WO2018209837A1 - 改性正极活性材料及其制备方法及电化学储能装置 - Google Patents

改性正极活性材料及其制备方法及电化学储能装置 Download PDF

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WO2018209837A1
WO2018209837A1 PCT/CN2017/098785 CN2017098785W WO2018209837A1 WO 2018209837 A1 WO2018209837 A1 WO 2018209837A1 CN 2017098785 W CN2017098785 W CN 2017098785W WO 2018209837 A1 WO2018209837 A1 WO 2018209837A1
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oxide layer
active material
positive electrode
electrode active
modified
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PCT/CN2017/098785
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English (en)
French (fr)
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杜锐
柳娜
刘勇超
王嗣慧
徐中领
杨超
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宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司
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Priority to US15/577,290 priority Critical patent/US11121367B2/en
Priority to PL17800353T priority patent/PL3429000T3/pl
Priority to ES17800353T priority patent/ES2791356T3/es
Priority to EP17800353.9A priority patent/EP3429000B1/en
Publication of WO2018209837A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018209837A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
    • H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362—Composites
    • H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/502—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese for non-aqueous cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/621—Binders
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of energy storage devices, in particular to a modified positive electrode active material, a preparation method thereof and an electrochemical energy storage device.
  • the main method to solve these problems is to coat the surface of high nickel-nickel-nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) ternary material and form a coating layer on the surface thereof, which can effectively reduce high nickel-nickel-nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM).
  • NCM nickel-nickel-nickel-cobalt-manganese
  • the direct contact of the ternary material with the electrolyte inhibits the occurrence of side reactions.
  • the conventional coating method is difficult to uniformly coat the surface of the high nickel-nickel-nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) ternary material, so the coating layer is between the high nickel-nickel-nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) ternary material and the electrolyte.
  • the side effect of the side reaction is very limited and cannot solve the problem fundamentally.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a modified positive electrode active material, a preparation method thereof and an electrochemical energy storage device, wherein the modified positive electrode active material has good structural stability when applied to
  • the electrochemical energy storage device can reduce the side reaction between the positive active material matrix and the electrolyte, reduce the gas production of the electrochemical energy storage device, improve the high temperature storage performance of the electrochemical energy storage device, and thereby improve the electrochemical energy storage device.
  • the safety performance can also improve the cycle performance of the electrochemical energy storage device and prolong the service life of the electrochemical energy storage device.
  • the present invention provides a modified positive electrode active A material comprising a positive active material matrix, a first oxide layer, and a second oxide layer.
  • the first oxide layer is coated on a surface of the positive active material substrate.
  • the first oxide layer is selected from one or more of the oxides of the element M, and the element M is selected from the group consisting of Li, Al, Zr, Mg, Ti, Y, Si, Ca, Cr, Fe, Zn, Nb, One or several of Sn, Ba, and Cd.
  • the second oxide layer is coated on a surface of the first oxide layer and the second oxide layer is a continuous layered structure.
  • the second oxide layer is selected from one or more of the oxides of the element M', and the element M' is selected from one or more of Li, B, P, As, Pb, V, Mo, Sn.
  • the first oxide layer is different in composition from the second oxide layer.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing a modified positive active material for preparing a modified positive active material according to one aspect of the present invention, comprising the steps of: (1) a positive active material substrate; Uniformly mixing with the first oxide layer itself or the precursor, and then sintering to coat the surface of the positive electrode active material substrate with the first oxide layer, one of the oxides of the element M, or a plurality of elements M are selected from one or more of Li, Al, Zr, Mg, Ti, Y, Si, Ca, Cr, Fe, Zn, Nb, Sn, Ba, Cd;
  • the substance obtained in 1) is uniformly mixed with the second oxide layer itself or the precursor, and then sintered to coat the formed second oxide layer on the surface of the first oxide layer and the second
  • the oxide layer is a continuous layered structure, that is, a modified positive electrode active material is obtained, wherein the second oxide layer is selected from one or more of the oxides of the element M', and the element M' is selected from the group consisting of
  • the present invention provides an electrochemical energy storage device comprising the modified positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention.
