WO2019025850A1 - Procédé de caractérisation de chauffe-eau à accumulation et d'apprentissage de tracé de profils - Google Patents

Procédé de caractérisation de chauffe-eau à accumulation et d'apprentissage de tracé de profils Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019025850A1
WO2019025850A1 PCT/IB2018/000777 IB2018000777W WO2019025850A1 WO 2019025850 A1 WO2019025850 A1 WO 2019025850A1 IB 2018000777 W IB2018000777 W IB 2018000777W WO 2019025850 A1 WO2019025850 A1 WO 2019025850A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
loc
tap
acc
temperature
withdrawal
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2018/000777
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Matteo BOARO
Gianluca COACCI
Roberto Paolinelli
Eleonora VECCHIONI
Original Assignee
Ariston Thermo S.P.A.
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ariston Thermo S.P.A. filed Critical Ariston Thermo S.P.A.
Priority to ES18766325T priority Critical patent/ES2901106T3/es
Priority to EP18766325.7A priority patent/EP3662210B1/fr
Priority to PL18766325T priority patent/PL3662210T3/pl
Publication of WO2019025850A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019025850A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D19/00—Details
    • F24D19/10—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F24D19/1006—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heating systems
    • F24D19/1051—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heating systems for domestic hot water
    • F24D19/1063—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heating systems for domestic hot water counting of energy consumption
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/10—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the purpose of the control
    • F24H15/144—Measuring or calculating energy consumption
    • F24H15/148—Assessing the current energy consumption
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/10—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the purpose of the control
    • F24H15/156—Reducing the quantity of energy consumed; Increasing efficiency
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/20—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
    • F24H15/212—Temperature of the water
    • F24H15/215—Temperature of the water before heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/20—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
    • F24H15/269—Time, e.g. hour or date
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/30—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control outputs; characterised by the components to be controlled
    • F24H15/355—Control of heat-generating means in heaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/40—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers
    • F24H15/414—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers using electronic processing, e.g. computer-based
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H9/00—Details
    • F24H9/20—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F24H9/2007—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H9/00—Details
    • F24H9/20—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F24H9/2007—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heaters
    • F24H9/2014—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heaters using electrical energy supply
    • F24H9/2021—Storage heaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/30—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control outputs; characterised by the components to be controlled
    • F24H15/395—Information to users, e.g. alarms

Definitions

  • Object of the present invention in a generic storage water heater controlled by an electronic control, a new method for learning the user's hot water consumption habits as well as a new method for managing the water maintenance temperature aimed at heating the water only in the quantity and at time foreseen based on said habitual consumptions.
  • An instantaneous water heater can deliver a hot water flow rate strictly proportional to the installed thermal power. Generally, there is difficulty in installing high powers and this sets a limit on the maximum allowed flow rate. Advantage of storage water heaters is that they can deliver very high water flows with limited installed thermal power.
  • the amount of water which can be delivered at the temperature of use Tu during a single tapping may be larger than the volume of the storage tank because this is specifically maintained at a storage temperature T.acc greater than said temperature of use Tu and the water withdrawn is then used by mixing it with cold water.
  • T.acc meaning a fictitious temperature, representative of the enthalpy content of the water in the storage tank, not necessarily directly measurable, and equal to the average water temperature in the tank.
  • C the thermal capacity of a mass of water in a storage tank
  • E the thermal energy that such mass can deliver to an environment at 0 °C
  • T.acc the thermal energy that such mass can deliver to an environment at 0 °C
  • the storage tanks are expensive and cumbersome, it is common to have a volume as much as possible small by maintaining, however, the storage temperature T.acc high (generally 60 - 75 °C) whereas the effective temperature of use Tu, normally included between the 35°C and 40 °C, is obtained just upstream from the points of use by mixing with cold water; however, water is often distributed at temperatures higher than use temperature Tu to compensate for cooling along the distribution pipes.
  • the volume V of the tank is selected in order to satisfy the largest of the withdrawals foreseeable for a specific user by maintaining the storage temperature
  • T.acc at the maximum possible value while the installed thermal power must be such as to restore a reserve of sufficient water for the following withdrawal.
  • the minimum requirement to guarantee the service is always met is that the water heater is maintained, at least for a part, at a minimum temperature not lower than the usage temperature Tu, in order to withstand unexpected minor withdrawals and that the tank volume is large enough to guarantee the largest water withdrawal required for that user, keeping the temperature at the maximum allowed value.
  • withdrawals have a very uneven pattern during the day, both for times and amount of consumption, tending to gather at specific timings. From here on, said tapping pattern, consisting of the times and amount of withdrawals, will be called drawing profile.
  • the cycle of withdrawals generally lasts one week, where each day of the week can be understood as a sub-period of the cycle having its characteristics of withdrawal that differentiate it from the other days, for particular users, such as in the working environments where any difference in behaviour is not correlated to the day of the week, the cycle of withdrawals, however repetitive, may have a duration other than seven days and the sub-periods different from 24 hours.
  • the simple method in use has always been to activate and deactivate the heating element by means of a clock so that the desired temperatures are guaranteed only during the period in which withdrawals are expected.
