the difference between treatments reached a significant level (P ⁇ 0.05);
  • Fig. 2 is the effect of applying fertilizer compositions containing carbohydrates and phosphorus elements on corn yield, soil alkaline phosphatase activity and partial productivity of phosphorus fertilizer;
  • A is the yield of corn in different treatments;
  • B is the alkaline phosphatase activity of different treatments;
  • C is the partial productivity of phosphorus fertilizers under different treatments; different lowercase letters indicate that the difference between treatments reaches a significant level (P ⁇ 0.05).
  • Example 1 Fertilizer composition containing carbohydrates and phosphorus elements applied to spring corn sticks
  • Novel fertilizer composition 1 (low carbon type): the ratio of carbon to phosphorus is 2.45:1, 128 parts of citric acid (containing 37.5% carbon, equivalent to 48 parts of carbon elements), 75 parts of monoammonium phosphate (containing 60% of P 2 O 5 , equivalent to 19.6 parts of phosphorus).
  • Novel fertilizer composition 2 (high carbon type): the ratio of carbon to phosphorus is 5.5:1, 287.5 parts of citric acid (containing 37.5% carbon, equivalent to 107.8 parts of carbon element), 75 parts of monoammonium phosphate (containing 60% of P 2 O 5 , equivalent to 19.6 parts of phosphorus).
  • fertilizer composition powder A trench with a depth of 7-15 cm is opened near the root system of the crop, and the fertilizer composition powder is evenly spread in the trench, covered with soil and irrigated in time.
  • the application method of the novel fertilizer composition containing carbohydrates and phosphorus elements includes the type of the novel fertilizer composition, the total amount of fertilizer in the whole growth period and the amount in different growth periods.
  • the application amount accounts for 40% of the total amount (the amount of the new fertilizer composition is 81.2kg ha -1 , and the total amount of carbon and phosphorus elements is 27.0kg ha -1 );
  • the application amount accounted for 60% of the total amount (the amount of the new fertilizer composition was 121.8 kg ha -1 , and the total amount of carbon and phosphorus elements was 40.6 kg ha -1 ).
  • the application amount accounts for 40% of the total amount of fertilizer (the amount of the new fertilizer composition is 145.0kg ha -1 , and the total amount of carbon and phosphorus elements is 51.0kg ha -1 );
  • the application amount accounted for 60% of the total fertilizer consumption (the new fertilizer composition dosage was 217.5kg ha -1 , equivalent to the total dosage of carbon and phosphorus elements was 76.4kg ha -1 ).
  • Treatment 1 Control, no phosphate fertilizer, other fertilizers are supplied in sufficient quantities according to the production routine;
  • Treatment 2 Phosphate fertilizer, applying phosphorus 52.4kg P ha -1 (120kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 );
  • Treatment 4 Fertilizer composition 2, applying "new fertilizer composition 2 (high carbon type)" 362.5kg ha -1 .
  • the average water-soluble phosphorus in the soil was increased by 49.2% compared with the control without phosphorus application, and the water-soluble phosphorus in the soil treated with the new fertilizer composition 1 and 2 was increased by 45.0% and 52.3%, respectively, compared with the control (C in Figure 1).
  • the soil respiration treated with the new fertilizer composition increased by 48.7% compared with the control without phosphate fertilizer, and increased by 41.7% compared with the phosphate fertilizer treatment (D in Figure 1). It is indicated that in agricultural production, the application of the fertilizer of the present invention can effectively regulate the activity of microorganisms, increase the content of water-soluble phosphorus in soil, and improve the utilization efficiency of crop phosphorus fertilizer.
  • Example 2 Spring corn drip application of fertilizer composition containing carbohydrates and phosphorus elements
  • composition of the novel fertilizer composition of the present embodiment and its carbon-phosphorus ratio are as follows:
  • Novel fertilizer composition 1 (citric acid): the ratio of carbon to phosphorus is 3.66:1, 320 parts of citric acid (containing 37.5% of carbon, equivalent to 120 parts of carbon elements), 125 parts of monoammonium phosphate (containing 60% of P 2 O 5 , equivalent to 120 parts of carbon element) Phosphorus element 32.7 parts).