  • the modified positive active material of the invention has good structural stability, and the utility model can reduce the side reaction between the positive active material substrate and the electrolyte after being applied in the electrochemical energy storage device, and reduce the gas production of the electrochemical energy storage device. Improve the high-temperature storage performance of the electrochemical energy storage device, thereby improving the safety performance of the electrochemical energy storage device, improving the cycle performance of the electrochemical energy storage device, and prolonging the service life of the electrochemical energy storage device.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a modified positive active material according to the present invention.
  • Example 2 is an SEM image (1000 times) of the positive electrode active material substrate of Example 1;
  • Example 3 is an SEM image (50000 times) of the positive electrode active material substrate of Example 1.
  • Fig. 5 is an SEM image of the modified positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 3.
  • the modified positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention includes a positive electrode active material substrate, a first oxide layer, and a second oxide layer.
  • the first oxide layer is coated on a surface of the positive active material substrate.
  • the first oxide layer is selected from one or more of the oxides of the element M, and the element M is selected from the group consisting of Li, Al, Zr, Mg, Ti, Y, Si, Ca, Cr, Fe, Zn, Nb, One or more of Sn, Ba, and Cd, that is, the oxide of the element M is composed of Li, Al, Zr, Mg, Ti, Y, Si, Ca, Cr, Fe, Zn, Nb, Sn, Ba, Cd An oxide of one or more of the elements.
  • the second oxide layer is coated on a surface of the first oxide layer and the second oxide layer is a continuous layered structure.
  • the second oxide layer is selected from one or more of the oxides of the element M', and the element M' is selected from one or more of Li, B, P, As, Pb, V, Mo, Sn. That is, the oxide of the element M' is an oxide containing one or more of Li, B, P, As, Pb, V, Mo, Sn.
  • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a schematic view showing the structure of a modified positive electrode active material according to the present invention, wherein 1 is a first oxide layer, 2 is a second oxide layer, and 3 is a positive electrode active material substrate.
  • the composition of the first oxide layer and the second oxide layer are different.
  • the substance of the first oxide layer itself is subjected to a high temperature heat treatment to form a first oxide layer or a precursor of a substance of the first oxide layer
  • the first oxide layer formed by the high-temperature heat treatment is firmly bonded to the positive active material substrate, and can be stably coated on the surface of the positive active material substrate to perform the first heavy protection effect on the positive active material substrate; Due to the low melting point of the substance itself or its precursor, the dioxide layer can be softened by high-temperature heat treatment during the preparation to form a continuous and dense coating layer, coated on the surface of the first oxide layer, and active on the positive electrode.
  • the material matrix functions as a comprehensive second weight protection, especially when the first oxide layer is distributed on the surface of the positive active material substrate in a discontinuously coated island shape, the second oxide layer can be fully and effectively packaged.
  • the positive active material substrate is coated to prevent the positive active material substrate from being exposed to the electrolyte. Therefore, the modified positive active material of the present invention has good interfacial stability, and the positive active material matrix can greatly avoid contact with the electrolyte and cause side reactions under the double protection of the first oxide layer and the second oxide layer.
  • the gas production capacity of the electrochemical energy storage device at a high temperature can be reduced, the high temperature storage performance of the electrochemical energy storage device can be improved, and the safety performance of the electrochemical energy storage device can be improved, and the first oxide layer and the second oxide layer are simultaneously Under the dual protection, it can also improve the cycle performance of the electrochemical energy storage device and prolong the service life of the electrochemical energy storage device.
  • the content of the element M in the first oxide layer, is 0.01% to 2% of the mass of the positive electrode active material substrate, In the second oxide layer, the content of the element M' is from 0.01% to 1% by mass of the positive electrode active material substrate. If the content of the element M and the element M' is too high, the formed coating layer is too thick, resulting in an increase in polarization of the electrochemical energy storage device and affecting the electrochemical performance of the electrochemical energy storage device.
  • the first oxide layer is coated on the surface of the positive electrode active material substrate in an island shape or a continuous island form.
  • the positive electrode active material substrate is selected from the group consisting of lithium cobaltate, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganate, lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum One or more of the metamaterials.
  • the positive electrode active material substrate includes primary particles and secondary particles formed by agglomeration of primary particles, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, wherein the positive electrode active
  • the primary particles of the material matrix have a particle diameter of 0.2 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m
  • the secondary particles have a particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m to 18 ⁇ m.