  • Another simple method, less efficient from the point of view of energy but economically more advantageous for the same, is that of activating the heating element only during lower time tariffs periods; the water may be unnecessarily too hot well in advance of the needs, but in any case, it has been obtained at relatively low costs.
  • the most effective methods for reducing consumption are those methods which allows the storage temperature T.acc to vary over time in a programmed manner. For this to be possible, the drawing profile must be known.
  • the document EP 0 866 282 describes a device in which it is possible to program the desired sequence of withdrawals, that is, the drawing profile.
  • the size of the n withdrawals foreseen in the time sequence t.l, t.2, ... t.k, ... t.n is recorded by setting for each time t.k the temperature T.off.k that it is believed can satisfy the k-th withdrawal Pk.
  • a limitation of the method consists in the difficulty of a correct setting, since the user may not be aware of the actual hot water withdrawal times and the actual T.off.k setting values to obtain the desired amount of hot water at use temperature Tu.
  • the set-up method therefore, involves a series of adjustments for tests and errors with a high probability that the user will quit adjusting the set up as soon as the heating needs are satisfied without knowing if he could have achieved this more efficiently.
  • Another difficulty lies in the fact that the actual time when the desired temperature is reached depends on the heating time, which is difficult to evaluate and however variable over the time for the same water heater for various reasons such as calcareous deposits, seasonal variations of the room temperature in which the water heater is housed or the temperature of inlet water to the storage tank, reduction over the time of the effective heat output of the heating element.
  • the prior art document GB 2 146 797 detects information on the timing and amount of each withdrawal using flow sensors and sets, for each withdrawal, the storage temperature T.acc at a value that is intermediate between the minimum and the maximum allowed and proportional to the expected withdrawal volume.
  • the method has the drawback of requiring the presence of flow sensors to detect the withdrawals; moreover, it has no self-adapting capability, in the sense that it learns the variability of the withdrawals but, by assigning to each size of withdrawal an unchangeable temperature because generated by a pre-set formula, it does not have the possibility to correct it if it is too high or too low.
  • the sequence of the timing of the withdrawals and the corresponding desired storage temperatures T.acc are preset in an electronic processor; the computer consequently establishes the control values that the adjustment temperature for the thermostat have to assume for each time interval. Subsequently these adjustment temperatures are adjusted by raising them for the intervals in which the desired storage T.acc have not been reached and decreasing them in the opposite case.
  • a limitation of the method, as in the first document mentioned, is the necessity of having to pre-set the foreseen withdrawals; another limitation, as in the second document cited, is that it works on a fixed pre-set storage temperature T.acc which, however, is not guaranteed to be the best to ensure the desired performance in the most efficient manner.
  • the thermal power to be supplied is calculated taking into account the water temperatures read at intervals of time but also environmental parameters (such as ambient temperature) and / or construction parameters (such as the thermos-physical and / or geometric characteristics of the water heater itself) so that the control software must be customized for each model of water heater.
  • the target temperature for hot water is calculated considering continuously both said external temperature to the inlet pipe and the external temperature to the outlet pipe temperature towards the users as well as considering the amount of water withdrawal in progress, the thermal heat loss and the thermal power available based on formulas containing constants (R, B, C) empirically predefined and characterizing the water heater. This method is also not suitable for guaranteeing the performance for storage water heaters because, as in the previous document, it intervenes belatedly.
  • the document EP 2 362 931 Bl is the first among the documents listed here that identifies and records the water drawing profile exclusively by monitoring the accumulated water temperatures with one or more sensors placed in areas of the tank most likely to be affected by the entry of cold water which occurs at each withdrawal. A rate of decrease of such temperatures over a certain threshold at a- given time indicates that a withdrawal has begun at that moment while the amount of temperatures decrease, indicates the amount of the withdrawal itself. In this way it is possible to build the withdrawal cycle. This document therefore indicates how to identify the timing and the amount of the withdrawals exclusively based on the monitoring of water temperatures in the storage.
  • the timing estimate of each withdrawal is very precise, thanks to said positioning of the sensors near the cold water inlet, however the same position makes it difficult to assess, from the temperatures read by the sensors, the real average water temperature at the end of the water withdrawal. This may cause an underestimation of this average water temperature with consequent overestimation of the amount of the withdrawals and therefore a subsequent management of the water heater at higher temperatures than necessary.
  • the activation of the heating element with the correct advance involves the knowledge of the heating speed that most of the aforementioned documents provide for estimating through learning.
  • a common drawback to all the methods described above is that they only aim to satisfy the first of the next scheduled withdrawals, and afterwards they may fail to satisfy a consistent withdrawal occurring shortly after the withdrawal just fulfilled due to lack of sufficient time to restore the temperature T.off to the new needed value.
  • the document EP 2 366 081 Bl can construct a profile of "fictitious water withdrawals" that allow the water heater to prepare in advance for one or more important withdrawals close to a first withdrawal. For the rest, the document identifies and records the profile of the withdrawals in a very similar way as the previous EP 2 362 931 Bl of which therefore has the same merits and limits for these aspects.