  • Novel fertilizer composition 2 (fructose): the ratio of carbon to phosphorus is 3.66:1, 300 parts of fructose (containing 40% carbon, equivalent to 120 parts of carbon elements), 125 parts of monoammonium phosphate (containing 60% of P 2 O 5 , equivalent to phosphorus elements) 32.7 copies).
  • the application method of the novel fertilizer composition includes the type of the novel fertilizer, the total amount of fertilizer in the whole growth period and the amount in different growth periods.
  • Fertilization was applied for the first time when corn dripped seedling water, and the application amount accounted for 40% of the total amount (the amount of the new fertilizer composition was 178.0kg ha -1 , and the total amount of carbon and phosphorus elements was 61.1kg ha -1 );
  • the application amount accounts for 40% of the total amount (the amount of the new fertilizer composition is 178.0kg ha -1 , and the total amount of carbon and phosphorus elements is 61.1kg ha -1 );
  • Fertilizer was applied for the third time when the third water was dripped after the corn emerged, and the application amount accounted for 20% of the total amount (the amount of the new fertilizer composition was 89.0kg ha -1 , and the total amount of carbon and phosphorus elements was 30.5kg ha -1 ).
  • Fertilization was applied for the first time when corn was dripping seedling water, and the application amount accounted for 40% of the total amount (the amount of the new fertilizer composition was 170.0kg ha -1 , and the total amount of carbon and phosphorus elements was 61.1kg ha -1 );
  • the application amount accounts for 40% of the total amount (the amount of the new fertilizer composition is 170.0kg ha -1 , and the total amount of carbon and phosphorus elements is 61.1kg ha -1 );
  • Fertilizer was applied for the third time when the third water was dripped after the corn emerged, and the application amount accounted for 20% of the total amount (the amount of the new fertilizer composition was 85.0kg ha -1 , and the total amount of carbon and phosphorus elements was 30.5kg ha -1 ).
  • Treatment 1 Control, no phosphate fertilizer, other fertilizers are supplied in sufficient quantities according to the production routine;
  • Treatment 2 Phosphate fertilizer, applying phosphorus 52.4kg P ha -1 (120kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 );
  • Treatment four fertilizer composition 2, applying "new fertilizer composition 2 (fructose)" 425.0kg ha -1 .
  • the test results are shown in Figure 2.
  • the average yield of the new fertilizer composition was increased by 14.8% compared with the control treatment, among which the fertilizer composition 1 increased the yield by 14.6% compared with the control, and the fertilizer composition 2 increased the yield by 15.0% compared with the control (A in Figure 2).
  • the application of the new fertilizer composition reduced the amount of phosphate fertilizer by 37.6%, but the corn yield did not decrease.
  • the soil alkaline phosphatase activity increased by 12.4% on average compared with the control without phosphorus application, and increased by 25.2% compared with the phosphorus fertilizer application.
  • the alkaline phosphatase activity of fertilizer composition 1 increased by 10.3% and 22.9% compared with the control and phosphorus application treatments, respectively; the alkaline phosphatase activity of fertilizer composition 2 was increased by 14.5% and 27.5% compared with the control and phosphorus application treatments, respectively (Fig. 2 in B).
  • the partial productivity of phosphate fertilizer treated with the new fertilizer composition was increased by 63.6% compared with the treatment with phosphate fertilizer, and the partial productivity of phosphate fertilizer of fertilizer composition 1 and fertilizer composition 2 were respectively increased by 63.3% and 63.9% compared with the treatment of phosphate fertilizer application (Fig. 2). C). It is indicated that in agricultural production, the application of the fertilizer of the present invention can effectively regulate the microbial phosphorus dissolving activity and improve the utilization efficiency of crop phosphorus fertilizer.

