WO2020143112A1 - 一种海船尾气清洗方法和船舶及应用 - Google Patents

一种海船尾气清洗方法和船舶及应用 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020143112A1
WO2020143112A1 PCT/CN2019/077445 CN2019077445W WO2020143112A1 WO 2020143112 A1 WO2020143112 A1 WO 2020143112A1 CN 2019077445 W CN2019077445 W CN 2019077445W WO 2020143112 A1 WO2020143112 A1 WO 2020143112A1
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Prior art keywords
ship
water
seawater
washing
tank
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PCT/CN2019/077445
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
彭斯干
Original Assignee
彭斯干
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Priority claimed from CN201910039789.4A external-priority patent/CN109603548A/zh
Application filed by 彭斯干 filed Critical 彭斯干
Priority to CN202080008111.0A priority Critical patent/CN113966313A/zh
Priority to EP20737994.2A priority patent/EP3909920A4/en
Priority to CA3125772A priority patent/CA3125772A1/en
Priority to SG11202107524VA priority patent/SG11202107524VA/en
Priority to PCT/CN2020/070485 priority patent/WO2020143578A1/zh
Priority to KR1020217024469A priority patent/KR20210137436A/ko
Priority to US17/421,842 priority patent/US20220105460A1/en
Priority to AU2020207174A priority patent/AU2020207174A1/en
Priority to JP2021540084A priority patent/JP2022517219A/ja
Publication of WO2020143112A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020143112A1/zh

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/48—Sulfur compounds
    • B01D53/50—Sulfur oxides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for cleaning tail gas of a sea vessel, a ship and an application, which is an invention made for marine ships to maintain the unique advantages of both economy and environmental protection under the premise of ensuring the safety of navigation, so as to fulfill the United Nations new global regulations on sulfur limitation of ships, and belongs to ships Anti-pollution technology and marine engineering technology.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the existing seawater scrubbing exhaust gas discharge "open" EGC desulfurization ship due to the prohibition of a few sea areas to affect the full voyage legal compliance navigation, and to provide a full voyage legal compliance seawater scrubbing ship exhaust gas desulfurization method And ships and applications; the other purpose is: First, to maintain the existing safety and stability of the ship, to prevent the technical measures taken to implement the sulfur limit order to reduce the safety of ship navigation; Second, to maintain the existing cost-effective advantages of marine shipping, Avoid the technical measures taken to implement the sulfur restriction order to significantly increase the ship's operating costs and fixed costs; third, maintain the green environmental protection advantages of ship seawater washing and desulfurization, and avoid the technical measures taken to implement the sulfur limit order to lead to land and The number of artificial chemicals in the natural environment of the sea area has increased significantly.
  • the technical scheme of a sea vessel tail gas cleaning method of the present invention includes the following steps:
  • the ship's engine exhaust gas and seawater for washing are introduced into the scrubber to allow the seawater to scrub the engine exhaust gas to absorb sulfur dioxide in the exhaust gas; b) the engine exhaust gas after the seawater scrubbing and absorption to the sulfur-containing standard is discharged to the atmosphere; c) The ship is sailing in the sea area where washing water is allowed to be discharged, so that the acidic washing drainage generated in step a) and the alkaline seawater extracted to the ship are neutralized and discharged to the sea after reaching the standard; d) the ship is sailing in the sea area where washing water is prohibited to discharge, so that a) The acidic washing and drainage generated in the step is switched to be stored in the ballast water tank used by the ship as a storage tank; e) The ship is then sailed to the sea area where the wash water is allowed to be discharged, so that the ship is used as a storage tank in the ballast water tank after the neutralization treatment And/or killing the treated washing wastewater to the standard and dischar
  • step b) exhausting the engine exhaust gas after being washed and absorbed in sea water until the sulfur content reaches the standard refers to that the exhaust gas concentration of the engine exhaust gas reaches the standard required by the Convention on Marine Atmospheric Pollution Prevention (MARPOL Annex VI) and related regulations. atmosphere.
  • MARPOL Annex VI Marine Atmospheric Pollution Prevention
  • the step a) allows seawater to scrub engine exhaust gas to absorb sulfur dioxide in the exhaust gas, which is a high-efficiency desulfurization scrubbing method that enables seawater and exhaust gas to achieve full gas-liquid contact through the formation of a large-area continuous air gap and a filling layer of a water film.
  • the removal rate is high and the amount of washing water required is small.
  • the neutralization treatment in step e) includes alkaline seawater neutralization treatment and/or alkaline chemical neutralization treatment.
  • the alkaline seawater neutralization treatment is a process of neutralizing the stored acidic washing drainage water and the natural seawater extracted from the sea in the ship's seawater main pipe and/or the natural seawater for cooling facilities on board the ship.
  • the neutralization treatment of alkaline chemicals is a treatment to neutralize the stored acid washing wastewater and alkaline chemicals including magnesium-based and/or calcium-based and/or sodium-based.
  • the killing treatment in step e) includes the killing treatment of ship ballast water by ultraviolet rays and/or hypochlorous acid and/or ozone.
  • the killing treatment in the step e) is a biological killing treatment of the acidic liquid of the ship's ballast water stored directly using acidic washing and drainage at low pH.
  • Said step e) neutralizing and/or killing the washed and drained water stored in the ballast water tank used by the ship as a water storage tank to reach the standard and discharged to the sea means that the washed and drained water reaches the ship's washing water discharge regulations and/or the ship
  • the water quality standards required by ballast water discharge regulations are discharged into the sea.
  • the step d) switches the washing and drainage to be stored in the ballast water tank used by the ship as a water storage tank, and the volume of the ballast water tank used as the water storage tank accounts for at least 0.3% of the total volume of the ship's ballast water tank, Or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 10%, or 15%, or 20%, or 30%, or 40%, or 50%, or 80 %; and at most 0.3%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 10%, or 15%, or 20%, or 30%, or 40 %, or 50%, or 80%.
  • the washing and drainage generated in the step d) is switched to be stored in the ballast water tank used by the ship as a water storage tank, and is stored in the vicinity of the center point of the ship plane below the ship waterline.
  • the step e) enables the ship to use the treated washing and drainage water stored in the ballast tank of the water storage tank as required to discharge the water into the sea, and the storage time before the washing and drainage water is discharged to the sea is at least 10 minutes, or 20 minutes, or 30 minutes, or 45 minutes, or 1 hour, or 2 hours, or 3 hours, or 6 hours, or 12 hours, or 24 hours, or 36 hours, or 48 hours.
  • the device includes the hull, engine, scrubber, seawater neutralizer, ballast water tank used as a storage tank and its biocide unit, and the discharge outlet of the wash water that meets the standard; the exhaust pipe of the engine is connected to the chimney through the scrubber; washing The device is connected with a wash water inlet pipe, and is connected to a seawater neutralizer through an acid wash water discharge pipe; the seawater neutralizer is connected with a seawater neutralization inlet pipe, and is connected to a standard wash water discharge port through the wash water discharge pipe; seawater neutralizer It is also connected to a ballast water tank used as a water storage tank; a biocide treatment unit is connected to the ballast water tank; a biocide treatment unit is connected to a seawater neutralizer through a biocide water discharge pump.
  • the exhaust pipe is connected to the chimney through the scrubber; the scrubber is connected to the wash water inlet pipe, and is connected to the seawater neutralizer through the acidic wash water discharge pipe; the seawater neutralizer is connected to the seawater neutralization inlet pipe, and discharged through the wash water
  • the pipe is connected to the outlet of the washing water that meets the standard; the seawater neutralizer is also connected to the chemical neutralizer and the ballast water tank used as the storage tank; the ballast water tank is connected to the biocide treatment unit and the ballast water discharge pipe, and the ballast The water discharge pipe is connected with the ballast water discharge outlet which meets the standard.
  • ballast water tank used as a water storage tank, seawater neutralizer, and discharge outlet for washing water that meets the standard
  • the exhaust pipe of the engine communicates with the chimney through the scrubber
  • the scrubber is connected to the wash water inlet
  • the water pipe is connected to the seawater neutralizer through the acid wash water discharge pipe
  • the seawater neutralizer is connected to the seawater neutralization inlet pipe, and is connected to the standard wash water discharge port through the wash water discharge pipe
  • the seawater neutralizer is also used as a water storage tank
  • the ballast water tanks are connected by two-way pipelines.
  • the chemical neutralizer is composed of a container for mixing acid washing drainage and alkaline chemicals, and a magnesium-based and/or calcium-based and/or sodium-based chemical raw material storage tank and a conveying device.
  • the biocidal treatment unit is composed of an acid liquid biocidal device that uses acidic washing and drainage to store biocidal acid at a low pH value.
  • the biological killing treatment unit is composed of a ship's existing ballast water treatment biological killing system device, including ultraviolet killing and/or hypochlorous acid killing and/or ozone killing system devices.
  • the ballast water tank used as a water storage tank has a volume share of at least 0.3%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4% of the total volume of the ship's ballast water tank, Or 5%, or 10%, or 15%, or 20%, or 30%, or 40%, or 50%, or 80%, and at most 0.3%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, Or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 10%, or 15%, or 20%, or 30%, or 40%, or 50%, or 80% part of the ballast water tank.
  • the ballast water tank used as a water storage tank is provided with a volume for washing and drainage storage for at least 10 minutes, or 20 minutes, or 30 minutes, or 45 minutes, or 1 hour, or 2 hours, or 3 hours, or 6 hours , Or 12 hours, or 24 hours, or 36 hours, or 48 hours of ballast water tanks.
  • the ballast water tank used as a water storage tank is a ballast water tank near the center point of the ship plane below the ship's waterline.
  • the scrubber is a filler-type scrubber filled with a large area of continuous air gap and a water film in the cavity so that the passing gas and liquid can fully contact to efficiently desulfurize.
  • Said fillers include ring-shaped and/or spherical and/or strip-shaped and/or saddle-shaped and/or polygonal and/or orifice-shaped and/or multi-element shaped fillers.
  • the scrubber is a scrubber embedded in a muffler with a muffler function, so that the scrubber does not take up additional space in the ship.
  • the application scheme of the sea vessel tail gas cleaning method of the present invention on a ship is to use the method of the present invention to reduce the emission of sulfur dioxide from the ocean shipping to the atmosphere.
  • the present invention provides a method for cleaning tail gas from ships, ships and applications. It adopts the "open and close" EGC technology principle to enable marine ships to adopt the standard mode of IMO EGC (Exhaust Gas Cleaning) guidelines in general seas. ——Only use seawater to wash tail gas for desulfurization and sail to the sea. When the ship enters a few prohibited scrubbing waters, continue to use seawater to wash tail gas for desulfurization, but switch the washing and drainage to be stored in the ship’s water storage tank and/or used as the pressure of the water storage tank.
  • ballast tank after the ship returns to the general sea, will be stored and subjected to natural neutralization treatment and/or chemical neutralization treatment and biocide treatment to meet the ship's washing water discharge regulations and/or ballast water discharge regulations It is required that the storage wash water of the water quality standard meet the standard and be discharged to the sea, and the ship's EGC system is switched to resume the standard desulfurization mode of IMO EGC guidelines, and the ballast tank used as the storage tank is restored to the general ballast water tank function. The vast majority of sea areas throughout the voyage do not occupy ballast water tanks.
