WO2021073609A1 - Method for preparing water-cultured ripe tobacco leaves in shading environment - Google Patents

Method for preparing water-cultured ripe tobacco leaves in shading environment Download PDF

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WO2021073609A1
WO2021073609A1 PCT/CN2020/121539 CN2020121539W WO2021073609A1 WO 2021073609 A1 WO2021073609 A1 WO 2021073609A1 CN 2020121539 W CN2020121539 W CN 2020121539W WO 2021073609 A1 WO2021073609 A1 WO 2021073609A1
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tobacco
water
shading
tobacco leaves
leaves
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PCT/CN2020/121539
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French (fr)
Chinese (zh)
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刘奕平
陈德清
何健
游连尉
吴志高
方正华
黄鹤鸣
林先塔
胡兴川
叶庄钦
杨银平
许山河
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福建中烟工业有限责任公司
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B1/00—Preparation of tobacco on the plantation

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco harvesting and preparation, and specifically relates to tobacco leaf maturity technology.
  • the types of artificially grown tobacco are classified into flue-cured tobacco and air-cured tobacco (mainly burley tobacco and oriental tobacco) according to the preparation method.
  • the preparation process is a process of physical and biochemical changes in the tobacco leaves accompanied by dehydration and drying.
  • the tobacco leaf preparation process starts from harvesting (or harvesting) fresh tobacco (Raw) in the field to the end of leaf drying.
  • the key technology is tobacco leaf maturity (Maturity).
  • the well-known definition of tobacco leaf maturity refers to the degree of maturity of the tobacco leaf after preparation. It is the physical and biochemical changes expressed in the appearance of the tobacco leaf. The degree or state that the tobacco leaf meets the requirements of cigarette processing and meets the needs of smokers is the level or state of the tobacco leaf after preparation. How close the state is to the ideal state.
  • the intrinsic quality of tobacco leaves gradually improves. It is manifested in that the aroma quality changes from poor to better, the amount of aroma gradually increases, the impurity gradually decreases, the irritation gradually decreases, the filling capacity gradually increases, and the combustibility gradually becomes stronger.
  • the chemical composition is more coordinated.
  • the internal quality of tobacco leaves can be judged and evaluated by appearance characteristics.
  • the published technical standards and documents of tobacco leaves have clarified that the main appearance characteristics of ripe (ripe) tobacco leaves that reach the ideal state after preparation are: the leaf structure is more loose (openleaf structure) and soft ( fleshy; rich in oil; deeper color intensity; more elastic and spready.
  • the change process of physical and biochemical changes in the appearance characteristics of the tobacco leaf is the mature process of the tobacco leaf.
  • the maturity of tobacco leaves before harvesting (or harvesting) in the field is called field maturity; the maturity of tobacco leaves during the modulation process is called modulation maturity.
  • Field maturity and modulation maturity are a continuous, gradual process that connects the past and the next.
  • the maturation process of tobacco leaves is as follows:
  • Tobacco leaves produce organic matter through photosynthesis, decompose and transform organic matter through respiration, and generate energy for its life activities. This is the metabolism of plants and supports the life process of tobacco leaves. In the vigorous period of tobacco leaf growth, the synthesis of organic matter is greater than the consumption, and the tobacco leaf in this period is in the stage of dry matter accumulation. As the life process of tobacco leaves reaches a certain period, the synthesis and consumption of organic matter are basically the same. At this time, the accumulation of dry matter in the tobacco leaves reaches a peak. Usually, when the dry matter accumulation of field tobacco leaves reaches the peak, it is called mature.
  • the dry matter components of physiologically mature tobacco leaves are mainly starch and protein.
  • Starch is one of the precursor substances produced by the aroma of tobacco leaves, but starch itself is a component that is not conducive to the fragrant taste; protein is an important substance that affects the fragrant taste of tobacco leaves, no matter too much or too little, it is not conducive to smoking. Limited by the existing tobacco leaf preparation equipment and technology, it is difficult for tobacco leaves at the physiological maturity stage to be prepared with satisfactory quality.
  • the amount of organic matter synthesis begins to be less than the amount consumed by respiration, so the dry matter accumulation of the tobacco leaves has a negative growth, and the life of the tobacco leaves enters the senescence period.
  • the starch and protein in the tobacco leaves continue to degrade, and the color of the tobacco leaves gradually turns yellow, which meets the needs of the modulation process (that is, the ideal state that the modulation equipment and technology can achieve).
  • This period is called the field process maturity period.
  • the tobacco leaves that have reached the maturity of the field process are harvested (or harvested) and then enter the modulation stage.
  • live tobacco leaves undergo starvation metabolism, starch continues to be decomposed in a large amount, and protein is degraded to a range that meets the needs of smoking.
  • Sugar, amino acids, some organic acids, and lower fatty acids are beneficial to tobacco leaves.
  • Taste substances accumulate, transform, and condense.
  • the physical and biochemical changes inside the tobacco leaf reach the optimal state for smoking and are dried and fixed. The tobacco leaf that achieves this change is the ripened tobacco leaf after conditioning.
  • Tobacco leaves with sufficient nutrient accumulation (mainly the upper leaves) can produce mellow tobacco leaves when both the field maturity and the modulation maturity have reached a very ideal state.
  • the number of mature tobacco leaves is not large, it represents the mastery of tobacco leaf maturity technology.
  • Tobacco leaves with insufficient nutrient accumulation and excessive respiratory metabolism may produce over-ripe tobacco leaves; lower tobacco leaves with insufficient nutrient accumulation may also show prematurity.
  • the quality indicators of over-ripe and false-ripe tobacco leaves are not as good as mature tobacco leaves.
  • the fresh tobacco harvested at the field stage is not mature enough and mainly includes Crude, immature, unripe, mature, mature or under-ripe . These are mainly caused by the following factors:
  • the ideal temperature for normal maturity of tobacco leaves in the field is 24-25°C. Even a milder high temperature (such as a temperature higher than 30°C) or a milder low temperature (such as a temperature lower than 17°C) obviously affects the maturity of tobacco leaves in the field.
  • Cured leaves produced during the brewing stage are not mature enough and mainly include Fire-killed, Green, Greenish, Slick, Papery, and Mottled.
  • Leaf (Variegated), Variegated Dark Red, Variegated Red or Scorched, etc. are mainly produced by the following factors:
  • the main source of insufficient maturity in the brewing stage is the deterioration of tobacco leaf activity and the obstacles in physiological metabolism at the early stage of brewing. This is a relatively complex technology that requires practical experience.
  • the harvesting method has a great influence on the maturity of tobacco leaves. Regardless of the type of tobacco, the well-known harvesting methods include fresh tobacco leaf harvesting, whole plant harvesting with stems, and upper leaf harvesting with stems. Fresh tobacco leaf harvesting is to pick the tobacco leaves on the stalks of tobacco plants in the field.
  • the invention discloses a method for preparing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment, and its purpose is to provide a method for preparing tobacco leaves to continue to mature after the tobacco plants are harvested, thereby remedying the deficiency of insufficient maturity of the tobacco leaves in the field and improving the tobacco leaves. Modulation maturity.
  • the method of the present invention can harvest tobacco leaves in advance before the onset of meteorological disasters or disease outbreaks, and cover the tobacco plants with shading objects (such as membranes, nets, boards, etc.). While shading and watering, it also protects the tobacco leaves from heavy rain. , Floods, droughts, storms, hail, extreme high temperature sunburn or low temperature freezing damage and other disasters play a protective role. In particular, the weight, quality, and value of the middle and upper tobacco leaves account for a large proportion. Once a disaster suffers a heavy loss, the application of the invention can achieve the purposes of disaster prevention, disaster reduction, quality assurance, and stable harvest.
  • shading objects such as membranes, nets, boards, etc.
  • a modulation method for growing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment The key technical point is that shading and water aquaculture are coordinated; shading means that the roots or stems of tobacco plants grown in the field are cut off and concentrated in the shading environment to prevent photosynthesis of the tobacco leaves. Effect; water culture means immersing the cut ends of tobacco plants in water to provide sufficient water for tobacco plants to maintain the physiological metabolism of tobacco leaves during maturation; to transform the physical and biochemical changes in tobacco leaf maturation processes in a direction that is conducive to improving quality. The subsequent modulation and drying process will not be carried out until the maturity of the tobacco leaves reaches the technological maturity requirements.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for preparing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment, wherein shading and water cultivation are performed in concert; shading is to concentrate tobacco plants growing in the field in the shading environment after their roots or stems are cut.
  • shading is to concentrate tobacco plants growing in the field in the shading environment after their roots or stems are cut.
  • water culture means immersing the cut ends of the tobacco plant in water to provide sufficient water to the tobacco plant and maintain the physiological metabolism of the tobacco leaf during the maturation process; follow-up modulation is carried out until the maturity of the tobacco leaf reaches the technological maturity requirements , Dry processing.
  • the light-shielding and water-breeding preparation places are set up close to the growing position of the tobacco plants in the field, so as to shorten the transportation distance of the cut tobacco plants as much as possible, and reduce tobacco leaf damage.
  • the shading and aquaculture preparation site is filled with water in one or several furrows in the field where tobacco is grown; the roots or stems of tobacco plants growing around are cut off and moved into and standing in the furrows; The cut end of the tobacco plant is immersed in water; and the top of the tobacco plant is covered with shading material.
  • the shading and water aquaculture preparation site is indoors, or in a warehouse, or a covered production site, or a ditch, or ridge, or ditch, or a canal, or a shade in a forest or bamboo forest.