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种含有碳水化合物和磷元素的肥料组合物及其制备方法与应用，涉及农业技术领域。本发明所述肥料组合物中碳磷比为1～15:1，分为低碳型(碳磷比为1～4:1)和高碳型(碳磷比为4～15:1)两种。本发明所述肥料组合物通过调控土壤中固有的解磷微生物活性提高作物的磷肥利用效率。在多个试验地点，使用本发明提供的肥料组合物后，土壤呼吸增强、磷酸酶活性显著提高，土壤水溶性磷浓度显著增加，作物显著增产。

Description

一种含有碳水化合物和磷元素的肥料组合物及其制备方法与应用
本申请要求于2020年10月15日提交中国专利局、申请号为202011102074.8、发明名称为“一种含有碳水化合物和磷元素的肥料组合物及其制备方法与应用”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明属于农业领域，涉及一种含有碳水化合物和磷元素的肥料组合物及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
土壤微生物在土壤中磷元素的活化和利用过程中发挥如下两方面的重要作用：一是迅速将施入土壤中的磷肥固定在体内形成微生物生物量磷；二是在微生物生物量磷周转过程的磷又可以被释放到土壤中，该部分磷将成为土壤有效磷的重要来源。解磷微生物分泌的磷酸酶可将有机磷水解成正磷酸盐供植物吸收利用；微生物分泌的有机酸阴离子可以螯合被金属阳离子沉淀的磷酸根；微生物分泌质子以及通过呼吸作用释放的CO 2，也能降低根际土壤pH值，从而促进难溶性磷酸盐的溶解(Meyer et al.2019)。但对于土壤微生物生长而言，农田土壤中绝大多数微生物处于“碳饥饿”状态，只有5％左右处于活性状态。因此，通过添加适宜的碳水化合物促进微生物代谢活性，强化微生物对磷的转化与周转，降低磷肥施入土壤后的有效性损失、提高磷肥利用效率就成了土壤肥料领域的理论研究的热点和难点问题。
对于调节土壤微生物对磷的生物活化与周转而言，碳磷比起着至关重要的作用。在碳源相对匮乏时，提高土壤碳磷比能够促进土壤微生物对有机磷的活化，增加碱性磷酸酶活性以及含有phoD的细菌功能群的丰度和多样性。同时，提高碳磷比还具有增加土壤呼吸速率和促进土壤局部微域酸化的作用。然而，过量碳输入将导致施入土壤中的磷肥被大量固定在微生物体内，造成土壤有效磷含量降低，抑制作物生长。因此，适宜碳磷比是调节微生物解磷功能发挥、提高磷利用效率的关键。但是，迄今为止， 还没有一个关于肥料产品中碳水化合物与磷酸盐碳磷元素化学计量比的具体技术参数。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题，本发明提供了一种含有碳水化合物和磷元素的肥料组合物及其制备方法与应用。所述肥料组合物可以提高磷肥利用效率，并调控土著微生物活性。
本发明提供的肥料组合物，由碳水化合物和含磷化合物组成；
所述碳水化合物中的碳元素与所述含磷化合物中的磷元素的质量比为1～15:1；
所述碳水化合物选自柠檬酸、淀粉、L-***糖、半乳糖、壳聚糖、赤藓糖、果糖、麦芽糖和乳糖中至少一种。
上述肥料组合物中，所述含磷化合物选自磷酸一铵、磷酸二铵、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸脲、聚磷酸铵和磷酸中的至少一种。
具体的，所述聚磷酸铵的聚合度为2-10，可购自云南天耀化工有限公司。
另外，所述肥料组合物的组分还可包括水；所述水与所述碳水化合物的质量比为1:10-3:10。
具体的，所述肥料组合物可为低碳型肥料组合物或高碳型肥料组合物；