  • the document EP 2 328 046 Bl assigns to the T.off temperature only four possible predetermined values corresponding to an expected "important", “normal”, “weak” or “minimum” estimated withdrawal. The extent and the time of each withdrawal is not directly detected but by the measurement of the activation time of the heating element, triggered by the decrease of the storage temperature T.acc, within sliding time windows; naturally, longer or shorter activation times for the T.off temperature recovery were caused by more or less important withdrawals.
  • the method has the advantage of acquiring data on withdrawals without additional sensors in addition to that which drives the thermostat but, by its nature, not providing direct and immediate measurements of the occurrence of withdrawals and their amount, nor knowing the speed of heating, requires a recursive learning, by successive approximations, for the development of which many withdrawal cycles are necessary and can necessarily decide and discriminate only among a few predetermined values for T.off. Therefore, the maximum energy saving that the method allows is achievable with delay compared to previous documents and only in a less accurate way. In addition, even a marked change in user behaviour, immediate adaptation to the following cycle is not possible.
  • a general problem in determining the energy content and the energy consumption of a water heater is that these are strictly correlated to the value of the storage temperature T.acc while the temperature probes can only measure the local temperature (herein called local temperature T.loc) which is very far from the storage temperature T.acc if the water in the water heater is not in a steady state.
  • a general object of the present invention is at least partly to overcome said these drawbacks.
  • an object of the present invention is that of acquiring, in a more accurate manner than is known today, the time and the size of a water withdrawal with the aid of temperature sensors but without a direct measurement of the storage temperature T.acc at the end of a withdrawal.
  • a further object of the present invention is to detect the heating speed of the water by the heating elements, minimizing the errors of assessment that the temperatures actually and locally read can induce.
  • a further object of at least some variants of the present invention is to detect said water heating speed separately for each of the possible different types of heating elements present and / or for groups thereof
  • a further object is to construct the drawing profiles based on said acquisitions of times and entities of each withdrawal or groups of small withdrawals and on said heating speed.
  • Another possible aim is to store said drawing profiles in synthetic form, preserving only the essential data for a possible management method of the storage temperature T.acc in the time which minimizes the heat losses while satisfying the needs of users.
  • FIG. 1 - figures 1.a and 1.b show, schematically, in section, a storage water heater with the essential elements for the objects of the invention; in fig. l.a, the water heater is heated by an electrical resistance while in fig. 1.b from a coil fed by a generic heat transfer fluid;
  • FIG. 2 shows, in a graph, the temporal pattern of a local temperature during a complete heating phase of the water from an initial phase, at room temperature, up to the switching off of the heating element to reach the desired temperature in the absence of withdrawals;
  • FIG. 3 shows, in a graph, the cyclical time pattern of a local temperature that oscillates between a minimum temperature reached by cooling from thermal losses to a maximum reached at the switching off of the heating element following the restoration of the target temperature and always in the absence of withdrawals;
  • FIG. 4 shows, in a graph, the pattern of the storage temperature and of a local temperature, directly measured, during a period consisting of a first phase of mild cooling by thermal losses followed by a sudden cooling due to the effect of a withdrawal in turn followed by a heating when a heating element switches on;
  • FIG. 5 shows, in a graph, the pattern of the storage temperature and of a local temperature, directly measured, during a period consisting of phases of mild cooling due to thermal losses interspersed / interrupted by a few phases of sudden cooling by withdrawals in turn followed by heating phases up to the temperatures determined from time to time on the basis of an acquired drawing profile;
  • FIG. 6 shows, in a graph, the pattern of a directly measured local temperature during a realistic period consisting of phases of mild cooling due to thermal losses interspersed / interrupted by many phases of sudden cooling by withdrawals, even very small, in turn followed by heating phases up to the temperatures determined from time to time on the basis of an acquired drawing profile;
  • FIG. 7 shows, in a graph, the pattern of the storage temperature and of a local temperature, directly measured, during a cooling phase for thermal losses, followed by restoration of the initial temperature and in the absence of water withdrawal;
  • FIG. 8 shows, in a graph, during a heating step by a heating element with a thermal power slowly decreasing as the temperature increases, a rising slope of the same temperature with curvilinear pattern which can be approximated to a linear slope;
  • FIG. 9 shows, in a graph, during a heating step by a heating element with thermal power more markedly decreasing than in fig. 8 as the temperature increases, a rising slope of the same temperature with curvilinear pattern, which can be approximated to two consecutive linear sections.
  • FIG. 10 shows, in a graph, a first phase of mild cooling for thermal losses followed by a sudden cooling due to a first withdrawal in turn followed by a heating phase which stops before the average temperature has returned to the value had before the first withdrawal and then followed by a second withdrawal;
  • FIG. 11 shows, in a graph, a first phase of mild cooling by thermal losses followed by a sudden cooling due to a first withdrawal in turn followed by a heating step which continues during a second withdrawal.
  • the storage temperature T.acc can substantially coincide with the temperatures that can actually be measured locally only when the water is in "steady state", i.e. not subject to turbulence due to, for example, water inlet when the temperature is substantially homogeneous in the storage tank and therefore knowable with a good approximation, anywhere measured.
  • the actual local temperatures can be very different from the storage temperature T.acc, especially because the temperature sensors are usually placed near the cold water inlet and often also in the heating element HE.