  • the present invention has achieved the technical effect of making the entire voyage of marine vessels meet the requirements of the new regulations on sulfur limitation of the United Nations and always maintain the cost and environmental benefits of shipping, and achieve the purpose of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of steps of an embodiment of a method for cleaning exhaust gas from a sea vessel of the present invention, and is also a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an application scheme of the method for cleaning exhaust gas of a sea vessel of the present invention on a ship.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a ship technical solution used in the method for cleaning the tail gas of a sea vessel of the present invention, characterized in that the ship uses part of the ballast water tank as a storage tank to store acid washing and drainage, and the seawater neutralizer and the ballast water tank Connect to the biocidal water pump.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a ship technical solution used in the ship exhaust gas cleaning method of the present invention, characterized in that the ship uses part of the ballast water tank as a storage tank to store acidic washing and drainage, seawater neutralizers and chemical neutralizers and The ballast water tank is connected.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the integrated solution of the ship technical solutions of FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • the dotted line in the figure shows that there are two working conditions that can be switched to correspond to the technical solutions of FIG. 2 or FIG. 3, respectively.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a ship technical solution used in the method for cleaning the exhaust gas of a sea ship according to the present invention, characterized in that the ship uses part of the ballast water tank as a storage tank to store acidic washing and drainage water, and the seawater neutralizer and the ballast water The cabin is bidirectionally connected.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of an improved embodiment based on the ship's technical solution of Fig. 5, characterized in that the ship uses part of the ballast water tank as a water storage tank to store acid washing and drainage, and a seawater neutralizer is combined with the ballast water tank.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a ship technical solution used in the method for cleaning the exhaust gas of a sea vessel of the present invention, which is characterized in that the ship is provided with a water storage tank to store acid washing and drainage, and a seawater neutralizer is connected to the water storage tank.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an improved embodiment based on the technical solution of the ship of FIG. 7, characterized in that the ship is provided with a water storage tank to store acidic washing and drainage, and the seawater neutralizer is combined with the water storage tank.
  • Embodiment 1 It is a group of basic embodiments of a method for cleaning the exhaust gas of a sea vessel according to the present invention.
  • the steps of an embodiment include a) introducing the exhaust gas of the engine of the ship and the seawater for washing into the vessel for washing The engine exhaust gas is washed with seawater in the vessel to absorb the sulfur dioxide in the exhaust gas; b) the engine exhaust gas after being absorbed by the seawater until the sulfur content reaches the standard is discharged to the atmosphere; c) the ship sails in the sea area where the wash water is allowed to discharge, so that the The acidic washing drainage and the alkaline seawater extracted from the ship are neutralized and discharged to the sea after reaching the standard; d) The ship sails in the sea area where the discharge of washing water is prohibited, so that the acidic washing drainage generated in step a) is switched to be stored in the ship and used as a water storage tank Ballast water tanks; e) The ship sails again to the sea area where wash water is allowed to discharge, so that
  • the step b) causes the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the exhaust gas of the engine after being washed by seawater to reach the standard required by the Convention on the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention of Ships (MARPOL Annex VI) and related regulations and then discharged into the atmosphere.
  • MMPOL Annex VI Atmospheric Pollution Prevention of Ships
  • step d) the ship sails in a sea area where the discharge of wash water is prohibited, so that the wash water generated in step a) is switched to storage in the ship’s water storage tank; step e) the ship sails again to the sea area where the wash water is allowed to be discharged, so that the ship stores The treated washing and drainage water stored in the water tank reaches the standard and discharges to the sea.
  • Example 2 It is a group of examples based on Example 1.
  • Step a) of an embodiment uses natural sea water as wash water to wash the engine exhaust gas.
  • Step a) of another embodiment is to scrub the engine exhaust with fresh water.
  • step a) is to wash the engine exhaust with seawater first and then with freshwater and then seawater, because the ship sails in the ocean first, then enters the inland river and then sails to the ocean to engage in river-sea combined transportation, but in most cases Wash only with natural sea water.
  • Step a) of another embodiment is to wash engine exhaust gas with seawater, which is to make the seawater and exhaust gas form a large-area continuous air gap and a filling layer of a water film to achieve full gas-liquid efficient washing method.
  • the seawater scrubs the engine exhaust gas to absorb the exhaust gas
  • the sulfur dioxide in the process due to the continuous gas phase of this washing method, the exhaust gas flows smoothly and is in full contact with the washing seawater, so the washing desulfurization efficiency is high, and the amount of washing water required is small, so on the one hand, the ballast water tank temporarily used as a storage tank can occupy the ship The share of the total volume of the ballast water tank is small and the occupancy limit can be set, which is conducive to ensuring the safety of the ship's navigation.
  • the operating cost (energy consumption) and fixed cost (occupied space) of the ship's sulfur limit order are low.
  • Yet another embodiment is to embed the above-mentioned scrubber into a muffler to become a scrubber muffler with a muffler function, and to wash engine exhaust gas with wash water therein, so that the scrubber does not occupy additional space on the ship and further reduces the fixed cost of the ship.
  • Example 3 It is a group of examples based on Example 1.
  • step e) undergoes neutralization treatment, which is to neutralize and treat the stored acidic washing drainage water with the alkaline seawater extracted on the ship to meet the water quality standards required by the ship's washing water discharge regulations;
  • the alkaline seawater extracted onto the ship includes natural seawater extracted from the sea in the ship's seawater main and/or natural seawater used for cooling of shipboard facilities; discharge regulations generally require that the pH value of the ship's wash water undergo acid-base neutralization treatment to reach 6.0
  • the water quality standard of ⁇ 6.5 is allowed to be discharged into the sea; other water quality standards required by the discharge regulations for ship wash water discharge are stated in the relevant ship exhaust gas cleaning technical manual.
  • step e) neutralizing and/or killing the washed and drained water stored in the ballast tank used by the ship as a water storage tank to meet the standard and discharged to the sea.
  • the product neutralization treatment and biocide treatment meet the water quality standards required by the ship wash water discharge regulations and the ballast water discharge regulations, and are discharged into the sea;
  • the chemical neutralization treatment is a chemical that injects alkaline chemicals into acidic wash water Neutralization treatment;
  • the basic chemicals a group of examples are magnesium-based alkaline solution, calcium-based alkaline solution, sodium-based alkaline solution, and magnesium-based and calcium-based and sodium-based mixed alkaline solution; based on The law stipulates that all washing and drainage water that has been neutralized by chemicals must be pressed according to the rules of ballast water discharge before it can be discharged into the sea through ballast water biocide treatment.
  • ballast water biocide treatment are acid Killing, ultraviolet killing, hypochlorous acid killing, ozone killing ship ballast water biological killing treatment method;
  • the acid killing is a biological killing method that directly uses acid washing and drainage to store at low pH;
  • the ultraviolet killing, hypochlorous acid killing, and ozone killing methods are the existing methods of biological killing treatment of ship’s ballast water;
  • the water quality standards that meet the requirements of ship wash water discharge regulations are the same as the previous embodiment.
  • the water quality standards that meet the requirements of ship ballast water discharge regulations are stated in the relevant ship ballast water treatment technical manual.
  • step e) neutralizing and/or killing the washed and drained water stored in the ballast tank used by the ship as a water storage tank to meet the standard and discharged to the sea is to make the stored acid washed and drained water pass through the biological killing first After the treatment, it is neutralized with the alkaline seawater on the ship to meet the water quality standards required by the ship's wash water discharge regulations and ballast water discharge regulations, and then discharged into the sea.
  • Embodiment 4 It is a group of embodiments based on Embodiment 1.
  • the ballast water tank of the ship contains ballast water for adjusting the center of gravity and stability of the ship, and is an important facility to ensure the safe navigation of the ship.
  • the volume of the ballast water tank that is washed and stored in the ship is used as a storage tank
  • Embodiment 5 Another embodiment based on Embodiment 1 is that the washing and drainage is switched to be stored in the ballast tank used by the ship as a water storage tank, which is stored near the center of the ship plane below the ship's waterline Ballast water tank.
  • Embodiment 6 It is a group of embodiments based on Embodiment 1.
  • Step d) according to an embodiment, the treated washing and drainage of the ship’s water storage tank and/or ballast water tank used as a water storage tank is discharged to the standard, and the washing and drainage is stored for at least 10 minutes before being discharged into the sea . In another embodiment, the washing drainage is stored for at least 20 minutes before being discharged into the sea. In another embodiment, the storage time before washing and draining to the sea is at least 30 minutes. In another embodiment, the storage time before washing and draining to the sea is at least 45 minutes. In another embodiment, the storage time before washing and draining to the sea is at least 1 hour.
  • one embodiment is the step d) causing the ship’s water storage tank and/or ballast water tank used as a water storage tank to store the treated washing and drainage water to the standard and discharging it to the sea.
  • the storage time is at least 2 hours.
  • the storage time before washing and draining to the sea is at least 3 hours.
  • the storage time before the washing and drainage is discharged into the sea is at least 6 hours.
  • the storage time before washing, draining and discharging into the sea is at least 12 hours.
  • the washing and drainage water is stored for at least 24 hours before being discharged into the sea.
  • the storage time before the washing drainage is discharged into the sea is at least 36 hours and at least 48 hours, respectively.
  • the storage time required for the washing drainage to be discharged into the sea is determined according to the sailing time required by the ship to pass through the area where the washing water is prohibited to discharge. For example, if the ship enters a prohibited washing water port area until it takes about 30 minutes to dock, the unilateral prohibition The voyage is about 30 minutes, and the storage time for ships entering and leaving the port washing water is about twice the banned voyage, which is 1 hour. Ships mooring auxiliary engines in the port have less emissions, while shore power is used without emissions.
  • the wash water storage time that can be reached by the ship is determined by calculating the EGC wash water production volume and the water storage tank volume using existing technology.
  • Embodiment 7 It is a basic embodiment of a ship technical solution used in the method for cleaning the exhaust gas of the sea vessel of the present invention, and is also an example of the use of the method for cleaning the exhaust gas of the sea vessel in Example 1, as shown in FIG. 2 or the dotted line in FIG. 4
  • the display switching corresponds to the operating condition shown in FIG.
  • the ship of this embodiment uses the standard mode of IMO EGC (Exhaust Gas Cleaning) guidelines when sailing in seas where discharge of scrubbing water is generally allowed-only using natural seawater to scrub and drain the sea, that is, "open" operation of the EGC system, ship engine exhaust and scrubbed seawater Introduced into the scrubber 3 to wash engine exhaust gas with seawater, the generated acidic scrubber water enters the seawater neutralizer 5 through the discharge pipe 3.2, and in the seawater neutralizer 5 undergoes alkaline seawater neutralization treatment input with the neutralized seawater inlet pipe 5.1 After reaching the water quality standards required by the ship's wash water discharge regulations, the water is discharged into the sea from the standard wash water discharge port 5.5 through the open wash drainage shut-off valve 5.4;
  • the seawater neutralizer 5 merges with the acidic wash water input from the scrubber 3 discharge pipe 3.2, and is neutralized with the alkaline seawater input from the neutralization seawater inlet pipe 5.1 until it reaches the water quality standards required by the ship wash water discharge regulations , Through the open washing and drainage cut-off valve 5.4 to discharge the sea from the standard washing water discharge port 5.5.