  • 1 to 25 days before the tobacco leaves mature such as 20 to 23 days, the preparation method of raising the tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment is implemented.
  • the tobacco leaves that have sufficient accumulation of nutrients in the field are subjected to a preparation method of raising mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment.
  • the tobacco leaves after the tobacco plants grown in the field enter the maturity period, the tobacco leaves will mature from bottom to top under normal circumstances, so the tobacco leaves below the middle part usually have better field maturity conditions than the upper tobacco leaves. For tobacco leaves below the middle, it is recommended to stay in the field until mature before harvesting. It is only possible to predict the arrival of disaster risks (such as disaster warnings in weather forecasts) or other unfavorable factors that limit the normal maturity of tobacco leaves (such as the planting season of later crops, restrictions on labor, technology and equipment, or the initial and upcoming outbreak of the disease). When avoiding, the tobacco plants that are not mature enough in the field have to be harvested in advance.
  • disaster risks such as disaster warnings in weather forecasts
  • other unfavorable factors that limit the normal maturity of tobacco leaves (such as the planting season of later crops, restrictions on labor, technology and equipment, or the initial and upcoming outbreak of the disease).
  • the number of tobacco leaves suitable for harvesting is usually within 12, preferably 6-10. The more the number of leaves, the worse the uniformity of the tobacco leaves.
  • the cutting position of the tobacco plant is between the root system and the stem of the growing leaf, which may include the part of the root system cut off the tobacco plant underground, or only the part of the tobacco plant above the ground.
  • the simplest and most convenient method of operation is to cut the stem of the tobacco plant close to the base of the ground.
  • the light-shielding and water-breeding preparation places are set up close to the growing position of the tobacco plants in the field, so as to shorten the transportation distance of the cut tobacco plants as much as possible, and reduce tobacco leaf damage.
  • the most commonly used method is to irrigate one or several furrows in the field where tobacco is grown; cut the roots or stems of tobacco plants growing around them and move them into and stand in the furrows; The cut end is immersed in water; and the top of the tobacco plant is covered with shading material.
  • the preparation place for shading and water-raising tobacco leaves can also be indoors, or in a warehouse, or a covered production site; or in a ditch, or ridge, or canal, or wood, or bamboo forest in the field. Shade.
  • shading and water-fed tobacco leaves can also directly cover the tobacco plants grown in the field with a light-shielding material and provide the rhizosphere soil of the tobacco plants with a saturated state of relative water holding capacity, so as to achieve shading and water-fed conditions.
  • the shading material prevents photosynthesis of tobacco leaves, and at the same time protects the tobacco leaves from rain, wind, extreme high or low temperature, and various disasters. Vitality.
  • the material of the light-shielding object may be an opaque black film or a sufficiently dense black net or an opaque plate.
  • the shading rate of these materials above 70% can greatly reduce the photosynthesis intensity of tobacco leaves, but in sunny weather with strong sunlight, the higher the shading rate, the better.
  • the shade can filter out 70% of the light intensity (under standard sunlight).
  • the harvested tobacco plants are placed in a shading environment as soon as possible, and the broken ends are immersed in water as soon as possible to provide sufficient moisture for the tobacco plants when the transpiration of the tobacco leaves is reduced after the tobacco plants are harvested, and the moisture transmission power is insufficient. Maintain the vitality of tobacco leaves and maintain the physiological and metabolic functions of tobacco leaves in vivo.
  • the water can be in a flowing state or in a relatively static state, depending on the conditions and convenience.
  • the water used is clean water.
  • Substances that are conducive to regulating the physiological metabolism of tobacco leaves can be added to the water.
  • the pH value of the tobacco plant can be adjusted with an aqueous solution of plant ash, etc.
  • the published technology shows that the use of ethephon can accelerate the ripening of tobacco leaves. Wait.
  • the leaves are picked when the maturity of the tobacco leaves after shading and water cultivation reaches the maturity requirements of the subsequent conditioning process.
  • the leaves are generally picked about 5 days after shading and water cultivation, depending on the maturity of the tobacco leaves (for example, 5-8 days). For example, tobacco leaves with good maturity should be picked within 5 days after shading and water cultivation; tobacco leaves with insufficient maturity should be picked after shading and water cultivation for 5 days. For tobacco leaves with poor accumulation of nutrients in the field, if they are shaded and kept in water for too long (for example, more than 8 days), the tobacco leaves will be over-ripe due to the excessive consumption of respiratory metabolic content, and it is easy to produce oxidized leaves (black glutinous smoke). )(Oxidized).
  • the leaf picking methods of flue-cured tobacco, burley tobacco, and oriental tobacco are the same as common field picking methods.
  • the leaves should be put into a barn for roasting as soon as possible after the leaves are picked.
  • the starting temperature of baking should be between 38°C and 42°C, and the specific temperature depends on the characteristics of the tobacco leaf and the status of the fresh tobacco. It should be noted that "low temperature and slow yellowing" (referring to the starting temperature below 38°C for more than 10 hours) will cause tobacco leaves to be overripe due to excessive consumption of respiratory metabolic content, and it is easy to produce oxidized leaves (black glutinous smoke) . Other modulation methods are the same as general methods.
  • Tobacco leaves can be harvested in advance before meteorological disasters or disease outbreaks occur, and the tobacco plants can be concentrated and covered with shading objects (such as film, net, board, etc.). While shading the light and raising the water, it also protects the tobacco leaves from heavy rains and floods. , Drought, storm, hail, extreme high temperature sunburn or low temperature freezing damage and other disasters play a protective role. In particular, the weight, quality, and value of the middle and upper tobacco leaves account for a large proportion. Once a disaster suffers a heavy loss, the application of the invention can achieve the purposes of disaster prevention, disaster reduction, quality assurance, and stable harvest.
  • shading objects such as film, net, board, etc.
  • Tobacco leaves can be harvested in advance, while the quality of the tobacco leaves and stable harvest, it is conducive to early planting of crops after the tobacco leaves and improve the comprehensive agricultural benefits.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of tobacco plants growing in the field
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of cutting down tobacco plants and focusing on a shading water.
  • the attached drawing is a schematic diagram of water-growing tobacco leaves in a shading environment, and only shows the method of setting up a brewing place where the tobacco plants are concentrated.
  • the plant can be repeatedly set according to the growing position of the tobacco plant in the field, so as to shorten the transportation distance of the tobacco plant as much as possible and reduce the damage of the tobacco leaf.
  • the tobacco plant After cutting part of the root system, the tobacco plant is moved with soil into a small water ditch for water cultivation, and the tobacco plant is covered with black plastic film to shade;
  • the tobacco plant is inserted into the water ditch after the base of its stem is cut and the fractured end is inserted for water cultivation;
  • the tobacco plant is inserted into the water ditch after the base of the stem is cut and the cut end is inserted into the water ditch; and the tobacco plant is covered with black plastic film to shade;
  • the tobacco plant is transported to a dark tiled room after the base of its stem is cut, and water containing a concentration of 1% hard alkali (a kind of earth alkali, the main component is potassium carbonate) aqueous solution is inserted into the broken end of the stem. Place it upright against the wall in the basin.
  • 1% hard alkali a kind of earth alkali, the main component is potassium carbonate
  • the weather was continuously cloudy and rainy, and the air humidity was relatively high; the water in the ditch was naturally flowing mountain spring water and rainwater; the temperature was between 20-32°C.
  • Tobacco leaf life status 01), 03), 05) treated tobacco leaves began to appear part of the leaf wilting about 5 hours after cutting (digging); 01), 03) treated tobacco leaves returned to normal life status every morning, in the afternoon Different degrees of wilting were reproduced; the tobacco leaves treated with 05) showed continuous wilting regardless of day and night; the life status of the tobacco leaves treated with 02), 04), and 06) was normal.
  • the yellowing state of tobacco leaves The tobacco leaves treated with 01), 02), 03), and 04) begin to fall yellow from bottom to top on the 3rd day, and only 3-4 top leaves are left when they are picked.
  • the treated tobacco leaves begin to fall yellow on the 3rd day, but there is no obvious gradation law, and some tobacco leaves withered and brown patches when picked;
  • the treated tobacco leaves have the same upper and lower leaf color, and the yellow fall is slower until they are picked. The degree of yellowishness is not as good as other treatments.
  • Tobacco baking quality 02), 04), and 06 treated tobacco leaves showed thin leaves and more florets to lagers.
  • the uniformity of the tobacco leaves treated by 06) was slightly better than that of 02), 04) treatment; 01)
  • the tobacco leaves treated with, 03) and 05) showed thin leaves and many greens.
  • the quality of tobacco leaves treated with 05) was the worst.
  • Tobacco plants can better maintain the vitality of tobacco leaves when they have both shading and water aquaculture; due to the general malnutrition of tobacco leaves at that time, although the test tobacco leaves after 7 days of shading and water aquaculture to make up for the deficiency of insufficient field maturity, Reduce the waste loss, but the tobacco leaves become thinner and the yield is low. Therefore, the present invention is suitable for tobacco leaves with sufficient accumulation of nutrients in the field.
  • Example 1 In order to solve the problems of insufficient maturity, poor availability, and poor market sales of upper tobacco leaves in recent years, on June 8, 2019, in Chishui Village, Chishui Town, Zhangping City, Fujian province, on the basis of the experimental conclusions obtained in Example 1, the present invention was reworked. verification.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of tobacco plants growing in the field.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of cutting down tobacco plants and focusing on a shading water.