  • a method for preparing a modified positive electrode active material according to the second aspect of the present invention comprising the steps of: (1) uniformly mixing the positive electrode active material substrate with the substance of the first oxide layer or the precursor of the material of the first oxide layer, and then sintering And coating the first oxide layer on the surface of the positive active material substrate, the first oxide layer being selected from one or more of the oxides of the element M, and the element M is selected from the group consisting of Li, Al, Zr, Mg, Ti One or more of Y, Si, Ca, Cr, Fe, Zn, Nb, Sn, Ba, Cd; (2) the substance obtained in the step (1) and the substance of the second oxide layer itself or The precursor of the substance of the second oxide layer is uniformly mixed and then sintered to coat the formed second oxide layer on the surface of the first oxide layer and the second oxide layer is a continuous layer a structure, that is, a modified positive electrode active material, wherein the second
  • the sintering temperature in the step (2) is greater than or equal to the melting point of the precursor of the substance of the second oxide layer.
  • the melting point of the substance of the first oxide layer itself is higher than the melting point of the precursor of the substance of the second oxide layer.
  • the temperature of the sintering in the step (2) is greater than or equal to the melting point of the precursor of the substance of the second oxide layer, the first oxide layer is still stably coated on the surface of the positive active material substrate, and at the same time, the second oxidation
  • the precursor of the substance of the layer can be uniformly coated on the surface of the first oxide layer after softening, thereby forming a dense continuous second oxide layer.
  • the temperature of sintering in the step (2) is greater than or equal to the precursor of the substance of the second oxide layer.
  • the melting point is sufficient, and it is not necessary to consider the melting point of the substance of the second oxide layer formed after sintering.
  • the sintering temperature in the step (2) is greater than or equal to the melting point of the substance itself of the second oxide layer.
  • the melting point of the substance of the first oxide layer itself is higher than the melting point of the substance of the second oxide layer
  • the temperature of the sintering in the step (2) is greater than or equal to the melting point of the substance of the second oxide layer
  • the first oxide layer is still stably coated on the surface of the substrate of the positive electrode active material, and at the same time, the second oxygen
  • the substance of the layer itself softens and uniformly coats the surface of the first oxide layer, thereby forming a dense continuous second oxide layer.
  • the sintering temperature in the step (2) may be lower than the sintering temperature in the step (1).
  • the sintering temperature is 600 ° C to 700 ° C, and the heating rate is 5 ° C / min to 15 ° C / min,
  • the sintering time is from 0.5 h to 8 h.
  • the sintering temperature is 400 ° C to 600 ° C, and the heating rate is 5 ° C / min to 15 ° C / min,
  • the sintering time is from 0.5 h to 8 h.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device includes the modified positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device may be a super capacitor, a lithium ion battery or a sodium ion battery.
  • the electrochemical energy storage device is a lithium ion battery is shown, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the positive electrode sheet includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode film on the positive electrode current collector.
  • the positive electrode film includes the modified positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention.
  • the cathode current collector is an aluminum foil.
  • the negative electrode sheet includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode film on the negative electrode current collector.
  • the anode current collector is a copper foil.
  • the anode active material is selected from artificial graphite or natural graphite.
  • the negative electrode conductive agent is one or more selected from the group consisting of acetylene black, conductive carbon black (Super P, Super S, 350G), carbon fiber (VGCF), carbon nanotube (CNT), and Ketjen black.
  • the electrolyte may be a liquid electrolyte, and the electrolyte may include a lithium salt and an organic solvent.
  • the specific kind of the lithium salt is not limited.
  • the lithium salt may be selected from the group consisting of LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiN(SO 2 F) 2 (abbreviated as LiFSI), LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 (abbreviated as LiTFSI), LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiB.
  • LiPF 6 LiPF 6
  • LiBF 4 LiN(SO 2 F) 2
  • LiTFSI LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2
  • LiClO 4 LiAsF 6
  • LiB LiB
  • LiBOB LiBF 2 C 2 O 4
  • LiDFOB LiBF 2 C 2 O 4
  • the specific kind of the organic solvent is not particularly limited and can be selected according to actual needs.
  • a non-aqueous organic solvent is used.
  • the non-aqueous organic solvent may include any kind of carbonate, carboxylate.
  • the carbonate may include a cyclic carbonate or a chain carbonate.
  • the non-aqueous organic solvent may also include a halogenated compound of a carbonate.
  • the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate, pentylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate (DEC).
  • dipropyl carbonate ethyl methyl carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, methyl formate, ethyl formate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, and tetrahydrofuran.