  • the neutralization water pump 5.2 increases the flow rate as needed.
  • connection channel described in this embodiment is achieved by the prior art of providing valves and/or pumps in the channel.
  • the ship only uses seawater to wash the engine exhaust gas and treat the washing and drainage, and does not use alkaline chemicals, but it has a washing and drainage killing treatment device.
  • the washing and drainage apply to the washing water discharge regulations of the ship and the ballast water discharge regulations and standards of the ship .
  • Embodiment 8 It is a basic embodiment of another ship technical solution used in the sea vessel exhaust gas cleaning method of the present invention, and is also an example of use of the sea vessel exhaust gas cleaning method of Embodiment 1, as shown in FIG. 3 or FIG. 4
  • the dotted line shows the switching corresponding to the working condition shown in Figure 3, which includes the hull 1, engine 2, scrubber 3, seawater neutralizer 5, chemical neutralizer 8, ballast water tank 4 used as a storage tank and its biological killing Extinguishing unit 4.2, as well as the standard wash water discharge port 5.5 and the standard ballast water discharge port 4.5;
  • the exhaust pipe 2.1 of the engine 2 communicates with the chimney 7 through the scrubber 3;
  • the scrubber 3 is connected to the scrubber water inlet pipe 3.1 and passes the acid
  • the wash water discharge pipe 3.2 is connected to the seawater neutralizer 5;
  • the seawater neutralizer 5 is connected to the seawater neutralization inlet pipe 5.1, and is connected to the standard washwater discharge outlet 5.5 through the washwater discharge pipe 5.3;
  • the ship of this embodiment uses the standard mode of IMO EGC (Exhaust Gas Cleaning) guidelines when sailing in seas where the discharge of wash water is generally allowed-using only natural sea water to wash and discharge the sea, that is, to operate the EGC system in "open" mode, ship engine exhaust and washing
  • the seawater is introduced into the scrubber 3 and the engine exhaust gas is washed with seawater.
  • the generated acidic scrubber water enters the seawater neutralizer 5 through the discharge pipe 3.2, and is neutralized in the seawater neutralizer 5 through the alkaline seawater input with the neutralization seawater inlet pipe 5.1 After processing to meet the water quality standards required by the ship's wash water discharge regulations, the sea will be discharged from the 5.5 wash water discharge port through the open wash drainage valve 5.4;
  • the internal connection channel of the seawater neutralizer 5 and the ballast water tank 4 used as the storage tank is opened to allow the acid wash water to enter and be stored
  • the chemical neutralizer 8 is opened to neutralize the acidic washing water with alkaline chemicals for chemical neutralization treatment
  • the washing and drainage shut-off valve 5.4 is closed to neutralize the water pump 5.2 Shutdown, when no wash water is discharged into the ocean, the ship exhaust gas cleaning is switched to "closed" operation;
  • ballast water drainage pump 4.4 Use the ballast water tank 4 used as a storage tank after the chemical neutralization treatment and biological killing treatment unit 4.2 kill After the biocidal treatment, the washing wastewater complying with the washing water discharge regulations and the ballast water discharge regulations is discharged into the sea from the ballast water discharge outlet up to the standard 4.5.
  • connection channel described in this embodiment is achieved by the prior art of providing valves and/or pumps in the channel.
  • Embodiment 9 It is a basic embodiment of another ship technical solution used in the sea vessel tail gas cleaning method of the present invention, and is also an application example of the sea vessel tail gas cleaning method of Embodiment 1, as shown in FIG. 5, which includes Hull 1, engine 2, scrubber 3, ballast water tank 4 used as a storage tank, seawater neutralizer 5, and scrubbing water discharge port 5.5 that meets the standard; the exhaust pipe 2.1 of engine 2 communicates with the chimney 7 through the scrubber 3 ;
  • the scrubber 3 is connected to the wash water inlet pipe 3.1, and is connected to the seawater neutralizer 5 through the acidic wash water discharge pipe 3.2;
  • the seawater neutralizer 5 is connected to the seawater neutralization inlet pipe 5.1, and is connected to the standard through the wash water discharge pipe 5.3
  • the washing water discharge port 5.5; the seawater neutralizer 5 is also connected to the ballast water tank 4 serving as a water storage tank through a bidirectional delivery pipe 4.7.
  • the desulfurization condition of using sea water to wash the tail gas remains unchanged, and the acid wash water generated at this time is introduced from the sea water neutralizer 5 through the bidirectional transmission pipeline 4.7 to the ballast used as the storage tank
  • the water tank 4 is stored, and the washing and drainage shut-off valve 5.4 is closed, the neutralization pump 5.2 is shut down, no washing water is discharged to the ocean, and the ship exhaust gas cleaning is switched to "closed" operation.
  • the ballast water tank is also used as a storage tank 4.
  • the acidic wash water stored in the 4 is introduced into the seawater neutralizer 5 from the bidirectional transmission pipeline 4.7, and the neutralized seawater neutralized in the seawater neutralizer 5 is input to the neutralized seawater inlet pipe 5.1 to meet the requirements of the ship's washwater discharge regulations
  • the water quality standard is discharged into the sea.
  • the neutralizing water pump 5.2 increases the flow rate as needed.
  • the conveying direction of the bidirectional channel 4.7 is realized by the prior art of providing valves and/or pumps in the channel.
  • FIG. 6 is characterized by the combined arrangement of the seawater neutralizer 5 and the ballast water tank 4 used as a water storage tank, which simplifies the system but does not change the function.
  • the ship only uses seawater to wash engine exhaust gas and treat washing and drainage, and does not use alkaline chemicals. Since the wash water prohibited discharge area on the ship route of this embodiment is very close to the permitted discharge sea area, the short storage time of the wash water is not considered to be ballast water in different sea areas, so no killing treatment is required, and the wash drainage is suitable for ship wash water Emission regulations and standards.
  • Embodiment 10 It is a basic embodiment of another ship technical solution used in the sea vessel tail gas cleaning method of the present invention, and is also an application example of the sea vessel tail gas cleaning method of Embodiment 1, as shown in FIG. 7, which includes Hull 1, engine 2, scrubber 3, water storage tank 3.3 and seawater neutralizer 5, standard wash water discharge port 5.5; exhaust pipe 2.1 of engine 2 communicates with chimney 7 through scrubber 3; scrubber 3 is connected with wash water
  • the water inlet pipe 3.1 is connected to the water storage tank 3.3 through the acid washing water discharge pipe 3.2; the water storage tank 3.3 is connected to the seawater neutralizer 5; the seawater neutralizer 5 is also connected to the neutralization seawater inlet pipe 5.1 and is connected through the wash water discharge pipe 5.3
  • the discharge outlet of washing water up to the standard 5.5 The discharge outlet of washing water up to the standard 5.5.
  • Another embodiment based on the above embodiment is the combined arrangement of the water storage tank 3.3 and the seawater neutralizer 5 as shown in FIG. 8.
  • the ship only uses seawater to wash the engine exhaust gas and treat the washing and drainage, and does not use alkaline chemicals.
  • This embodiment is similar to Embodiment 10.
  • the area of the prohibited wash water discharge on the ship’s route is very close to the allowable discharge sea area. Water is not considered to be ballast water across the sea and does not require killing treatment. Washing and drainage are subject to ship wash water discharge regulations and standards.
  • Example 11 A group of examples based on Examples 7, 8, 9, and 10 is a ballast water tank 4 and a water storage tank 3.3 which are used as water storage tanks, each of which has a volume for washing and drainage for at least 10 minutes and 20 minutes. , 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours part of the ballast water tank. All ballast water tanks used as water storage tanks are still used as general ballast water tanks when washing and drainage are not stored.
  • Embodiment 12 is a group of embodiments based on embodiments 7, 8, 9, and 10.
  • the ballast water tank 4 used as a water storage tank has a volume ratio of at least the volume of the ship's ballast water tank of at least 0.3%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 10%, or 15%, or 20%, or 30%, or 40%, or 50% , Or 80%, and at most 0.3%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 10%, or 15%, or 20%, or 30% , Or 40%, or 50%, or 80% part of the ballast water tank.
  • ballast water tanks 4 used as water storage tanks are composed of ballast water tanks near the center point of the ship's plane below the ship's waterline. And the ballast water tank near the center point of the ship's plane below the ship's waterline.
  • Embodiment 13 It is a group of embodiments based on Embodiment 8.
  • the chemical neutralizer 8 installed on the ship is composed of a magnesium-based alkaline raw material storage tank and an alkaline solution conveyor.
  • the magnesium-based alkaline raw material storage tank is a magnesium hydroxide liquid raw material tank, and the alkaline solution conveyor is made of alkali Solution pump and valve.
  • the raw material storage tank of the chemical neutralizer 8 of another embodiment is composed of a magnesium oxide solid raw material tank and an alkaline solution generation tank.
  • a chemical neutralizer 8 of another embodiment is composed of a calcium oxide solid raw material tank and an alkaline solution generating tank and an alkaline solution metering pump.
  • the chemical neutralizer 8 is composed of a sodium hydroxide solution storage tank and an alkaline solution metering pump and a valve; the sodium hydroxide solution storage tank stores sodium hydroxide at a concentration of 10% to 60% In the alkaline solution, the sodium hydroxide concentration in the storage tank is 30% to 50% in most cases, and the sodium hydroxide concentration in the high-latitude sea area is 20% when the solution is prevented from freezing.
  • the chemical neutralizer configured in the above embodiment selects the existing industrial conventional alkaline agent addition device, which has a small volume and a low input cost.
  • Embodiment 14 It is a group of embodiments based on Embodiments 7 and 8.
  • the biocide treatment unit 4.2 installed in one embodiment is composed of the ultraviolet biocide device of the ship's existing ballast water treatment system.
  • the biocide treatment unit 4.2 installed in another embodiment is composed of the ozone biocide device of the ship's existing ballast water treatment system.
  • the biocide treatment unit 4.2 installed in another embodiment is composed of the sodium hypochlorite biocide device of the ship's existing ballast water treatment system.
  • the biological killing treatment unit 4.2 of the ship in the above embodiment is a biological killing treatment device of the existing ship ballast water treatment system.
  • the ship's biocidal treatment unit consists of an acid biocidal device, based on the survival time of the organism in a low pH solution (such as pH 3). 20 minutes) designed to directly use the scrubber acid drainage storage device for biocide, so the ship's ballast water tank 4 used as a storage tank is considered to be arranged in conjunction with the biocide unit 4.2.
  • the water storage tank 3.3 is considered to be arranged in combination with the biocidal unit 4.2.
  • Embodiment 15 It is a group of embodiments on the basis of Embodiment 6 or Embodiment 7.