所述低碳型肥料组合物中，所述碳水化合物中的碳元素与所述含磷化合物中的磷元素的质量比为1～4:1；更具体可为2.45-3.66:1；
所述高碳型肥料组合物中，所述碳水化合物中的碳元素与所述含磷化合物中的磷元素的质量比为4～15:1；更具体可为5.5:1。
本发明还要求保护一种施肥的方法，该方法包括：将肥料进行施肥的步骤；其中，所述肥料为前述肥料组合物。
上述方法所述施肥中，所述肥料的施用量为每公顷农田中施用125～445kg；更具体为203.0kg或362.5kg；
施肥对象为玉米或棉花；
施肥次数为1～3次；
施肥方式为滴施、条施或穴施。
所述施肥对象为玉米(如春玉米)时，施肥方式为条施时，施肥次数 为2次；
第一次至第二次施肥的时间及施肥量如下所示：
在玉米播种时，与种肥一起施入所述肥料组合物总用量的40％；
在玉米的拔节期追肥时施入所述肥料组合物总用量的60％。
所述施肥对象为玉米(如春玉米)时，施肥方式为滴施时，施肥次数为3次；
第一次至第三次施肥的时间及施肥量如下所示：
在玉米滴出苗水时第一次施肥，施用量占所述肥料组合物总用量的40％；
在玉米出苗后滴第一水时第二次施肥，施用量占所述肥料组合物总用量的40％；
在玉米出苗后滴第三水时第三次施肥，施用量占所述肥料组合物总用量的20％。
本发明还要求保护上述肥料组合物在如下应用a至应用d中任意一种中的应用：
所述应用a为提高磷肥利用效率；
所述应用b为提高土壤中的土著解磷功能微生物的活性；
所述应用c为促进作物生长；
所述应用d为提高磷素在土壤中的有效性。
此外，本发明还要求保护一种制备所述肥料组合物的方法，该方法包括：
按照碳、磷元素配比将各组分混匀，即得。
具体的，本发明提供的制备所述肥料组合物的方法，包括如下步骤：
按照碳、磷元素配比，将所述碳水化合物与含磷化合物混合均匀，制成粉剂而得；
按照碳、磷元素配比，将所述碳水化合物溶于水，再将所述含磷化合物溶解加入其中，得到液体状的所述肥料组合物即得。
有益效果：
本发明提供了一种具有特定碳、磷元素配比的肥料组合物，由于该组合物中含有刺激微生物生长和活性的碳源，将该肥料组合物施入土壤后，较现有技术中类似产品能够显著地提高土壤中具有解磷功能的土著微生 物的活性，且能够同时提高磷素在土壤中的有效性，从而达到促进作物生长和提高磷肥利用效率的目的。本申请发明人发现，施用化学磷肥和含碳化合物的混合物(碳磷元素比例为1～13.3:1)时，土壤微生物活性和磷酸酶活性显著增加，作物生长和磷吸收效率得到显著提高。每公顷农田混合施用含有磷元素19.6～32.7kg的化学磷肥和含有48～120kg碳元素的含碳化合物时，土壤呼吸加强、土壤磷酸酶活性和水溶性磷含量增加，作物产量显著提高。
附图说明
图1为施用含有碳水化合物和磷元素的肥料组合物对玉米产量、磷肥偏生产力、水溶性磷浓度和土壤呼吸速率的影响；A为不同处理中玉米的产量；B为不同处理磷肥偏生产力；C为不同处理水溶性磷的浓度；D为不同处理土壤呼吸速率；不同的小写字母表示处理之间差异达到显著水平(P≤0.05)；
图2为施用含有碳水化合物和磷元素的肥料组合物对玉米产量、土壤碱性磷酸酶活性和磷肥偏生产力的影响；A为不同处理中玉米的产量；B为不同处理碱性磷酸酶活性；C为不同处理磷肥的偏生产力；不同的小写字母表示处理之间差异达到显著水平(P≤0.05)。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明做进一步清楚、完整地描述。显然，本发明要求保护的范围并不局限于实施例表述的范围，任何人在本发明的启示下都可得出其他各种形式的产品，但不论是在含碳化合物、化学磷肥原料种类或成分比例上作任何变化，凡是具有与本申请相同的技术方案，均落在本发明的保护范围之内。所述方法如无特别说明均为常规方法。所述原材料如无特别说明均能从公开商业途径获得。
实施例1 春玉米条施含碳水化合物和磷元素的肥料组合物