  • a representative tobacco plant 2 is selected from a piece of tobacco field 1.
  • the stem 3 of each tobacco plant has 10 leaves of tobacco 4. After cutting the tobacco plant 2 at the base of the stem 3, stand it In the furrow 5 of the water 7, the upper part of the tobacco plant 2 is shaded with a black film 6.
  • many farmers set up anti-hail nets in the tobacco fields some tobacco fields were not affected by the nets, and some tobacco fields were not affected by the nets). If after receiving the hail disaster warning, the tobacco plants can be harvested in advance with shading and water cultivation, which can prevent hail and harvest tobacco leaves, saving labor and materials, and killing two birds with one stone.

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  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)
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Abstract

A method for preparing water-cultured ripe tobacco leaves in a shading environment. Shading and water culture are synergistically carried out; shading refers to that tobacco plants (2) growing in the field are cut off at the roots or stems (3) and then concentrated in a shading environment, so photosynthesis of tobacco leaves is prevented; water culture refers to that the cut ends of the cut tobacco plants (2) are immersed in water (7), so that sufficient water is provided for the tobacco plants (2), and physiological metabolism of the tobacco leaves in a ripping process is maintained; when the maturity of the tobacco leaves reaches process maturity requirements, subsequent curing and drying processing are carried out.

Description

一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法Modulating method for raising mature tobacco leaves with water in shading environment
本申请是以CN申请号为201910990427.3，申请日为2019年10月17日的申请为基础，并主张其优先权，上述CN申请的公开内容在此作为整体引入本申请中。This application is based on the application whose CN application number is 201910990427.3 and the filing date is October 17, 2019, and claims its priority. The disclosure of the above CN application is hereby incorporated into this application as a whole.
技术领域Technical field
本发明属于烟草采收、调制技术领域，具体涉及烟叶成熟度技术。The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco harvesting and preparation, and specifically relates to tobacco leaf maturity technology.
背景技术Background technique
人工种植的烟草类型根据调制方法分为烤烟、晾晒烟(主要有白肋烟、香料烟)等，其调制过程都是烟叶内部的物理和生物化学变化伴随脱水干燥的过程。烟叶调制过程从田间采收(或收割)鲜烟(Raw)开始到叶片干燥结束，其关键技术是烟叶成熟度(Maturity)。The types of artificially grown tobacco are classified into flue-cured tobacco and air-cured tobacco (mainly burley tobacco and oriental tobacco) according to the preparation method. The preparation process is a process of physical and biochemical changes in the tobacco leaves accompanied by dehydration and drying. The tobacco leaf preparation process starts from harvesting (or harvesting) fresh tobacco (Raw) in the field to the end of leaf drying. The key technology is tobacco leaf maturity (Maturity).
公知的烟叶成熟度定义是指调制后烟叶的成熟程度，是烟叶在外观特征上表达内部的物理和生物化学变化符合卷烟加工要求和满足吸食者需要的程度或状态，是调制后烟叶所达到的状态与理想状态的接近程度。The well-known definition of tobacco leaf maturity refers to the degree of maturity of the tobacco leaf after preparation. It is the physical and biochemical changes expressed in the appearance of the tobacco leaf. The degree or state that the tobacco leaf meets the requirements of cigarette processing and meets the needs of smokers is the level or state of the tobacco leaf after preparation. How close the state is to the ideal state.
随着成熟度的提高，烟叶内在质量逐渐改善，表现在香气质由差变好、香气量逐渐增加、杂气逐渐减少、刺激性逐渐降低、填充能力逐渐增加、燃烧性逐渐趋强、各种化学成分更趋协调。烟叶内在质量可以用外观特征进行判定和评价，已公开的烟叶技术标准、文献都阐明，调制后达到理想状态的成熟(ripe)烟叶主要外观特征是：叶片结构更加疏松(openleaf structure)、柔软(fleshy)；油分更多(rich in oil)；色度更浓(deep colorintensity)；更有弹性和伸展性(spready)。With the increase of maturity, the intrinsic quality of tobacco leaves gradually improves. It is manifested in that the aroma quality changes from poor to better, the amount of aroma gradually increases, the impurity gradually decreases, the irritation gradually decreases, the filling capacity gradually increases, and the combustibility gradually becomes stronger. The chemical composition is more coordinated. The internal quality of tobacco leaves can be judged and evaluated by appearance characteristics. The published technical standards and documents of tobacco leaves have clarified that the main appearance characteristics of ripe (ripe) tobacco leaves that reach the ideal state after preparation are: the leaf structure is more loose (openleaf structure) and soft ( fleshy; rich in oil; deeper color intensity; more elastic and spready.
烟叶内部的物理和生物化学变化在外观特征上表现出来的变化过程就是烟叶的成熟过程。烟叶在田间采收(或收割)前的成熟度称田间成熟度；烟叶在调制过程的成熟度称调制成熟度。田间成熟度和调制成熟度是承上启下的、连续的、渐变的过程。烟叶成熟过程如下：The change process of physical and biochemical changes in the appearance characteristics of the tobacco leaf is the mature process of the tobacco leaf. The maturity of tobacco leaves before harvesting (or harvesting) in the field is called field maturity; the maturity of tobacco leaves during the modulation process is called modulation maturity. Field maturity and modulation maturity are a continuous, gradual process that connects the past and the next. The maturation process of tobacco leaves is as follows:
烟叶通过光合作用制造有机物，通过呼吸作用分解转化有机物，并产生能量供其生命活动需要，这就是植物的新陈代谢，支撑着烟叶的生命进程。在烟叶生长的旺盛时期，有机物的合成量大于消耗量，此时期的烟叶处在干物质积累阶段。随着烟叶生命进程到达某个时期，有机物合成量和消耗量基本持平，这时烟叶体内干物质积累量达到高峰。通常把田间烟叶干物质积累量达到高峰时称生理成熟(mature)。生理成熟的烟叶干物质成分是以淀粉和蛋白质类物质为主。淀粉是烟叶香气物质产生的前体物质之一，但淀粉本 身是不利于香吃味的成分；蛋白质是影响烟叶香吃味的重要物质，无论过多或过少都不利于吸食。受现有的烟叶调制设备和技术的限制，生理成熟期的烟叶很难调制出令人满意的质量。Tobacco leaves produce organic matter through photosynthesis, decompose and transform organic matter through respiration, and generate energy for its life activities. This is the metabolism of plants and supports the life process of tobacco leaves. In the vigorous period of tobacco leaf growth, the synthesis of organic matter is greater than the consumption, and the tobacco leaf in this period is in the stage of dry matter accumulation. As the life process of tobacco leaves reaches a certain period, the synthesis and consumption of organic matter are basically the same. At this time, the accumulation of dry matter in the tobacco leaves reaches a peak. Usually, when the dry matter accumulation of field tobacco leaves reaches the peak, it is called mature. The dry matter components of physiologically mature tobacco leaves are mainly starch and protein. Starch is one of the precursor substances produced by the aroma of tobacco leaves, but starch itself is a component that is not conducive to the fragrant taste; protein is an important substance that affects the fragrant taste of tobacco leaves, no matter too much or too little, it is not conducive to smoking. Limited by the existing tobacco leaf preparation equipment and technology, it is difficult for tobacco leaves at the physiological maturity stage to be prepared with satisfactory quality.
生理成熟期以后，随着烟叶光合作用减弱，有机物合成量开始少于呼吸消耗的量，于是烟叶的干物质积累出现负增长，烟叶生命进入衰老期。在这个时期，烟叶内的淀粉和蛋白质不断降解，烟叶的颜色逐渐变黄，符合调制工艺(即调制设备和调制技术所能实现的理想状态)的需要，这个时期称为田间工艺成熟期。After the physiological maturity period, as the photosynthesis of the tobacco leaves weaken, the amount of organic matter synthesis begins to be less than the amount consumed by respiration, so the dry matter accumulation of the tobacco leaves has a negative growth, and the life of the tobacco leaves enters the senescence period. During this period, the starch and protein in the tobacco leaves continue to degrade, and the color of the tobacco leaves gradually turns yellow, which meets the needs of the modulation process (that is, the ideal state that the modulation equipment and technology can achieve). This period is called the field process maturity period.
达到田间工艺成熟的烟叶经采收(或收割)后进入调制阶段。在调制初期的一段时间内(主要在变黄期)，烟叶活体进行饥饿代谢，淀粉继续大量分解，蛋白质降解到符合吸食需要的范围，糖、氨基酸和一些有机酸、低级脂肪酸等有利于烟叶香吃味的物质积累、转化、缩合。最后，烟叶内部的物理和生物化学变化达到符合吸食的最理想状态并干燥固定，实现这种变化的烟叶才是调制后成熟(ripe)的烟叶。营养积累充足的烟叶(主要是上部叶)在田间成熟度和调制成熟度都达到十分理想的状态时可生产出完熟(mellow)烟叶。在生产实际中，虽然完熟烟叶数量不多，但代表着烟叶成熟度技术的掌握水平。营养积累不足且呼吸代谢消耗过度的烟叶则可能生产出过熟(over-ripe)烟叶；营养积累不足的下部烟叶还可能表现出假熟特征(Prematurity)。过熟和假熟烟叶的各项质量指标都不如成熟烟叶。The tobacco leaves that have reached the maturity of the field process are harvested (or harvested) and then enter the modulation stage. During the initial period of preparation (mainly during the yellowing period), live tobacco leaves undergo starvation metabolism, starch continues to be decomposed in a large amount, and protein is degraded to a range that meets the needs of smoking. Sugar, amino acids, some organic acids, and lower fatty acids are beneficial to tobacco leaves. Taste substances accumulate, transform, and condense. Finally, the physical and biochemical changes inside the tobacco leaf reach the optimal state for smoking and are dried and fixed. The tobacco leaf that achieves this change is the ripened tobacco leaf after conditioning. Tobacco leaves with sufficient nutrient accumulation (mainly the upper leaves) can produce mellow tobacco leaves when both the field maturity and the modulation maturity have reached a very ideal state. In actual production, although the number of mature tobacco leaves is not large, it represents the mastery of tobacco leaf maturity technology. Tobacco leaves with insufficient nutrient accumulation and excessive respiratory metabolism may produce over-ripe tobacco leaves; lower tobacco leaves with insufficient nutrient accumulation may also show prematurity. The quality indicators of over-ripe and false-ripe tobacco leaves are not as good as mature tobacco leaves.