  • the installed scrubber 3 is a cavity filled with a filler with a large continuous air gap and a water film, ie, a wetted surface, to pass through
  • the gas-liquid fully contacted filler scrubber for efficient desulfurization where the fillers are respectively ring-shaped, spherical, strip-shaped, saddle-shaped, polygonal and orifice-shaped fillers, and there is a multi-component Shaped filler.
  • the use of fillers with a large continuous air gap and a wet surface can make the removal of sulfur dioxide with high efficiency and less washing water required.
  • This aspect is beneficial to the ballast water tank temporarily used as a storage tank to occupy the ship's ballast water tank.
  • the quota of the total volume is set so as not to affect the navigation safety of the ship, on the other hand, the operating cost (energy consumption) and fixed cost (occupied space) of the ship’s sulfur limit order can be lower.
  • the scrubber 3 installed in another embodiment is a cavity spray scrubber.
  • the scrubber 3 includes a filler and a venturi spray unit and a blister scrubber.
  • the scrubbers installed in the above embodiments are all existing types of scrubbers in the chemical industry.
  • the scrubber 3 installed is a scrubber with a muffler function embedded in a muffler, which can have a high washing efficiency and a small volume under seawater and/or freshwater washing conditions, thereby being able to muffle the sound. , And can efficiently clean the exhaust gas, the key is not to occupy additional ship space, further reducing the ship's fixed cost and operating cost.
  • Example 16 It is an example of the use of the method for cleaning the exhaust gas of a sea vessel of Example 1.
  • the ship of this example is an ocean tanker with a load of 40,200 DWT and an engine power of 8,580 KW.
  • Heavy diesel fuel with sulphur 3.5% (380CST) the total volume of ballast water tank is 20,650m 3.
  • the ship has a regular route of about 6,000 kilometers one way. There is a port area that prohibits the discharge of wash water. The one-way entry of the ship takes about 1 hour.
  • ballast water tank used as a water storage tank is composed of the ballast water tank near the center of the ship's plane below the ship's waterline with a space separated by about 1000m 3 , which accounts for the ship
  • the limit of the share of the total volume of the ballast tank is set at 0.3% to 5%.
  • the exhaust gas cleaning method of the ship sailing in most sea areas including the high seas in this embodiment adopts the economic operation mode of washing the sea with only sea water, and the required energy consumption is about 1% of the corresponding engine power; During the sea area of the water port area, it was switched to the temporary storage of washing and drainage for the ballast water tank used as the storage tank.
  • the ship of this embodiment adopts an efficient packing washing design, and the amount of washing water generated per hour of full-load voyage is about 0.5% of the total volume of the ballast water tank.
  • the set storage tank volume can ensure that the 2.5-hour wash water is prohibited from being used in the voyage;
  • the main engine is shut down, only the auxiliary engine is running or even shut down (using shore power); after leaving the port and leaving the prohibited wash water area, the bio-killing water drainage pump will be activated and temporarily stored in the ballast tank
  • the acidic washing water is biologically killed to meet the water quality standards of the ballast water discharge regulations and then sent to the seawater neutralizer, and is neutralized with the imported alkaline seawater until it reaches the pH value standard of the IMO regulations for EGC drainage requirements.
  • To the sea other discharge water quality indicators are guaranteed by the existing technology, neutralize the pump to increase the flow during the emptying of the stored acid wash water.
  • the EGC system has switched back to seawater washing and draining mode.
  • the energy consumption of exhaust gas cleaning for the entire voyage of the ship basically remains unchanged at 1% of the corresponding engine power, and alkaline chemicals are not used.
  • ship wash water discharge regulations and ship ballast water discharge regulations and standards are applicable.
  • Embodiment 17 It is another embodiment of the use of the method for cleaning the exhaust gas of a sea vessel of Embodiment 1.
  • the ship of this embodiment is an ocean bulk carrier, 180,000 dwt, engine power 15MW, fueled with 3.5% sulfur-containing heavy diesel oil (380CST), total ballast water tank volume of 90,650m 3 , about 10,000 kilometers one-way for regular routes, and one port area that prohibits the discharge of wash water. Hours, according to the 4.5-hour round trip schedule of wash water ban.
  • the ship is sailing in general seas such as the high seas, and the standard mode of IMO EGC guidelines is adopted.
  • the exhaust gas cleaner is operated only by seawater washing and discharging; during the entry and exit of the prohibited drainage water port area, it is switched to washing and drainage storage for storage.
  • the ballast tank of the water tank does not discharge the sea; the ship of this embodiment adopts an efficient packing washing design, and the amount of washing water generated per hour of full-load voyage is about 1% of the total volume of the ballast water tank.
  • the water volume is about 4.5% of the total volume of the ballast tank.