1、本实施例的含有碳水化合物和磷元素的肥料组合物成分组成及其碳磷比如下：
新型肥料组合物1(低碳型)：碳磷比为2.45:1，柠檬酸128份(含碳37.5％，折合碳元素48份)，磷酸一铵75份(含P 2O 560％，折合磷元素19.6份)。
新型肥料组合物2(高碳型)：碳磷比为5.5:1，柠檬酸287.5份(含碳37.5％，折合碳元素107.8份)，磷酸一铵75份(含P 2O 560％，折合磷元素19.6份)。
2、制备和施用方法为：
将上述特定份量的柠檬酸与磷酸一铵混合均匀，制成肥料组合物粉剂。在作物根系附近开7～15cm深的沟，沟内均匀撒施肥料组合物粉剂，覆土并及时灌溉。
3、以目标产量为10.5tha -1的春玉米种为例。
新型含有碳水化合物和磷元素的肥料组合物的施用方法包括新型肥料组合物的类型、肥料全生育期的总用量和不同生育时期的用量。
(1)施用上述“新型肥料组合物1(低碳型)”。每公顷农田的新型肥料组合物1用量为203.0kg ha -1(折合碳、磷元素总用量为67.6kg ha -1，含磷元素19.6kg P ha -1)分两次施入土壤。
在玉米播种时，施用量占总用量的40％(新型肥料组合物用量为81.2kg ha -1，折合碳、磷元素总用量为27.0kg ha -1)；
在玉米拔节期，施用量占总用量的60％(新型肥料组合物用量为121.8kg ha -1，折合碳、磷元素总用量为40.6kg ha -1)。
(2)施用上述“新型肥料组合物2(高碳型)”。每公顷农田的新型肥料组合物用量为362.5kg ha -1(折合碳、磷元素总用量为127.4kg ha -1，含磷元素19.6kg P ha -1)，分两次施入土壤。
在玉米播种时，施用量占肥料总用量的40％(新型肥料组合物用量为145.0kg ha -1，折合碳、磷元素总用量为51.0kg ha -1)；
在玉米拔节期，施用量占肥料总用量的60％(新型肥料组合物用量为217.5kg ha -1，折合碳、磷元素总用量为76.4kg ha -1)。
4、其余的施肥和田间管理与实际生产一致。
施用效果：
按照上述方法，在中国农业大学上庄试验站进行了田间试验，共设置了4个处理。
处理一：对照，不施磷肥，其他肥料按生产常规足量供应；
处理二：磷肥，施磷52.4kg P ha -1(120kg P 2O 5 ha -1)；
处理三：肥料组合物1，施用“新型肥料组合物1(低碳型)”203.0kg  ha -1；
处理四：肥料组合物2，施用“新型肥料组合物2(高碳型)”362.5kg ha -1。
试验结果如图1所示。施用新型肥料组合物1和2分别比对照处理增产21.4％和24.2％(图1中A)。与施磷肥相比，施用新型肥料组合物处理磷肥的偏生产力提高了158％，其中施用新型肥料组合物1和2处理磷肥的偏生产力分别提高了155％和161％(图1中B)。施用新型肥料组合物后，土壤水溶性磷平均比对照不施磷处理提高49.2％，其中施用新型肥料组合物1和2处理土壤水溶性磷分别比对照提高45.0％和52.3％(图1中C)，同时，施用新型肥料组合物处理的土壤呼吸比对照不施磷肥处理提高了48.7％，比施用磷肥处理提高了41.7％(图1中D)。说明在农业生产中，应用本发明的肥料可以有效调控微生物活性、增加土壤水溶性磷含量、提高作物磷肥利用效率。
实施例2 春玉米滴施含碳水化合物和磷元素的肥料组合物
1、本实施例的新型肥料组合物的成分组成及其碳磷比如下：
新型肥料组合物1(柠檬酸)：碳磷比为3.66:1，柠檬酸320份(含碳37.5％，折合碳元素120份)，磷酸一铵125份(含P 2O 560％，折合磷元素32.7份)。
新型肥料组合物2(果糖)：碳磷比为3.66:1，果糖300份(含碳40％，折合碳元素120份)，磷酸一铵125份(含P 2O 560％，折合磷元素32.7份)。