从上述烟叶成熟过程来看，在生态环境、品种和生产技术等各种条件都适宜的情况下，烟叶内部的物理和生物化学变化应该能够达到最理想的状态，包括优良的物理性状、协调的化学成分、令人愉悦的烟气等都达到吸食者要求。但是，农业生产受许多客观因素限制，在气候条件、烟叶营养状况、调制设备、轮作制度和生产组织管理等方面都存在种种不如人意的因素，使烟叶成熟度很难达到理想状态，烟叶成熟不够的问题普遍存在。From the perspective of the above-mentioned tobacco leaf maturation process, when various conditions such as ecological environment, variety and production technology are suitable, the physical and biochemical changes within the tobacco leaf should be able to achieve the most ideal state, including excellent physical properties and coordinated The chemical composition, pleasant smoke, etc. all meet the requirements of smokers. However, agricultural production is limited by many objective factors. There are various unsatisfactory factors in climatic conditions, tobacco nutritional status, preparation equipment, crop rotation system, and production organization management, which make it difficult for the maturity of the tobacco to reach the ideal state, and the tobacco is not mature enough. The problem is widespread.
在田间阶段成熟不够而采收的鲜烟(Raw)主要包括生青(Crude)、不熟(immature)、欠熟(unripe)、生理成熟(mature)、尚熟或近熟(under-ripe)。这些主要由以下因素产生：The fresh tobacco harvested at the field stage is not mature enough and mainly includes Crude, immature, unripe, mature, mature or under-ripe . These are mainly caused by the following factors:
1.由于烟叶生产的各种灾害时常发生，包括洪涝、干旱、风暴、冰雹、极端的高温日灼或低温冻害等气象灾害造成烟叶不能正常成熟；除气象灾害外，各种病害发生时也造成烟叶不能正常成熟。1. Due to various disasters in tobacco leaf production often occur, including floods, droughts, storms, hail, extreme high temperature sunburn or low temperature freezing damage and other meteorological disasters cause tobacco leaves to fail to mature normally; in addition to meteorological disasters, various diseases also occur when they occur Tobacco leaves cannot mature normally.
2.满足烟叶田间正常成熟的理想气温在24－25℃。即使较轻度的高温(如气温高于30℃)或较轻度的低温(如气温低于17℃)也明显影响烟叶在田间阶段的成熟状态。2. The ideal temperature for normal maturity of tobacco leaves in the field is 24-25°C. Even a milder high temperature (such as a temperature higher than 30°C) or a milder low temperature (such as a temperature lower than 17°C) obviously affects the maturity of tobacco leaves in the field.
3.由于轮作安排，当烟草后作作物栽种时节来临时，不得不把田间成熟不够的烟叶提前采收。3. Due to the crop rotation arrangement, when the season for planting after the tobacco crop comes, the tobacco leaves that are not mature enough in the field have to be harvested in advance.
4.由于烤房容量是基本固定的，当田间成熟烟叶采收数量满足不了烤房容量要求时，不得不把田间其它成熟不够的烟叶提前采收。4. Since the capacity of the curing barn is basically fixed, when the number of mature tobacco leaves collected in the field cannot meet the capacity requirements of the barn, other tobacco leaves that are not mature enough in the field have to be harvested in advance.
5.当烟叶积累的营养不协调或过剩或不足时很难使烟叶在田间生长阶段达到理想的成熟状态。5. When the nutrients accumulated in the tobacco leaves are inconsistent or excessive or insufficient, it is difficult to make the tobacco leaves reach the ideal mature state in the field growth stage.
6.当烟叶采收人员对烟叶成熟度掌握不准时，错误地把成熟不够的烟叶提前采收。6. When the tobacco leaf collectors are inaccurate about the maturity of the tobacco leaves, they mistakenly harvest the insufficiently mature tobacco leaves in advance.
在调制阶段成熟不够而生产出来的调制叶(Cured)主要包括死青(Fire-killed)、青色(Green)、微带青(Greenish)、光滑(Slick)、纸质叶(Papery)、杂色叶(Variegated)、杂色褐红(Variegated Dark Red)、杂色烤红(Variegated Red or Scorched)等，这些主要由以下因素产生：Cured leaves produced during the brewing stage are not mature enough and mainly include Fire-killed, Green, Greenish, Slick, Papery, and Mottled. Leaf (Variegated), Variegated Dark Red, Variegated Red or Scorched, etc. These are mainly produced by the following factors:
1.在田间生长阶段达不到工艺成熟状态的烟叶进入调制阶段很难实现理想的成熟状态。1. Tobacco leaves that cannot reach the technological maturity state in the field growth stage are difficult to achieve the ideal maturity state when entering the modulation stage.
2.即使在田间生长阶段达到工艺成熟状态的烟叶，进入调制阶段如果调制不当也会出现调制后熟不够的问题。生长发育正常、营养协调、采收达到成熟要求的烟叶，如果调制设备不良或调制工艺技术出现失误，也不能使烟叶进行正常的生物化学变化，同样不可能生产出成熟的烟叶。调制设备不良主要是升温与控温、保湿与排湿存在问题；调制工艺技术出现失误主要是由于烤房温湿度的调控与烟叶内部的物理和生物化学变化状态和失水状态不协调。2. Even if the tobacco leaves reach the mature state in the field growth stage, the problem of insufficient maturity after modulation will occur if they enter the modulation stage if they are not properly prepared. Tobacco with normal growth and development, coordinated nutrition, and harvested to meet the maturity requirements, if the preparation equipment is poor or the preparation technology fails, the tobacco cannot undergo normal biochemical changes, and it is also impossible to produce mature tobacco. Poor brewing equipment is mainly due to the problems of heating and temperature control, moisturizing and dehumidification; the faults in the brewing technology are mainly due to the inconsistency of the control of the temperature and humidity of the curing barn and the physical and biochemical changes in the tobacco leaves and the state of dehydration.
调制阶段成熟不够的主要根源是调制初期烟叶活性变差、生理代谢出现障碍，这是比较复杂的、需要实际操作经验的技术。The main source of insufficient maturity in the brewing stage is the deterioration of tobacco leaf activity and the obstacles in physiological metabolism at the early stage of brewing. This is a relatively complex technology that requires practical experience.
采收方法对烟叶成熟度影响很大。不论哪种类型的烟草，公知的采收方法有鲜烟叶片采收、全株带茎砍收和上部叶带茎砍收三种。鲜烟叶片采收是把田间烟株茎杆上着生的烟叶叶片采摘下来，存在操作过程中容易出现损伤、堆闷窒息、部分叶片组织过早失水等问题，使烟叶活性变差而影响生物化学变化的正常进行；全株带茎砍收的烟叶各部位成熟度不一致，调制后的烟叶均匀度(Uniformity)较差、较多混色(Mixed color)和破损(Injury)；上部叶带茎砍收虽然使烟叶调制后的质量得到一定程度的改善，但对于烤烟(Flue-cured)调制过程需要消耗更多的燃料和更多的烘烤时间。The harvesting method has a great influence on the maturity of tobacco leaves. Regardless of the type of tobacco, the well-known harvesting methods include fresh tobacco leaf harvesting, whole plant harvesting with stems, and upper leaf harvesting with stems. Fresh tobacco leaf harvesting is to pick the tobacco leaves on the stalks of tobacco plants in the field. There are problems such as damage, suffocation, and premature loss of water in part of the leaf tissue during the operation process, which makes the tobacco leaf activity worse and affects The biochemical changes proceed normally; the maturity of each part of the tobacco leaves cut from the whole plant with stems is inconsistent, and the uniformity of the tobacco leaves after preparation is poor, with more mixed color and damage; the upper leaves with stems Although cutting has improved the quality of tobacco leaves to a certain extent, the process of preparing flue-cured tobacco requires more fuel and more baking time.
如上所述，农业生产受许多客观因素限制，使烟叶成熟度很难达到理想状态。在实际生产中，烟叶成熟不够的问题普遍存在，尤其是上部烟叶成熟度差、结构僵硬，影响烟叶的工业可用性。As mentioned above, agricultural production is limited by many objective factors, making it difficult for tobacco leaf maturity to reach the ideal state. In actual production, the problem of insufficient maturity of tobacco leaves is widespread, especially the poor maturity and rigid structure of the upper tobacco leaves, which affect the industrial availability of tobacco leaves.
发明内容Summary of the invention
本发明所公开的一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法，其目的是提供一种在烟株收割后有利于烟叶继续成熟的调制方法，从而弥补田间烟叶成熟不够的缺陷，提高烟叶调制成熟度。The invention discloses a method for preparing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment, and its purpose is to provide a method for preparing tobacco leaves to continue to mature after the tobacco plants are harvested, thereby remedying the deficiency of insufficient maturity of the tobacco leaves in the field and improving the tobacco leaves. Modulation maturity.