  • the share of the volume of the ballast tank used as the water storage tank in the total volume of the ship's ballast tank is set to 2 levels, the first level is 5% to 10%, which can ensure that 4.5 hours of wash water is prohibited to use in the voyage; second The range is 10% to 50%, and can store more than 48 hours of washing and drainage when needed; for this purpose, the ballast water tank used as a water storage tank is a plurality of ballast water tanks near the center of the ship's plane below the ship's waterline The connection structure, each ballast water tank used as a water storage tank is still used as a general ballast water tank when the washing and drainage are not stored.
  • the washing and drainage stored in the ballast tank of the ship used as the water storage tank of this embodiment undergoes chemical neutralization treatment and biocide treatment.
  • the chemical neutralization process is realized by a chemical neutralizer composed of a 30% strength sodium hydroxide solution tank and an alkali metering pump. Only a small amount of alkaline chemical is used for a short time; the chemical neutralizer is used as a water storage tank.
  • the ballast water tank is connected and opened when the wash water enters the ballast water tank, so that the acidic wash water is neutralized by alkaline chemicals, and is beneficial to the ballast water tank to prevent chemical corrosion.
  • the biocide treatment is done using the biocide device of the original ballast water treatment system on the ship.
  • the ballast water drainage pump is started to use the ballast water tank as the storage tank.
  • the wash water stored in the storage tank that has undergone chemical neutralization treatment and biocide treatment and complies with the wash water discharge regulations and ballast water discharge regulations will be discharged into the sea from the ballast water discharge outlet that meets the standards.
  • the EGC system switches back to the seawater washing and discharging operation mode.
  • the energy consumption of the full-range tail gas cleaning of the ship is about 1.5% of the corresponding engine power
  • the washing and drainage regulations are applicable to the regulations for washing water discharge and the regulations and standards for discharging ballast water.

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Abstract

一种海船尾气清洗方法和船舶及应用，使海洋船舶在一般海域航行仅用海水洗涤尾气排海的方式履行限硫令，在进入少数禁排洗涤水水域期间，船舶继续使用海水洗涤尾气履行限硫令，但将洗涤排水储存在船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱（4）；船舶再航行到一般海域后，将暂作储水箱的压载水舱（4）储存并经过中和处理和/或杀活处理达到洗涤水排放法规和/或压载水排放法规要求水质标准的洗涤水排海。

Description

一种海船尾气清洗方法和船舶及应用 技术领域
本发明涉及一种海船尾气清洗方法和船舶及应用，是为海洋船舶在保证航行安全的前提下保持既经济又环保的特有优势以履行***全球船舶限硫新法规所作出的发明，属于船舶防污技术和海洋工程技术领域。
背景技术
依据缔约国签署的《船舶大气防污公约》(MARPOL附则VI)及相关法规，***海事组织(IMO)将从2020年1月1日起实施全球船舶限硫令，具体是从2020年3月1日起，全球没有安装排气等效达标尾气清洗器(EGC)的船舶不准携带含硫量超过0.5％的船用燃油。对于履行全球船舶限硫令的方式，由于单纯使用低硫燃油方式存在低硫油价格当前较高，远期可能更高的航运成本抬升趋势(低硫油炼制过程碳排放大幅增加将受巴黎气候协定制约)，航运界对于全航程应用EGC方式的期待越来越高。然而，采用EGC方案船舶的问题主要有：1、安装“开式”EGC的船舶，采用IMO EGC导则(包括美国VGP)尾气清洗脱硫的标准技术方案：仅用天然海水(不添加人工化学品)洗涤排放到大海，有可能使海洋航运业保持本来既经济又环保的特有优势，但因少数海域和港口宣布将禁止任何形式洗涤水排放，将造成船舶不能全航程应用“开式”EGC的问题；2、安装“闭式”EGC的船舶，使用人工碱性化学品溶剂洗涤尾气，所产生的洗涤废渣废水储存在船上到港后卸载到岸上设施，因而***复杂占用船上空间较大，造价和运行成本高昂，特别是大量碱性原料和废渣废水引起的港口装卸及陆上排放处理的成本难以控制；3、现有安装“混合式”EGC的船舶，也是为适应各种海洋条件提出的，是在“闭式”***上叠加“开式”系 统因而更加复杂，占用船上空间更大，造价和运行成本也更高；还有一种“混合式”EGC方案是洗涤水在船舶上暂时储存不排放，但因此产生无法控制船舶储存大量洗涤水引起的航行安全和后处理的经济成本及环境成本问题，尤其是一般洗涤水量很大，船舶额外增加很大的储存水量对船舶稳性和航行安全性影响就很大，同时还有洗涤水量很大使对尾气阻力很大影响发动机运行进一步危及船舶抗风浪能力和安全航行。
因此，上述履行IMO全球船舶限硫令的现状，对航运业既要保持经济和环保的本来优势又要履行MARPOL公约和巴黎气候协定的前景提出了挑战。
发明内容
本发明目的在于，克服现有海水洗涤尾气排海即“开式”EGC脱硫船舶因少数海域禁排影响全航程合法合规航行的缺点，提供一种全航程合法合规海水洗涤船舶尾气脱硫方法和船舶及应用；还有目的在于：一是保持船舶既有安全稳定性能，防止为执行限硫令所采取的技术措施降低船舶航行安全性；二是保持海洋船舶航运既有的成本效益优势，避免为执行限硫令所采取的技术措施大幅升高船舶运行成本和固定成本；三是保持船舶海水洗涤脱硫既有绿色环保优势，避免为执行限硫令所采取的技术措施导致进入陆域和海域自然环境的人工化学品数量大幅增加。
本发明一种海船尾气清洗方法的技术方案包括下述步骤：
a)船舶航行中将船舶发动机尾气和洗涤用海水导入洗涤器内使海水洗涤发动机尾气以吸收尾气中的二氧化硫；b)使经海水洗涤吸收至含硫达标后的发动机尾气排往大气；c)船舶航行在允许排放洗涤水海域，使a)步骤产生的酸性洗涤排水与抽取到船上的碱性海水进行中和处理至达标后排海；d)船舶航行在禁止排放洗涤水海域，使a)步骤产生的酸性洗涤排水切换为储存到船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱；e)船舶再航行至允许排放洗涤水海域，使船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱储存的经过中和处理和/或杀活处理的洗涤排水达标排海，并使a)步骤产生的洗涤排水切换为c)步骤操作。
所述步骤b)使经海水洗涤吸收至含硫达标后的发动机尾气排往大气，是指发动机尾气二氧化硫浓度达到《船舶大气防污公约》(MARPOL附则VI)及相关法规要求的标准 后排往大气。
进一步的技术方案是：
所述步骤a)使海水洗涤发动机尾气以吸收尾气中的二氧化硫，是使海水和尾气通过形成大面积连续气隙和水膜的填充层实现气液充分接触的高效脱硫洗涤方法，这样洗涤二氧化硫脱除率高，需要的洗涤水量少。
所述步骤e)的经过中和处理，包括经过碱性海水中和处理和/或碱性化学品中和处理。
所述碱性海水中和处理，是使储存的酸性洗涤排水与包括船舶海水总管中从海洋抽取的自然海水和/或船上设施冷却用的自然海水进行中和的处理。
所述碱性化学品中和处理，是使储存的酸性洗涤排水与包括镁基和/或钙基和/或钠基碱性化学品进行中和的处理。
所述步骤e)的经过杀活处理，包括经过紫外线杀灭和/或次氯酸杀灭和/或臭氧杀灭的船舶压载水生物杀灭处理。
所述步骤e)的经过杀活处理，是经过直接利用酸性洗涤排水低pH值储存的船舶压载水酸液生物杀灭处理。
所述步骤e)使船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱储存的经过中和处理和/或杀活处理的洗涤排水达标排海，是指该洗涤排水达到船舶洗涤水排放法规和/或船舶压载水排放法规要求的水质标准后排海。
所述步骤d)使洗涤排水切换为储存到船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱，该用作储水箱的压载水舱的容积占船舶压载水舱总容积的份额至少为0.3％，或0.5％，或1％，或2％，或3％，或4％，或5％，或10％，或15％，或20％，或30％，或40％，或50％，或80％；和至多为0.3％，或0.5％，或1％，或2％，或3％，或4％，或5％，或10％，或15％，或20％，或30％，或40％，或50％，或80％。
所述步骤d)产生的洗涤排水切换为储存到船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱，是储存到船舶水线下方船舶平面中心点近旁的压载水舱。
所述步骤e)使船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱储存的经过处理的洗涤排水达标排海，该洗涤排水排海前所储存的时间至少10分钟，或20分钟，或30分钟，或45分钟，或1小 时，或2小时，或3小时，或6小时，或12小时，或24小时，或36小时，或48小时。
用于本发明海船尾气清洗方法的一种船舶技术方案是：
它包括船体，发动机，洗涤器，海水中和器，用作储水箱的压载水舱及其生物杀灭单元，以及达标洗涤水排出口；发动机的排气管通过洗涤器与烟囱连通；洗涤器连接有洗涤水进水管，并通过酸性洗涤水排出管连接海水中和器；海水中和器连接有海水中和进水管，和通过洗涤水排出管连接达标洗涤水排出口；海水中和器还与用作储水箱的压载水舱连接；压载水舱连接有生物杀灭处理单元；生物杀灭处理单元通过生物杀灭水排出泵与海水中和器连接。
