WO2021021673A1 - Composés et procédés pour la modulation de gfap - Google Patents

Composés et procédés pour la modulation de gfap Download PDF

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WO2021021673A1
WO2021021673A1 PCT/US2020/043602 US2020043602W WO2021021673A1 WO 2021021673 A1 WO2021021673 A1 WO 2021021673A1 US 2020043602 W US2020043602 W US 2020043602W WO 2021021673 A1 WO2021021673 A1 WO 2021021673A1
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modified
certain embodiments
seq
modified oligonucleotide
sugar moiety
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PCT/US2020/043602
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Berit Elissa POWERS
Huynh-Hoa Bui
Susan M. Freier
Frank Rigo
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Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
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Priority to EP20846055.0A priority Critical patent/EP3956450A4/fr
Publication of WO2021021673A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021021673A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7088—Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
    • A61K31/712—Nucleic acids or oligonucleotides having modified sugars, i.e. other than ribose or 2'-deoxyribose
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7088—Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
    • A61K31/7115—Nucleic acids or oligonucleotides having modified bases, i.e. other than adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil or thymine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7088—Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
    • A61K31/7125—Nucleic acids or oligonucleotides having modified internucleoside linkage, i.e. other than 3'-5' phosphodiesters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0085—Brain, e.g. brain implants; Spinal cord
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/11—Antisense
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/31—Chemical structure of the backbone
    • C12N2310/315—Phosphorothioates
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    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/32—Chemical structure of the sugar
    • C12N2310/321—2'-O-R Modification
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/32—Chemical structure of the sugar
    • C12N2310/322—2'-R Modification
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/34—Spatial arrangement of the modifications
    • C12N2310/341—Gapmers, i.e. of the type ===---===
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    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/35—Nature of the modification
    • C12N2310/352—Nature of the modification linked to the nucleic acid via a carbon atom
    • C12N2310/3521—Methyl
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    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/35—Nature of the modification
    • C12N2310/352—Nature of the modification linked to the nucleic acid via a carbon atom
    • C12N2310/3525—MOE, methoxyethoxy

Definitions

  • GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein
  • Such compounds, methods, and pharmaceutical compositions are useful to ameliorate at least one symptom or hallmark of a leukodystrophy.
  • symptoms and hallmarks include motor delays, cognitive delays, paroxysmal deterioration, seizures, vomiting, swallowing difficulties, ataxic gait, palatal myoclonus, autonomic dysfunction, and intra-astrocytic inclusions called Rosenthal fibers.
  • Such leukodystrophies include Alexander Disease.
  • Alexander Disease is a rare developmental disorder that affects -1/1,000,000 live births and is caused by a number of different autosomal dominant mutations in the gene encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP.
  • AxD is a typically fatal leukodystrophy with early onset ( ⁇ age 4, Type I) or later onset ( > age 4 Type II) forms (Prust et ak, (2011) GFAP mutations, age at onset, and clinical subtypes in Alexander disease. Neurol 77: 1287-1294).
  • Symptoms include motor and cognitive delays, paroxysmal deterioration, seizures, encephalopathy, macrocephaly, and intra- astrocytic inclusions called Rosenthal fibers.
  • compounds, methods and pharmaceutical compositions for reducing the amount or activity of GFAP RNA and in certain embodiments reducing the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in a cell or subject.
  • the subject has a leukodystrophy.
  • the subject has Alexander Disease (AxD).
  • compounds useful for reducing the amount or activity of GFAP RNA are oligomeric compounds.
  • compounds useful for reducing the amount or activity of GFAP RNA are modified oligonucleotides.
  • compounds useful for decreasing expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein are oligomeric compounds.
  • compounds useful for decreasing expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein are modified oligonucleotides.
  • the leukodystrophy is Alexander Disease.
  • the symptom or hallmark includes motor delays, cognitive delays, paroxysmal deterioration, seizures, vomiting, swallowing difficulties, ataxic gait, palatal myoclonus, autonomic dysfunction, and presence of intra-astrocytic inclusions called Rosenthal fibers.
  • “2’-deoxynucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising a 2’-H(H) deoxyfuranosylsugar moiety.
  • a 2’-deoxynucleoside is a 2 -b-D-dcoxy nucleoside and comprises a 2 ' -(i-D-dcoxyribosyl sugar moiety, which has the b-D ribosyl configuration as found in naturally occurring deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA).
  • a 2’-deoxynucleoside may comprise a modified nucleobase or may comprise an RNA nucleobase (uracil).
  • “2’-MOE” or“2’-MOE sugar moiety” means a 2’-OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 group in place of the 2’ -OH group of a furanosyl sugar moiety.
  • A“2’-MOE sugar moiety” means a sugar moiety with a 2’-OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 group in place of the 2’-OH group of a furanosyl sugar moiety. Unless otherwise indicated, a 2’-MOE sugar moiety is in the b-D-ribosyl configuration.“MOE” means O-methoxyethyl.
  • “2’ -MOE nucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising a 2’ -MOE sugar moiety.
  • “2’-OMe” or“2’-0-methyl sugar moiety” means a 2’-OCH group in place of the 2’-OH group of a furanosyl sugar moiety.
  • A“2’-0-methyl sugar moiety” or“2’-OMe sugar moiety” means a sugar moiety with a T- OCH3 group in place of the 2’-OH group of a furanosyl sugar moiety. Unless otherwise indicated, a 2’-OMe sugar moiety is in the b-D-ribosyl configuration.
  • “2’-0Me nucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising a 2’-OMe sugar moiety.
  • “2’ -substituted nucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising a 2’ -substituted sugar moiety.
  • “2’-substituted” in reference to a sugar moiety means a sugar moiety comprising at least one 2'-substituent group other than H or OH.
  • “5-methyl cytosine” means a cytosine modified with a methyl group attached to the 5 position.
  • a 5-methyl cytosine is a modified nucleobase.
  • administering means providing a pharmaceutical agent to a subject.
  • antisense activity means any detectable and/or measurable change attributable to the hybridization of an antisense compound to its target nucleic acid.
  • antisense activity is a decrease in the amount or expression of a target nucleic acid or protein encoded by such target nucleic acid compared to target nucleic acid levels or target protein levels in the absence of the antisense compound.
  • antisense compound means an oligomeric compound capable of achieving at least one antisense activity.
  • “ameliorate” in reference to a treatment means improvement in at least one symptom or hallmark relative to the same symptom or hallmark in the absence of the treatment.
  • amelioration is the reduction in the severity or frequency of a symptom or the delayed onset or slowing of progression in the severity or frequency of a symptom.
  • the symptom or hallmark is motor delays, cognitive delays, paroxysmal deterioration, seizures, vomiting, swallowing difficulties, ataxic gait, palatal myoclonus, autonomic dysfunction, and presence of intra-astrocytic inclusions called Rosenthal fibers.
  • bicyclic nucleoside or“BNA” means a nucleoside comprising a bicyclic sugar moiety.
  • “bicyclic sugar” or“bicyclic sugar moiety” means a modified sugar moiety comprising two rings, wherein the second ring is formed via a bridge connecting two of the atoms in the first ring thereby forming a bicyclic structure.
  • the first ring of the bicyclic sugar moiety is a furanosyl moiety.
  • the furanosyl sugar moiety is a ribosyl moiety.
  • the bicyclic sugar moiety does not comprise a furanosyl moiety.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid or“CSF” means the fluid filling the space around the brain and spinal cord.
  • Artificial cerebrospinal fluid” or“aCSF” means a prepared or manufactured fluid that has certain properties of cerebrospinal fluid.
  • cleavable moiety means a bond or group of atoms that is cleaved under physiological conditions, for example, inside a cell, an animal, or a human.
  • “complementary” in reference to an oligonucleotide means that at least 70% of the nucleobases of the oligonucleotide or one or more portions thereof and the nucleobases of another nucleic acid or one or more portions thereof are capable of hydrogen bonding with one another when the nucleobase sequence of the oligonucleotide and the other nucleic acid are aligned in opposing directions.
  • “complementary nucleobases” means nucleobases that are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with one another.
  • Complementary nucleobase pairs include adenine (A) and thymine (T), adenine (A) and uracil (U), cytosine (C) and guanine (G), 5-methyl cytosine ( m C) and guanine (G).
  • Complementary oligonucleotides and/or target nucleic acids need not have nucleobase complementarity at each nucleoside. Rather, some mismatches are tolerated. As used herein,“fully complementary” or“100%
  • oligonucleotide complementary in reference to an oligonucleotide, or a portion thereof, means that the oligonucleotide, or portion thereof, is complementary to another oligonucleotide or target nucleic acid at each nucleobase of the shorter of the two oligonucleotides, or at each nucleoside if the oligonucleotides are the same length.
  • conjugate group means a group of atoms that is directly or indirectly attached to an oligonucleotide.
  • Conjugate groups include a conjugate moiety and a conjugate linker that attaches the conjugate moiety to the oligonucleotide.
  • conjugate linker means a single bond or a group of atoms comprising at least one bond that connects a conjugate moiety to an oligonucleotide.
  • conjugate moiety means a group of atoms that is attached to an oligonucleotide via a conjugate linker.
  • oligonucleotide refers to nucleosides, nucleobases, sugar moieties, or intemucleoside linkages that are immediately adjacent to each other.
  • “contiguous nucleobases” means nucleobases that are immediately adjacent to each other in a sequence.
  • “constrained ethyl” or“cEt” or“cEt modified sugar moiety” means a 4’ to 2’ bridge in place of the 2’OH-group of a ribosyl sugar moiety, wherein the bridge has the formula of 4'-CH(CH )-0-2', and wherein the methyl group of the bridge is in the S configuration.
  • A“cEt sugar moiety” is a bicyclic sugar moiety with a 4’ to 2’ bridge in place of the 2’OH-group of a ribosyl sugar moiety, wherein the bridge has the formula 4'-CH(CH 3 )-0-2', and wherein the methyl group of the bridge is in the S configuration.
  • cEt nucleoside means a nucleoside comprising a cEt sugar moiety.
  • “chirally enriched population” means a plurality of molecules of identical molecular formula, wherein the number or percentage of molecules within the population that contain a particular stereochemical configuration at a particular chiral center is greater than the number or percentage of molecules expected to contain the same particular stereochemical configuration at the same particular chiral center within the population if the particular chiral center were stereorandom. Chirally enriched populations of molecules having multiple chiral centers within each molecule may contain one or more stereorandom chiral centers.
  • the molecules are modified oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the molecules are compounds comprising modified oligonucleotides.
  • chirally controlled in reference to an intemucleoside linkage means chirality at that linkage is enriched for a particular stereochemical configuration.
  • deoxy region means a region of 5-12 contiguous nucleotides, wherein at least 70% of the nucleosides are 2 -b-D-dcoxy nucleosides.
  • each nucleoside is selected from a 2 -(i-D- deoxynucleoside, a bicyclic nucleoside, and a 2’-susbstituted nucleoside.
  • a deoxy region supports RNase H activity.
  • a deoxy region is the gap or internal region of a gapmer.
  • “gapmer” means a modified oligonucleotide comprising an internal region having a plurality of nucleosides that support RNase H cleavage positioned between external regions having one or more nucleosides, wherein the nucleosides comprising the internal region are chemically distinct from the nucleoside or nucleosides comprising the external regions.
  • the internal region may be referred to as the“gap” and the external regions may be referred to as the“wings.”
  • the internal region is a deoxy region.
  • the positions of the internal region or gap refer to the order of the nucleosides of the internal region and are counted starting from the 5’-end of the internal region.
  • “gapmer” refers to a sugar motif. Unless otherwise indicated, the sugar moiety of each nucleoside of the gap is a 2 -b-D-dcoxy nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the gap comprises one 2’ -substituted nucleoside at position 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 of the gap, and the remainder of the nucleosides of the gap are 2 ‘ -b-D-dco.xy nucleosides. As used herein, the term“MOE gapmer” indicates a gapmer having a gap comprising 2 ‘ -b-D-dco.xy nucleosides and wings comprising 2’ -MOE nucleosides.
  • the term“mixed wing gapmer” indicates a gapmer having wings comprising modified nucleosides comprising at least two different sugar modifications. Unless otherwise indicated, a gapmer may comprise one or more modified intemucleoside linkages and/or modified nucleobases and such modifications do not necessarily follow the gapmer pattern of the sugar modifications.
  • hotspot region is a range of nucleobases on a target nucleic acid that is amenable to oligomeric compound-mediated reduction of the amount or activity of the target nucleic acid.
  • hybridization means the pairing or annealing of complementary oligonucleotides and or nucleic acids. While not limited to a particular mechanism, the most common mechanism of hybridization involves hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleobases.
  • “intemucleoside linkage” means the covalent linkage between contiguous nucleosides in an oligonucleotide.
  • “modified intemucleoside linkage” means any intemucleoside linkage other than a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • “Phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage or“PS intemucleoside linkage” is a modified intemucleoside linkage in which one of the non-bridging oxygen atoms of a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage is replaced with a sulfur atom.
  • leukodystrophy means a disorder due to abnormalities in the myelin sheath of neurons.
  • linker-nucleoside means a nucleoside that links, either directly or indirectly, an
  • Linker-nucleosides are located within the conjugate linker of an oligomeric compound. Linker-nucleosides are not considered part of the oligonucleotide portion of an oligomeric compound even if they are contiguous with the oligonucleotide.
  • non-bicyclic modified sugar moiety means a modified sugar moiety that comprises a modification, such as a substituent, that does not form a bridge between two atoms of the sugar to form a second ring.
  • mismatch or“non-complementary” means a nucleobase of a first oligonucleotide that is not complementary with the corresponding nucleobase of a second oligonucleotide or target nucleic acid when the first and second oligonucleotide are aligned.
  • motif means the pattern of unmodified and/or modified sugar moieties, nucleobases, and/or intemucleoside linkages, in an oligonucleotide.
  • nucleobase means an unmodified nucleobase or a modified nucleobase.
  • an “unmodified nucleobase” is adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U), or guanine (G).
  • a “modified nucleobase” is a group of atoms other than unmodified A, T, C, U, or G capable of pairing with at least one unmodified nucleobase.
  • A“5-methyl cytosine” is a modified nucleobase.
  • a universal base is a modified nucleobase that can pair with any one of the five unmodified nucleobases.
  • “nucleobase sequence” means the order of contiguous nucleobases in a target nucleic acid or oligonucleotide independent of any sugar or intemucleoside linkage modification.
  • nucleoside means a compound, or a fragment of a compound, comprising a nucleobase and a sugar moiety.
  • the nucleobase and sugar moiety are each, independently, unmodified or modified.
  • modified nucleoside means a nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobase and/or a modified sugar moiety.