本发明的方法可以在气象灾害来临前或病害暴发前提前收获烟叶，并且把烟株集中覆盖遮光物(如膜、网、板等)，在遮光水养的同时，又对烟叶在遇到暴雨、洪涝、干旱、风暴、冰雹、极端的高温日灼或低温冻害等灾害时起到防护作用。尤其是中、上部烟叶在重量、质量、价值的占比很大，一旦遭受灾害损失十分惨重，应用本发明可以达到防灾、减灾、保质、稳收的目的。The method of the present invention can harvest tobacco leaves in advance before the onset of meteorological disasters or disease outbreaks, and cover the tobacco plants with shading objects (such as membranes, nets, boards, etc.). While shading and watering, it also protects the tobacco leaves from heavy rain. , Floods, droughts, storms, hail, extreme high temperature sunburn or low temperature freezing damage and other disasters play a protective role. In particular, the weight, quality, and value of the middle and upper tobacco leaves account for a large proportion. Once a disaster suffers a heavy loss, the application of the invention can achieve the purposes of disaster prevention, disaster reduction, quality assurance, and stable harvest.
本发明所采用的技术方案是：The technical scheme adopted by the present invention is:
一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法，技术关键点是遮光和水养协同进行；遮光即把田间生长的烟株在其根部或茎杆割断后集中在遮光环境内，阻止烟叶光合作用；水养即把烟株割断后的断口端浸入水中，为烟株提供充足水分，维持烟叶成熟过程的生理代谢；使烟叶成熟过程的物理和生物化学变化向有利于提升品质的方向转化，直到烟叶成熟度达到工艺成熟要求时再进行后续的调制、干制加工。A modulation method for growing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment. The key technical point is that shading and water aquaculture are coordinated; shading means that the roots or stems of tobacco plants grown in the field are cut off and concentrated in the shading environment to prevent photosynthesis of the tobacco leaves. Effect; water culture means immersing the cut ends of tobacco plants in water to provide sufficient water for tobacco plants to maintain the physiological metabolism of tobacco leaves during maturation; to transform the physical and biochemical changes in tobacco leaf maturation processes in a direction that is conducive to improving quality. The subsequent modulation and drying process will not be carried out until the maturity of the tobacco leaves reaches the technological maturity requirements.
在一些方面，本公开提供一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法，其中，遮光和水养协同进行；遮光即把田间生长的烟株在其根部或茎杆割断后集中在遮光环境内，阻止烟叶光合作用；水养即把烟株割断后的断口端浸入水中，为烟株提供充足水分，维持烟叶成熟过程的生理代谢；直到烟叶成熟度达到工艺成熟要求时再进行后续的调制、干制加工。In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method for preparing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment, wherein shading and water cultivation are performed in concert; shading is to concentrate tobacco plants growing in the field in the shading environment after their roots or stems are cut. To prevent tobacco leaf photosynthesis; water culture means immersing the cut ends of the tobacco plant in water to provide sufficient water to the tobacco plant and maintain the physiological metabolism of the tobacco leaf during the maturation process; follow-up modulation is carried out until the maturity of the tobacco leaf reaches the technological maturity requirements , Dry processing.
割断的位置是关键的，实验表明，如果仅将烟叶摘下进行遮光水养，不能实现本发明的有益效果。The position of the cut is critical. Experiments show that if the tobacco leaves are only picked off for shading and water cultivation, the beneficial effects of the present invention cannot be achieved.
在一些实施方案中，遮光和水养的调制场所按照烟株在田间的生长位置就近设置，尽可能缩短割断后的烟株搬运距离，减少烟叶损伤。In some embodiments, the light-shielding and water-breeding preparation places are set up close to the growing position of the tobacco plants in the field, so as to shorten the transportation distance of the cut tobacco plants as much as possible, and reduce tobacco leaf damage.
在一些实施方案中，遮光和水养的调制场所在种植烟草的田间的一条或数条垄沟内灌有水；把周围生长的烟株在其根部或茎杆割断后移入并立于垄沟内；把烟株割断后的断口端浸入水中；并在烟株上方覆盖遮光物。In some embodiments, the shading and aquaculture preparation site is filled with water in one or several furrows in the field where tobacco is grown; the roots or stems of tobacco plants growing around are cut off and moved into and standing in the furrows; The cut end of the tobacco plant is immersed in water; and the top of the tobacco plant is covered with shading material.
在一些实施方案中，遮光和水养的调制场所在室内、或库房内、或有顶棚的生产场所、或田间地头的沟、或坎、或渠、或树林、或竹林里的荫凉处。In some embodiments, the shading and water aquaculture preparation site is indoors, or in a warehouse, or a covered production site, or a ditch, or ridge, or ditch, or a canal, or a shade in a forest or bamboo forest.
在一些实施方案中，也可以直接在田间生长的烟株上方覆盖遮光物并提供烟株根际土壤相对持水量达饱和状态，实现遮光水养的条件。In some embodiments, it is also possible to directly cover the tobacco plants growing in the field with a shading material and provide the rhizosphere soil of the tobacco plants with a saturated relative water holding capacity, so as to realize the conditions of shading and hydroponics.
在一些实施方案中，在烟叶成熟前的1～25天，例如20～23天，实施在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法。In some embodiments, 1 to 25 days before the tobacco leaves mature, such as 20 to 23 days, the preparation method of raising the tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment is implemented.
在一些实施方案中，对田间营养积累充足的烟叶实施在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法。In some embodiments, the tobacco leaves that have sufficient accumulation of nutrients in the field are subjected to a preparation method of raising mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment.
在本发明的技术方案中，要掌握以下条件和方法：In the technical scheme of the present invention, the following conditions and methods must be mastered:
1.判断烟叶在田间是否具备正常成熟条件1. Determine whether the tobacco leaves have normal maturity conditions in the field
在一些实施方案中，田间生长的烟株在进入成熟期后，在正常情况下烟叶由下至上依次成熟，因此中部以下的烟叶通常比上部烟叶更具备田间成熟条件。对于中部以下的烟叶，建议留在田间直到成熟时再采收。只有在预知灾害风险来临(如天气预报的灾害警报)或其它限制烟叶正常成熟的不利因素(如后作作物的栽种时节、劳动用工、技术和设备等的限制或病害初发且即将暴发)无法避免时，才不得不把田间成熟不够的烟株提前收割。In some embodiments, after the tobacco plants grown in the field enter the maturity period, the tobacco leaves will mature from bottom to top under normal circumstances, so the tobacco leaves below the middle part usually have better field maturity conditions than the upper tobacco leaves. For tobacco leaves below the middle, it is recommended to stay in the field until mature before harvesting. It is only possible to predict the arrival of disaster risks (such as disaster warnings in weather forecasts) or other unfavorable factors that limit the normal maturity of tobacco leaves (such as the planting season of later crops, restrictions on labor, technology and equipment, or the initial and upcoming outbreak of the disease). When avoiding, the tobacco plants that are not mature enough in the field have to be harvested in advance.
2.烟株收割方法2. Tobacco plant harvesting method
在一些实施方案中，通常适宜收割的烟株叶片数在12片以内，以6－10片为佳，叶片数越多，烟叶外观均匀性越差。In some embodiments, the number of tobacco leaves suitable for harvesting is usually within 12, preferably 6-10. The more the number of leaves, the worse the uniformity of the tobacco leaves.
在一些实施方案中，烟株割断位置在根系至着生叶片的茎杆之间，可以包含地下部分根系割断烟株，也可以只割断地上部分烟株。In some embodiments, the cutting position of the tobacco plant is between the root system and the stem of the growing leaf, which may include the part of the root system cut off the tobacco plant underground, or only the part of the tobacco plant above the ground.
在一些实施方案中，最简单方便的操作方法是把烟株茎杆靠近地表的基部割断。In some embodiments, the simplest and most convenient method of operation is to cut the stem of the tobacco plant close to the base of the ground.
3.遮光和水养的方法3. Methods of shading and water breeding
在一些实施方案中，遮光和水养的调制场所按照烟株在田间的生长位置就近设置，尽可能缩短割断后的烟株搬运距离，减少烟叶损伤。In some embodiments, the light-shielding and water-breeding preparation places are set up close to the growing position of the tobacco plants in the field, so as to shorten the transportation distance of the cut tobacco plants as much as possible, and reduce tobacco leaf damage.
在一些实施方案中，最常用的方法是在种植烟草的田间的一条或数条垄沟内灌有水；把周围生长的烟株在其根部或茎杆割断后移入并立于垄沟内；把烟株割断后的断口端浸入水中；并在烟株上方覆盖遮光物。In some embodiments, the most commonly used method is to irrigate one or several furrows in the field where tobacco is grown; cut the roots or stems of tobacco plants growing around them and move them into and stand in the furrows; The cut end is immersed in water; and the top of the tobacco plant is covered with shading material.
在一些实施方案中，遮光和水养烟叶的调制场所也可以在室内、或库房内、或有顶棚的生产场所；或在田间地头的沟、或坎、或渠、或树林、或竹林里的荫凉处。In some embodiments, the preparation place for shading and water-raising tobacco leaves can also be indoors, or in a warehouse, or a covered production site; or in a ditch, or ridge, or canal, or wood, or bamboo forest in the field. Shade.