用于本发明海船尾气清洗方法的另一种船舶技术方案是：
它包括船体，发动机，洗涤器，海水中和器，化学中和器，用作储水箱的压载水舱及其生物杀灭单元，以及达标洗涤水排出口和达标压载水排出口；发动机的排气管通过洗涤器与烟囱连通；洗涤器连接有洗涤水进水管，并通过酸性洗涤水排出管连接海水中和器；海水中和器连接有海水中和进水管，和通过洗涤水排出管连接达标洗涤水排出口；海水中和器还与化学中和器及用作储水箱的压载水舱连接；压载水舱连接有生物杀灭处理单元和压载水排出管，压载水排出管与达标压载水排出口连接。
用于本发明海船尾气清洗方法的又一种船舶技术方案是：
它包括船体，发动机，洗涤器，用作储水箱的压载水舱，海水中和器，以及达标洗涤水排出口；发动机的排气管通过洗涤器与烟囱连通；洗涤器连接有洗涤水进水管，并通过酸性洗涤水排出管连接海水中和器；海水中和器连接有海水中和进水管，和通过洗涤水排出管连接达标洗涤水排出口；海水中和器还与用作储水箱的压载水舱通过双向输送管道连接。
进一步的技术方案是：
所述化学中和器由混合酸性洗涤排水和碱性化学品的容器以及镁基和/或钙基和/或钠基化学品原料储罐和输送装置构成。
所述生物杀灭处理单元，由利用酸性洗涤排水低pH值储存杀灭生物的酸液生物杀灭装置组成。
所述生物杀灭处理单元，由船舶现有压载水处理生物杀灭***装置组成，包括紫外线杀灭和/或次氯酸杀灭和/或臭氧杀灭***装置。
所述的用作储水箱的压载水舱，由容积占船舶压载水舱总容积的份额至少为0.3％，或0.5％，或1％，或2％，或3％，或4％，或5％，或10％，或15％，或20％，或30％，或40％，或50％，或80％，和至多为0.3％，或0.5％，或1％，或2％，或3％，或4％，或5％，或10％，或15％，或20％，或30％，或40％，或50％，或80％的部分压载水舱构成。
所述的用作储水箱的压载水舱，由容积供洗涤排水储存至少10分钟、或20分钟、或30分钟、或45分钟、或1小时、或2小时、或3小时、或6小时、或12小时、或24小时、或36小时、或48小时的压载水舱构成。
所述的用作储水箱的压载水舱，是船舶水线下方船舶平面中心点近旁的压载水舱。
所述的洗涤器是腔体内填充具有大面积连续气隙和水膜的填充物以使通过的气液充分接触以高效脱硫的填料式洗涤器。
所述的填充物包括环形和/或球形和/或条形和/或鞍形和/或多边形和/或孔板形和/或多元异形填充物。
所述的洗涤器是嵌入消音器中具有消音功能的洗涤器，使洗涤器不额外占用船舶空间。
本发明海船尾气清洗方法在船舶上的应用方案，是使用本发明所述方法减少海洋船舶航运对大气的二氧化硫排放。
本发明的技术原理和效果：本发明一种海船尾气清洗方法和船舶及应用，采用“开闭式”EGC技术原理，使海洋船舶在一般海域采用IMO EGC(尾气清洗)导则的标准模式——仅用海水洗涤尾气排海的脱硫方式航行，船舶进入少数禁排洗涤水水域期间，继续使用海水洗涤尾气脱硫，但将洗涤排水切换储存在船舶储水箱和/或用作储水箱的压载水舱(ballast tank)，船舶回到一般海域后，将储存并经过自然中和处理和/或化学品中和处理以及生物杀灭处理达到船舶洗涤水排放法规和/或压载水排放法规要求水质标准的储存洗涤水达标排海，并使船舶EGC***切换恢复IMO EGC导则的标准脱硫模式航行，而且用作储水箱的压载水舱恢复一般压载水舱功能。全航程绝大多数海域不占用压载水舱。进一 步来说，由于本发明洗涤效率高，所需洗涤水量少，一方面利于对暂时用作储水箱的压载水舱占船舶压载水舱总容积的份额设定限额以不影响船舶航行安全，另一方面船舶执行限硫令的运行成本(能耗)和固定成本(占用空间)较低。总之，本发明取得了使海洋船舶全航程满足***限硫新法规要求并始终保持航运成本效益和环境效益的技术效果，实现了本发明目的。
附图说明
附图中所示的图号标记对应的相关部件或结构的名称为：
图1是本发明一种海船尾气清洗方法的实施例步骤示意图，也是本发明海船尾气清洗方法在船舶上的应用方案实施例示意图。
图2是用于本发明海船尾气清洗方法的一种船舶技术方案实施例示意图，特点是船舶将部分压载水舱用作储水箱储存酸性洗涤排水，海水中和器与该压载水舱及生物杀灭水泵连接。
图3是用于本发明船舶尾气清洗方法的另一种船舶技术方案实施例示意图，特点是船舶将部分压载水舱用作储水箱储存酸性洗涤排水，海水中和器与化学中和器及该压载水舱连接。
图4是图2和图3船舶技术方案的综合方案实施例示意图，图中的虚线显示具有2种工况可以切换为分别对应图2或图3的技术方案。
图5是用于本发明海船尾气清洗方法的又一种船舶技术方案实施例示意图，特点是船舶将部分压载水舱用作储水箱储存酸性洗涤排水，海水中和器与该压载水舱双向连接。
图6是图5船舶技术方案基础上的改进实施例示意图，特点是船舶将部分压载水舱用作储水箱储存酸性洗涤排水，海水中和器与该压载水舱合并设置。
图7是用于本发明海船尾气清洗方法的再一种船舶技术方案实施例示意图，特点是船舶设置储水箱储存酸性洗涤排水，海水中和器与储水箱连接。
图8是图7船舶技术方案基础上的改进实施例示意图，特点是船舶设置储水箱储存酸性洗涤排水，海水中和器与储水箱合并设置。
附图中：
1—船体，2—发动机，2.1—发动机排气管，3—洗涤器，3.1—洗涤水进水管，3.2—酸性洗涤水排出管，3.3—储水箱，3.4—洗涤水泵，4—用作储水箱的压载水舱，4'—一般压载水舱，4.1—压载水输入泵，4.2—生物杀灭处理单元，4.3—压载水排出管，4.4—压载水排出泵，4.5—达标压载水排出口，4.6—生物杀灭水排出泵，4.7—双向输送管道，5—海水中和器，5.1—中和海水进水管，5.2—中和海水泵，5.3—洗涤水排出管，5.4—洗涤排水截止阀，5.5—达标洗涤水排出口，6—船舶进水海底门，6.1—船舶海水总管，7—烟囱，8—化学中和器。
具体实施方式
结合附图和实施例对本发明的一种海船尾气清洗方法及船舶作进一步说明如下。
实施例1：是本发明一种海船尾气清洗方法的一组基本实施例，如附图1所示，一项实施例的步骤包括a)船舶航行中将船舶发动机尾气和洗涤用海水导入洗涤器内使海水洗涤发动机尾气以吸收尾气中的二氧化硫；b)使经海水洗涤吸收至含硫达标后的发动机尾气排往大气；c)船舶航行在允许排放洗涤水海域，使a)步骤产生的酸性洗涤排水与抽取到船上的碱性海水进行中和处理至达标后排海；d)船舶航行在禁止排放洗涤水海域，使a)步骤产生的酸性洗涤排水切换为储存到船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱；e)船舶再航行至允许排放洗涤水海域，使船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱储存的经过中和处理和/或杀活处理的洗涤排水达标排海，并使a)步骤产生的洗涤排水切换为c)步骤操作。
所述步骤b)使经海水洗涤吸收至发动机尾气二氧化硫浓度达到《船舶大气防污公约》(MARPOL附则VI)及相关法规要求的标准后排往大气。
另一项实施例的步骤d)船舶航行在禁止排放洗涤水海域，使a)步骤产生的洗涤排水切换为储存到船舶储水箱；步骤e)船舶再航行至允许排放洗涤水海域，使船舶储水箱储存的经过处理的洗涤排水达标排海。
实施例2：是在实施例1基础上的一组实施例。一项实施例的步骤a)用自然海水作为洗涤水洗涤发动机尾气。另一项实施例的步骤a)是用淡水洗涤发动机尾气。还有一项实 施例的步骤a)是先用海水后用淡水然后再用海水洗涤发动机尾气，因为船舶先在海洋航行，后进入内河然后又航行到海洋，从事江海联运航行，但绝大多数场合仅用自然海水洗涤。
又一项实施例的步骤a)用海水洗涤发动机尾气，是使海水和尾气通过形成大面积连续气隙和水膜的填充层实现气液充分接触的高效洗涤方法使海水洗涤发动机尾气以吸收尾气中的二氧化硫；由于这种洗涤方式的气相连续因而尾气流动顺畅与洗涤海水接触充分因而洗涤脱硫效率高，所需洗涤水量少，所以一方面可使暂时用作储水箱的压载水舱占船舶压载水舱总容积的份额较小并可设定占用限额所以有利于保障船舶航行安全，另一方面船舶执行限硫令的运行成本(能耗)和固定成本(占用空间)较低。
再一项实施例是将上述洗涤器嵌入消音器成为具有消音功能的洗涤消音器并在其中用洗涤水洗涤发动机尾气，使洗涤器不额外占用船舶空间进一步降低船舶固定成本。
实施例3：是在实施例1基础上的一组实施例。一项实施例所述步骤e)经过中和处理，是使储存的酸性洗涤排水经过与抽取到船上的碱性海水中和处理至达到船舶洗涤水排放法规要求的水质标准后排海；所述抽取到船上的碱性海水，是包括船舶海水总管中从海洋抽取的自然海水和/或船上设施冷却用的自然海水；排放法规一般要求船舶洗涤水经过酸碱中和处理后的pH值达到6.0～6.5的水质标准就允许排放到大海；排放法规要求船舶洗涤水排放的其它水质标准在有关船舶尾气清洗技术手册中载明。
另一项实施例所述步骤e)使船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱储存的经过中和处理和/或杀活处理的洗涤排水达标排海，的是使储存的酸性洗涤排水经过化学品中和处理和生物杀灭处理达到船舶洗涤水排放法规和压载水排放法规要求的水质标准后排海；所述化学品中和处理，是向酸性洗涤水中注入碱性化学品的化学品中和处理；所述碱性化学品，一组实施例分别是镁基碱性溶液，钙基碱性溶液，钠基碱性溶液，以及镁基和钙基和钠基混合碱性溶液；基于法律规定所有经化学品中和处理的洗涤排水必须按压载水排放规则经过压载水生物杀灭处理方能排海，因此所述压载水生物杀灭处理的一组实施例分别是酸液杀灭，紫外线杀灭，次氯酸杀，臭氧杀灭的船舶压载水生物杀灭处理方法；所述酸液杀灭，是直接利用酸性洗涤排水低pH值储存的生物杀灭方法；所述紫外线杀灭，次氯酸杀灭，臭氧杀 灭的方法是现有船舶压载水生物杀灭处理方法；所述达到船舶洗涤水排放法规要求的水质标准与前一实施例相同，所述达到船舶压载水排放法规要求的水质标准在有关船舶压载水处理技术手册中载明。
还有一项实施例的步骤e)使船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱储存的经过中和处理和/或杀活处理的洗涤排水达标排海，是使储存的酸性洗涤排水先经过生物杀灭处理再经过与船上的碱性海水中和处理以达到船舶洗涤水排放法规和压载水排放法规要求的水质标准后排海。
实施例4：是在实施例1基础上的一组实施例。船舶压载水舱容纳压载水用于调整船舶重心和稳性，是保障船舶安全航行的重要设施，本实施例对洗涤排水切换为储存到船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱的容积占船舶压载水舱总容积的份额设定限额范围以确保不影响船舶航行安全：对用作储水箱的压载水舱的容积占船舶压载水舱总容积的份额分别设定限制为至少0.3％，或0.5％，或1％，或2％，或3％，或4％，或5％，或10％，或15％，或20％，或30％，或40％，或50％，或80％；和至多0.3％，或0.5％，或1％，或2％，或3％，或4％，或5％，或10％，或15％，或20％，或30％，或40％，或50％，或80％。不同的设定限制份额根据不同的船舶载重和压载水舱容积以及航线上的洗涤水禁排航程来确定。
实施例5：在实施例1基础上的另一项实施例是所述使洗涤排水切换为储存到船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱，是储存到船舶水线下方船舶平面中心点近旁的压载水舱。
实施例6：是在实施例1基础上的一组实施例。一项实施例所述步骤d)使船舶储水箱和/或用作储水箱的压载水舱储存的经过处理的洗涤排水达标排海，该洗涤排水排海前所储存的时间至少有10分钟。另一项实施例该洗涤排水排海前所储存的时间至少有20分钟。又一项实施例洗涤排水排海前所储存的时间至少有30分钟。再一项实施例洗涤排水排海前所储存的时间至少有45分钟。还有一项实施例洗涤排水排海前所储存的时间至少有1小时。
又一组实施例，一项实施例是所述步骤d)使船舶储水箱和/或用作储水箱的压载水舱储存的经过处理的洗涤排水达标排海，该洗涤排水排海前所储存的时间至少有2小时。另一项实施例洗涤排水排海前所储存的时间至少有3小时。又一项实施例洗涤排水排海前所储存的时间至少有6小时。再一项实施例洗涤排水排海前所储存的时间至少有12小时。还 有一项实施例洗涤排水排海前所储存的时间至少有24小时。而另两项实施例的洗涤排水排海前所储存的时间则分别为至少36小时和至少48小时。该洗涤排水排海前所需的储存时间，根据船舶航经禁止排放洗涤水区域所需的航行时间确定，例如船舶进入某禁排洗涤水港口区域直至靠岸约需30分钟，则单边禁排航程约为30分钟，船舶进出港区洗涤水储存时间约为2倍禁排航程即1小时。船舶在港停泊辅机排放量少，使用岸电则无排放。船舶所能达到的洗涤水储存时间采用现有技术计算EGC洗涤水产生量和储水箱容积来确定。