  • Modified nucleosides include abasic nucleosides, which lack a nucleobase.“Linked nucleosides” are nucleosides that are connected in a contiguous sequence (i.e., no additional nucleosides are presented between those that are linked).
  • oligomeric compound means an oligonucleotide and optionally one or more additional features, such as a conjugate group or terminal group.
  • An oligomeric compound may be paired with a second oligomeric compound that is complementary to the first oligomeric compound or may be unpaired.
  • A“singled-stranded oligomeric compound” is an unpaired oligomeric compound.
  • the term“oligomeric duplex” means a duplex formed by two oligomeric compounds having complementary nucleobase sequences. Each oligomeric compound of an oligomeric duplex may be referred to as a“duplexed oligomeric compound.”
  • oligonucleotide means a strand of linked nucleosides connected via intemucleoside linkages, wherein each nucleoside and intemucleoside linkage may be modified or unmodified. Unless otherwise indicated, oligonucleotides consist of 8-50 linked nucleosides. As used herein,“modified oligonucleotide” means an
  • oligonucleotide wherein at least one nucleoside or intemucleoside linkage is modified.
  • “unmodified oligonucleotide” means an oligonucleotide that does not comprise any nucleoside modifications or intemucleoside modifications.
  • “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent” means any substance suitable for use in administering to a subject. Certain such carriers enable pharmaceutical compositions to be formulated as, for example, tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, symps, slurries, suspension and lozenges for the oral ingestion by a subject.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent is sterile water, sterile saline, sterile buffer solution or sterile artificial cerebrospinal fluid.
  • “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” means physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto.
  • a pharmaceutical composition means a mixture of substances suitable for administering to a subject.
  • a pharmaceutical composition may comprise an oligomeric compound and a sterile aqueous solution.
  • a pharmaceutical composition shows activity in free uptake assay in certain cell lines.
  • prodrug means a therapeutic agent in a form outside the body that is converted to a different form within a subject or cells thereof.
  • conversion of a prodmg within the subject is facilitated by the action of an enzymes (e.g., endogenous or viral enzyme) or chemicals present in cells or tissues and/or by physiologic conditions.
  • reducing the amount or activity refers to a reduction or blockade of the transcriptional expression or activity relative to the transcriptional expression or activity in an untreated or control sample and does not necessarily indicate a total elimination of transcriptional expression or activity.
  • RNA means an RNA transcript and includes pre-mRNA and mature mRNA unless otherwise specified.
  • RNAi compound means an antisense compound that acts, at least in part, through RISC or Ago2 to modulate a target nucleic acid and/or protein encoded by a target nucleic acid.
  • RNAi compounds include, but are not limited to double-stranded siRNA, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), and microRNA, including microRNA mimics.
  • an RNAi compound modulates the amount, activity, and/or splicing of a target nucleic acid.
  • RNAi compound excludes antisense compounds that act through RNase H.
  • “self-complementary” in reference to an oligonucleotide means an oligonucleotide that at least partially hybridizes to itself.
  • standard in v//roassay means the assay described in Example 1 and reasonable variations thereof.
  • standard in vivo assay means the assay described in Example 7 and reasonable variations thereof.
  • stereorandom chiral centra in the context of a population of molecules of identical molecular formula means a chiral center having a random stereochemical configuration.
  • the number of molecules having the ( S) configuration of the stereorandom chiral center may be but is not necessarily the same as the number of molecules having the ( R ) configuration of the stereorandom chiral center.
  • the stereochemical configuration of a chiral center is considered random when it is the result of a synthetic method that is not designed to control the stereochemical configuration.
  • a stereorandom chiral center is a stereorandom phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.
  • subject means a human or non-human animal.
  • “sugar moiety” means an unmodified sugar moiety or a modified sugar moiety.
  • “unmodified sugar moiety” means a 2’-OH(H) b-D-ribosyl moiety, as found in RNA (an“unmodified RNA sugar moiety”), or a 2’-H(H) b-D-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety, as found in DNA (an“unmodified DNA sugar moiety”).
  • Unmodified sugar moieties have one hydrogen at each of the G, 3’, and 4’ positions, an oxygen at the 3’ position, and two hydrogens at the 5’ position.
  • “modified sugar moiety” or“modified sugar” means a modified furanosyl sugar moiety or a sugar surrogate.
  • sugar surrogate means a modified sugar moiety having other than a furanosyl moiety that can link a nucleobase to another group, such as an intemucleoside linkage, conjugate group, or terminal group in an oligonucleotide.
  • Modified nucleosides comprising sugar surrogates can be incorporated into one or more positions within an oligonucleotide and such oligonucleotides are capable of hybridizing to complementary oligomeric compounds or target nucleic acids.
  • symptom or hallmark means any physical feature or test result that indicates the existence or extent of a disease or disorder.
  • a symptom is apparent to a subject or to a medical professional examining or testing said subject.
  • a hallmark is apparent upon invasive diagnostic testing, including, but not limited to, post-mortem tests.
  • a hallmark is apparent on a brain MRI scan.
  • target nucleic acid and“target RNA” mean a nucleic acid that an antisense compound is designed to affect.
  • target region means a portion of a target nucleic acid to which an oligomeric compound is designed to hybridize.
  • terminal group means a chemical group or group of atoms that is covalently linked to a terminus of an oligonucleotide.
  • therapeutically effective amount means an amount of a pharmaceutical agent that provides a therapeutic benefit to a subject.
  • a therapeutically effective amount improves a symptom or hallmark of a disease.
  • Embodiment 1 An oligomeric compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides wherein the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide is at least 90% complementary to an equal length portion of a GFAP nucleic acid, and wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modification selected from a modified sugar moiety and a modified intemucleoside linkage.
  • Embodiment 2 An oligomeric compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, or 20 contiguous nucleobases of any of SEQ ID NOs: 20-2809 or 2813 , wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modification selected from a modified sugar moiety and a modified intemucleoside linkage.
  • Embodiment 3 An oligomeric compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, or 18 contiguous nucleobases of any of SEQ ID NOs: 2816-2837, 2839-2846, 2850- 2854, 2856, 2859, 2861-2863, 2866, 2873-2876, 2886-2888, 2891 , wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modification selected from a modified sugar moiety and a modified intemucleoside linkage.
  • Embodiment 4 An oligomeric compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, or at least 20 contiguous nucleobases complementary to:
  • nucleobases 9324-9348 of SEQ ID NO: 2 an equal length portion of nucleobases 9324-9348 of SEQ ID NO: 2;
  • nucleobases 9459-9480 of SEQ ID NO: 2 an equal length portion of nucleobases 9459-9480 of SEQ ID NO: 2;
  • nucleobases 9530-9580 of SEQ ID NO: 2 an equal length portion of nucleobases 9530-9580 of SEQ ID NO: 2;
  • nucleobases 12006-12038 of SEQ ID NO: 2 an equal length portion of nucleobases 12006-12038 of SEQ ID NO: 2; or
  • nucleobases 13038-13058 of SEQ ID NO: 2 an equal length portion of nucleobases 13038-13058 of SEQ ID NO: 2,
  • modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modification selected from a modified sugar moiety and a modified intemucleoside linkage.
  • Embodiment 5 An oligomeric compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 12 to 30 linked nucleosides and having a nucleobase sequence comprising at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, or at least 18 contiguous nucleobases of a sequence selected from:
  • Embodiment 6 The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-5, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has a nucleobase sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100%
  • Embodiment 7 The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-6, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified sugar moiety.
  • Embodiment 8 The oligomeric compound of embodiment 7, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one bicyclic sugar moiety.
  • Embodiment 9 The oligomeric compound of embodiment 8, wherein the bicyclic sugar moiety has a 4’-2’ bridge, wherein the 4’-2’ bridge is selected from CH 2 -0-; and -CH(CH )-0.
  • Embodiment 10 The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-9, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one non-bicyclic modified sugar moiety.
  • Embodiment 11 The oligomeric compound of embodiment 10, wherein the non-bicyclic modified sugar moiety is a 2’-MOE sugar moiety or a 2’-OMe sugar moiety.
  • Embodiment 12 The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-11, wherein the modified
  • oligonucleotide comprises at least one sugar surrogate.
  • Embodiment 13 The oligomeric compound of embodiment 12, wherein the sugar surrogate is any of morpholino, modified morpholino, PNA, THP, and F-HNA.
  • Embodiment 14 The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-7 or 10-13, wherein the modified oligonucleotide does not comprise a bicyclic sugar moiety.
  • Embodiment 15 The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-14, wherein the modified
  • oligonucleotide is a gapmer.
  • Embodiment 16 The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-15, wherein the modified
  • oligonucleotide comprises:
  • each of the 5’-region nucleosides and each of the 3’-region nucleosides comprises a modified sugar moiety and at least one of the central region nucleosides comprises a 2’-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety.
  • Embodiment 17 The oligomeric compound of embodiment 16, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises
  • each of the 5’ -region nucleosides and each of the 3’ -region nucleosides comprises a 2’-MOE modified sugar moiety
  • each of the central region nucleosides comprises a 2’-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety.
  • Embodiment 18 The oligomeric compound of embodiment 16, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises:
  • each of the 5’ -region nucleosides and each of the 3’ -region nucleosides comprises a 2’-MOE modified sugar moiety
  • each of the central region nucleosides comprises a 2’-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety.
  • Embodiment 19 The oligomeric compound of embodiment 16, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises:
  • each of the 5’ -region nucleosides and each of the 3’ -region nucleosides comprises a 2’-MOE modified sugar moiety
  • each of the central region nucleosides comprises a 2’-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety.
  • Embodiment 20 The oligomeric compound of embodiment 16, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises
  • each of the 5’ -region nucleosides and each of the 3’ -region nucleosides comprises a 2’-MOE modified sugar moiety
  • each of the central region nucleosides comprises a 2’-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety.
  • Embodiment 21 The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-20, wherein the modified
  • oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified intemucleoside linkage.
  • Embodiment 22 The oligomeric compound of embodiment 21, wherein each intemucleoside linkage of the modified oligonucleotide is a modified intemucleoside linkage.
  • Embodiment 23 The oligomeric compound of embodiments 21 or 22, wherein the modified intemucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.
  • Embodiment 24 The oligomeric compound of any one of embodiments 1-21, wherein the modified oligonucleotide comprises at least one phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • Embodiment 25 The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 21, 23, or 24, wherein each intemucleoside linkage is either a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage or a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.
  • Embodiment 26 The oligomeric compound of any one of embodiments 1-21 or 23-25, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has an intemucleoside linkage motif selected from among: sooosssssssssssooss,
  • sooooosssssssssssoss soooossssssssooss, sooosssssssssooss, or sooossssssssssoooss;
  • Embodiment 27 The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-26, wherein the modified
  • oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleobase.
  • Embodiment 28 The oligomeric compound of embodiment 27, wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5- methylcytosine.
  • Embodiment 29 The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-28, wherein the modified
  • oligonucleotide consists of 12-30, 12-22, 12-20,14-18, 14-20, 15-17, 15-25, 16-20, 18-22 or 18-20 linked nucleosides.
  • Embodiment 30 The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-29, wherein the modified
  • oligonucleotide consists of 18 linked nucleosides.
  • Embodiment 31 The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-30, wherein the modified
  • oligonucleotide consists of 20 linked nucleosides.
  • Embodiment 32 The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-31, consisting of the modified oligonucleotide.
  • Embodiment 33 An oligomeric duplex comprising an oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-31.
  • Embodiment 34 An antisense compound comprising or consisting of an oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-32 or an oligomeric duplex of embodiment 33.
  • Embodiment 35 A pharmaceutical composition comprising an oligomeric compound of any of embodiments
  • Embodiment 36 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 35, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is artificial cerebral spinal fluid.
  • Embodiment 37 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 36, wherein the pharmaceutical composition consists of the modified oligonucleotide and phosphate buffered saline.
  • Embodiment 38 A method comprising administering to a subject a pharmaceutical composition of any of embodiments 35-37.
  • Embodiment 39 A method of treating a disease associated with GFAP comprising administering to an individual having or at risk for developing a disease associated with GFAP a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of embodiments 1-34 or a pharmaceutical composition according to any of embodiments 35-37; and thereby treating the disease associated with GFAP.
  • Embodiment 40 The method of embodiment 39, wherein the GFAP-associated disease is Alexander Disease.
  • Embodiment 41 The method of any of embodiments 38-40, wherein at least one symptom or hallmark of the GFAP-associated disease is ameliorated.
  • Embodiment 42 The method of embodiment 41, wherein the symptom or hallmark is motor delays, cognitive delays, paroxysmal deterioration, seizures, vomiting, swallowing difficulties, ataxic gait, palatal myoclonus, autonomic dysfunction, or the presence of intra-astrocytic inclusions called Rosenthal fibers.
  • the symptom or hallmark is motor delays, cognitive delays, paroxysmal deterioration, seizures, vomiting, swallowing difficulties, ataxic gait, palatal myoclonus, autonomic dysfunction, or the presence of intra-astrocytic inclusions called Rosenthal fibers.
  • Embodiment 43 The method of any of embodiments 38-42, wherein GFAP levels in the individual are reduced.
  • Embodiment 44 A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:
  • Embodiment 45 A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:
  • Embodiment 46 A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:
  • Embodiment 47 A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:
  • Embodiment 48 A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:
  • Embodiment 49 A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:
  • Embodiment 50 A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:
  • Embodiment 51 A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:
  • Embodiment 52 A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:
  • Embodiment 53 A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:
  • Embodiment 54 A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:
  • Embodiment 55 A modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical structure:
  • Embodiment 56 The modified oligonucleotide of any one of embodiments 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, and 54, which is the sodium salt or potassium salt of the chemical structure.