  • heating element HE it is meant any known heat source such as a group of one or more electric heaters, exhaust discharge pipes, heat exchanger of the condenser in a heat pump, heat exchanger of a hot water space heating system, etc.
  • FIGS. 1.a and 1.b show a diagram of the tank S of a storage water heater, in the example of the vertical type, with a cold water inlet IN and a hot water outlet OUT and provided with a heating element HE which can be switched from the OFF state to ON and vice versa by a thermo-regulator TR.
  • thermo-regulator TR is of the type suitable for communicating the OFF and ON states of said heating element HE and the current values of at least said switch off temperature T.off to a control unit comprising a microprocessor MP.
  • thermo-regulator TR is integrated in said microprocessor MP and, even more advantageously, can receive by the latter values of the switch off temperature T.off and of switch on T.on to be set at each time in agreement, for instance, with was decided by any control program for managing the water heater temperature operating while the methods according to the present invention are also active. As it will be shown, such possible variation of the values of said switch off T.off and switch on T.on temperatures does not prevent achieving the goals of the invention.
  • s local temperature sensors S.loc.i are provided (with i from 1 to s and with s > 1), preferably located near the cold water inlet IN and the heating element HE.
  • said s local temperature sensors S.loc.i are of the NTC type, which ensure reading accuracies far higher than those necessary for the purposes of the invention.
  • one of the said s temperature sensors S.loc.i can coincide with the temperature sensor STR of the thermo-regulator TR.
  • microprocessor MP is capable to perform the following reading, recording, and processing functions, foreseen for the different variants of the invention, including:
  • said local temperatures T.loc.i can be used to calculate at least:
  • microprocessor MP Other durable or temporary memory saving, and processing capabilities of the microprocessor MP may be foreseen and will be apparent with the description of a basic method and many variants according to the invention.
  • the mean value T.loc of said local temperatures T.loc.i is generally relevant, (possibly suitably weighed to give greater relevance to one or the other of them) or, as will be seen, the single T.loc.i value of each of them or of only one of them.
  • each withdrawal is considered represented by the reduction AT.tap of the storage temperature T.acc caused by the withdrawal; however, this reduction is not directly detectable because the position and the quantity of said sensors S.loc.i is not able to provide valid information for the whole storage tank when there are turbulences and temperature stratifications due to withdrawals in progress or just terminated. In other words, the storage temperature T.acc is not directly measurable in these circumstances.
  • the reduction AT.tap caused by a withdrawal occurred at a time t2
  • the reduction AT.tap is calculated a posteriori, once the water withdrawal is completed, at a subsequent time t3 preferably at the end or in any case during a subsequent uninterrupted heating phase triggered by the reduction of the local storage temperature T.loc below the switch on temperature T.on caused by the water withdrawal.
  • Said reduction AT.tap is considered equal to the difference between the storage temperature T.acc.2 at a time before the starting of the withdrawal and the storage temperature T.acc.3 at the time t3 plus the increase ⁇ of the storage temperature T.acc caused by the same heating.
  • T.acc.2 temperature T.loc.2 read at the start of the withdrawal (the water heater was at rest)
  • ⁇ -loc here called “local temperature decrease” (described in detail below) is a temporary deviation between the temperature T.loc.3 read and the storage temperature T.acc.3 which can optionally be taken into account for more accurate calculations. In this case this is read in a memory and may have a pre-defined experimental value (and also null) or, preferably, determined according to a procedure that will be described later.
  • this direct method is often unsatisfactory because the effective thermal power Pe and the thermal capacity C can be different from the nominal ones and also change over time for various factors such as for example: voltage fluctuations, degradation, scale build up, etc. Therefore, more advanced methods are preferred which indirectly and implicitly take into account the actual values of said effective thermal power Pe and heat capacity C as well as any disturbance factors.
  • v.T.rise is defined as the speed of the variation of the storage temperature T.acc, i.e. as the increase in temperature T.acc, in the unit of time by the heating element HE.
  • AT.tap T.acc.2 - (T.acc.3 - v.T.rise * 5t.HE.on)
  • this procedure for calculating the reduction AT.tap is applicable only for those withdrawals which are sufficiently important to activate the heating bodies HE, i.e. to bring the local temperature T.loc below the switch on temperature T.on; otherwise, for each smaller consecutive withdrawal, the time when they occur can be detected if they cause a reduction of T.loc, while, their sizes are assimilated to that of a single withdrawal which becomes detectable only when the progressive decreases of T.loc finally trigger the activation of the heating body.
  • the first one is when the time t3 coincides with the end of the heating phase following the withdrawal which causes the temperature reduction AT.tap.1 but this phase is short because the variable switch off temperature T. off is at the time lower than the temperature T.acc.2 at the start of withdrawal and therefore easily reachable, before the steady state.
  • the second one is when, during said heating phase triggered by the temperature reduction AT.tap.l, a further withdrawal occurs, represented by the temperature reduction AT.tap.2, at a time t3 earlier than the one it would have been necessary to reach again the steady state. It is therefore necessary to take into account the temperature T.loc.3 read at this time t3 in order to ignore the effects of said further withdrawal.