实施例7：是用于本发明海船尾气清洗方法的一种船舶技术方案的基本实施例，也是实施例1的海船尾气清洗方法的用途实施例，如附图2，或附图4虚线显示切换对应附图2工况所示，它包括船体1，发动机2，洗涤器3，海水中和器5，用作储水箱的压载水舱4及其生物杀灭单元4.2，以及达标洗涤水排出口5.5；发动机2的排气管2.1通过洗涤器3与烟囱7连通；洗涤器3连接有洗涤水进水管3.1，并通过酸性洗涤水排出管3.2连接海水中和器5；海水中和器5连接有海水中和进水管5.1，和通过洗涤水排出管5.3连接达标洗涤水排出口5.5；海水中和器5还与用作储水箱的压载水舱4连接；压载水舱4连接有生物杀灭处理单元4.2；生物杀灭处理单元4.2通过生物杀灭水排出泵4.6与海水中和器5连接。
本实施例船舶在一般允许排放洗涤水海域航行时，采用IMO EGC(尾气清洗)导则的标准模式——仅用自然海水洗涤排海即“开式”运行EGC***，船舶发动机尾气和洗涤海水导入洗涤器3内用海水洗涤发动机尾气，产生的酸性洗涤水通过排出管3.2进入海水中和器5，在海水中和器5中经过与中和海水进水管5.1输入的碱性海水中和处理至达到船舶洗涤水排放法规要求的水质标准后，通过打开的洗涤排水截止阀5.4从达标洗涤水排放口5.5排海；
船舶在禁止排放洗涤水的海域航行期间，继续使用海水洗涤尾气脱硫的工况不变，这时船舶发动机尾气和洗涤海水仍导入洗涤器3内用海水洗涤发动机尾气不变，产生的酸性洗涤水仍通过排出管3.2进入海水中和器5，继续尾气清洗，但此时，使海水中和器5与用作储水箱的压载水舱4的连接通道内部打开，使酸性洗涤水进入并储存在用作储水箱的压载水舱4内，并使洗涤排水截止阀5.4关闭，中和水泵5.2停运，这时没有洗涤水排放到海洋，船舶尾气清洗切换为“闭式”运行；
船舶航行回到允许排放洗涤水的海域后，使用海水洗涤尾气脱硫的工况继续不变，但打开洗涤排水截止阀5.4，开动中和水泵5.2运转供水，并使海水中和器5与用作储水箱的压载水舱4的连接通道内部关闭，使洗涤器3产生的酸性洗涤水通过排出管3.2进入海水中和器5，在海水中和器5中与中和海水进水管5.1输入的碱性海水中和，处理至达到船舶洗涤水排放法规要求的水质标准后，通过打开的洗涤排水截止阀5.4从达标洗涤水排放口5.5排海，切换回到“开式”运行模式；同时，启动生物杀灭水排水泵4.6使用作储水箱的压载水舱4中储存的经过生物杀灭处理单元4.2杀灭生物处理后符合压载水排放法规的储存的酸性洗涤水进入海水中和器5，在海水中和器5中与洗涤器3排出管3.2输入的酸性洗涤水汇合，与中和海水进水管5.1输入的碱性海水中和处理至达到船舶洗涤水排放法规要求的水质标准后，通过打开的洗涤排水截止阀5.4从达标洗涤水排放口5.5排海。在用作储水箱的压载水舱4中储存的酸性洗涤水排空期间，中和水泵5.2根据需要增加流量。
本实施例所述连接通道内部打开或关闭，是依靠在通道设置阀门和/或泵的现有技术实现的。
本实施例船舶全航程仅用海水洗涤发动机尾气及处理洗涤排水，不用碱性化学品，但设有洗涤排水杀活处理装置，洗涤排水适用船舶洗涤水排放法规和船舶压载水排放法规及标准。
实施例8：是用于本发明海船尾气清洗方法的另一种船舶技术方案的基本实施例，也是实施例1的海船尾气清洗方法的用途实施例，如附图3，或附图4虚线显示切换对应附图3工况所示，它包括船体1，发动机2，洗涤器3，海水中和器5，化学中和器8，用作储水箱的压载水舱4及其生物杀灭单元4.2，以及达标洗涤水排出口5.5和达标压载水排出口4.5；发动机2的排气管2.1通过洗涤器3与烟囱7连通；洗涤器3连接有洗涤水进水管3.1，并通过酸性洗涤水排出管3.2连接海水中和器5；海水中和器5连接有海水中和进水管5.1，和通过洗涤水排出管5.3连接达标洗涤水排出口5.5；海水中和器5还与化学中和器8及用作储水箱的压载水舱4连接；压载水舱4连接有生物杀灭处理单元4.2和压载水排出管4.3，压载水排出管4.3与达标压载水排出口4.5连接。
本实施例船舶在一般允许排放洗涤水的海域航行时，采用IMO EGC(尾气清洗)导则 的标准模式——仅用自然海水洗涤排海即“开式”运行EGC***，船舶发动机尾气和洗涤海水导入洗涤器3内用海水洗涤发动机尾气，产生的酸性洗涤水通过排出管3.2进入海水中和器5，在海水中和器5中经过与中和海水进水管5.1输入的碱性海水中和处理至达到船舶洗涤水排放法规要求的水质标准后，通过打开的洗涤排水截止阀5.4从达标洗涤水排放口5.5排海；
船舶在禁止排放洗涤水的海域航行期间，继续使用海水洗涤尾气脱硫的工况不变，这时船舶发动机尾气和洗涤海水仍导入洗涤器3内用海水洗涤发动机尾气不变，产生的酸性洗涤水仍通过排出管3.2进入海水中和器5，继续尾气清洗，但此时，使海水中和器5与用作储水箱的压载水舱4的连接通道内部打开，使酸性洗涤水进入并储存在用作储水箱的压载水舱4内，而且化学中和器8打开使酸性洗涤水被碱性化学品中和进行化学品中和处理，并使洗涤排水截止阀5.4关闭，中和水泵5.2停运，这时没有洗涤水排放到海洋，船舶尾气清洗切换为“闭式”运行；
船舶航行到允许排放洗涤水的海域后，使用海水洗涤尾气脱硫的工况继续不变，但打开洗涤排水截止阀5.4，开动中和水泵5.2运转供水，并使海水中和器5与用作储水箱的压载水舱4的连接通道内部关闭，使化学中和器8与海水中和器5的连接通道内部关闭，洗涤器3产生的酸性洗涤水通过排出管3.2进入海水中和器5，在海水中和器5中经过与中和海水进水管5.1输入的碱性海水中和处理至达到船舶洗涤水排放法规要求的水质标准后，通过打开的洗涤排水截止阀5.4从达标洗涤水排放口5.5排海，切换回到“开式”运行模式；同时，启动压载水排水泵4.4使用作储水箱的压载水舱4中储存的经过化学品中和处理和生物杀灭处理单元4.2杀灭生物处理后符合洗涤水排放法规和压载水排放法规的洗涤排水从达标压载水排放口4.5排海。
本实施例所述连接通道内部打开或关闭，是依靠在通道设置阀门和/或泵的现有技术实现的。
本实施例船舶全航程仅用海水洗涤发动机尾气，洗涤排水添加碱性化学品，并有洗涤排水杀活处理装置，洗涤排水适用船舶洗涤水排放法规和船舶压载水排放法规及标准。
实施例9：是用于本发明海船尾气清洗方法的又一种船舶技术方案的基本实施例，也 是实施例1的海船尾气清洗方法的用途实施例，如附图5所示，它包括船体1，发动机2，洗涤器3，用作储水箱的压载水舱4，海水中和器5，以及达标洗涤水排出口5.5；发动机2的排气管2.1通过洗涤器3与烟囱7连通；洗涤器3连接有洗涤水进水管3.1，并通过酸性洗涤水排出管3.2连接海水中和器5；海水中和器5连接有海水中和进水管5.1，和通过洗涤水排出管5.3连接达标洗涤水排出口5.5；海水中和器5还与用作储水箱的压载水舱4通过双向输送管道4.7连接。
本实施例船舶大部分航程为国际法规允许排放洗涤水的海域，包括从禁排洗涤水海域再航行回到允许排放洗涤水的海域，船舶都采用仅用自然海水洗涤排海即“开式”运行。
在船舶航经禁止排放洗涤水的海域期间，继续使用海水洗涤尾气脱硫的工况不变，这时产生的酸性洗涤水从海水中和器5通过双向输送管道4.7导入用作储水箱的压载水舱4内储存，而且洗涤排水截止阀5.4关闭，中和水泵5.2停运，没有洗涤水排放到海洋，船舶尾气清洗切换为“闭式”运行。
船舶再航行到允许排放洗涤水的海域后，使用海水洗涤尾气脱硫的工况仍无改变，除洗涤器排水操作切换回到“开式”运行模式外，还使用作储水箱的压载水舱4内储存的酸性洗涤水从双向输送管道4.7导入海水中和器5，在海水中和器5中经过与中和海水进水管5.1输入的中和海水中和处理至达到船舶洗涤水排放法规要求的水质标准后排海。在用作储水箱的压载水舱4内储存的酸性洗涤水排空过程中，中和水泵5.2根据需要增加流量。
所述双向通道4.7的输送方向，是依靠在通道设置阀门和/或泵的现有技术实现的。
以上实施例的改进实施例如附图6所示，特点是合并设置海水中和器5和用作储水箱的压载水舱4，使***得以简化但功能不变。
本实施例船舶全航程仅用海水洗涤发动机尾气及处理洗涤排水，不用碱性化学品。由于本实施例船舶航线上的洗涤水禁排区域与允许排放海域距离很近，洗涤水储存时间短未被视为不同海域压载水，因此不需要经过杀活处理，洗涤排水适用船舶洗涤水排放法规及标准。
实施例10：是用于本发明海船尾气清洗方法的再一种船舶技术方案的基本实施例，也是实施例1的海船尾气清洗方法的用途实施例，如附图7所示，它包括船体1，发动机2， 洗涤器3，储水箱3.3和海水中和器5，达标洗涤水排出口5.5；发动机2的排气管2.1通过洗涤器3与烟囱7连通；洗涤器3连接有洗涤水进水管3.1，并通过酸性洗涤水排出管3.2连接储水箱3.3；储水箱3.3连接海水中和器5；海水中和器5还连接有中和海水进水管5.1，并通过洗涤水排出管5.3连接达标洗涤水排出口5.5。
以上实施例基础上的另一实施例是所述的储水箱3.3和海水中和器5合并设置，如附图8。
本实施例船舶全航程仅用海水洗涤发动机尾气及处理洗涤排水，不用碱性化学品，本实施例与实施例10相似，船舶航线上的洗涤水禁排区域与允许排放海域距离很近，洗涤水未被视为跨海域压载水而不需要杀活处理，洗涤排水适用船舶洗涤水排放法规及标准。
实施例11：在实施例7，8，9，10的基础上的一组实施例是用作储水箱的压载水舱4及储水箱3.3分别由容积供洗涤排水储存至少10分钟，20分钟，30分钟，45分钟，1小时，2小时，3小时，6小时，12小时，24小时，36小时，48小时的部分压载水舱构成。所有用作储水箱的压载水舱在不储存洗涤排水时仍作为一般压载水舱使用。
实施例12：是在实施例7，8，9，10的基础上的一组实施例，所述用作储水箱的压载水舱4由容积占船舶压载水舱总容积份额分别至少为0.3％，或0.5％，或1％，或2％，或3％，或4％，或5％，或10％，或15％，或20％，或30％，或40％，或50％，或80％，和至多为0.3％，或0.5％，或1％，或2％，或3％，或4％，或5％，或10％，或15％，或20％，或30％，或40％，或50％，或80％的部分压载水舱构成。
在实施例7，8，9的基础上的另一组实施例，是所述船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱4分别是由船舶水线下方船舶平面中心点近旁的压载水舱构成，以及对船舶水线下方船舶平面中心点近旁的压载水舱进行分隔构成。
实施例13：是在实施例8的基础上的一组实施例。一项实施例中船舶所安装的化学中和器8由镁基碱原料储罐和碱溶液输送器组成，其镁基碱原料储罐是氢氧化镁液体原料罐，其碱溶液输送器由碱溶液泵和阀组成。另一项实施例的化学中和器8的原料储罐由氧化镁固体原料罐和碱溶液生成罐组成。
还有一项实施例的化学中和器8，由氧化钙固体原料罐和碱溶液生成罐以及碱溶液计 量泵连接组成。
又一项实施例的化学中和器8，由氢氧化钠溶液储罐和碱溶液计量泵及阀连接组成；所述氢氧化钠溶液储罐内储存氢氧化钠浓度为10％至60％的碱溶液，多数情况下储罐内的氢氧化钠浓度为30％至50％，高纬度海域为防止溶液结冰时氢氧化钠浓度为20％。
以上实施例所配置的化学中和器，选择现有工业常规碱性药剂添加装置，体积不大，投入成本较小。
实施例14：是在实施例7，8的基础上的一组实施例。一项实施例安装的生物杀灭处理单元4.2，是由船舶现有压载水处理***的紫外线生物杀灭装置组成。另一实施例安装的生物杀灭处理单元4.2，是由船舶现有压载水处理***的臭氧生物杀灭装置组成。还有一实施例安装的生物杀灭处理单元4.2，是由船舶现有压载水处理***的次氯酸钠生物杀灭装置组成。以上实施例船舶的生物杀灭处理单元4.2，均为现有船舶压载水处理***的生物杀灭处理装置。
又一实施例船舶与附图5，6，7，8所示相似，该船舶生物杀灭处理单元，由酸液生物杀灭装置组成，是根据低pH溶液中生物存活时间(如pH 3时20分钟)设计的直接利用洗涤器酸性排水储存进行生物杀灭的装置，因此该船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱4视为与生物杀灭单元4.2合并布置。再一实施例的储水箱3.3视为与生物杀灭单元4.2合并布置。
实施例15：是在实施例6或实施例7的基础上的一组实施例，所安装的洗涤器3是腔体内填充具有大面积连续气隙和水膜即湿润面的填充物以使通过的气液充分接触以高效脱硫的填料式洗涤器，其中所述的填充物分别是环形，球形，条形，鞍形，多边形和孔板形填充物，还有一种结合多种几何形状的多元异形填充物。使用具有大面积连续气隙和湿润面的填料洗涤可以使洗涤脱除二氧化硫的效率高、所需洗涤水量少，这一方面利于对暂时用作储水箱的压载水舱占船舶压载水舱总容积的份额设定限额以不影响船舶航行安全，另一方面可使船舶执行限硫令的运行成本(能耗)和固定成本(占用空间)较低。
另一项实施例安装的洗涤器3是空腔喷淋式洗涤器。还有一项实施例所安装的洗涤器3内包括了填料和文丘里喷射单元和泡罩式洗涤器。以上实施例所安装的洗涤器都是化工行业现有的洗涤器类型。