2、制备和施用方法为：
采用滴施，在滴水时，称取上述份量的柠檬酸、果糖和磷酸一铵，按比例充分混匀，配制成新型含碳水化合物和磷元素的肥料组合物粉剂。将新型肥料组合物粉剂加入施肥罐中搅拌混匀，随水滴施。
3、以目标产量12tha -1的春玉米为例。
新型肥料组合物的施用方法包括新型肥料的类型、肥料全生育期的总用量和不同生育时期的用量。
(1)施用上述“新型肥料组合物1(柠檬酸)”。每公顷农田的新型肥料组合物用量为445.0kg ha -1(折合碳、磷元素总用量为152.7kg ha -1，含磷元素32.7kg P ha -1)分三次施入土壤。
在玉米滴出苗水时第一次施肥，施用量占总用量的40％(新型肥料组合物用量为178.0kg ha -1，折合碳、磷元素总用量为61.1kg ha -1)；
在玉米出苗后滴第一水时第二次施肥，施用量占总用量的40％(新型肥料组合物用量为178.0kg ha -1，折合碳、磷元素总用量为61.1kg ha -1)；
在玉米出苗后滴第三水时第三次施肥，施用量占总用量的20％(新型肥料组合物用量为89.0kg ha -1，折合碳、磷元素总用量为30.5kg ha -1)。
(2)施用上述“新型肥料组合物2(果糖)”。每公顷农田的新型肥料组合物用量为425.0kg ha -1(折合碳、磷元素总用量为152.7kg ha -1，含磷元素32.7kg P ha -1)分三次施入土壤。
在玉米滴出苗水时第一次施肥，施用量占总用量的40％(新型肥料组合物用量为170.0kg ha -1，折合碳、磷元素总用量为61.1kg ha -1)；
在玉米出苗后滴第一水时第二次施肥，施用量占总用量的40％(新型肥料组合物用量为170.0kg ha -1，折合碳、磷元素总用量为61.1kg ha -1)；
在玉米出苗后滴第三水时第三次施肥，施用量占总用量的20％(新型肥料组合物用量为85.0kg ha -1，折合碳、磷元素总用量为30.5kg ha -1)。
4、其余的施肥和田间管理与实际生产一致。
施用效果：
按照上述方法，在新疆石河子进行了田间试验，共设置了4个处理。
处理一：对照，不施磷肥，其他肥料按生产常规足量供应；
处理二：磷肥，施磷52.4kg P ha -1(120kg P 2O 5 ha -1)；
处理三：肥料组合物1，施用“新型肥料组合物1(柠檬酸)”445.0kg ha -1；
处理四：肥料组合物2，施用“新型肥料组合物2(果糖)”425.0kg ha -1。
试验结果如图2所示。施用新型肥料组合物平均比对照处理增产14.8％，其中肥料组合物1比对照增产14.6％，肥料组合物2比对照增产15.0％(图2中A)。与施磷肥处理相比，施用新型肥料组合物在减少磷肥用量37.6％的情况下，玉米并未减产，其中肥料组合物1增产2.1％，肥料组合物2增产2.4％(图2中A)。施用新型肥料组合物后，土壤碱性磷酸酶活性平均比对照不施磷处理提高12.4％，比施磷肥处理提高25.2％。其中肥料组合物1的碱性磷酸酶活性比对照和施磷处理分别增加10.3％和22.9％；肥料组合物2的碱性磷酸酶活性比对照和施磷处理分别 增加14.5％和27.5％(图2中B)。同时，施用新型肥料组合物处理的磷肥偏生产力比施用磷肥处理提高了63.6％，肥料组合物1和肥料组合物2的磷肥偏生产力分别比施用磷肥处理提高了63.3％和63.9％(图2中C)。说明在农业生产中，应用本发明的肥料可以有效调控微生物解磷活性、提高作物磷肥利用效率。
尽管上述实施例对本发明做出了详尽的描述，但它仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部实施例，人们还可以根据本实施例在不经创造性前提下获得其它实施例，这些实施例都属于本发明保护范围。