在一些实施方案中，遮光和水养烟叶也可以直接在田间生长的烟株上方覆盖遮光物并提供烟株根际土壤相对持水量达饱和状态，实现遮光水养的条件。In some embodiments, shading and water-fed tobacco leaves can also directly cover the tobacco plants grown in the field with a light-shielding material and provide the rhizosphere soil of the tobacco plants with a saturated state of relative water holding capacity, so as to achieve shading and water-fed conditions.
在一些实施方案中，遮光物在阻止烟叶光合作用的同时，对烟叶避免雨淋、风吹、极端的高温或低温及各种灾害的影响或伤害等也起到防护作用，有利于保持烟株生命活力。In some embodiments, the shading material prevents photosynthesis of tobacco leaves, and at the same time protects the tobacco leaves from rain, wind, extreme high or low temperature, and various disasters. Vitality.
在一些实施方案中，遮光物的材料可以用不透光的黑膜或足够密的黑网或不透光的板材。这些材料的遮光率在70％(相对于一个标准太阳光)以上就能极大降低烟叶的光合作用强度，但在晴朗的强日照天气下，遮光率越高越好。In some embodiments, the material of the light-shielding object may be an opaque black film or a sufficiently dense black net or an opaque plate. The shading rate of these materials above 70% (relative to a standard sunlight) can greatly reduce the photosynthesis intensity of tobacco leaves, but in sunny weather with strong sunlight, the higher the shading rate, the better.
在一些实施方案中，遮光物能够滤除70％的光照强度(标准太阳光照射下)。In some embodiments, the shade can filter out 70% of the light intensity (under standard sunlight).
在一些实施方案中，收割的烟株尽快置于遮光环境内，并尽快把断口端浸入水中，才能在烟株收割后烟叶蒸腾量减少、水分输送动力不足的情况下为烟株提供充足水分，保持烟叶生命活力，维持烟叶活体生理代谢机能。In some embodiments, the harvested tobacco plants are placed in a shading environment as soon as possible, and the broken ends are immersed in water as soon as possible to provide sufficient moisture for the tobacco plants when the transpiration of the tobacco leaves is reduced after the tobacco plants are harvested, and the moisture transmission power is insufficient. Maintain the vitality of tobacco leaves and maintain the physiological and metabolic functions of tobacco leaves in vivo.
在一些实施方案中，水可以是流动的状态，也可以是相对静止的状态，视条件便利而定。所用的水是洁净的水，可以在水中加入有利于调节烟叶生理代谢活动的物质，比 如，用草木灰水溶液等可以调节烟株体内PH值，已公开的技术表明用乙烯利水剂可以对烟叶催熟等。In some embodiments, the water can be in a flowing state or in a relatively static state, depending on the conditions and convenience. The water used is clean water. Substances that are conducive to regulating the physiological metabolism of tobacco leaves can be added to the water. For example, the pH value of the tobacco plant can be adjusted with an aqueous solution of plant ash, etc. The published technology shows that the use of ethephon can accelerate the ripening of tobacco leaves. Wait.
4.叶片采摘时机和方法4. The timing and method of leaf picking
在一些实施方案中，对于需要采摘叶片进行后续调制、干制的烟叶，在遮光水养后烟叶成熟度达到后续调制工艺成熟要求时再采摘叶片。In some embodiments, for the tobacco leaves that need to be picked for subsequent conditioning and drying, the leaves are picked when the maturity of the tobacco leaves after shading and water cultivation reaches the maturity requirements of the subsequent conditioning process.
在一些实施方案中，对于营养积累正常的烤烟，一般在遮光水养后5天左右采摘叶片，具体视烟叶成熟情况灵活掌握(例如5～8天)。比如，成熟度较好的烟叶宜在遮光水养后5天内采摘；成熟度不够的烟叶宜在遮光水养5天后采摘。对于田间营养积累不良的烟叶如果遮光水养的时间过长(比如超过8天)，会使烟叶因呼吸代谢内含物消耗过度而过熟(over-ripe)，容易产生氧化叶(黑糟烟)(Oxidized)。In some embodiments, for flue-cured tobacco with normal nutrient accumulation, the leaves are generally picked about 5 days after shading and water cultivation, depending on the maturity of the tobacco leaves (for example, 5-8 days). For example, tobacco leaves with good maturity should be picked within 5 days after shading and water cultivation; tobacco leaves with insufficient maturity should be picked after shading and water cultivation for 5 days. For tobacco leaves with poor accumulation of nutrients in the field, if they are shaded and kept in water for too long (for example, more than 8 days), the tobacco leaves will be over-ripe due to the excessive consumption of respiratory metabolic content, and it is easy to produce oxidized leaves (black glutinous smoke). )(Oxidized).
在一些实施方案中，烤烟、白肋烟、香料烟的叶片采摘方法与普通田间采摘方法一样。In some embodiments, the leaf picking methods of flue-cured tobacco, burley tobacco, and oriental tobacco are the same as common field picking methods.
6.叶片采摘后的调制方法6. Modulation method after leaf picking
在一些实施方案中，对于烤烟，叶片采摘后要尽快装入烤房中烘烤。In some embodiments, for flue-cured tobacco, the leaves should be put into a barn for roasting as soon as possible after the leaves are picked.
在一些实施方案中，烘烤起始温度应在38℃－42℃，具体温度视烟叶品种特性和鲜烟状况而定。需要注意的是，“低温慢变黄”(指起始温度低于38℃、时间超过10小时)会使烟叶因呼吸代谢内含物消耗过度而过熟，容易产生氧化叶(黑糟烟)。其它调制方法与一般的方法相同。In some embodiments, the starting temperature of baking should be between 38°C and 42°C, and the specific temperature depends on the characteristics of the tobacco leaf and the status of the fresh tobacco. It should be noted that "low temperature and slow yellowing" (referring to the starting temperature below 38°C for more than 10 hours) will cause tobacco leaves to be overripe due to excessive consumption of respiratory metabolic content, and it is easy to produce oxidized leaves (black glutinous smoke) . Other modulation methods are the same as general methods.
本发明的技术优点在于：The technical advantages of the present invention are:
1.可以在气象灾害来临前或病害暴发前提前收获烟叶，并且把烟株集中覆盖遮光物(如膜、网、板等)，在遮光水养的同时，又对烟叶在遇到暴雨、洪涝、干旱、风暴、冰雹、极端的高温日灼或低温冻害等灾害时起到防护作用。尤其是中、上部烟叶在重量、质量、价值的占比很大，一旦遭受灾害损失十分惨重，应用本发明可以达到防灾、减灾、保质、稳收的目的。1. Tobacco leaves can be harvested in advance before meteorological disasters or disease outbreaks occur, and the tobacco plants can be concentrated and covered with shading objects (such as film, net, board, etc.). While shading the light and raising the water, it also protects the tobacco leaves from heavy rains and floods. , Drought, storm, hail, extreme high temperature sunburn or low temperature freezing damage and other disasters play a protective role. In particular, the weight, quality, and value of the middle and upper tobacco leaves account for a large proportion. Once a disaster suffers a heavy loss, the application of the invention can achieve the purposes of disaster prevention, disaster reduction, quality assurance, and stable harvest.
2.可以在遮光水养的环境内创造更稳定的温度和湿度条件，有利于保持收割后烟株的生命活力，维持烟叶成熟过程的生理代谢，弥补鲜烟田间成熟度不够的缺陷，使调制后烟叶的成熟度状态更接近理想状态，调制后烟叶叶片结构更加疏松、柔软，色泽均匀度(Uniformity)更好，尤其对田间成熟较好的上部烟叶，经过遮光水养后可以产出完熟(mellow)特征烟叶，显著提高上部烟叶的可用性。2. It can create more stable temperature and humidity conditions in a shaded water culture environment, which is conducive to maintaining the vitality of tobacco plants after harvesting, maintaining the physiological metabolism of the tobacco leaf maturation process, and making up for the shortcomings of insufficient maturity of fresh tobacco in the field. The maturity state of the later tobacco leaves is closer to the ideal state, the structure of the tobacco leaves after the modulation is looser, softer, and the uniformity of the color is better. Especially for the upper tobacco leaves that are mature in the field, they can produce complete maturity ( Mellow) characteristic tobacco leaves, which significantly improve the usability of the upper tobacco leaves.
3.可以改善鲜烟的物理性状，使烟叶质地由生长在田间时比较“脆”和“硬”的性状经过遮光水养后变得更加柔软，叶片在采摘和搬运过程中不易出现损伤，健全叶(Sound)更多，显著减少青痕、杂色、残伤烟叶的产出比例。3. It can improve the physical properties of fresh tobacco, so that the texture of tobacco leaves becomes softer after being grown in the field, which is relatively "brittle" and "hard", after shading and water cultivation, and the leaves are not easy to be damaged during picking and handling. There are more leaves (Sound), which significantly reduces the output ratio of blue, variegated, and damaged tobacco leaves.
4.可以改善烤烟的烘烤特性，提高烟叶易烤性，烤后烟叶不容易出现含青、光滑、平滑、僵硬等特征。4. It can improve the roasting characteristics of flue-cured tobacco, and improve the ease of curing of tobacco leaves. After curing, the tobacco leaves are not easy to appear green, smooth, smooth, and rigid.
5.由于烟叶烘烤起始温度较高，加快了烟叶的排湿定色时间，可以相应缩短1－2天烘烤时间，节省燃料，提高烤房利用率。5. Due to the higher initial temperature of the tobacco leaf curing, the time for dehumidification and color fixation of the tobacco leaf is accelerated, and the curing time of 1-2 days can be shortened correspondingly, saving fuel and improving the utilization rate of the curing barn.