  • the steady state at the time t3 is considered reached if for the corresponding measured temperature T.loc.3, it is:
  • AT.q 0 that is: if T.loc.3 - T.loc.2 > 0 the water heater is considered in steady state at time t3 otherwise it is considered still in a state of turbulence.
  • V.T.rise.loc is defined as the angular coefficient of the line tangent the local temperature T.loc rise curve at time t3, where T.loc is detected during the heating phase.
  • V.T.rise.loc represents the temperature rise speed of the water heater "seen” by the S.loc.i. temperature sensors.
  • V.T.rise.loc any computational mathematical technique can be used which allows to calculate the angular coefficient of the tangent at a given point of a continuous curve known for algebraic mathematical function or known by points.
  • the angular coefficient V.T.rise.loc is calculated at predetermined time intervals (e.g. 5 minutes), replaces the previously calculated value in a memory and is considered valid at the current time (between t2 and the instant it will be assumed as t3).
  • ⁇ . ⁇ . ⁇ is defined as the time interval between the already defined t2 and t3.
  • v.T.rise.loc (T.acc.2 - T.loc.3) / ⁇ . ⁇ .fict, from which
  • T.acc.2 - v.T.rise * ( ⁇ . ⁇ . ⁇ + 6t.onl.fict ) T.acc.23.
  • T.acc.iniz is the start of withdrawal temperature so far called T.acc.2 and assumed to be equal to T.loc.2,
  • the time of withdrawal t2 is considered the same as the time of consequent switch on of the heating element, that is to say that the temperature decrease from T.acc.2 to T.on is considered instantaneous.
  • the temperatures, wherever detected, are equal to the storage temperature T.acc or if they deviate by quantities negligible, or in any case small, detectable and measurable.
  • the temperature inside the storage follows a regular pattern typical of the water heater model and therefore known experimentally.
  • the temperatures read by the local temperature sensors S.loc.i are therefore representative of the enthalpy content of the stored water because they allow to assess the storage temperature T.acc.
  • Fig. 2 shows the trend of the local temperature T.loc during a complete water heating phase, in the absence of withdrawals, from an initial phase, at aqueduct temperature, until the switch off of the heating element once the target temperature is reached.
  • the curve which is strictly of the exponential type, or, more generally, to an asymptotic trend towards a limiting temperature T.lim, can be considered to have a linear slope from the beginning to the end of the ON state of the heating element HE at least if this is able to supply a constant power P, substantially independent of the operating temperature, as certainly in the case of electrical resistances.
  • the power delivered P can most often be satisfactorily considered constant in the range of temperatures of interest.
  • the cooling curve shown e.g. in figure 3 can be considered linear.
  • a small cusp may, but not necessary, occur due to an already mentioned sudden decrease AT.loc of the local temperature T.loc (this decrease AT.loc is better seen in Fig. 3).
  • This decrement AT.loc of the local temperature T.loc therefore depends on the architecture of the water heater and may even be non-existent or irrelevant.
  • the storage temperature T.acc is equal to the local temperature T.loc minus AT.loc but both increase at the same speed.
  • the storage temperature T.acc reached at the end of the heating is substantially equal to the switch off temperature T.off of the thermostat minus AT.loc since also the temperature sensor STR of the thermo-regulator TR is affected by its proximity to the heating element HE and is one of the s sensors S.loc.
  • AT.loc decrement is much less evident or absent if the S.loc.i sensors are distant from the HE heating element, as for example, in the event that this is a coil of hot heat-carrying fluid HE immersed in the tank S or wound around it (see Fig. 1.b)
  • the main goal is to detect all the essential data for the management of the water heater aimed at minimizing energy consumption with the same performance delivered.
  • Each procedure can end with the storage of data that replace previously saved values.
  • the time of the end withdrawal t.fin.tap saved is the one when said decrease is lower than a speed ⁇ . ⁇ of temperature variation.
  • the reference to the stabilization decrease AT.loc is very appropriate in order not to confuse, as indicated above, between the "physiological" drop at the end of a heating phase with a small withdrawal; the reference to the speed of decrease is then appropriate in order not to confuse with the decrease due to thermal losses.
  • a preferred method for such verification can follow the steps below:
  • the TAP status registry stores the status [NO TAPPING] as soon as the water withdrawal has been completed, which enables the calculation of a new stabilization decrement AT.loc as will be described shortly.
  • a preferred value is 10 sec.
  • the predetermined threshold value T.thr a preferred value is 5 °C.
  • the velocity ⁇ . ⁇ of temperature variation T.loc.i.6t a preferred value is 0.1 °C / sec.
  • the stabilization decrement AT.loc is, as already mentioned, substantially zero otherwise it can be quantified by calculating the decrease of the local temperatures T.loc.i in a 5-minute interval at the end of a heating phase and after having ascertained that this decrease is not due to withdrawals in progress and that the heating element is OFF.
  • the stabilization decrease AT.loc is equal to the decrease in the local temperature T.loc in those 5 minutes and its value is stored in place of a previous one in memory.