Claims (16)

  1. 一种肥料组合物，其特征在于，由碳水化合物和含磷化合物组成；
    所述碳水化合物中的碳元素与所述含磷化合物中的磷元素的质量比为1～15:1。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的肥料组合物，其特征在于，所述碳水化合物选自柠檬酸、淀粉、L-***糖、半乳糖、壳聚糖、赤藓糖、果糖、麦芽糖和乳糖中的至少一种。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的肥料组合物，其特征在于：所述含磷化合物选自磷酸一铵、磷酸二铵、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸脲、聚磷酸铵和磷酸中的至少一种。
  4. 根据权利要求1或2或3所述的肥料组合物，其特征在于：所述肥料组合物的组分还包括水；
    所述水与所述碳水化合物的质量比为1:10-3:10。
  5. 一种制备权利要求1～4任一所述肥料组合物的方法，包括：
    按照权利要求1～4任一所述肥料组合物中的碳、磷元素配比将各组分混匀，即得。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，按照碳、磷元素配比，将所述碳水化合物与含磷化合物混合均匀，制成粉剂而得。
  7. 根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，按照碳、磷元素配比，将溶于水的碳水化合物，与溶于水的含磷化合物进行混合，得到液体状的肥料组合物。
  8. 一种低碳型肥料组合物，其特征在于，由碳水化合物和含磷化合物组成；
    所述碳水化合物中的碳元素与所述含磷化合物中的磷元素的质量比为1～4:1。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的低碳型肥料组合物，其特征在于，所述碳水化合物中的碳元素与所述含磷化合物中的磷元素的质量比为2.45～3.66:1。
  10. 一种高碳型肥料组合物，其特征在于，由碳水化合物和含磷化合物组成；
    所述碳水化合物中的碳元素与所述含磷化合物中的磷元素的质量比为4～15:1。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述高碳型肥料组合物，其特征在于，所述碳水化合物中的碳元素与所述含磷化合物中的磷元素的质量比为5.5:1。
  12. 一种施肥的方法，包括：将肥料进行施肥的步骤；其特征在于，所述肥料为权利要求1～4任一所述肥料组合物或权利要求8～9任一所述低碳型肥料组合物或权利要求10～11任一所述高碳型肥料组合物。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的方法，其特征在于，所述施肥的方法包括滴施、条施或穴施。
  14. 根据权利要求12所述的方法，其特征在于，所述施肥的对象为玉米或棉花；
    施肥次数为1～3次。
  15. 根据权利要求14所述的方法，其特征在于：所述肥料的施用量为每公顷农田中施用125～445kg。
  16. 权利要求1～4任一所述肥料组合物或权利要求8或9所述低碳型肥料组合物或权利要求10或11所述高碳型肥料组合物在如下应用a至应用d中任意一种中的应用：
    所述应用a为提高磷肥利用效率；
    所述应用b为提高土壤中的土著解磷功能微生物的活性；
    所述应用c为促进作物生长；
    所述应用d为提高磷素在土壤中的有效性。
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