6.可以提前收获烟叶，在烟叶保质、稳收的同时，有利于烟叶后作作物提早栽种，提高农业综合效益。6. Tobacco leaves can be harvested in advance, while the quality of the tobacco leaves and stable harvest, it is conducive to early planting of crops after the tobacco leaves and improve the comprehensive agricultural benefits.
附图说明Description of the drawings
图1为田间生长的烟株示意图；Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of tobacco plants growing in the field;
图2为把烟株砍下集中在一处遮光水养示意图。Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of cutting down tobacco plants and focusing on a shading water.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
附图是在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的示意图，仅显示烟株集中一处的调制场所设置方法。在实际应用中，可以依烟株在田间的生长位置就近分别重复设置，尽可能缩短烟株搬运距离，减少烟叶损伤。The attached drawing is a schematic diagram of water-growing tobacco leaves in a shading environment, and only shows the method of setting up a brewing place where the tobacco plants are concentrated. In practical applications, the plant can be repeatedly set according to the growing position of the tobacco plant in the field, so as to shorten the transportation distance of the tobacco plant as much as possible and reduce the damage of the tobacco leaf.
实施例1：Example 1:
1990年6月2日，在福建省漳平市赤水乡田头村，一块种植G80品种烟田的后作计划用于杂交水稻制种。由于杂交水稻制种的父本必须提前插秧，才能确保在扬花期与母本一致，而此时烟叶田间成熟度与正常采收的成熟度差距很大。因此，农民在勉强采收一部分中部叶后准备把剩余6－10片烟叶的烟株清除废弃。为了减少废弃损失，开展了以下6个处理试验：On June 2, 1990, in Tiantou Village, Chishui Township, Zhangping City, Fujian Province, a post-crop plan for planting G80 tobacco varieties was used for hybrid rice seed production. Because the male parent of hybrid rice seed production must be planted in advance to ensure that it is consistent with the female parent during the flowering period, the maturity of the tobacco leaves in the field is very different from the maturity of the normal harvest at this time. Therefore, after barely harvesting part of the middle leaves, the farmers plan to remove the remaining 6-10 tobacco leaves. In order to reduce the waste loss, the following 6 treatment tests were carried out:
01)烟株在割断部分根系后带土移入小水沟里水养；01) Tobacco plants are moved to small water ditch with soil after cutting part of the root system;
02)烟株在割断部分根系后带土移入小水沟里水养，并用黑色塑料薄膜包裹烟株遮光；02) After cutting part of the root system, the tobacco plant is moved with soil into a small water ditch for water cultivation, and the tobacco plant is covered with black plastic film to shade;
03)烟株在其茎杆基部割断后断口端***水沟中水养；03) The tobacco plant is inserted into the water ditch after the base of its stem is cut and the fractured end is inserted for water cultivation;
04)烟株在其茎杆基部割断后断口端***水沟中水养；并用黑色塑料薄膜包裹烟株遮光；04) The tobacco plant is inserted into the water ditch after the base of the stem is cut and the cut end is inserted into the water ditch; and the tobacco plant is covered with black plastic film to shade;
05)烟株在其茎杆基部割断后搬运到一间阴暗的瓦房内，靠墙直立放置；05) The tobacco plant is transported to a dark tiled house after the base of its stem is cut, and placed upright against the wall;
06)烟株在其茎杆基部割断后搬运到一间阴暗的瓦房内，其茎杆断口端***盛有浓度为1％硬碱(一种土碱，主要成分为碳酸钾)水溶液的水盆中，靠墙直立放置。06) The tobacco plant is transported to a dark tiled room after the base of its stem is cut, and water containing a concentration of 1% hard alkali (a kind of earth alkali, the main component is potassium carbonate) aqueous solution is inserted into the broken end of the stem. Place it upright against the wall in the basin.
试验期间的天气连续阴雨，空气湿度较大；水沟里的水为自然流动的山泉水和雨水；气温在20－32℃之间。During the test, the weather was continuously cloudy and rainy, and the air humidity was relatively high; the water in the ditch was naturally flowing mountain spring water and rainwater; the temperature was between 20-32℃.
1990年6月9日，对以上6个处理的烟叶全部采摘装烤，烤房为土陶火管气流自然上升式5层挂烟档梁的小烤房。观察过程情况和烘烤结果如下：On June 9, 1990, the tobacco leaves of the above 6 treatments were all picked and roasted. The roasting barn was a small barn with a clay pottery fire pipe airflow naturally rising with 5 layers of smoke beams. The observation process and baking results are as follows:
1.烟叶生命状态：01)、03)、05)处理的烟叶在砍(挖)后5个小时左右开始出现部分叶片萎蔫；01)、03)处理的烟叶在每天早上恢复正常生命状态，午后再现不同程度萎蔫；05)处理的烟叶不论昼夜都表现为持续萎蔫；02)、04)、06)处理的烟叶生命状态正常。1. Tobacco leaf life status: 01), 03), 05) treated tobacco leaves began to appear part of the leaf wilting about 5 hours after cutting (digging); 01), 03) treated tobacco leaves returned to normal life status every morning, in the afternoon Different degrees of wilting were reproduced; the tobacco leaves treated with 05) showed continuous wilting regardless of day and night; the life status of the tobacco leaves treated with 02), 04), and 06) was normal.
2.烟叶落黄状态：01)、02)、03)、04)处理的烟叶在第3天叶片开始由下至上依次落黄，到采摘时仅剩顶叶3－4片叶色较青；05)处理的烟叶在第3天叶片开始落黄，但没有明显的层次规律，到采摘时部分烟叶枯萎有褐色斑块；06)处理的烟叶上下叶色较一致，落黄较慢，到采摘时落黄程度不如其它处理。2. The yellowing state of tobacco leaves: The tobacco leaves treated with 01), 02), 03), and 04) begin to fall yellow from bottom to top on the 3rd day, and only 3-4 top leaves are left when they are picked. 05) The treated tobacco leaves begin to fall yellow on the 3rd day, but there is no obvious gradation law, and some tobacco leaves withered and brown patches when picked; 06) The treated tobacco leaves have the same upper and lower leaf color, and the yellow fall is slower until they are picked. The degree of yellowishness is not as good as other treatments.
3.烟叶烘烤质量：02)、04)、06)处理的烟叶表现为叶片薄、小花片至糟片较多，06)处理的烟叶均匀性稍好于02)、04)处理；01)、03)、05)处理的烟叶表现为叶片薄、青杂烟多，以05)处理的烟叶质量最差。3. Tobacco baking quality: 02), 04), and 06) treated tobacco leaves showed thin leaves and more florets to lagers. The uniformity of the tobacco leaves treated by 06) was slightly better than that of 02), 04) treatment; 01) The tobacco leaves treated with, 03) and 05) showed thin leaves and many greens. The quality of tobacco leaves treated with 05) was the worst.
4.试验结论：烟株在遮光和水养同时具备的条件下，才能更好地保持烟叶生命活力；由于当时烟叶普遍营养不良，试验烟叶虽然经过7天遮光水养弥补田间成熟不够的缺陷，减少废弃损失，但烟叶变薄，产量低。因此，本发明适用于田间营养积累充足的烟叶。4. Test conclusion: Tobacco plants can better maintain the vitality of tobacco leaves when they have both shading and water aquaculture; due to the general malnutrition of tobacco leaves at that time, although the test tobacco leaves after 7 days of shading and water aquaculture to make up for the deficiency of insufficient field maturity, Reduce the waste loss, but the tobacco leaves become thinner and the yield is low. Therefore, the present invention is suitable for tobacco leaves with sufficient accumulation of nutrients in the field.
实施例2：Example 2:
为了解决近年来上部烟叶成熟不够、可用性差、市场滞销的问题，2019年6月8日，在福建省漳平市赤水乡赤水村，在实施例1所取得的试验结论基础上，对本发明进行再验证。In order to solve the problems of insufficient maturity, poor availability, and poor market sales of upper tobacco leaves in recent years, on June 8, 2019, in Chishui Village, Chishui Town, Zhangping City, Fujian Province, on the basis of the experimental conclusions obtained in Example 1, the present invention was reworked. verification.
图1为田间生长的烟株示意图。图2为把烟株砍下集中在一处遮光水养示意图。Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of tobacco plants growing in the field. Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of cutting down tobacco plants and focusing on a shading water.
如图1、图2所示：As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2:
一块烟田1中选取有代表性烟株2，每株烟株的茎杆3上着生有烟叶4的叶数10片，把烟株2在茎杆3的基部割断后，立于灌注有水7的垄沟5中，烟株2上方用黑膜6遮光。A representative tobacco plant 2 is selected from a piece of tobacco field 1. The stem 3 of each tobacco plant has 10 leaves of tobacco 4. After cutting the tobacco plant 2 at the base of the stem 3, stand it In the furrow 5 of the water 7, the upper part of the tobacco plant 2 is shaded with a black film 6.