  • Embodiment 57 A pharmaceutical composition comprising the modified oligonucleotide of any of embodiments 44-56 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • Embodiment 58 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 57, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is artificial cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Embodiment 59 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 58, wherein the pharmaceutical composition consists of the modified oligonucleotide and artificial cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Embodiment 60 A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical notation: m CesAeoGeoTeoAeoTeoTdsAds m Cds m CdsTds m CdsTdsAds m CdsTdsAeoGesT es m Ces (SEQ ID NO: 20), wherein:
  • A an adenine nucleobase
  • mC a 5-methyl cytosine nucleobase
  • G a guanine nucleobase
  • T a thymine nucleobase
  • d a 2 -(i-D-dcoxyribosyl sugar moiety
  • o a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • Embodiment 61 A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical notation: m C es A eo m C eo A eo T eo T eo m C ds A ds m C ds T ds A ds A ds T ds T ds T eo A eS A es m C es (SEQ ID NO: 21), wherein:
  • A an adenine nucleobase
  • mC a 5-methyl cytosine nucleobase
  • G a guanine nucleobase
  • T a thymine nucleobase
  • o a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • mC a 5-methyl cytosine nucleobase
  • G a guanine nucleobase
  • T a thymine nucleobase
  • o a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • mC a 5-methyl cytosine nucleobase
  • G a guanine nucleobase
  • T a thymine nucleobase
  • o a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • Embodiment 64 A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical notation: T es G eo G eo T eo m C eo m C ds T ds A ds A ds A ds T ds A ds T ds T ds m C ds T eo A eo G es T es m C e (SEQ ID NO: 2170), wherein:
  • A an adenine nucleobase
  • m C a 5-methyl cytosine nucleobase
  • G a guanine nucleobase
  • T a thymine nucleobase
  • d a 2 -(i-D-dcoxyribosyl sugar moiety
  • o a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • Embodiment 65 A compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide according to the following chemical notation: T es G eo G eo m C eo A eS G ds T ds A ds T ds T ds A ds m C ds m C ds T eo m C eo T es A es m C e (SEQ ID NO: 2818), wherein:
  • A an adenine nucleobase
  • mC a 5-methyl cytosine nucleobase
  • G a guanine nucleobase
  • T a thymine nucleobase
  • o a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • Embodiment 66 The compound of any of embodiments 60-65, comprising the modified oligonucleotide covalently linked to a conjugate group.
  • Embodiment 67 A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any of embodiments 60-66, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
  • Embodiment 68 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 67, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is artificial cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Embodiment 69 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 68, wherein the pharmaceutical composition consists of the compound and artificial cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Embodiment 70 A chirally enriched population of modified oligonucleotides of any of embodiments 60-65, wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides comprising at least one particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage having a particular stereochemical configuration.
  • Embodiment 71 The chirally enriched population of embodiment 70, wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides comprising at least one particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage having the (Sp) configuration.
  • Embodiment 72 The chirally enriched population of embodiment 70, wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides comprising at least one particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage having the (Rp) configuration.
  • Embodiment 73 The chirally enriched population of embodiment 70, wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having a particular, independently selected stereochemical configuration at each phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage
  • Embodiment 74 The chirally enriched population of embodiment 70, wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having the (Sp) configuration at each phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.
  • Embodiment 75 The chirally enriched population of embodiment 70, wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having the (Rp) configuration at each phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.
  • Embodiment 76 The chirally enriched population of embodiment 70, wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having the (Rp) configuration at one particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and the (Sp) configuration at each of the remaining phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages.
  • Embodiment 77 The chirally enriched population of embodiment 70 or embodiment 73 wherein the population is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having at least 3 contiguous phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages in the Sp, Sp, and Rp configurations, in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
  • Embodiment 78 A chirally enriched population of modified oligonucleotides of any of embodiments 44-55, wherein all of the phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages of the modified oligonucleotide are stereorandom.
  • Embodiment 79 A method comprising administering to an individual the pharmaceutical composition of any of embodiments 56-58 and 67-69.
  • Embodiment 80 A method of treating a disease associated with GFAP, comprising administering to an individual having or at risk of having a disease associated with GFAP a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 56-58 and 67-69, thereby treating the disease associated with GFAP.
  • Embodiment 81 A method of reducing GFAP protein in the CSF of an individual having having or at risk of having a disease associated with GFAP a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 56-58 and 67-69, thereby reducing GFAP protein in the CSF.
  • Embodiment 82 The method of embodiment 80 or embodiment 81, wherein the disease is a neurodegenerative disease.
  • Embodiment 83 The method of any of embodiments 80-82, wherein the disease is Alexander disease.
  • Embodiment 84 The method of any of embodiments 80-83, wherein at least one symptom or hallmark of the disease is ameliorated.
  • Embodiment 85 The method of embodiment 84, wherein the symptom or hallmark is any of motor delays, cognitive delays, paroxysmal deterioration, seizures, vomiting, swallowing difficulties, ataxic gait, palatal myoclonus, autonomic dysfunction, or the presence of intra-astrocytic inclusions called Rosenthal fibers.
  • Embodiment 86 The method of any of embodiments 79-85, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the central nervous system or systemically.
  • Embodiment 87 The method of embodiment 86, wherein wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the central nervous system and systemically.
  • Embodiment88 The method of any of embodiments 80-87, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered any of intrathecally, systemically, subcutaneously, or intramuscularly.
  • oligomeric compounds comprising oligonucleotides, which consist of linked nucleosides.
  • Oligonucleotides may be unmodified oligonucleotides (RNA or DNA) or may be modified oligonucleotides.
  • Modified oligonucleotides comprise at least one modification relative to unmodified RNA or DNA. That is, modified oligonucleotides comprise at least one modified nucleoside (comprising a modified sugar moiety and/or a modified nucleobase) and/or at least one modified intemucleoside linkage.
  • Modified nucleosides comprise a modified sugar moiety or a modified nucleobase or both a modifed sugar moiety and a modified nucleobase.
  • modified sugar moieties are non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are bicyclic or tricyclic sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are sugar surrogates. Such sugar surrogates may comprise one or more substitutions corresponding to those of other types of modified sugar moieties.
  • modified sugar moieties are non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties comprising a furanosyl ring with one or more substituent groups none of which bridges two atoms of the furanosyl ring to form a bicyclic structure.
  • Such non bridging substituents may be at any position of the furanosyl, including but not limited to substituents at the 2’, 4’, and/or 5’ positions.
  • one or more non-bridging substituent of non- bicyclic modified sugar moieties is branched.
  • 2’ -substituent groups suitable for non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties include but are not limited to: 2’-F, 2'-OCH (“OMe” or‘O-methyl”), and 2'-0(CFl 2 ) 2 0CF[ 3 (“MOE” or “O-methoxyethyl”).
  • 2’ -substituent groups are selected from among: halo, allyl, amino, azido, SH, CN, OCN, CFi.
  • OCF3, O-Ci-Cio alkoxy, O-Ci-Cio substituted alkoxy, O-Ci-Cio alkyl, O-Ci-Cio substituted alkyl, S- alkyl, N(R m )-alkyl, O-alkenyl, S-alkenyl, N(R m )-alkenyl, O-alkynyl, S-alkynyl, N(R m )-alkynyl, O-alkylenyl-O-alkyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl, O-aralkyl, 0(CH 2 ) 2 SCH 3 , 0(CH 2 ) 2 0N(R m )(R n ) or 0CH 2 C( 0)-N(R m )(R n ), where each R m and R n is, independently, H, an amino protecting group, or
  • 2'-substituent groups can be further substituted with one or more substituent groups independently selected from among: hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro (N0 2 ), thiol, thioalkoxy, thioalkyl, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl.
  • substituent groups independently selected from among: hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro (N0 2 ), thiol, thioalkoxy, thioalkyl, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl.
  • 4’-substituent groups suitable for non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties include but are not limited to alkoxy (e.g.
  • non-bicyclic modified sugar moieties comprise more than one non-bridging sugar substituent, for example, 2'-F-5'-methyl sugar moieties and the modified sugar moieties and modified nucleosides described in Migawa et al., WO 2008/101157 and Rajeev et al., US2013/0203836.
  • a T -substituted non-bicyclic modified nucleoside comprises a sugar moiety comprising a non-bridging 2’ -substituent group selected from: F, OCH , and OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 .
  • modified furanosyl sugar moieties and nucleosides incorporating such modified furanosyl sugar moieties are further defined by isomeric configuration.
  • a 2’-deoxyfuranosyl sugar moiety may be in seven isomeric configurations other than the naturally occurring b-D-deoxyribosyl configuration.
  • modified sugar moieties are described in, e.g., WO 2019/157531, incorporated by reference herein.
  • a 2’-modified sugar moiety has an additional stereocenter at the 2’-position relative to a 2’-deoxyfuranosyl sugar moiety; therefore, such sugar moieties have a total of sixteen possible isomeric configurations.
  • 2’ -modified sugar moieties described herein are in the b-D-ribosyl isomeric configuration unless otherwise specified.
  • Certain modifed sugar moieties comprise a substituent that bridges two atoms of the furanosyl ring to form a second ring, resulting in a bicyclic sugar moiety.
  • the bicyclic sugar moiety comprises a bridge between the 4' and the 2' furanose ring atoms.
  • Examples of such 4’ to 2’ bridging sugar substituents include but are not limited to: 4'-CH 2 -2', 4'-(CH 2 ) 2 -2', 4'-(CH 2 ) 3 -2', 4'-CH 2 -0-2' (“LNA”), 4'-CH 2 -S-2', 4'-(CH 2 ) 2 -0-2' (“ENA”), 4'- CH(CH 3 )-0-2' (referred to as“constrained ethyl” or“cEt”), 4’-CH 2 -0-CH 2 -2’, 4’-CH 2 -N(R)-2’, 4'-CH(CH 2 0CH 3 )-0-2' (“constrained MOE” or“cMOE”) and analogs thereof (see, e.g., Seth et al., U.S.
  • each R, R a , and R b is, independently, H, a protecting group, or C1-C12 alkyl (see, e.g. Imanishi et al., U.S. 7,427,672).
  • x 0, 1, or 2;
  • n 1, 2, 3, or 4;
  • bicyclic sugar moieties and nucleosides incorporating such bicyclic sugar moieties are further defined by isomeric configuration.
  • an LNA nucleoside (described herein) may be in the a-L configuration or in the b-D configuration.
  • bicyclic nucleosides include both isomeric configurations.
  • LNA or cEt are identified in exemplified embodiments herein, they are in the b-D configuration, unless otherwise specified.
  • modified sugar moieties comprise one or more non-bridging sugar substituent and one or more bridging sugar substituent (e.g., 5’ -substituted and 4’-2’ bridged sugars).
  • modified sugar moieties are sugar surrogates.
  • the oxygen atom of the sugar moiety is replaced, e.g., with a sulfur, carbon or nitrogen atom.
  • such modified sugar moieties also comprise bridging and/or non-bridging substituents as described herein.
  • certain sugar surrogates comprise a 4’-sulfur atom and a substitution at the 2'-position (see, e.g., Bhat et al., U.S.
  • sugar surrogates comprise rings having other than 5 atoms.
  • a sugar surrogate comprises a six-membered tetrahydropyran (“THP”).
  • THP tetrahydropyran
  • Such tetrahydropyrans may be further modified or substituted.
  • Nucleosides comprising such modified tetrahydropyrans include but are not limited to hexitol nucleic acid (“HNA”), anitol nucleic acid (“ANA”), manitol nucleic acid (“MNA”) (see, e.g., Leumann, CJ. Bioorg. & Med. Chem. 2002, 10, 841-854), fluoro HNA:
  • F-HNA see e.g. Swayze et al., U.S. 8,088,904; Swayze et al, U.S. 8,440,803; Swayze et al., U.S. 8,796,437; and Swayze et al., U.S. 9,005,906;
  • F-HNA can also be referred to as a F-THP or 3'-fluoro tetrahydropyran), and nucleosides comprising additional modified THP compounds having the formula:
  • Bx is a nucleobase moiety
  • T and T are each, independently, an intemucleoside linking group linking the modified THP nucleoside to the remainder of an oligonucleotide or one of T and T 4 is an intemucleoside linking group linking the modified THP nucleoside to the remainder of an oligonucleotide and the other of T 3 and T is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a linked conjugate group, or a 5' or 3'-terminal group;
  • qi, q 2 , q 3 , q 4 , q q 6 and q 7 are each, independently, H, Ci-C 6 alkyl, substituted Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, substituted C 2 - C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, or substituted C 2 -C 6 alkynyl; and
  • modified THP nucleosides are provided wherein qi. q 2 , q 3 , q , q 5 , q 6 and q 7 are each H. In certain embodiments, at least one of qi, q 2 , q 3 , q 4 , qs, q 6 and q 7 is other than H. In certain embodiments, at least one of qi, q 2 , q 3 , q 4 , qs, q 6 and q 7 is methyl. In certain embodiments, modified THP nucleosides are provided wherein one of Ri and R 2 is F. In certain embodiments, Ri is F and R 2 is H, in certain embodiments, Ri is methoxy and R 2 is H, and in certain embodiments, Ri is methoxyethoxy and R 2 is H.
  • sugar surrogates comprise rings having more than 5 atoms and more than one heteroatom.
  • nucleosides comprising morpholino sugar moieties and their use in oligonucleotides have been reported (see, e.g., Braasch et al., Biochemistry, 2002, 41, 4503-4510 and Summerton et al., U.S. 5,698,685; Summerton et al., U.S. 5,166,315; Summerton et al., U.S. 5,185,444; and Summerton et al., U.S. 5,034,506).
  • the term“morpholino” means a sugar surrogate having the following structure:
  • morpholinos may be modified, for example by adding or altering various substituent groups from the above morpholino structure.
  • sugar surrogates are referred to herein as“modifed morpholinos.”
  • sugar surrogates comprise acyclic moieites.
  • nucleosides and oligonucleotides comprising such acyclic sugar surrogates include but are not limited to: peptide nucleic acid (“PNA”), acyclic butyl nucleic acid (see, e.g. , Kumar et al, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2013, 11, 5853-5865), and nucleosides and oligonucleotides described in Manoharan et al., WO2011/133876.
  • modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more nucleosides comprising an unmodified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more nucleoside that does not comprise a nucleobase, referred to as an abasic nucleoside.
  • modified nucleobases are selected from: 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines, alkyl or alkynyl substituted pyrimidines, alkyl substituted purines, and N-2, N-6 and 0-6 substituted purines.
  • modified nucleobases are selected from: 2-aminopropyladenine, 5 -hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-N-methylguanine, 6-N-methyladenine, 2-propyladenine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-propynyl (-CoC-CH ) uracil, 5-propynylcytosine, 6-azouracil, 6-azocytosine, 6-azothymine, 5- ribosyluracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl, 8-aza and other 8-substituted purines, 5-halo, particularly 5-bromo, 5-triiluoromethyl, 5-halouracil, and 5-halocytosine, 7-methylguanine, 7-
  • nucleobases include tricyclic pyrimidines, such as l,3-diazaphenoxazine-2-one, 1,3- diazaphenothiazine-2-one and 9-(2-aminoethoxy)-l,3-diazaphenoxazine-2-one (G-clamp).
  • Modified nucleobases may also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 7-deazaadenine, 7-deazaguanosine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-pyridone.
  • Further nucleobases include those disclosed in Merigan et al., U.S.
  • nucleosides of modified oligonucleotides may be linked together using any intemucleoside linkage.
  • the two main classes of intemucleoside linking groups are defined by the presence or absence of a phosphoms atom.
  • Modified intemucleoside linkages compared to naturally occurring phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages, can be used to alter, typically increase, nuclease resistance of the oligonucleotide.