  • step (d) after a detection time interval S.t.ril, i.e. at the following timing t + 5.t.ril the local temperatures T.loc.i (t + 5.t.ril) are again recorded; if for 5 minutes there is no decrease in the local temperatures T.loc.i then the decrement AT.loc is not considered calculable and the procedure returns to step (b), otherwise it proceeds with step (d),
  • the current microprocessors allow to set recalculation time intervals S.t.ric also in the order of 1 sec.
  • the same recalculation time 6.t.ric can also be used as a samples interval for data collection and processing of the further sections of the method according to the invention which must be described.
  • the essential characteristic of the invention is to estimate the amount of each withdrawal based on the restoration of the energy taken by the same withdrawal, it is very appropriate that the heating process by the HE heating element is well analysed.
  • v.T.rise indicated the variation speed of the storage temperature T.acc (i.e. the rising slope of the graph of the same temperature) when the heating element HE is in the ON state and no withdrawals are in progress.
  • the rising slope of the local temperature T.loc is substantially identical to said rising slope v.T.rise of the storage temperature T.acc and therefore said slope can be calculated in a predetermined time interval t.samp in which the heating element HE is in the ON state and it has been verified that the local temperature T.loc is growing and in a way substantially conforms to the theoretical rise curve (which, in particular, is substantially linear at least if the heating element HE delivers constant thermal power P as at least in the case of an electrical resistance).
  • the value of said rising slope v.T.rise is equal to the ratio between the difference of the local temperature T.loc values at the end and at the beginning of said interval t.samp divided by the duration of the interval itself.
  • a weighted average of the rising slope v.T.rise.med is calculated between the previous value v.T.rise.prec and the new value v.T.rise and this weighted average v.T.rise.med is stored in place of the previous value v.T.rise.prec.
  • a preferred method for this verification can be provided in the following initial conditions and recursively can develop in the following steps:
  • n.r memory registries at the first start of the water heater or whenever it switched back on, contain predefined values, e.g. also null.
  • v.T.rise [T.loc(t.fin) - T.loc(t.in)] / (n.r-1) * 6.t.rise;
  • step (e) is stored also for which group of heating elements HE in the ON state and for which local temperature range T.loc the calculation has been carried out.
  • the calculation is interrupted if one of the heating elements HE simultaneously in ON status ceases to be in that state.
  • heating elements HE whose rise speed cannot be considered constant throughout the local temperatures range T.loc where these can be operational.
  • the rising slope can be represented by a sequence of several consecutive linear sections (see Figure 9).
  • the second section and possibly further again, those following could be identified, by way of example, as follows:
  • said appropriate weights w.l and w.2 are respectively equal to 3 ⁇ 4 and
  • Said threshold value scost.rise.max may be as small as the said local temperature sensors S.loc.i. E.g. it can also be equal to 0.1 °C although much higher values, e.g. 2 - 3 °C are more than enough.
  • decrement velocity for thermal losses 6T.loss is calculated with criteria similar to those used for the withdrawal temperature drop AT.tap.
  • the storage temperature T.acc has the value T.acc.l (also known).
  • a cooling phase starts up to a time t2, (also known to the microprocessor), in which the HE heating element changes back to ON state.
  • T.acc.2 T .acc.3 - v.T.rise * ⁇ . ⁇ .
  • T.acc.2 T .acc.3 - v.T.rise * ⁇ . ⁇ .
  • v.AT.loss (T.acc.l- T.acc.2) / (t2 - tl).
  • rate of reduction of the storage temperature 6T.loss is calculated continuously because it is subject to variations also for environmental reasons and the new value is stored in place of a previous one either as such or after being averaged with the previous one.
  • T.acc.2 T.acc.3 - v.T.rise * (t3 - 12) T.acc.2 is calculated where T.acc.2 is the value assumed for said storage temperature T.acc at the time t2;
  • v.AT.loss (T.acc.1- T.acc.2) / (t2 - tl) where v.AT.loss is the value assumed for the cooling speed of said storage tank S;
  • step (g) during the whole process, if the status [NO_TAPPING] is not stored in the status registry (TAP), go back to step (a).
  • each collected withdrawal could be stored separately at least the time of start of withdrawal t.in.tap and the corresponding drop in temperature of withdrawal AT.tap if not also the time of end of the t.fin.tap withdrawal, but according to the invention, the following method is preferred which, by aggregating more information, takes up much less memory space while recording sufficient data for any management method aimed at reducing thermal losses while ensuring the performance required by the user.
  • both a fictitious withdrawal representing the total of the withdrawals found in the same interval and a corresponding fictitious time of the beginning of the same water withdrawal is calculated, after which said data can be stored as such.
  • the process of clustering and storage of data according to this last variant takes place in the following way.
  • the data thus aggregated can be stored as such and possibly continuously updated during one or more cycles following a first one, then storing the same as such but preferably it is also possible to take into account the consumptions found in the homologous intervals of one or more previous cycles by means of weighted averages or filtering operations so as to attenuate variations of user behaviour that could be occasional and non-definitive. In this case it is envisaged to keep the data relating to a number of cycles immediately preceding the current cycle plus the data of the current cycle stored in a M.cyc memory.
  • the M.cyc memory has a sliding window in the sense that at the end of each cycle all the data flow in the memory registries; the data of the older cycle are lost while the data of the other cycles take the place of those of the cycle to each of them preceding.