再有一项实施例所安装的洗涤器3是嵌入消音器中具有消音功能的洗涤器，可以在海水和/或淡水洗涤工况下具有很高的洗涤效率和较小的体积，从而既能消音，又能高效清洗尾气，关键是不额外占用船舶空间，进一步减少了船舶固定成本和运行成本。
实施例16：是实施例1的海船尾气清洗方法的用途实施例，如附图1和附图2所示，本实施例船舶为海洋油轮，40,200载重吨，发动机功率8,580KW，燃用含硫3.5％的重质柴油(380CST)；压载水舱总容积20,650m 3，该船舶常规航线单程约6,000公里，有一处港区禁排洗涤水，其进港单程耗时约1小时，按往返2.5小时洗涤水禁排航程计划；用作储水箱的压载水舱，是由船舶水线下方船舶平面中心点近旁的压载水舱加装分隔约1000m 3的空间构成，该容积占船舶压载水舱总容积的份额设定限制范围为0.3％～5％。
本实施例船舶在包括公海在内的绝大部分海域航行的尾气清洗方式，采用仅用海水洗涤排海的经济运行模式，所需能耗约为对应发动机功率的1％；在进出禁排洗涤水港区海域期间切换为洗涤排水暂存用作储水箱的压载水舱。本实施例船舶采用高效的填料洗涤设计，每小时满载航程产生的洗涤水量约为压载水舱总容积的0.5％，设定的储水箱容积可以确保2.5小时洗涤水禁排航程使用；船舶在港装卸货期间，主推发动机停运，仅有辅助发动机运行甚至停运(使用岸电)；船舶在出港离开禁排洗涤水海域后，启动生物杀灭水排水泵将暂存压载水舱中的酸性洗涤水经过生物杀灭处理至符合压载水排放法规水质标准后送入海水中和器，与输入的碱性海水进行中和处理至达到IMO法规对于EGC排水要求的pH值标准后排放到大海(其它各项排放水质指标由现有技术保证)，在储存的酸性洗涤水排空期间中和水泵增加流量。此时EGC***已切换回到海水洗涤排海模式运行。
本实施例船舶全航程尾气清洗能耗基本维持对应发动机功率的1％不变，而且不使用碱性化学品，洗涤排水适用船舶洗涤水排放法规和船舶压载水排放法规及标准。
实施例17：是实施例1的海船尾气清洗方法的用途的另一项实施例，如附图1和附图3所示，本实施例船舶为远洋散货轮，180,000载重吨，发动机功率15MW，燃用含硫3.5％的重质柴油(380CST)，压载水舱总容积90,650m 3，常规航线单程约1万公里，有一处禁排洗涤水的港区进港单程耗时约2小时，按往返4.5小时洗涤水禁排航程计划。本实施例船舶在公海等一般海域航行，采用IMO EGC导则的标准模式仅用海水洗涤排海方式运行尾 气清洗器；在进出禁排洗涤水港区海域期间切换为洗涤排水储存在用作储水箱的压载水舱而不排海；本实施例船舶采用高效的填料洗涤设计，每小时满载航程产生的洗涤水量约为压载水舱总容积的1％，4.5小时洗涤水禁排航程洗涤水量约为压载水舱总容积的4.5％。对用作储水箱的压载水舱容积占船舶压载水舱总容积的份额设定为2档，第一档为5％～10％，可以确保4.5小时洗涤水禁排航程使用；第二档为10％～50％，需要时可以储存超过48小时的洗涤排水；为此，用作储水箱的压载水舱，是由船舶水线下方船舶平面中心点近旁的多个压载水舱连接构成，每个用作储水箱的压载水舱在不储存洗涤排水时仍作为一般压载水舱使用。本实施例船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱储存的洗涤排水经过化学品中和处理和生物杀灭处理。化学品中和处理由装有30％浓度氢氧化钠溶液罐及碱计量输送泵构成的化学中和器实现，仅短时使用少量碱性化学品；该化学中和器与用作储水箱的压载水舱连接，并在洗涤排水进入该压载水舱时被打开，以使酸性洗涤水被碱性化学品中和，并有利于该压载水舱防止化学腐蚀。生物杀灭处理是使用船上原有的压载水处理***的生物杀灭装置完成的。在港装卸货期间，主推发动机停运，仅有辅助发动机运行甚至停运(使用岸电)；在出港离开禁排洗涤水海域后，启动压载水排水泵使用作储水箱的压载水舱中储存的经过化学品中和处理和生物杀灭处理后符合洗涤水排放法规和压载水排放法规的洗涤排水从达标压载水排放口排海。船舶回到一般海域航运时EGC***切换回到海水洗涤排海运行模式。本实施例船舶全航程尾气清洗能耗约为对应发动机功率的1.5％，洗涤排水适用船舶洗涤水排放法规和船舶压载水排放法规及标准。
本发明的权利要求保护范围不限于上述实施例。

Claims (22)

  1. 一种海船尾气清洗方法，其特征在于，步骤包括：
    a)船舶航行中将船舶发动机尾气和洗涤用海水导入洗涤器内使海水洗涤发动机尾气以吸收尾气中的二氧化硫；
    b)使经海水洗涤吸收至含硫达标后的发动机尾气排往大气；
    c)船舶航行在允许排放洗涤水海域，使a)步骤产生的酸性洗涤排水与抽取到船上的碱性海水进行中和处理至达标后排海；
    d)船舶航行在禁止排放洗涤水海域，使a)步骤产生的酸性洗涤排水切换为储存到船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱；
    e)船舶再航行至允许排放洗涤水海域，使船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱储存的经过中和处理和/或杀活处理的洗涤排水达标排海，并使a)步骤产生的洗涤排水切换为c)步骤操作。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤a)使海水洗涤发动机尾气以吸收尾气中的二氧化硫，是使海水和尾气通过形成大面积连续气隙和水膜的填充层实现气液充分接触的高效脱硫洗涤方法。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤e)的经过中和处理，是经过包括碱性海水中和处理和/或碱性化学品中和处理。
  4. 如权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述碱性海水中和处理，是使储存的酸性洗涤排水与包括船舶海水总管中从海洋抽取的自然海水和/或船上设施冷却用的自然海水进行中和的处理。
  5. 如权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述碱性化学品中和处理，是使储存的酸性洗涤排水与包括镁基和/或钙基和/或钠基碱性化学品进行中和的处理。
  6. 如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤e)的经过杀活处理，包括经过紫外线杀灭和/或次氯酸杀灭和/或臭氧杀灭的船舶压载水生物杀灭处理。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤e)的经过杀活处理，是经过直接利用酸性洗涤排水低pH值储存的船舶压载水酸液生物杀灭处理。
  8. 如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤e)使船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱储存的经过中和处理和/或杀活处理的洗涤排水达标排海，是指该洗涤排水达到船舶洗涤水排放法规和/或船舶压载水排放法规要求的水质标准后排海。
  9. 如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤d)使洗涤排水切换为储存到船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱，该用作储水箱的压载水舱的容积占船舶压载水舱总容积的份额至少为0.3％，或0.5％，或1％，或2％，或3％，或4％，或5％，或10％，或15％，或20％，或30％，或40％，或50％，或80％；和至多为0.3％，或0.5％，或1％，或2％，或3％，或4％，或5％，或10％，或15％，或20％，或30％，或40％，或50％，或80％。
  10. 如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤d)产生的洗涤排水切换为储存到船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱，是储存到船舶水线下方船舶平面中心点近旁的压载水舱。
  11. 如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤e)使船舶用作储水箱的压载水舱储存的经过处理的洗涤排水达标排海，该洗涤排水排海前所储存的时间至少10分钟，或20分钟，或30分钟，或45分钟，或1小时，或2小时，或3小时，或6小时，或12小时，或24小时，或36小时，或48小时。
  12. 一种使用权利要求1所述海船尾气清洗方法的船舶，其特征在于，它包括船体(1)，发动机(2)，洗涤器(3)，海水中和器(5)，用作储水箱的压载水舱(4)及其生物杀灭单元(4.2)，以及达标洗涤水排出口(5.5)；发动机(2)的排气管(2.1)通过洗涤器(3)与烟囱(7)连通；洗涤器(3)连接有洗涤水进水管(3.1)，并通过酸性洗涤水排出管(3.2)连接海水中和器(5)；海水中和器(5)连接有海水中和进水管(5.1)，和通过洗涤水排出管(5.3)连接达标洗涤水排出口(5.5)；海水中和器(5)还与用作储水箱的压载水舱(4)连接；压载水舱(4)连接有生物杀灭处理单元(4.2)；生物杀灭处理单元(4.2)通过生物杀灭水排出泵(4.6)与海水中和器(5)连接。
  13. 一种使用权利要求1所述海船尾气清洗方法的船舶，其特征在于，它包括船体(1)，发动机(2)，洗涤器(3)，海水中和器(5)，化学中和器(8)，用作储水箱的压载水 舱(4)及其生物杀灭单元(4.2)，以及达标洗涤水排出口(5.5)和达标压载水排出口(4.5)；发动机(2)的排气管(2.1)通过洗涤器(3)与烟囱(7)连通；洗涤器(3)连接有洗涤水进水管(3.1)，并通过酸性洗涤水排出管(3.2)连接海水中和器(5)；海水中和器(5)连接有海水中和进水管(5.1)，和通过洗涤水排出管(5.3)连接达标洗涤水排出口(5.5)；海水中和器(5)还与化学中和器(8)及用作储水箱的压载水舱(4)连接；压载水舱(4)连接有生物杀灭处理单元(4.2)和压载水排出管(4.3)，压载水排出管(4.3)与达标压载水排出口(4.5)连接。
  14. 一种使用权利要求1所述海船尾气清洗方法的船舶，其特征在于，它包括船体(1)，发动机(2)，洗涤器(3)，用作储水箱的压载水舱(4)，海水中和器(5)，以及达标洗涤水排出口(5.5)；发动机(2)的排气管(2.1)通过洗涤器(3)与烟囱(7)连通；洗涤器(3)连接有洗涤水进水管(3.1)，并通过酸性洗涤水排出管(3.2)连接海水中和器(5)；海水中和器(5)连接有海水中和进水管(5.1)，和通过洗涤水排出管(5.3)连接达标洗涤水排出口(5.5)；海水中和器(5)还与用作储水箱的压载水舱(4)通过双向输送管道(4.7)连接。
  15. 如权利要求13所述的船舶，其特征在于，所述化学中和器(8)由混合酸性洗涤排水和碱性化学品的容器以及镁基和/或钙基和/或钠基化学品原料储罐和输送装置构成。
  16. 如权利要求12或13或14所述的船舶，其特征在于，所述生物杀灭处理单元(4.2)，由利用酸性洗涤排水低pH值储存杀灭生物的酸液生物杀灭装置组成。
  17. 如权利要求12或13或14所述的船舶，其特征在于，所述生物杀灭处理单元(4.2)，由船舶现有压载水处理生物杀灭***装置组成，包括紫外线杀灭和/或次氯酸杀灭和/或臭氧杀灭***装置。
  18. 如权利要求12或13或14所述的船舶，其特征在于，所述的用作储水箱的压载水舱(4)，由容积占船舶压载水舱总容积的份额至少为0.3％，或0.5％，或1％，或2％，或3％，或4％，或5％，或10％，或15％，或20％，或30％，或40％，或50％，或80％，和至多为0.3％，或0.5％，或1％，或2％，或3％，或4％，或5％，或10％，或15％，或20％，或30％，或40％，或50％，或80％的部分压载水舱构成。
  19. 如权利要求12或13或14所述的船舶，其特征在于，所述的用作储水箱的压载水舱(4)，由容积供洗涤排水储存至少10分钟、或20分钟、或30分钟、或45分钟、或1小时、或2小时、或3小时、或6小时、或12小时、或24小时、或36小时、或48小时的压载水舱构成。
  20. 如权利要求12或13或14所述的船舶，其特征在于，所述的用作储水箱的压载水舱(4)，是船舶水线下方船舶平面中心点近旁的压载水舱。
  21. 如权利要求12或13或14所述的船舶，其特征在于，所述的洗涤器(3)是腔体内填充具有大面积连续气隙和水膜的填充物以使通过的气液充分接触以高效脱硫的填料式洗涤器。
  22. 一种权利要求1所述海船尾气清洗方法在船舶上的应用，其特征在于，使用权利要求1所述方法减少海洋船舶航运对大气的二氧化硫排放。
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