  • intemucleoside linkages having a chiral atom can be prepared as a racemic mixture, or as separate enantiomers. Methods of preparation of phosphorous-containing and non- phosphorous-containing intemucleoside linkages are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Representative intemucleoside linkages having a chiral center include but are not limited to
  • Modified oligonucleotides comprising intemucleoside linkages having a chiral center can be prepared as populations of modified oligonucleotides comprising stereorandom intemucleoside linkages, or as populations of modified oligonucleotides comprising phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages in particular stereochemical configurations.
  • populations of modified oligonucleotides comprise phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages wherein all of the phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages are stereorandom.
  • modified oligonucleotides can be generated using synthetic methods that result in random selection of the stereochemical configuration of each phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage. Nonetheless, as is well understood by those of skill in the art, each individual phosphorothioate of each individual oligonucleotide molecule has a defined stereoconfiguration.
  • populations of modified oligonucleotides are enriched for modified oligonucleotides comprising one or more particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage in a particular, independently selected stereochemical configuration.
  • the particular configuration of the particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage is present in at least 65% of the molecules in the population.
  • the particular configuration of the particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage is present in at least 70% of the molecules in the population. In certain embodiments, the particular configuration of the particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage is present in at least 80% of the molecules in the population. In certain embodiments, the particular configuration of the particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage is present in at least 90% of the molecules in the population. In certain embodiments, the particular configuration of the particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage is present in at least 99% of the molecules in the population.
  • modified oligonucleotides can be generated using synthetic methods known in the art, e.g., methods described in Oka et al, JACS 125, 8307 (2003), Wan et al. Nuc. Acid. Res. 42, 13456 (2014), and WO 2017/015555.
  • a population of modified oligonucleotides is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having at least one indicated phosphorothioate in the (Sp) configuration.
  • a population of modified oligonucleotides is enriched for modified oligonucleotides having at least one phosphorothioate in the (Rp) configuration.
  • modified oligonucleotides comprising (Rp) and or (Sp) phosphorothioates comprise one or more of the following formulas, respectively, wherein“B” indicates a nucleobase:
  • chiral intemucleoside linkages of modified oligonucleotides described herein can be stereorandom or in a particular stereochemical configuration.
  • Further neutral intemucleoside linkages include nonionic linkages comprising siloxane (dialkylsiloxane), carboxylate ester, carboxamide, sulfide, sulfonate ester and amides (see for example: Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research, Y.S. Sanghvi and P.D. Cook, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 580; Chapters 3 and 4, 40-65). Further neutral intemucleoside linkages include nonionic linkages comprising mixed N, O, S and G3 ⁇ 4 component parts.
  • modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified nucleosides comprising a modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified nucleosides comprising a modified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified intemucleoside linkage. In such embodiments, the modified, unmodified, and differently modified sugar moieties, nucleobases, and/or intemucleoside linkages of a modified oligonucleotide define a pattern or motif. In certain embodiments, the patterns of sugar moieties, nucleobases, and intemucleoside linkages are each independent of one another.
  • a modified oligonucleotide may be described by its sugar motif, nucleobase motif and/or intemucleoside linkage motif (as used herein, nucleobase motif describes the modifications to the nucleobases independent of the sequence of nucleobases).
  • oligonucleotides comprise one or more type of modified sugar and/or unmodified sugar moiety arranged along the oligonucleotide or portion thereof in a defined pattern or sugar motif.
  • sugar motifs include but are not limited to any of the sugar modifications discussed herein.
  • modified oligonucleotides have a gapmer motif, which is defined by two external regions or“wings” and a central or internal region or“gap.”
  • the three regions of a gapmer motif (the 5’-wing, the gap, and the 3’ -wing) form a contiguous sequence of nucleosides wherein at least some of the sugar moieties of the nucleosides of each of the wings differ from at least some of the sugar moieties of the nucleosides of the gap.
  • the sugar moieties of the nucleosides of each wing that are closest to the gap differ from the sugar moiety of the neighboring gap nucleosides, thus defining the boundary between the wings and the gap (i.e., the wing/gap junction).
  • the sugar moieties within the gap are the same as one another.
  • the gap includes one or more nucleoside having a sugar moiety that differs from the sugar moiety of one or more other nucleosides of the gap.
  • the sugar motifs of the two wings are the same as one another (symmetric gapmer).
  • the sugar motif of the 5'-wing differs from the sugar motif of the 3'-wing (asymmetric gapmer).
  • the wings of a gapmer comprise 1-6 nucleosides.
  • each nucleoside of each wing of a gapmer comprises a modified sugar moiety.
  • at least one nucleoside of each wing of a gapmer comprises a modified sugar moiety.
  • at least two nucleosides of each wing of a gapmer comprises a modified sugar moiety.
  • at least three nucleosides of each wing of a gapmer comprises a modified sugar moiety.
  • at least four nucleosides of each wing of a gapmer comprises a modified sugar moiety.
  • at least five nucleosides of each wing of a gapmer comprises a modified sugar moiety.
  • the gap of a gapmer comprises 7-12 nucleosides.
  • each nucleoside of the gap of a gapmer comprises a 2-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety.
  • each nucleoside of the gap of a gapmer comprises a 2 ‘ -[l-D-dcoxyribosyl sugar moiety.
  • at least one nucleoside of the gap of a gapmer comprises a modified sugar moiety.
  • at least one nucleoside of the gap of a gapmer comprises a 2’-OMe sugar moiety.
  • the gapmer is a deoxy gapmer.
  • the nucleosides on the gap side of each wing/gap junction comprise 2’- deoxyribosyl sugar moieties and the nucleosides on the wing sides of each wing/gap junction comprise modified sugar moieties.
  • each nucleoside of the gap comprises a 2-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety.
  • each nucleoside of each wing of a gapmer comprises a modified sugar moiety.
  • one nucleoside of the gap comprises a modified sugar moiety and each remaining nucleoside of the gap comprises a 2-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety.
  • modified oligonucleotides comprise or consist of a portion having a fully modified sugar motif.
  • each nucleoside of the fully modified portion of the modified oligonucleotide comprises a modified sugar moiety.
  • each nucleoside of the entire modified oligonucleotide comprises a modified sugar moiety.
  • modified oligonucleotides comprise or consist of a portion having a fully modified sugar motif, wherein each nucleoside within the fully modified portion comprises the same modified sugar moiety, referred to herein as a uniformly modified sugar motif.
  • a fully modified oligonucleotide is a uniformly modified oligonucleotide.
  • each nucleoside of a uniformly modified oligonucleotide comprises the same 2’ -modification.
  • the lengths (number of nucleosides) of the three regions of a gapmer may be provided using the notation [# of nucleosides in the 5’-wing] - [# of nucleosides in the gap] - [# of nucleosides in the 3’-wing]
  • a 5- 10-5 gapmer consists of 5 linked nucleosides in each wing and 10 linked nucleosides in the gap.
  • that modification is the modification in each sugar moiety of each wing and the gap nucleosides comprises a 2’- b-D-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety.
  • a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer consists of 5 linked 2’ -MOE nucleosides in the 5’ -wing, 10 linked 2’- b-D-deoxynucleosides in the gap, and 5 linked 2’ -MOE nucleosides in the 3’-wing.
  • a 3-10-3 cEt gapmer consists of 3 linked cEt nucleosides in the 5’-wing, 10 linked 2’- b-D- deoxynucleosides in the gap, and 3 linked cEt nucleosides in the 3’-wing.
  • a 5-8-5 gapmer consists of 5 linked nucleosides comprising a modified sugar moiety in the 5’ -wing, 8 linked 2’-deoxynucleosides in the gap, and 5 linked nucleosides comprising a modified sugar moiety in the 3’-wing.
  • a mixed wing gapmer has at least two different modified sugars in the 5’ and/or 3’ wing.
  • a 5-8-5 or 5-8-4 mixed wing gapmer has at least two different modified sugar moieties in the 5’- and/or the 3’-wing.
  • modified oligonucleotides are 5-10-5 MOE gapmers. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 4-10-6 MOE gapmers. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 6-10-4 MOE gapmers. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 5-8-5 MOE gapmers. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are X-Y-Z MOE gapmers, wherein X and Z are independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 and Y is 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11.
  • modified oligonucleotides have the following sugar motif (5’ to 3’):
  • oligonucleotides comprise modified and/or unmodified nucleobases arranged along the oligonucleotide or portion thereof in a defined pattern or motif. In certain embodiments, each nucleobase is modified.
  • each purine or each pyrimidine is modified.
  • each adenine is modified.
  • each guanine is modified.
  • each thymine is modified.
  • each uracil is modified.
  • each cytosine is modified.
  • some or all of the cytosine nucleobases in a modified oligonucleotide are 5-methyl cytosines.
  • all of the cytosine nucleobases are 5-methyl cytosines and all of the other nucleobases of the modified oligonucleotide are unmodified nucleobases.
  • modified oligonucleotides comprise a block of modified nucleobases.
  • the block is at the 3’-end of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments the block is within 3 nucleosides of the 3’-end of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the block is at the 5’-end of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments the block is within 3 nucleosides of the 5’-end of the oligonucleotide.
  • oligonucleotides having a gapmer motif comprise a nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobase.
  • one nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobase is in the central gap of an oligonucleotide having a gapmer motif.
  • the sugar moiety of the nucleoside is a 2’- deoxyribosyl sugar moiety.
  • the modified nucleobase is selected from: a 2-thiopyrimidine and a 5 -propynepy rimidine . 3.
  • oligonucleotides comprise modified and/or unmodified intemucleoside linkages arranged along the oligonucleotide or region thereof in a defined pattern or motif.
  • each intemucleoside linkage of a modified oligonucleotide is independently selected from a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • each phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage is independently selected from a stereorandom phosphorothioate, a (Sp) phosphorothioate, and a (Rp) phosphorothioate.
  • the sugar motif of a modified oligonucleotide is a gapmer and the intemucleoside linkages within the gap are all modified.
  • the intemucleoside linkages in the wings are unmodified phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.
  • the terminal intemucleoside linkages are modified.
  • the sugar motif of a modified oligonucleotide is a gapmer, and the intemucleoside linkage motif comprises at least one phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage in at least one wing, wherein the at least one phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage is not a terminal intemucleoside linkage, and the remaining intemucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages.
  • all of the phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages are stereorandom.
  • all of the phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages in the wings are (Sp) phosphorothioates, and the gap comprises at least one ,S'p. Sp, Rp motif.
  • populations of modified oligonucleotides are enriched for modified oligonucleotides comprising such intemucleoside linkage motifs.
  • modified oligonucleotides have an intemucleoside linkage motif of
  • modified oligonucleotides have an intemucleoside linkage motif of (5’ to 3’): sooooosssssssssoss, wherein each“s” represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and each“o” represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • modified oligonucleotides have an intemucleoside linkage motif of (5’ to 3’): soooossssssssooss, wherein each“s” represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and each“o” represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • modified oligonucleotides have an intemucleoside linkage motif of (5’ to 3’):sooosssssssssooss, wherein each“s” represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and each“o” represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • modified oligonucleotides have an intemucleoside linkage motif of (5’ to 3’):
  • modified oligonucleotides have an intemucleoside linkage motif of (5’ to 3’): sooossssssssssss, wherein each“s” represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and each“o” represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • oligonucleotide it is possible to increase or decrease the length of an oligonucleotide without eliminating activity.
  • Woolf et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7305-7309, 1992 a series of oligonucleotides 13-25 nucleobases in length were tested for their ability to induce cleavage of a target nucleic acid in an oocyte injection model.
  • Oligonucleotides 25 nucleobases in length with 8 or 11 mismatch bases near the ends of the oligonucleotides were able to direct specific cleavage of the target nucleic acid, albeit to a lesser extent than the oligonucleotides that contained no mismatches. Similarly, target specific cleavage was achieved using 13 nucleobase oligonucleotides, including those with 1 or 3 mismatches.
  • oligonucleotides can have any of a variety of ranges of lengths.
  • oligonucleotides consist of X to Y linked nucleosides, where X represents the fewest number of nucleosides in the range and Y represents the largest number nucleosides in the range.
  • X and Y are each independently selected from 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50; provided that X ⁇ Y.
  • oligonucleotides consist of 12 to 13, 12 to 14, 12 to 15, 12 to 16, 12 to
  • each intemucleoside linkage of an oligonucleotide having a gapmer sugar motif may be modified or unmodified and may or may not follow the gapmer modification pattern of the sugar modifications.
  • the intemucleoside linkages within the wing regions of a sugar gapmer may be the same or different from one another and may be the same or different from the intemucleoside linkages of the gap region of the sugar motif.
  • sugar gapmer oligonucleotides may comprise one or more modified nucleobase independent of the gapmer pattern of the sugar modifications. Unless otherwise indicated, all modifications are independent of nucleobase sequence.
  • Populations of modified oligonucleotides in which all of the modified oligonucleotides of the population have the same molecular formula can be stereorandom populations or chirally enriched populations. All of the chiral centers of all of the modified oligonucleotides are stereorandom in a stereorandom population. In a chirally enriched population, at least one particular chiral center is not stereorandom in the modified oligonucleotides of the population. In certain embodiments, the modified oligonucleotides of a chirally enriched population are enriched for b-D ribosyl sugar moieties, and all of the phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages are stereorandom.
  • the modified oligonucleotides of a chirally enriched population are enriched for both b-D ribosyl sugar moieties and at least one, particular phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage in a particular stereochemical configuration.
  • oligonucleotides are further described by their nucleobase sequence.
  • oligonucleotides have a nucleobase sequence that is complementary to a second oligonucleotide or an identified reference nucleic acid, such as a target nucleic acid.
  • a portion of an oligonucleotide has a nucleobase sequence that is complementary to a second oligonucleotide or an identified reference nucleic acid, such as a target nucleic acid.
  • the nucleobase sequence of a portion or entire length of an oligonucleotide is at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% complementary to the second oligonucleotide or nucleic acid, such as a target nucleic acid.
  • oligomeric compounds which consist of an oligonucleotide (modified or unmodified) and optionally one or more conjugate groups and/or terminal groups.
  • Conjugate groups consist of one or more conjugate moiety and a conjugate linker which links the conjugate moiety to the oligonucleotide. Conjugate groups may be attached to either or both ends of an oligonucleotide and/or at any internal position. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups are attached to the 2'-position of a nucleoside of a modified oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups that are attached to either or both ends of an oligonucleotide are terminal groups.
  • conjugate groups or terminal groups are attached at the 3’ and/or 5’ -end of oligonucleotides. In certain such embodiments, conjugate groups (or terminal groups) are attached at the 3’ -end of oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups are attached near the 3’ -end of oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups (or terminal groups) are attached at the 5’ -end of oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups are attached near the 5’ -end of oligonucleotides.