  • the number n.cyc.prec of previous cycles reaches up to 5.
  • the set of procedures described so far for the self-learning method is able to get all the information on the water drawing profile and to characterize the water heater as regards heating and cooling speed by the only reading of the temperatures of one or more local temperature sensors S.loc.i, associated with the timings of said readings and with appropriate processing of such data by the microprocessor MP.
  • T.acc.min the minimum usage temperature
  • T.acc.min the minimum usage temperature
  • T.acc.23 the minimum value found for the already defined storage temperature value T.acc at the end of water withdrawal T.acc.23.
  • T.acc.min the minimum usage temperature
  • it is reasonable to assume that a withdrawal is interrupted by the user when the water begins to exit at unsatisfactory temperature. In this way it is possible to periodically replace in memory any predefined value T.acc.min (for example 40 °C) with a value actually measured.
  • said heating elements HE can be of type more energy efficient; e.g. it can be the coil of a space heating system or, much more widely, the condenser of a heat pump HP.
  • a heating element HE consisting of the coil of a room heating system produces a rising slope of the same type towards a temperature limit T.lim which is the one, established in the boiler, of the heat transfer fluid and also here the deliverable thermal power P decreases directly with the temperature difference T.lim - T.acc.
  • heating elements HE can be referred to as “heating elements HE with thermal power P decreasing as the temperature rises” or, more briefly, “with an asymptotic rising slope”.
  • an asymptotic rising slope is also characterized and saved with criteria similar to those already indicated for the linear case.
  • the heating element HE with asymptotic rising slope may simply be equated with a heating element HE with linear slope already dealt with because the range of the storage temperature T.acc in which it is used allows such simplification.
  • the already defined predetermined threshold value scost.rise.max is within predetermined values such as the already indicated 2 - 3 °C. In other words, the method simply ignores that the rising slope is curved and assimilates it to a linear slope.
  • the heating element HE with asymptotic slope is used in such a wide range of temperatures and / or time that the slope cannot be accurately represented by a single line but can still be represented by two or more consecutive linear segments: the first one valid within a first local temperature range T.loc from Tloc.l to T.loc.2, the second one from Tloc.2 to T.loc.3 and so on.
  • the procedure determined and saved a first value v.T.rise.l within said sample interval, t.samp, the procedure continues to verify up to which value T.loc.2 the local temperature T.loc rises continuing to stay within the said predetermined threshold value scost.rise.max.
  • the procedure for calculating the rising speed v.T.rise is repeated and a second value T.rise.2 valid starting from this value T.loc.2 is calculated, and so on.
  • Many storage water heaters then provide the co-presence of at least two types of heating elements HE, one of which is usually always a group of electrical resistors, to be used simultaneously and/or sequentially according to various methods established by the control program and aimed at savings (energy or economic), others to assure the service in case of urgency.
  • HE heating elements
  • a complete characterization of the heating process is then obtained by memorizing the various values of rising slopes v.T.rise.l associated with the ON / OFF states of the heating bodies HE and at the temperature ranges for which they have been measured and considered valid.
  • v.T.rise elements HE in ON condition validity
  • v.T.rise.l electrical resistance all temperatures
  • v.T.rise.2 condenser PC from T.loc.l to T.loc.2
  • v.T.rise.3 condenser PC from T.loc.2 to T.loc.3
  • v.T.rise.4 resist.
  • Electr. + cond. PC from T.loc.l to T.loc.2 v.T.rise.5 resist.
  • ⁇ ⁇ i [v.T.rise.i * ( t i+ , - 1)] with i from 1 to k
  • ⁇ k is the total number of combinations of heating elements HE which, alone or in combination with others, are in ON status at certain intervals T.loc; • each of said k rising speeds v.T.rise.i is specific for those of said heating elements HE in ON status and for the range of said local temperatures T.loc simultaneously read;
  • Each v.T.rise.i is a value pre-stored and fixed or updated with data measured subsequently, for example starting from an initial learning phase before the water heater becomes operational to the user's service; in this case it is preferable to first characterize v.T.rise.i for the heating bodies with lower operating temperature ranges; the rising curves v.T.rise.i due to the combination of two or more heating bodies HE may simply be the sum of the individual rising curves v.T.rise.i relevant to each HE heating body HE when individually in ON state.
  • the self-learning method described can be used for any optimized management method, which is sufficient to know the extent of the withdrawals (expressed as a reduction in the storage temperature), the time in which they start and the available energy resources.