经遮光水养6天至6月14日全部烟叶一次性采摘，采摘后按叶色由黄到绿分成A1、A2、A3三组，分别装入三个烤房中烘烤。烘烤结果全部烟叶部位特征更像中部叶特征，叶片结构疏松柔软，身份中等，其中有3片烟叶呈现完熟(mellow)特征。除A1组(采摘时叶色基本变黄)有部分氧化叶(黑糟烟)外，其余烟叶色泽均匀，表现出良好的质量状态。After shading in water for 6 days to June 14th, all the tobacco leaves are picked at one time. After the picking, the leaves are divided into three groups A1, A2, and A3 according to the leaf color from yellow to green, and they are put into three barns for baking. As a result of the roasting, the characteristics of all the tobacco leaves are more like the characteristics of the middle leaves, the leaf structure is loose and soft, and the identity is medium. Among them, 3 tobacco leaves show the characteristics of mellow. Except for group A1 (leaf color basically turns yellow when picking), which has some oxidized leaves (black glutinous tobacco), the remaining tobacco leaves are uniform in color and show good quality.
2019年6月17日，在福建省延平区赤门乡又开展了相似的验证。结果表明，本发明对提高烟叶成熟度，尤其是改善上部叶的叶片结构效果明显。同时，本发明可以提早20－23天收割烟株，避免后期高温高湿天气暴发根茎病害等造成减产损失。On June 17, 2019, a similar verification was carried out in Chimen Township, Yanping District, Fujian Province. The results show that the present invention has obvious effects on improving the maturity of tobacco leaves, especially improving the leaf structure of the upper leaves. At the same time, the present invention can harvest tobacco plants 20-23 days earlier, avoiding the loss of production reduction caused by the outbreak of rhizome diseases in the later high temperature and high humidity weather.
实施例3：Example 3:
2019年8月30日至9月底，在辽宁省朝阳市建平县太平庄乡和北票县北塔子乡分别对本发明进行多次重复验证。结果表明，叶数在12片以内，在茎杆基部割断砍收，采用 2－3层黑色防雹网充分遮光水养调制的烟叶，成熟度明显提高，叶片结构更加疏松柔软，油分更多，色度更浓，更有弹性和伸展性。From August 30 to the end of September 2019, the present invention was repeatedly verified in Taipingzhuang Township, Jianping County, Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province, and Beitazi Township, Beipiao County, respectively. The results show that the number of leaves is less than 12, which are cut and harvested at the base of the stalk. The 2-3 layers of black hail nets are used to fully shade and water-breed tobacco leaves. The maturity is significantly improved, the leaf structure is looser and softer, and the oil content is more. The color is thicker, more elastic and stretchable.
而采用半遮光(单层黑色防雹网)水养、全遮光无水养和全遮光水养不够(指田间有遮光但未砍收烟株的根际土壤持水量不够充足)的烟叶都不能有效提高烟叶成熟度。Tobacco that uses semi-shading (single-layer black hail-proof net) aquaculture, full shading and no aquaculture, and full shading and aquaculture are not enough (referring to the rhizosphere soil with shading but not harvested tobacco plants that has insufficient water retention). Effectively improve the maturity of tobacco leaves.
建平县在9月16－19日发生严重冻灾，田间大部分烟叶遭受重大损失，勉强采烤的烟叶成熟度差、结构僵硬、青杂烟多，而此时期两处正在遮光水养验证的烟叶安然躲避了冻灾。北票县8月27日发生冰雹灾害。根据雹灾来临前的警报，很多农民在烟田架设防雹网(有的烟田设网未受灾，有的烟田未设网却受灾)。如果在得到雹灾警报后对烟株提前砍收遮光水养，既可防雹又可收获烟叶，省工省材，一举两得。Severe freezing disaster occurred in Jianping County from September 16 to 19, and most of the tobacco leaves in the field suffered heavy losses. The barely cured tobacco leaves had poor maturity, rigid structure and many green mixed tobacco. During this period, the two places were under shading and hydroponics verification. The tobacco leaves safely escaped the freezing disaster. Hail disaster occurred in Beipiao County on August 27. According to the warning before the hail disaster, many farmers set up anti-hail nets in the tobacco fields (some tobacco fields were not affected by the nets, and some tobacco fields were not affected by the nets). If after receiving the hail disaster warning, the tobacco plants can be harvested in advance with shading and water cultivation, which can prevent hail and harvest tobacco leaves, saving labor and materials, and killing two birds with one stone.
实施例4：Example 4:
2019年9月，在云南省保山市隆阳区，对本发明安排验证。将烟株砍下集中在一处遮光水养。In September 2019, verification of the present invention was arranged in Longyang District, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province. Cut down the tobacco plants and concentrate them in a shaded water.
结果表明，该方法对提高上部烟叶成熟度、改善叶片结构、减少含青、光滑烟叶产出比例效果明显。The results show that this method has obvious effects on increasing the maturity of upper tobacco leaves, improving the leaf structure, and reducing the yield of green and smooth tobacco leaves.
在9月4日至22日期间，气候条件良好，最高气温29℃、最低气温17.5℃，降雨适中，这样的气候是适宜田间烟叶成熟的条件，而有些砍收的烟株叶数多达15片，结果显示，用遮光水养产出的中部烟叶，叶片结构得到改善。From September 4 to 22, the weather conditions were good, with the highest temperature being 29°C, the lowest temperature being 17.5°C, and moderate rainfall. This climate is suitable for field tobacco leaves to mature, and some cut tobacco leaves as many as 15 The results show that the leaf structure of the middle tobacco leaves grown with shading water is improved.

Claims (10)

  1. 一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法，其特征在于，遮光和水养协同进行；遮光即把田间生长的烟株在其根部或茎杆割断后集中在遮光环境内，阻止烟叶光合作用；水养即把烟株割断后的断口端浸入水中，为烟株提供充足水分，维持烟叶成熟过程的生理代谢；直到烟叶成熟度达到工艺成熟要求时再进行后续的调制、干制加工。A modulation method for growing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment, which is characterized in that shading and water aquaculture are coordinated; shading means that the roots or stems of tobacco plants growing in the field are cut off and concentrated in the shading environment to prevent photosynthesis of the tobacco leaves Function; water culture means immersing the cut ends of the tobacco plant in water to provide sufficient water for the tobacco plant and maintain the physiological metabolism of the tobacco leaf during the maturation process; until the tobacco leaf maturity reaches the technological maturity requirements, subsequent preparation and drying are carried out.
  2. 如权利要求1所述的一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法，其特征在于，遮光和水养的调制场所按照烟株在田间的生长位置就近设置，尽可能缩短割断后的烟株搬运距离，减少烟叶损伤。A method for preparing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment according to claim 1, wherein the shading and water-cultivation preparation places are set as close as possible to the growing position of the tobacco plants in the field, so as to shorten the cut tobacco as much as possible. Plant transportation distance reduces tobacco damage.
  3. 如权利要求2所述的一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法，其特征在于，遮光和水养的调制场所在种植烟草的田间的一条或数条垄沟内灌有水；把周围生长的烟株在其根部或茎杆割断后移入并立于垄沟内；把烟株割断后的断口端浸入水中；并在烟株上方覆盖遮光物。The method for preparing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment according to claim 2, wherein the preparation place for shading and water cultivation is filled with water in one or several furrows in the field where tobacco is grown; After the roots or stems of the growing tobacco plants are cut, they are moved and stand in the furrow; the cut ends of the tobacco plants are immersed in water; and the tobacco plants are covered with shading materials.
  4. 如权利要求2所述的一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法，其特征在于，遮光和水养的调制场所在室内、或库房内、或有顶棚的生产场所、或田间地头的沟、或坎、或渠、或树林、或竹林里的荫凉处。The method for preparing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment according to claim 2, wherein the preparation place for shading and water cultivation is indoors, or in a warehouse, or a covered production site, or in a field. Ditch, or ridge, or ditch, or wood, or the shade in the bamboo forest.
  5. 如权利要求2所述的一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法，其特征在于，也可以直接在田间生长的烟株上方覆盖遮光物并提供烟株根际土壤相对持水量达饱和状态，实现遮光水养的条件。As claimed in claim 2, a method for preparing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment, characterized in that it is also possible to directly cover the shading material on the tobacco plants grown in the field and provide the relative water holding capacity of the tobacco rhizosphere soil to reach saturation State, realize the condition of shading and water breeding.
  6. 如权利要求1所述的一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法，其特征在于，田间生长的烟株的烟叶数量为12片以内，例如6-10片。The method for preparing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment according to claim 1, wherein the number of tobacco leaves of tobacco plants grown in the field is within 12, for example, 6-10.
  7. 如权利要求1所述的一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法，其特征在于，遮光和水养持续的时间为8天以下。A method for preparing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment according to claim 1, wherein the duration of shading and water cultivation is less than 8 days.
  8. 如权利要求1所述的一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法，其特征在于，遮光是指遮去70％以上的阳光。A method for preparing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment according to claim 1, wherein shading refers to shading more than 70% of sunlight.
  9. 如权利要求1所述的一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法，其特征在于，水养用水中加入了有利于调节烟叶生理代谢活动的物质，比如草木灰，比如乙烯利水剂。The method for preparing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment according to claim 1, characterized in that substances that are beneficial to regulating the physiological metabolic activities of tobacco leaves are added to the water for cultivation, such as plant ash, such as ethephon.
  10. 如权利要求1所述的一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法，其特征在于，割断烟株的位置是在根系至着生叶片的茎杆之间；A method for preparing mature tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment according to claim 1, wherein the position of cutting tobacco plants is between the root system and the stems of the growing leaves;
    可选地，割断后的烟株还包含地下部分根系。Optionally, the cut tobacco plant also contains part of the root system underground.
    可选地，只割断地上的烟株。Optionally, only cut tobacco plants on the ground.
PCT/CN2020/121539 2019-10-17 2020-10-16 Method for preparing water-cultured ripe tobacco leaves in shading environment WO2021073609A1 (en)

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