  • terminal groups include but are not limited to conjugate groups, capping groups, phosphate moieties, protecting groups, abasic nucleosides, modified or unmodified nucleosides, and two or more nucleosides that are independently modified or unmodified.
  • oligonucleotides are covalently attached to one or more conjugate groups.
  • conjugate groups modify one or more properties of the attached oligonucleotide, including but not limited to pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, stability, binding, absorption, tissue distribution, cellular distribution, cellular uptake, charge and clearance.
  • conjugate groups impart a new properly on the attached oligonucleotide, e.g., fluorophores or reporter groups that enable detection of the oligonucleotide.
  • conjugate groups and conjugate moieties have been described previously, for example: cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533- 538 an aliphatic chain, e.g., do-decan-diol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10, 1111- 1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac -glycerol or triethyl-ammonium l,2-di-0-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl.
  • a phospholipid e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac
  • Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783 a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), an octadecylamine or hexylamino- carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., ./. Pharmacol. Exp.
  • conjugate groups may be selected from any of a C22 alkyl, C20 alkyl, C16 alkyl, CIO alkyl, C21 alkyl, C19 alkyl, C18 alkyl, C15 alkyl, C14 alkyl, C13 alkyl, C12 alkyl, Cl l alkyl, C9 alkyl, C8 alkyl, C7 alkyl, C6 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C22 alkenyl, C20 alkenyl, C16 alkenyl, CIO alkenyl, C21 alkenyl, Cl 9 alkenyl, Cl 8 alkenyl, C15 alkenyl, C14 alkenyl, C13 alkenyl, C12 alkenyl, Cl l alkenyl, C9 alkenyl, C8 alkenyl, C7 alkenyl, C6 alkenyl, or C5 alkenyl.
  • conjugate groups may be selected from any of C22 alkyl, C20 alkyl, C16 alkyl, CIO alkyl, C21 alkyl, C19 alkyl, C18 alkyl, C15 alkyl, C14 alkyl, C13 alkyl, C12 alkyl, Cl l alkyl, C9 alkyl, C8 alkyl, C7 alkyl, C6 alkyl, and C5 alkyl, where the alkyl chain has one or more unsaturated bonds.
  • Conjugate moieties include, without limitation, intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, peptides, carbohydrates, vitamin moieties, polyethylene glycols, thioethers, polyethers, cholesterols, thiocholesterols, cholic acid moieties, folate, lipids, lipophilic groups, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, adamantane, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, fluorophores, and dyes.
  • a conjugate moiety comprises an active drag substance, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fen-bufen, ketoprofen, (,S')-(+)-pranoprofcn.
  • an active drag substance for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fen-bufen, ketoprofen, (,S')-(+)-pranoprofcn.
  • carprofen dansylsarcosine, 2,3,5- triiodobenzoic acid, fingolimod, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indo-methicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drag, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic.
  • Conjugate moieties are attached to oligonucleotides through conjugate linkers.
  • the conjugate linker is a single chemical bond (i.e., the conjugate moiety is attached directly to an oligonucleotide through a single bond).
  • the conjugate linker comprises a chain structure, such as a hydrocarbyl chain, or an oligomer of repeating units such as ethylene glycol, nucleosides, or amino acid units.
  • a conjugate linker comprises one or more groups selected from alkyl, amino, oxo, amide, disulfide, polyethylene glycol, ether, thioether, and hydroxylamino. In certain such embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises groups selected from alkyl, amino, oxo, amide and ether groups. In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises groups selected from alkyl and amide groups. In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises groups selected from alkyl and ether groups. In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises at least one phosphorus moiety. In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises at least one phosphate group. In certain embodiments, the conjugate linker includes at least one neutral linking group.
  • conjugate linkers are bifunctional linking moieties, e.g., those known in the art to be useful for attaching conjugate groups to parent compounds, such as the oligonucleotides provided herein.
  • a bifunctional linking moiety comprises at least two functional groups. One of the functional groups is selected to bind to a particular site on a parent compound and the other is selected to bind to a conjugate group. Examples of functional groups used in a bifunctional linking moiety include but are not limited to electrophiles for reacting with nucleophilic groups and nucleophiles for reacting with electrophilic groups.
  • bifunctional linking moieties comprise one or more groups selected from amino, hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, thiol, alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl.
  • conjugate linkers include but are not limited to pyrrolidine, 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (ADO), succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane- 1-carboxy late (SMCC) and 6-aminohexanoic acid (AHEX or AHA).
  • ADO 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid
  • SMCC succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane- 1-carboxy late
  • AHEX or AHA 6-aminohexanoic acid
  • conjugate linkers include but are not limited to substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cio alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkynyl, wherein a nonlimiting list of preferred substituent groups includes hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl.
  • conjugate linkers comprise 1-10 linker-nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise 2-5 linker-nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise exactly 3 linker- nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise the TCA motif. In certain embodiments, such linker- nucleosides are modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments such linker-nucleosides comprise a modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, linker-nucleosides are unmodified. In certain embodiments, linker-nucleosides comprise an optionally protected heterocyclic base selected from a purine, substituted purine, pyrimidine or substituted pyrimidine.
  • a cleavable moiety is a nucleoside selected from uracil, thymine, cytosine, 4-N- benzoylcytosine, 5-methyl cytosine, 4-N-benzoyl-5-methyl cytosine, adenine, 6-N-benzoyladenine, guanine and 2-N- isobutyrylguanine. It is typically desirable for linker-nucleosides to be cleaved from the oligomeric compound after it reaches a target tissue. Accordingly, linker-nucleosides are typically linked to one another and to the remainder of the oligomeric compound through cleavable bonds. In certain embodiments, such cleavable bonds are phosphodiester bonds.
  • linker-nucleosides are not considered to be part of the oligonucleotide. Accordingly, in embodiments in which an oligomeric compound comprises an oligonucleotide consisting of a specified number or range of linked nucleosides and/or a specified percent complementarity to a reference nucleic acid and the oligomeric compound also comprises a conjugate group comprising a conjugate linker comprising linker-nucleosides, those linker-nucleosides are not counted toward the length of the oligonucleotide and are not used in determining the percent complementarity of the oligonucleotide for the reference nucleic acid.
  • an oligomeric compound may comprise (1) a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8-30 nucleosides and (2) a conjugate group comprising 1-10 linker-nucleosides that are contiguous with the nucleosides of the modified oligonucleotide.
  • the total number of contiguous linked nucleosides in such an oligomeric compound is more than 30.
  • an oligomeric compound may comprise a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 8-30 nucleosides and no conjugate group. The total number of contiguous linked nucleosides in such an oligomeric compound is no more than 30.
  • conjugate linkers comprise no more than 10 linker-nucleosides.
  • conjugate linkers comprise no more than 5 linker- nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise no more than 3 linker-nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise no more than 2 linker-nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate linkers comprise no more than 1 linker-nucleoside. In certain embodiments, it is desirable for a conjugate group to be cleaved from the oligonucleotide.
  • conjugate linkers may comprise one or more cleavable moieties.
  • a cleavable moiety is a cleavable bond.
  • a cleavable moiety is a group of atoms comprising at least one cleavable bond.
  • a cleavable moiety comprises a group of atoms having one, two, three, four, or more than four cleavable bonds.
  • a cleavable moiety is selectively cleaved inside a cell or subcellular compartment, such as a lysosome.
  • a cleavable moiety is selectively cleaved by endogenous enzymes, such as nucleases.
  • a cleavable bond is selected from among: an amide, an ester, an ether, one or both esters of a phosphodiester, a phosphate ester, a carbamate, or a disulfide. In certain embodiments, a cleavable bond is one or both of the esters of a phosphodiester. In certain embodiments, a cleavable moiety comprises a phosphate or phosphodiester. In certain embodiments, the cleavable moiety is a phosphate or phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage between an oligonucleotide and a conjugate moiety or conjugate group.
  • a cleavable moiety comprises or consists of one or more linker-nucleosides.
  • the one or more linker-nucleosides are linked to one another and/or to the remainder of the oligomeric compound through cleavable bonds.
  • such cleavable bonds are unmodified phosphodiester bonds.
  • a cleavable moiety is 2'-deoxynucleoside that is attached to either the 3' or 5'-terminal nucleoside of an oligonucleotide by a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage and covalently attached to the remainder of the conjugate linker or conjugate moiety by a phosphate or phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.
  • the cleavable moiety is 2'-deoxyadenosine.
  • a conjugate group comprises a cell-targeting moiety. In certain embodiments, a conjugate group has the general formula:
  • n is from 1 to about 3, m is 0 when n is 1, m is 1 when n is 2 or greater, j is 1 or 0, and k is 1 or 0.
  • n is 1, j is 1 and k is 0. In certain embodiments, n is 1, j is 0 and k is 1. In certain embodiments, n is 1, j is 1 and k is 1. In certain embodiments, n is 2, j is 1 and k is 0. In certain embodiments, n is 2, j is O and k is l. In certain embodiments, n is 2, j is 1 and k is 1. In certain embodiments, n is 3, j is 1 and k is 0. In certain embodiments, n is 3, j is 0 and k is 1. In certain embodiments, n is 3, j is 1 and k is 1. In certain embodiments, n is 3, j is 1 and k is 1. In certain embodiments, n is 3, j is 1 and k is 1.
  • conjugate groups comprise cell-targeting moieties that have at least one tethered ligand.
  • cell-targeting moieties comprise two tethered ligands covalently attached to a branching group.
  • cell-targeting moieties comprise three tethered ligands covalently attached to a branching group.
  • oligomeric compounds comprise one or more terminal groups.
  • oligomeric compounds comprise a stabilized 5’-phosphate.
  • Stabilized 5’-phosphates include, but are not limited to 5’-phosphonates, including, but not limited to 5’-vinylphosphonates.
  • terminal groups comprise one or more abasic nucleosides and/or inverted nucleosides.
  • terminal groups comprise one or more 2’ -linked nucleosides. In certain such embodiments, the 2’ -linked nucleoside is an abasic nucleoside.
  • oligomeric compounds described herein comprise an oligonucleotide, having a nucleobase sequence complementary to that of a target nucleic acid.
  • an oligomeric compound is paired with a second oligomeric compound to form an oligomeric duplex.
  • Such oligomeric duplexes comprise a first oligomeric compound having a portion complementary to a target nucleic acid and a second oligomeric compound having a portion complementary to the first oligomeric compound.
  • the first oligomeric compound of an oligomeric duplex comprises or consists of (1) a modified or unmodified oligonucleotide and optionally a conjugate group and (2) a second modified or unmodified oligonucleotide and optionally a conjugate group.
  • Either or both oligomeric compounds of an oligomeric duplex may comprise a conjugate group.
  • the oligonucleotides of each oligomeric compound of an oligomeric duplex may include non-complementary overhanging nucleosides.
  • oligomeric compounds and oligomeric duplexes are capable of hybridizing to a target nucleic acid, resulting in at least one antisense activity; such oligomeric compounds and oligomeric duplexes are antisense compounds.
  • antisense compounds have antisense activity when they reduce the amount or activity of a target nucleic acid by 25% or more in the standard cell assay. In certain embodiments, antisense compounds selectively affect one or more target nucleic acid.
  • Such antisense compounds comprise a nucleobase sequence that hybridizes to one or more target nucleic acid, resulting in one or more desired antisense activity and does not hybridize to one or more non-target nucleic acid or does not hybridize to one or more non-target nucleic acid in such a way that results in significant undesired antisense activity.
  • hybridization of an antisense compound to a target nucleic acid results in recruitment of a protein that cleaves the target nucleic acid.
  • certain antisense compounds result in RNase H mediated cleavage of the target nucleic acid.
  • RNase H is a cellular endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. The DNA in such an RNA:DNA duplex need not be unmodified DNA.
  • described herein are antisense compounds that are sufficiently“DNA-like” to elicit RNase H activity.
  • one or more non-DNA-like nucleoside in the gap of a gapmer is tolerated.
  • an antisense compound or a portion of an antisense compound is loaded into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), ultimately resulting in cleavage of the target nucleic acid.
  • RISC RNA-induced silencing complex
  • certain antisense compounds result in cleavage of the target nucleic acid by Argonaute.
  • Antisense compounds that are loaded into RISC are RNAi compounds.
  • RNAi compounds may be double-stranded (siRNA) or single-stranded (ssRNA).
  • hybridization of an antisense compound to a target nucleic acid does not result in recruitment of a protein that cleaves that target nucleic acid.
  • hybridization of the antisense compound to the target nucleic acid results in alteration of splicing of the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, hybridization of an antisense compound to a target nucleic acid results in inhibition of a binding interaction between the target nucleic acid and a protein or other nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, hybridization of an antisense compound to a target nucleic acid results in alteration of translation of the target nucleic acid.
  • Antisense activities may be observed directly or indirectly.
  • observation or detection of an antisense activity involves observation or detection of a change in an amount of a target nucleic acid or protein encoded by such target nucleic acid, a change in the ratio of splice variants of a nucleic acid or protein and/or a phenotypic change in a cell or subject.
  • oligomeric compounds comprise or consist of an oligonucleotide comprising a portion that is complementary to a target nucleic acid.
  • the target nucleic acid is an endogenous RNA molecule.
  • the target nucleic acid encodes a protein.
  • the target nucleic acid is selected from: a mature mRNA and a pre-mRNA, including intronic, exonic and untranslated regions.
  • the target nucleic acid is a mature mRNA.
  • the target nucleic acid is a pre- mRNA.
  • the target region is entirely within an intron.
  • the target region spans an intron exon junction.
  • the target region is at least 50% within an intron.
  • Gautschi et al J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93:463-471, March 2001
  • this oligonucleotide demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity in vivo. Maher and Dolnick (Nuc. Acid. Res.
  • oligonucleotides are complementary to the target nucleic acid over the entire length of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides are 99%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% complementary to the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides are at least 80% complementary to the target nucleic acid over the entire length of the oligonucleotide and comprise a portion that is 100% or fully complementary to a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the portion of full complementarity is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 nucleobases in length.
  • oligonucleotides comprise one or more mismatched nucleobases relative to the target nucleic acid.
  • antisense activity against the target is reduced by such mismatch, but activity against a non-target is reduced by a greater amount.
  • selectivity of the oligonucleotide is improved.
  • the mismatch is specifically positioned within an oligonucleotide having a gapmer motif.
  • the mismatch is at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 from the 5’-end of the gap region.
  • the mismatch is at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 from the 5’-end of the 5’ wing region or the 3’ wing region.
  • oligomeric compounds comprise or consist of an oligonucleotide that is
  • GFAP nucleic acid has the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 (GENBANK Accession No. NM 002055.4), SEQ ID NO: 2 (GENBANK Accession No. NC 000017.11 tmncated from nucleotides 44903001 to 44919000), or SEQ ID NO: 3 (GENBANK Accession No. NM 001131019.2).