  • optimized management methods derived from what has been described in the cited documents EP 2362 931 Bl or EP 2 366 081 Bl could be used with which it is possible to establish when and for how long the heating element HE should be set to ON and which it must be the T.off switch off temperature to satisfy the following withdrawal or group of withdrawals.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
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Abstract

La présente invention a pour but de pourvoir à un procédé d'apprentissage, d'évaluation et de synchronisation des caractéristiques physiques et thermiques du tracé de profils de l'eau chaude dans un chauffe-eau à accumulation, le profil se répétant cycliquement à des intervalles de temps donnés, et comportant des capteurs de température (S.loc.i) destinés à lire les températures locales (T.loc.i), ce qui permet de concevoir une température locale moyenne (T.loc) proche de la température de stockage moyenne (T.acc) uniquement en l'absence de turbulence dans le réservoir de stockage (S). Selon l'invention, la quantité de chaque prélèvement d'eau ou de chaque ensemble de prélèvements est considérée comme représentée par la réduction (AT.tap) de la température de stockage (T.acc) provoquée par le prélèvement d'eau et est calculée a posteriori, une fois le prélèvement terminé à un instant t3 pendant ou à la fin d'une phase de chauffage ultérieure déclenchée par la réduction de la température locale (T.loc) provoquée par le prélèvement, et est considérée égale à la différence entre la température de stockage (T.acc) à un instant avant le début du prélèvement et la température de stockage (T.acc) à l'instant t3 plus l'augmentation (ΔΤ) de la température de stockage (T.acc) provoquée par le chauffage lui-même. L'avantage principal du procédé de l'invention est que la détermination de l'étendue des prélèvements n'est pas affectée par le fait que les températures locales (T.loc.i), les seules pouvant être mesurées directement, ne soient pas généralement représentatives de la moyenne de température (T.acc) de l'eau dans le réservoir de stockage.
PCT/IB2018/000777 2017-08-01 2018-07-24 Procédé de caractérisation de chauffe-eau à accumulation et d'apprentissage de tracé de profils WO2019025850A1 (fr)

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ES18766325T ES2901106T3 (es) 2017-08-01 2018-07-24 Método para aprender el patrón de extracciones de agua caliente en un calentador de agua de acumulación
EP18766325.7A EP3662210B1 (fr) 2017-08-01 2018-07-24 Procédé d'apprentissage de profil de prélèvements d'eau dans un chauffe-eau à accumulation
PL18766325T PL3662210T3 (pl) 2017-08-01 2018-07-24 Sposób rozpoznawania wzorca pobierania gorącej wody w pojemnościowym podgrzewaczu wody

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CN110017611A (zh) * 2019-02-27 2019-07-16 广东万家乐燃气具有限公司 一种电热水器内胆剩余热水量计算方法及电热水器
CN110469893A (zh) * 2019-08-26 2019-11-19 中国计量大学 一种基于比例压力调节的循环泵自适应控制方法
CN112113269A (zh) * 2020-09-02 2020-12-22 天津大学 基于楼栋用户分类的综合室内温度计算方法
CN112651384A (zh) * 2021-01-15 2021-04-13 芜湖美的厨卫电器制造有限公司 用于零冷水燃气热水器的方法、装置、存储介质及处理器
EP3907578A1 (fr) * 2020-05-08 2021-11-10 Stiebel Eltron GmbH & Co. KG Procédé de détermination du débit de soutirage sur un dispositif accumulateur d'eau chaude

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CN112947097B (zh) * 2021-01-29 2023-06-16 青岛海尔科技有限公司 用于绘制家居设备运行状态曲线的方法、装置和显示终端

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WO2009022226A2 (fr) * 2007-08-16 2009-02-19 Ariston Thermo S.P.A. Procédé pour la production d'eau chaude domestique et d'eau pour chauffage ambiant, et système de chaudière associé
WO2012162763A1 (fr) * 2011-06-03 2012-12-06 Rheem Australia Pty Limited Dispositif ou système de commande de chauffe-eau
GB2518365A (en) * 2013-09-18 2015-03-25 Exergy Devices Ltd Apparatus and method for volumetric estimation of heated water

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US20010020615A1 (en) * 1999-07-27 2001-09-13 Bradenbaugh Kenneth A. Method and apparatus for detecting a dry fire condition in a water heater
WO2009022226A2 (fr) * 2007-08-16 2009-02-19 Ariston Thermo S.P.A. Procédé pour la production d'eau chaude domestique et d'eau pour chauffage ambiant, et système de chaudière associé
WO2012162763A1 (fr) * 2011-06-03 2012-12-06 Rheem Australia Pty Limited Dispositif ou système de commande de chauffe-eau
GB2518365A (en) * 2013-09-18 2015-03-25 Exergy Devices Ltd Apparatus and method for volumetric estimation of heated water

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110017611A (zh) * 2019-02-27 2019-07-16 广东万家乐燃气具有限公司 一种电热水器内胆剩余热水量计算方法及电热水器
CN110469893A (zh) * 2019-08-26 2019-11-19 中国计量大学 一种基于比例压力调节的循环泵自适应控制方法
EP3907578A1 (fr) * 2020-05-08 2021-11-10 Stiebel Eltron GmbH & Co. KG Procédé de détermination du débit de soutirage sur un dispositif accumulateur d'eau chaude
CN112113269A (zh) * 2020-09-02 2020-12-22 天津大学 基于楼栋用户分类的综合室内温度计算方法
CN112651384A (zh) * 2021-01-15 2021-04-13 芜湖美的厨卫电器制造有限公司 用于零冷水燃气热水器的方法、装置、存储介质及处理器
CN112651384B (zh) * 2021-01-15 2022-08-16 芜湖美的厨卫电器制造有限公司 用于零冷水燃气热水器的方法、装置、存储介质及处理器

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PL3662210T3 (pl) 2022-01-31

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