  • contacting a cell with an oligomeric compound complementary to any of SEQ ID NO: 1-3 reduces the amount of GFAP RNA and in certain embodiments reduces the amount of GFAP protein.
  • the oligomeric compound consists of a modified oligonucleotide.
  • contacting a cell with an oligomeric compound complementary to any of SEQ ID NO: 1-3 reduces the amount of GFAP RNA in a cell, and in certain embodiments reduces the amount of GFAP protein in a cell.
  • the cell is in vitro.
  • the cell is in a subject.
  • the oligomeric compound consists of a modified oligonucleotide.
  • contacting a cell in a subject with an oligomeric compound complementary to any of SEQ ID NO: 1-3 ameliorates one or more symptom or hallmark of a leukodystrophy.
  • the leukodystrophy is AxD.
  • the symptom or hallmark is selected from motor delays, cognitive delays, paroxysmal deterioration, seizures, vomiting, swallowing difficulties, ataxic gait, palatal myoclonus, autonomic dysfunction, and presence of intra-astrocytic inclusions called Rosenthal fibers.
  • an oligomeric compound complementary to any of SEQ ID NO: 1-3 is capable of reducing the detectable amount of GFAP RNA in vitro by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% when administered according to the standard cell assay.
  • an oligomeric compound complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2915, or SEQ ID NO: 2916 is capable of decreasing the amount of GFAP in vitro by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% when administered according to the standard in vitro assay.
  • an oligomeric compound complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3 is capable of reducing the detectable amount of GFAP RNA in the CSF of a subject by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.
  • an oligomeric compound complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3 is capable of decreasing the detectable amount of GFAP in the CSF of a subject by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.
  • oligomeric compounds comprise or consist of an oligonucleotide comprising a portion that is complementary to a target nucleic acid, wherein the target nucleic acid is expressed in a pharmacologically relevant tissue.
  • the pharmacologically relevant tissues are the cells and tissues that comprise the central nervous system (CNS). Such tissues include the brain and spinal cord.
  • the pharmacologically relevant tissues include white matter tracts across the brain and spinal cord, such tissues include the corpus callosum, cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, brain stem, striatum, and spinal cord.
  • the pharmacologically relevant tissues include the cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, brain stem, and spinal cord.
  • the pharmacologically relevant cells are oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In certain embodiments, the pharmacologically relevant cells are Schwann cells or Schwann cell progenitors.
  • compositions comprising one or more oligomeric compounds.
  • the one or more oligomeric compounds each consists of a modified
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprises or consists of a sterile saline solution and one or more oligomeric compound.
  • the sterile saline is pharmaceutical grade saline.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprises or consists of one or more oligomeric compound and sterile water.
  • the sterile water is pharmaceutical grade water.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprises or consists of one or more oligomeric compound and phosphate- buffered saline (PBS).
  • the sterile PBS is pharmaceutical grade PBS.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprises or consists of one or more oligomeric compound and artificial cerebrospinal fluid (“artificial CSF” or“aCSF”). In certain embodiments, the artificial cerebrospinal fluid is pharmaceutical grade.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprises a modified oligonucleotide and artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition consists of a modified oligonucleotide and artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition consists essentially of a modified oligonucleotide and artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In certain embodiments, the artificial cerebrospinal fluid is pharmaceutical grade.
  • compositions comprise one or more oligomeric compound and one or more excipients.
  • excipients are selected from water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylase, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone .
  • oligomeric compounds may be admixed with pharmaceutically acceptable active and/or inert substances for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions or formulations.
  • Compositions and methods for the formulation of pharmaceutical compositions depend on a number of criteria, including, but not limited to, route of administration, extent of disease, or dose to be administered.
  • compositions comprising an oligomeric compound encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the oligomeric compound, esters of the oligomeric compound, or salts of such esters.
  • pharmaceutical compositions comprising oligomeric compounds comprising one or more oligonucleotide upon administration to a subject, including a human, are capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof.
  • the disclosure is also drawn to pharmaceutically acceptable salts of oligomeric compounds, prodrugs, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, sodium and potassium salts.
  • prodrugs comprise one or more conjugate group attached to an oligonucleotide, wherein the conjugate group is cleaved by endogenous nucleases within the body.
  • Lipid moieties have been used in nucleic acid therapies in a variety of methods.
  • the nucleic acid such as an oligomeric compound, is introduced into preformed liposomes or lipoplexes made of mixtures of cationic lipids and neutral lipids.
  • DNA complexes with mono- or poly -cationic lipids are formed without the presence of a neutral lipid.
  • a lipid moiety is selected to increase distribution of a pharmaceutical agent to a particular cell or tissue.
  • a lipid moiety is selected to increase distribution of a pharmaceutical agent to fat tissue.
  • a lipid moiety is selected to increase distribution of a pharmaceutical agent to muscle tissue.
  • compositions comprise a delivery system.
  • delivery systems include, but are not limited to, liposomes and emulsions.
  • Certain delivery systems are useful for preparing certain pharmaceutical compositions including those comprising hydrophobic compounds.
  • certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide are used.
  • compositions comprise one or more tissue-specific delivery molecules designed to deliver the one or more pharmaceutical agents comprising an oligomeric compound provided herein to specific tissues or cell types.
  • pharmaceutical compositions include liposomes coated with a tissue-specific antibody.
  • compositions comprise a co-solvent system.
  • co-solvent systems comprise, for example, benzyl alcohol, a nonpolar surfactant, a water-miscible organic polymer, and an aqueous phase.
  • co-solvent systems are used for hydrophobic compounds.
  • a non-limiting example of such a co-solvent system is the VPD co-solvent system, which is a solution of absolute ethanol comprising 3% w/v benzyl alcohol, 8% w/v of the nonpolar surfactant Polysorbate 80TM and 65% w/v polyethylene glycol 300.
  • the proportions of such co-solvent systems may be varied considerably without significantly altering their solubility and toxicity characteristics.
  • co-solvent components may be varied: for example, other surfactants may be used instead of Polysorbate 80TM; the fraction size of polyethylene glycol may be varied; other biocompatible polymers may replace polyethylene glycol, e.g., polyvinyl pyrrolidone; and other sugars or
  • polysaccharides may substitute for dextrose.
  • compositions are prepared for oral administration.
  • pharmaceutical compositions are prepared for buccal administration.
  • a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for administration by injection (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrathecal (IT), intracerebroventricular (ICV), intraneural, perineural, etc.).
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprises a carrier and is formulated in aqueous solution, such as water or physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer.
  • other ingredients are included (e.g., ingredients that aid in solubility or serve as preservatives).
  • injectable suspensions are prepared using appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents and the like.
  • Certain pharmaceutical compositions for injection are presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers.
  • Certain pharmaceutical compositions for injection are suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • Certain solvents suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions for injection include, but are not limited to, lipophilic solvents and fatty oils, such as sesame oil, synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, and liposomes.
  • certain compounds disclosed herein act as acids. Although such compounds may be drawn or described in protonated (free acid) form, or ionized and in association with a cation (salt) form, aqueous solutions of such compounds exist in equilibrium among such forms. For example, a phosphate linkage of an oligonucleotide in aqueous solution exists in equilibrium among free acid, anion and salt forms. Unless otherwise indicated, compounds described herein are intended to include all such forms. Moreover, certain oligonucleotides have several such linkages, each of which is in equilibrium. Thus, oligonucleotides in solution exist in an ensemble of forms at multiple positions all at equilibrium. The term“oligonucleotide” is intended to include all such forms.
  • modified oligonucleotides or oligomeric compounds are in aqueous solution with sodium. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides or oligomeric compounds are in aqueous solution with potassium. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides or oligomeric compounds are in PBS. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides or oligomeric compounds are in water. In certain such embodiments, the pH of the solution is adjusted with NaOH and/or HC1 to achieve a desired pH.
  • a dose may be in the form of a dosage unit.
  • a dose (or dosage unit) of a modified oligonucleotide or an oligomeric compound in milligrams indicates the mass of the free acid form of the modified oligonucleotide or oligomeric compound.
  • the free acid is in equilibrium with anionic and salt forms.
  • the modified oligonucleotide or oligomeric compound exists as a solvent-free, sodium-acetate free, anhydrous, free acid.
  • a modified oligonucleotide or an oligomeric compound may be partially or fully de-protonated and in association with Na+ ions.
  • the mass of the protons are nevertheless counted toward the weight of the dose, and the mass of the Na+ ions are not counted toward the weight of the dose.
  • a dose, or dosage unit, of 10 mg of Compound No. 1362458 equals the number of fully protonated molecules that weighs 10 mg. This would be equivalent to 10.47 mg of solvent-free, sodium acetate-free, anhydrous sodiated Compound No.
  • an oligomeric compound comprises a conjugate group
  • the mass of the conjugate group is included in calculating the dose of such oligomeric compound. If the conjugate group also has an acid, the conjugate group is likewise assumed to be fully protonated for the purpose of calculating dose.
  • Compound No. 1166998 is characterized as a 6-10-4 MOE gapmer having a sequence (from 5’ to 3’) of CAGTATTACCTCTACTAGTC (SEQ ID NO: 20), wherein each of nucleosides 1-6 and 17-20 (from 5’ to 3’) are 2 -(i-D-MOE nucleosides and each of nucleosides 7-16 are 2 -b-D-dcoxy nucleosides wherein the intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, 5 to 6, 6 to 7, and 17 to 18 are phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages and the intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 1 to 2, 7 to 8, 8 to 9, 9 to 10, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, 13 to 14, 14 to 15, 15 to 16, 16 to 17, 18 to 19, and 19 to 20 are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages, and wherein each cytosine is a 5-methyl
  • Compound No. 1166998 is represented by the following chemical notation:
  • A an adenine nucleobase
  • mC a 5-methyl cytosine nucleobase
  • G a guanine nucleobase
  • T a thymine nucleobase
  • d a 2 ‘ -[i-D-dco. ⁇ yribosyl sugar moiety,
  • o a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • Compound No. 1166998 is represented by the following chemical structure:
  • Compound No. 1166985 is characterized as a 6-10-4 MOE gapmer having a sequence (from 5’ to 3’) of CACATTCACTAATATTTAAC (SEQ ID NO: 21), wherein each of nucleosides 1-6 and 17-20 (from 5’ to 3’) are 2 -(i-D-MOE nucleosides and each of nucleosides 7-16 are 2 ‘ -b-D-dcoxy nucleosides.
  • intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, 5 to 6, 6 to 7, and 17 to 18 are phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages and the intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 1 to 2, 7 to 8, 8 to 9, 9 to 10, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, 13 to 14, 14 to 15, 15 to 16, 16 to 17, 18 to 19, and 19 to 20 are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages, and wherein each cytosine is a 5-methyl cytosine.
  • Compound No. 1166985 is represented by the following chemical notation:
  • A an adenine nucleobase
  • mC a 5-methyl cytosine nucleobase
  • G a guanine nucleobase
  • T a thymine nucleobase
  • o a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • Compound No. 1166985 is represented by the following chemical structure:
  • Compound No. 1166954 is characterized as a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer having a sequence (from 5’ to 3’) of CCAGTGTCTTCACTTTGCTC (SEQ ID NO: 825), wherein each of nucleosides 1-5 and 16-20 (from 5’ to 3’) are 2 ' -(i-D-MOE nucleosides and each of nucleosides 6-15 are 2 ‘ -b-D-dco.xy nucleosides.
  • intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, 5 to 6, 16 to 17, and 17 to 18 are phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages and the intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 1 to 2, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, 8 to 9, 9 to 10, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, 13 to 14, 14 to 15, 15 to 16, 18 to 19, and 19 to 20 are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages, and wherein each cytosine is a 5-methyl cytosine.
  • Compound No. 1166954 is represented by the following chemical notation:
  • A an adenine nucleobase
  • mC a 5-methyl cytosine nucleobase
  • G a guanine nucleobase
  • T a thymine nucleobase
  • d a 2 ' -(i-D-dcoxyribosyl sugar moiety
  • o a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • Compound No. 1166954 is represented by the following chemical structure:
  • the sodium salt of Compound No. 1166954 is represented by the following chemical structure:
  • Structure 6 The sodium salt of Compound No. 1166954
  • Compound No. 1072813 is characterized as a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer having a sequence (from 5’ to 3’) of GCAACAGTTTCCATAACAAC (SEQ ID NO: 1499), wherein each of nucleosides 1-5 and 16-20 (from 5’ to 3’) are 2 -(i-D-MOE nucleosides and each of nucleosides 6-15 are 2 ‘ -b-D-dcoxy nucleosides.
  • intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, 16 to 17, and 17 to 18 are phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages and the intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 1 to 2, 5 to 6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, 8 to 9, 9 to 10, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, 13 to 14, 14 to 15, 15 to 16, 18 to 19, and 19 to 20 are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages, and wherein each cytosine is a 5-methyl cytosine.
  • Compound No. 1072813 is represented by the following chemical notation:
  • A an adenine nucleobase
  • mC a 5-methyl cytosine nucleobase
  • G a guanine nucleobase
  • T a thymine nucleobase
  • o a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • Compound No. 1072813 is represented by the following chemical structure:
  • the sodium salt of Compound No. 1072813 is represented by the following chemical structure:
  • Structure 8 The sodium salt of Compound No. 1072813 5.
  • Compound No. 1199983 The sodium salt of Compound No. 1072813 5.
  • Compound No. 1199983 is characterized as a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer having a sequence (from 5’ to 3’) of TGGTCCTAAATATTCTAGTC (SEQ ID NO: 2170), wherein each of nucleosides 1-5 and 16-20 (from 5’ to 3’) are 2 -(i-D-MOE nucleosides and each of nucleosides 6-15 are 2 ‘ -b-D-dcoxy nucleosides.
  • intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, 5 to 6, 16 to 17, and 17 to 18 are phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages and the intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 1 to 2, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, 8 to 9, 9 to 10, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, 13 to 14, 14 to 15, 15 to 16, 18 to 19, and 19 to 20 are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages, and wherein each cytosine is a 5-methyl cytosine.
  • Compound No. 1199983 is represented by the following chemical notation:
  • A an adenine nucleobase
  • mC a 5-methyl cytosine nucleobase
  • G a guanine nucleobase
  • T a thymine nucleobase
  • o a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • Compound No. 1199983 is represented by the following chemical structure:
  • the sodium salt of Compound No. 1199983 is represented by the following chemical structure:
  • Structure 10 The sodium salt of Compound No. 1199983
  • Compound No. 1166721 is characterized as a 5-8-5 MOE gapmer having a sequence (from 5’ to 3’) of TGGTCCTAAATATTCTAGTC (SEQ ID NO: 2818), wherein each of nucleosides 1-5 and 14-18 (from 5’ to 3’) are 2 -(i-D-MOE nucleosides and each of nucleosides 6-15 are 2 ‘ -b-D-dco.xy nucleosides.
  • intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, 14 to 15 and 15 to 16 are phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages and the intemucleoside linkages between nucleosides 1 to 2, 5 to 6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, 8 to 9, 9 to 10, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, 13 to 14, 16 to 17, and 17 to 18 are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages, and wherein each cytosine is a 5-methyl cytosine.
  • Compound No. 1166721 is represented by the following chemical notation:
  • A an adenine nucleobase
  • mC a 5-methyl cytosine nucleobase
  • G a guanine nucleobase
  • T a thymine nucleobase
  • d a 2 -(i-D-dcoxyribosyl sugar moiety
  • o a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • Compound No. 1166721 is represented by the following chemical structure:
  • the sodium salt of Compound No. 1166721 is represented by the following chemical structure:
  • Structure 12 The sodium salt of Compound No. 1166721
  • nucleobases in the ranges specified below comprise a hotspot region of GFAP nucleic acid.
  • modified oligonucleotides that are complementary to a hotspot region of GFAP nucleic acid achieve an average of more than 50% reduction of GFAP RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay.
  • modified oligonucleotides that are complementary to a hotspot region of GFAP nucleic acid achieve an average of 75% or greater reduction of GFAP RNA in vivo in the standard in vivo assay.
  • nucleobases 9324-9348 of SEQ ID NO: 2 comprise a hotspot region.
  • modified oligonucleotides are complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9324-9348 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length.
  • modified oligonucleotides are 18 nucleobases in length.
  • modified oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE gapmers.
  • the intemucleoside linkages of the modified oligonucleotides are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.
  • the phosphodiester (“o”) and phosphorothioate (“s”) intemucleoside linkages are arranged in order from 5’ to 3’:
  • modified nucleotides have an intemucleoside linkage motif of
  • sooossssssssssssssssssssssssssssss sooooossssssssssss, soooosssssssssooss, sooosssssssssooss, or sooosssssssssoooss, wherein each “s” represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and each“o” represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos: 21, 1177, 2321, 2398, 2808-2809, 2840-2842, and 2853-2854 are complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9324-9348 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • nucleobase sequence of Compound Nos.: 1048181-1048182, 1104071-1104072, 1166746-1166748, 1166803-1166808, 1166894-1166899, 1166985-1166990, 1174016, and 1174018 are complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9324-9348 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • modified oligonucleotides complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9324-9348 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve at least 7% reduction of GFAP RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9324-9348 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve an average of 42% reduction of GFAP RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9324-9348 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve an average of 81% reduction of GFAP RNA in vivo in the standard in vivo assay.
  • nucleobases 9459-9480 of SEQ ID NO: 2 comprise a hotspot region.
  • modified oligonucleotides are complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9459-9480 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 18 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE gapmers. In certain embodiments, the intemucleoside linkages of the modified oligonucleotides are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.
  • the phosphodiester (“o”) and phosphorothioate (“s”) intemucleoside linkages are arranged in order from 5’ to 3’:
  • modified nucleotides have an intemucleoside linkage motif of
  • nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos: 555, 2093, 2170, and 2813 are complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9459-9480 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • nucleobase sequence of Compound Nos.: 1048190, 1104116-1104117, and 1199982-1199984 are complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9459-9480 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • modified oligonucleotides complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9459-9480 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve at least 26% reduction of GFAP RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9459-9480 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve an average of 42% reduction of GFAP RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9459-9480 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve an average of 91% reduction of GFAP RNA in vivo in the standard in vivo assay.
  • nucleobases 9530-9580 of SEQ ID NO: 2 comprise a hotspot region.
  • modified oligonucleotides are complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9530-9580 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 18 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE gapmers. In certain embodiments, the intemucleoside linkages of the modified oligonucleotides are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.
  • the phosphodiester (“o”) and phosphorothioate (“s”) intemucleoside linkages are arranged in order from 5’ to 3’:
  • modified nucleotides have an intemucleoside linkage motif of
  • sooossssssssssssssssssssssssssssss sooooossssssssssss, soooosssssssssooss, sooosssssssssooss, or sooosssssssssoooss, wherein each “s” represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and each“o” represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • 1637, 1638, 1865, 1866, 1941, 2018, 2095, 2172, 2249, 2326, 2403, 2480, 2557, 2633, 2709, 2785, 2816-2818, 2859, 2861, and 2886-2887 are complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9530-9580 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • nucleobase sequence of Compound Nos.: 1048200-1048201, 1073062-1073064, 1104142-1104161, 1166719-1166721, 1166816-1166823, 1166826, 1166907-1166920, 1166998-1167011, 1174024, 1174026, and 1174029-1174030 are complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9530-9580 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • modified oligonucleotides complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9530-9580 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve at least 27% reduction of GFAP RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9530-9580 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve an average of 52% reduction of GFAP RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to a portion of nucleobases 9530-9580 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve an average of 82% reduction of GFAP RNA in vivo in the standard in vivo assay.
  • nucleobases 12006-12038 of SEQ ID NO: 2 comprise a hotspot region.
  • modified oligonucleotides are complementary to a portion of nucleobases 12006-12038 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length.
  • modified oligonucleotides are 18 nucleobases in length.
  • modified oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE gapmers.
  • the intemucleoside linkages of the modified oligonucleotides are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.
  • the phosphodiester (“o”) and phosphorothioate (“s”) intemucleoside linkages are arranged in order from 5’ to 3’:
  • modified nucleotides have an intemucleoside linkage motif of
  • sooossssssssssssssssss wherein each“s” represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and each“o” represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos.: 815, 893, 971, 1049, 1269, 1270, 1346, 1423, 1499, 1500, 1660, 1736, 2655, and 2731 are complementary to a portion of nucleobases 12006-12038 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • nucleobase sequence of Compound Nos.: 1047362-1047365, 1072813-1072818, and 1103276-1103279 are complementary to a portion of nucleobases 12006-12038 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • modified oligonucleotides complementary to a portion of nucleobases 12006-12038 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve at least 29% reduction of GFAP RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to a portion of nucleobases 12006-12038 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve an average of 52% reduction of GFAP RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to a portion of nucleobases 12006-12038 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve an average of 82% reduction of GFAP RNA in vivo in the standard in vivo assay.
  • nucleobases 13038-13058 of SEQ ID NO: 2 comprise a hotspot region.
  • modified oligonucleotides are complementary to a portion of nucleobases 13038-13058 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length.
  • modified oligonucleotides are 18 nucleobases in length.
  • modified oligonucleotides are gapmers. In certain embodiments, the gapmers are MOE gapmers.
  • the intemucleoside linkages of the modified oligonucleotides are phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages and phosphodiester intemucleoside linkages.
  • the phosphodiester (“o”) and phosphorothioate (“s”) intemucleoside linkages are arranged in order from 5’ to 3’:
  • modified nucleotides have an intemucleoside linkage motif of
  • sooossssssssssssssssssss sooooosssssssssss, or soooosssssssssooss, wherein each“s” represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and each“o” represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • nucleobase sequences of SEQ ID Nos.: 825 and 1973 are complementary to a portion of nucleobases 13038-13058 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • nucleobase sequence of Compound Nos. : 1047522, 1166954, and 1167046 are complementary to a portion of nucleobases 13038-13058 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • modified oligonucleotides complementary to a portion of nucleobases 13038-13058 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve at least 27% reduction of GFAP RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to a portion of nucleobases 13038-13058 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve an average of 41% reduction of GFAP RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides complementary to a portion of nucleobases 13038-13058 of SEQ ID NO: 2 achieve an average of 84% reduction of GFAP RNA in vivo in the standard in vivo assay.
  • the ranges described in the Table below comprise hotspot regions.
  • Each hotspot region begins with the nucleobase of SEQ ID NO: 2 identified in the“Start Site SEQ ID NO: 2” column and ends with the nucleobase of SEQ ID NO: 2 identified in the“Stop Site SEQ ID NO: 2” column.
  • modified oligonucleotides are complementary within any of the hotspot regions 1-14, as defined in the table below. In certain embodiments, modified oligonucleotides are 18 nucleobases in length. In certain embodiments, modified
  • modified oligonucleotides are 20 nucleobases in length.
  • modified oligonucleotides are gapmers.
  • modified oligonucleotides are 5-8-5, 5-10-3, 4-10-6, 6-10-4, or 5-10-5 MOE gapmers.
  • nucleobase sequence of compounds listed in the“Compound No. in range” column in the table below are complementary to SEQ ID NO: 2 within the specified hotspot region.
  • nucleobase sequence of the oligonucleotides listed in the“SEQ ID NO: in range” column in the table below are complementary to the target sequence, SEQ ID NO: 2, within the specified hotspot region.
  • modified oligonucleotides complementary to nucleobases within the hotspot region achieve at least“Min.% Red. in vitro” (minimum % reduction, relative to untreated control cells) of GFAP RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay, as indicated in the table below.
  • modified oligonucleotides complementary to nucleobases within the hotspot region achieve an average of“ Avg.% Red. in vitro” (average % reduction, relative to untreated control cells) of GFAP RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay, as indicated in the table below.
  • modified oligonucleotides complementary to nucleobases within the hotspot region achieve a maximum of“Max. % Red. in vitro” (maximum % reduction, relative to untreated control cells) of GFAP RNA in vitro in the standard cell assay, as indicated in the table below.
  • oligonucleotides complementary to nucleobases within the hotspot region achieve an average of“ Avg. % Red. in vivo” (average % reduction, relative to PBS-treated animals) of GFAP RNA in vivo in the standard in vivo assay, as indicated in the table below.
  • accession numbers, and the like recited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • RNA nucleoside comprising a 2’-OH sugar moiety and a thymine base
  • RNA thymine (methylated uracil) in place of a uracil of RNA
  • nucleic acid sequences provided herein are intended to encompass nucleic acids containing any combination of natural or modified RNA and/or DNA, including, but not limited to such nucleic acids having modified nucleobases.
  • an oligomeric compound having the nucleobase sequence“ATCGATCG” encompasses any oligomeric compounds having such nucleobase sequence, whether modified or unmodified, including, but not limited to, such compounds comprising RNA bases, such as those having sequence“AUCGAUCG” and those having some DNA bases and some RNA bases such as “AUCGATCG” and oligomeric compounds having other modified nucleobases, such as“AT m CGAUCG,” wherein m C indicates a cytosine base comprising a methyl group at the 5-position.
  • Certain compounds described herein e.g., modified oligonucleotides have one or more asymmetric center and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric configurations that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as ( R ) or ( S ), as a or b such as for sugar anomers, or as (D) or (L), such as for amino acids, etc.
  • Compounds provided herein that are drawn or described as having certain stereoisomeric configurations include only the indicated compounds.
  • Compounds provided herein that are drawn or described with undefined stereochemistry include all such possible isomers, including their stereorandom and optically pure forms, unless specified otherwise.
  • Oligomeric compounds described herein include chirally pure or enriched mixtures as well as racemic mixtures.
  • Oligomeric compounds having a plurality of phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages include such compounds in which chirality of the phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkages is controlled or is random.
  • compounds described herein are intended to include corresponding salt forms.
  • the compounds described herein include variations in which one or more atoms are replaced with a nonradioactive isotope or radioactive isotope of the indicated element.
  • compounds herein that comprise hydrogen atoms encompass all possible deuterium substitutions for each of the ⁇ hydrogen atoms.
  • Isotopic substitutions encompassed by the compounds herein include but are not limited to: 2 H or 3 H in place of ⁇ . 13 C or 14 C in place of 12 C, 15 N in place of 14 N, 17 0 or 18 0 in place of 16 0, and 33 S, 34 S, 35 S, or 36 S in place of 32 S.
  • non-radioactive isotopic substitutions may impart new properties on the oligomeric compound that are beneficial for use as a therapeutic or research tool.
  • radioactive isotopic substitutions may make the compound suitable for research or diagnostic purposes such as imaging.
  • Example 1 Effect of 5-10-5 MOE gapmer modified oligonucleotides on human GFAP RNA in vitro, single dose
  • Modified oligonucleotides complementary to human GFAP nucleic acid were designed and tested for their single dose effects on GFAP RNA in vitro.
  • the modified oligonucleotides were tested in a series of experiments that had similar culture conditions.
  • the modified oligonucleotides in the tables below are 5-10-5 MOE gapmers with mixed PO/PS intemucleoside linkages.
  • the gapmers are 20 nucleosides in length, wherein the central gap segment consists of ten 2 ‘ -b-D- deoxynucleosides and the 5’ and 3’ wing segments each consists of five 2’-MOE modified nucleosides.
  • the sugar motif for the gapmers is (from 5’ to 3’): eeeeedddddddddddeeeee; wherein‘d’ represents a 2 ‘ -[l-D-dcoxyribosyl sugar moiety, and‘e’ represents a 2’-MOE sugar moiety.
  • the intemucleoside linkage motif for the gapmers is (from 5’ to 3’):
  • sooosssssssssssssssss wherein each‘o’ represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage and each‘s’ represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.
  • Each cytosine residue is a 5-methyl cytosine.
  • “Start site” indicates the 5’-most nucleoside to which the modified oligonucleotide is complementary in the target nucleic acid sequence.“Stop site” indicates the 3’-most nucleoside to which the modified oligonucleotide is complementary in the target nucleic acid sequence.
  • Each modified oligonucleotide listed in the Tables below is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1 (GENBANK Accession No. NM 002055.4), or SEQ ID NO: 2 (GENBANK Accession No. NC_000017.11 truncated from nucleotides 44903001 to 44919000).‘N/A’ indicates that the modified oligonucleotide is not 100% complementary to that particular target nucleic acid sequence.
  • GFAP RNA levels were measured by human GFAP primer probe set RTS37485 (forward sequence CTGGAGGTTGAGAGGGACA, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 11; reverse sequence GCTTCATCTGCTTCCTGTCT, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 12; probe sequence CTGGAGCTTCTGCCTCACAGTGG, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 13).
  • GFAP RNA levels were normalized to total RNA content, as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Reduction of GFAP RNA is presented in the tables below as percent GFAP RNA amount relative to untreated control cells. Each table represents results from an individual assay plate. The values marked with an asterisk (*) indicate that the modified oligonucleotide is complementary to the amplicon region of the primer probe set. Additional assays may be used to measure the potency and efficacy of the modified oligonucleotides complementary to the amplicon region.
  • Example 2 Effect of 5-10-5 MOE gapmer modified oligonucleotides on human GFAP RNA in vitro, single dose
  • Modified oligonucleotides complementary to human GFAP nucleic acid were designed and tested for their single dose effects on GFAP RNA in vitro.
  • the modified oligonucleotides were tested in a series of experiments that had similar culture conditions.
  • the modified oligonucleotides in the tables below are 5-10-5 MOE gapmers with mixed PO/PS intemucleoside linkages.
  • the gapmers are 20 nucleosides in length, wherein the central gap segment consists of ten 2 -(i-D- deoxynucleosides and the 5’ and 3’ wing segments each consists of five 2 -(i-D-MOE modified nucleosides.
  • the sugar motif for the gapmers is (from 5’ to 3’): eeeeeddddddddddeeeee; wherein‘d’ represents a 2 ‘ -[l-D-dcoxyribosyl sugar moiety, and‘e’ represents a 2’- b-D-MOE sugar moiety.
  • the intemucleoside linkage motif for the gapmers is (from 5’ to 3’): sooosssssssssooss; wherein each‘o’ represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage and each‘s’ represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage.
  • Each cytosine residue is a 5-methyl cytosine.
  • “Start site” indicates the 5’ -most nucleoside to which the modified oligonucleotide is complementary in the target nucleic acid sequence. “Stop site” indicates the 3’-most nucleoside to which the modified oligonucleotide is complementary in the target nucleic acid sequence.
  • Each modified oligonucleotide listed in the Tables below is 100% complementary to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3 (GENBANK Accession No. NM 001131019.2). ‘N/A’ indicates that the modified oligonucleotide is not 100% complementary to that particular gene sequence.
  • RNA samples were treated with modified oligonucleotide at a concentration of 4,000nM using free uptake at a density of 10,000 cells per well. After a treatment period of approximately 48 hours, total RNA was isolated from the cells and GFAP RNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time RTPCR. Human GFAP primer probe set RTS37485, described in Example 1 above, was used to measure RNA levels. GFAP RNA levels were normalized to total RNA content, as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented in the tables below as percent GFAP RNA levels relative to untreated control cells. The values marked with an asterisk (*) indicate that the modified
  • oligonucleotide is complementary to the amplicon region of the primer probe set. Additional assays may be used to measure the potency and efficacy of the modified oligonucleotides complementary to the amplicon region.
  • Example 3 Effect of modified oligonucleotides on human GFAP RNA in vitro , multiple doses
  • Modified oligonucleotides selected from the examples above were tested at various doses in U251 cells.
  • RNA samples were treated using free uptake with various concentrations of modified oligonucleotide as specified in the tables below. After a treatment period of approximately 48 hours, total RNA was isolated from the cells and GFAP RNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time RTPCR. Human GFAP primer probe set RTS37485 was used to measure RNA levels, as described above. GFAP RNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content, as measured by RIBOGREEN®. Results are presented as percent of GFAP RNA, relative to untreated control cells (% control).
  • the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of each modified oligonucleotide was calculated using a linear regression on a log/linear plot of the data in Excel. In some cases, an IC50 could not be reliably calculated and the data point is marked as“NC”. Modified oligonucleotides marked with an asterisk (*) indicate that the modified oligonucleotide is complementary to the amplicon region of the primer probe set. Additional assays may be used to measure the potency and efficacy of the modified oligonucleotides complementary to the amplicon region. Table 39
  • Example 4 Tolerability of modified oligonucleotides complementary to human GFAP in wild-type mice, 3 hour study
  • Modified oligonucleotides described above were tested in wild-type female C57/B16 mice to assess the tolerability of the oligonucleotides.
  • Wild-type female C57/B16 mice each received a single ICV dose of 700 pg of modified oligonucleotide listed in the table below.
  • Each treatment group consisted of 4 mice.
  • a group of 4 mice received PBS as a negative control for each experiment (identified in separate tables below). At 3 hours post-injection, mice were evaluated according to seven different criteria.
  • the criteria are (1) the mouse was bright, alert, and responsive; (2) the mouse was standing or hunched without stimuli; (3) the mouse showed any movement without stimuli; (4) the mouse demonstrated forward movement after it was lifted; (5) the mouse demonstrated any movement after it was lifted; (6) the mouse responded to tail pinching; (7) regular breathing.
  • a mouse was given a subscore of 0 if it met the criteria and 1 if it did not (the functional observational battery score or FOB). After all 7 criteria were evaluated, the scores were summed for each mouse and averaged within each treatment group. The results are presented in the tables below.
  • Example 5 Design of MOE gapmer modified oligonucleotides with mixed PO/PS internucleoside linkages complementary to a human GFAP nucleic acid
  • Modified oligonucleotides complementary to human GFAP nucleic acid were designed.
  • the modified oligonucleotides in the table below are 6-10-4 MOE gapmers.
  • the gapmers are 20 nucleosides in length and have a central gap segment that consists of ten 2’- b-D-deoxynucleosides, a 5’ wing segment that consists of six 2 -(i-D-MOE nucleosides, and a 3’ wing segment that consists of four 2 -(i-D-MOE nucleosides.
  • the sugar motif of the gapmers is (from 5’ to 3’): eeeeeeddddddddddeeee; wherein‘d’ represents a 2 -(i-D-dcoxyribosyl sugar moiety, and‘e’ represents a 2’- b-D-MOE sugar moiety.
  • the gapmers have an intemucleoside linkage motif of (from 5’ to 3’):
  • each“s” represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and each“o” represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • Each cytosine nucleoside is a 5-methyl cytosine.
  • Modified oligonucleotides in the table below are 5-10-5 MOE gapmers with mixed PO/PS intemucleoside linkages.
  • the gapmers are 20 nucleosides in length, wherein the central gap segment consists of ten 2 ‘ -b-D- deoxynucleosides and the 5’ and 3’ wing segments each consist of five 2’- b-D-MOE modified nucleosides.
  • the sugar motif for the gapmers is (from 5’ to 3’): eeeeeddddddddddeeeee; wherein‘d’ represents a 2 -(i-D-dcoxyribosyl sugar moiety, and‘e’ represents a 2’- b-D-MOE sugar moiety.
  • the gapmers have an intemucleoside linkage motif of (from 5’ to 3’): soooossssssssooss; wherein each“s” represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and each“o” represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • Each cytosine nucleoside is a 5-methyl cytosine.
  • the modified oligonucleotides in the table below are 4-10-6 MOE gapmers.
  • the gapmers are 20 nucleosides in length and have a central gap segment that consists of ten 2’- b-D-deoxynucleosides, a 5’ wing segment that consists of four 2’- b-D-MOE nucleosides, and a 3’ wing segment that consists of six 2 , -b- ⁇ -MOE nucleosides.
  • the sugar motif of the gapmers is (from 5’ to 3’): eeeeddddddddddeeeeee; wherein‘d’ represents a 2’ ⁇ -D-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety, and ‘e’ represents a 2 , -b- ⁇ -MOE sugar moiety.
  • the gapmers have an intemucleoside linkage motif of (from 5’ to 3’): sooossssssssoooss; wherein“s” represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and“o” represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • Each cytosine nucleoside is a 5-methyl cytosine.
  • the modified oligonucleotides in the table below are 5-8-5 MOE gapmers.
  • the gapmers are 20 nucleosides in length and have a central gap segment that consists of eight 2’- b-D-deoxynucleosides, a 5’ wing segment that consists of five 2’- b-D-MOE nucleosides, and a 3’ wing segment that consists of five 2 , -b- ⁇ -MOE nucleosides.
  • the sugar motif of the gapmers is (from 5’ to 3’): eeeeeddddddddeeeee; wherein‘d’ represents a 2’ ⁇ -D-deoxyribosyl sugar moiety, and‘e’ represents a 2’- b-D-MOE sugar moiety.
  • the gapmers have an intemucleoside linkage motif of (from 5’ to 3’): sooosssssssooss; wherein each“s” represents a phosphorothioate intemucleoside linkage and each“o” represents a phosphodiester intemucleoside linkage.
  • Each cytosine nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine.
  • Example 6 Tolerability of modified oligonucleotides complementary to human GFAP in wild-type mice, 3 hour study
  • Modified oligonucleotides described above were tested in wild-type female C57/B16 mice to assess the tolerability of the oligonucleotides.
  • Wild-type female C57/B16 mice each received a single ICV dose of 700 pg of modified oligonucleotide listed in the table below.
  • Each treatment group consisted of 4 mice.
  • a group of 4 mice received PBS as a negative control for each experiment (identified in separate tables below). At 3 hours post-injection, mice were evaluated according to seven different criteria.
  • the criteria are (1) the mouse was bright, alert, and responsive; (2) the mouse was standing or hunched without stimuli; (3) the mouse showed any movement without stimuli; (4) the mouse demonstrated forward movement after it was lifted; (5) the mouse demonstrated any movement after it was lifted; (6) the mouse responded to tail pinching; (7) regular breathing.
  • a mouse was given a subscore of 0 if it met the criteria and 1 if it did not (the functional observational battery score or FOB). After all 7 criteria were evaluated, the scores were summed for each mouse and averaged within each treatment group. The results are presented in the tables below.
  • Example 7 Activity of modified oligonucleotides complementary to human GFAP in transgenic mice
  • the GFAP transgenic mice were divided into groups of 3-4 mice each. Each mouse received a single ICV bolus of 300 pg of modified oligonucleotide. A group of 3-4 mice received PBS as a negative control.
  • mice were sacrificed and RNA was extracted from cortical brain tissue, and/or spinal cord for RTPCR analysis to measure amount of GFAP RNA using primer probe set RTS38621 ((forward sequence AGTTGCAGTCCTTGACCTG, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 14; reverse sequence
  • CAGCGCCTCCTGATAACTG designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 15; probe sequence
  • ACGAGTCCCTGGAGAGGCAGATG designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 16
  • SEQ ID NO: 16 is a human specific primer-probe set that recognizes all isoforms of GFAP. Results are presented as percent human GFAP RNA relative to PBS control, normalized to mouse peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA), also known as cyclophilin A.
  • Mouse PPIA was amplified using primer probe set m_cyclo24 (forward sequence TCGCCGCTTGCTGCA, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 17; reverse sequence ATCGGCCGTGATGTCGA, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 18; probe sequence
  • RTPCR value is not defined for a certain sample, and is labeled N.D. (Not Defined).
  • Example 8 Tolerability of modified oligonucleotides complementary to human GFAP in rats, 3 mg dose
  • oligonucleotides described above were tested in rats to assess the tolerability of the oligonucleotides.
  • Sprague Dawley rats each received a single intrathecal (IT) dose of 3 mg of oligonucleotide listed in the table below.
  • Each treatment group consisted of 2-4 rats.
  • a group of 2-4 rats received PBS as a negative control.
  • movement in 7 different parts of the body were evaluated for each rat.
  • the 7 body parts are (1) the rat’s tail; (2) the rat’s posterior posture; (3) the rat’s hind limbs; (4) the rat’s hind paws; (5) the rat’s forepaws; (6) the rat’s anterior posture; (7) the rat’s head.
  • each rat was given a sub-score of 0 if the body part was moving or 1 if the body part was paralyzed (the functional observational battery score or FOB). After each of the 7 body parts were evaluated, the sub-scores were summed for each rat and then averaged for each group.
  • a rat For example, if a rat’s tail, head, and all other evaluated body parts were moving 3 hours after the 3 mg IT dose, it would get a summed score of 0. If another rat was not moving its tail 3 hours after the 3 mg IT dose but all other evaluated body parts were moving, it would receive a score of 1. Results are presented as the average score for each treatment group.
  • Example 9 Potency of modified oligonucleotides complementary to human GFAP in transgenic mice
  • mice The GFAP transgenic mice were divided into groups of 4 mice each. Each mouse received a single ICV bolus of modified oligonucleotide at the doses indicated in tables below. A group of 4-8 mice received PBS as a negative control.
  • mice Two weeks post treatment, mice were sacrificed, and RNA was extracted from the cortex, spinal cord, and brainstem for RTPCR analysis of RNA expression of GFAP using primer probe set RTS38621, described in Example 6 above. Results are presented as percent change of RNA, relative to PBS control, normalized to mouse PPIA. The half maximal effective dose (ED 5 o) of each modified oligonucleotide was calculated using GraphPad Prism 6 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA).
  • Example 10 Effect of modified oligonucleotides on human GFAP RNA in vitro, multiple doses Modified oligonucleotides selected from the examples above were tested at various doses in U251 cells.
  • RTS38622 forward sequence AACCGGATCACCATTCCC, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2892; reverse sequence GTCTTCACCACGATGTTCCTC, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2896; probe sequence
  • CACCAAGTCTGTGTCAGAAGGCCA designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2897
  • GFAP RNA levels were normalized to total GAPDH, as measured by human primer probe set RTS 104 (forward sequence GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2898; reverse sequence
  • CAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCAGCC designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2900. Results are presented as percent of GFAP RNA, relative to untreated control cells (%UTC). The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of each modified oligonucleotide was calculated using a linear regression on a log/linear plot of the data in Excel.
  • Example 11 Effect of modified oligonucleotides on human GFAP RNA in vitro, multiple doses Modified oligonucleotides selected from the examples above were tested at various doses in U251 cells.
  • RNA samples at a density of 20,000 cells per well were treated using free uptake with various concentrations of modified oligonucleotide as specified in the tables below. After a treatment period of approximately 48 hours, total RNA was isolated from the cells and GFAP RNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time RTPCR. Human GFAP primer probe sets RTS37485 (described herein above) was used to measure RNA levels. GFAP RNA levels were normalized to total GAPDH, as measured by human primer probe set RTS 104 (described herein above). Results are presented as percent of GFAP RNA, relative to untreated control cells (%UTC). The half maximal inhibitory concentration (ICso) of each modified oligonucleotide was calculated using a linear regression on a log/linear plot of the data in Excel. Table 113

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des composés, des procédés, et des compositions pharmaceutiques permettant de réduire la quantité ou l'activité de l'ARN GFAP dans une cellule ou chez un sujet et, dans certains cas, de réduire la quantité de GFAP dans une cellule ou chez un sujet. De tels composés, méthodes et compositions pharmaceutiques sont utiles pour atténuer au moins un symptôme ou un signe d'une leucodystrophie. De tels symptômes et signes comprennent des retards moteur, des retards cognitifs, la détérioration paroxystique, les crises d'épilepsie, les vomissements, les difficultés de déglutition, la démarche ataxique, la myoclonie palatale, le dysfonctionnement autonome, et la présence d'inclusions intra-astrocytaires appelées fibres de Rosenthal. Les leucodystrophies comprennent la maladie d'Alexander.
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US11786546B2 (en) 2019-07-26 2023-10-17 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compounds and methods for modulating GFAP

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