  • the type of the separator is not particularly limited and may be selected according to actual needs.
  • a positive electrode active material base lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (the primary particle diameter D50 is 0.4 ⁇ m, the secondary particle diameter D50 is 12 ⁇ m) and 0.57 g of alumina pass through the high speed.
  • the mixer was uniformly mixed, wherein the elemental aluminum content was 0.3% of the mass of the positive electrode active material matrix. After dry stirring for 4 hours, it is subjected to sintering heat treatment at 600 ° C to coat the surface of the lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material with a first oxide layer, that is, a surface of the lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material is coated with an aluminum oxide.
  • the above-mentioned aluminum-nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary material sample coated with the aluminum oxide layer was uniformly mixed with 0.65 g of boron oxide, wherein the content of elemental boron was 0.2% of the mass of the positive electrode active material substrate.
  • the sintering heat treatment is performed at 450 ° C to obtain a modified positive electrode active material, that is, a lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material modified by a composite coating containing an aluminum oxide layer-containing boron oxide layer.
  • the modified positive electrode active material, the positive electrode conductive agent Super P and the binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are mixed with a solvent N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) at a mass ratio of 97:2:1 to prepare a positive electrode slurry. Then, the positive electrode slurry was uniformly coated on a positive electrode current collector aluminum foil having a thickness of 12 ⁇ m, and dried at 85 ° C, then cold pressed, then trimmed, cut, and stripped, and then vacuumed at 85 ° C. After drying for 4 hours, the tabs were welded to complete the preparation of the positive electrode sheets.
  • NMP solvent N-methylpyrrolidone
  • the negative electrode active material graphite, the negative electrode conductive agent Super P, the thickener CMC and the binder SBR are mixed with the solvent deionized water at a mass ratio of 97:1:1:1 to prepare a negative electrode slurry, and then the negative electrode slurry is uniformly dispersed. It is coated on the current collector copper foil and dried at 85 ° C, then cold pressed, then trimmed, cut, and stripped, and then dried under vacuum at 110 ° C for 4 h to weld the tabs to complete the negative electrode sheet. preparation.
  • the mixture was mixed, and then the sufficiently dried lithium salt LiPF 6 was dissolved in a mixed organic solvent, and uniformly mixed to obtain an electrolytic solution in which the concentration of LiPF 6 was 1 mol/L.
  • a polypropylene film was used as the separator.
  • the prepared positive electrode sheet, separator film and negative electrode sheet are stacked in order, so that the separator is in the middle of the positive and negative electrodes, and the bare cell is obtained by winding; the bare cell is placed in the outer package of the cell, and then the electrolyte is injected. , packaging, standing, forming, shaping, capacity testing, complete the preparation of lithium-ion batteries.
  • the preparation process of the lithium ion battery is the same as that in the first embodiment, except that
  • the amount of Al 2 O 3 used was 0.02 g, and the content of elemental aluminum was 0.01% by mass of the matrix of the positive electrode active material.
  • the amount of B 2 O 3 used was 0.03 g, wherein the content of elemental boron was 0.01% by mass of the matrix of the positive electrode active material.
  • the preparation process of the lithium ion battery is the same as that in the first embodiment, except that
  • the amount of Al 2 O 3 used was 0.02 g, and the content of elemental aluminum was 0.01% by mass of the matrix of the positive electrode active material.
  • the amount of B 2 O 3 used was 3.23 g, wherein the content of elemental boron was 1% by mass of the matrix of the positive electrode active material.
  • the preparation process of the lithium ion battery is the same as that in the first embodiment, except that
  • the amount of Al 2 O 3 used was 3.77 g, wherein the content of elemental aluminum was 2% by mass of the matrix of the positive electrode active material.
  • the amount of B 2 O 3 used was 0.03 g, wherein the content of elemental boron was 0.01% by mass of the matrix of the positive electrode active material.
  • the preparation process of the lithium ion battery is the same as that in the first embodiment, except that
  • the amount of Al 2 O 3 used was 3.77 g, wherein the content of elemental aluminum was 2% by mass of the matrix of the positive electrode active material.
  • the amount of B 2 O 3 used was 3.22 g, wherein the content of elemental boron was 1% by mass of the matrix of the positive electrode active material.
  • the preparation process of the lithium ion battery is the same as that in the first embodiment, except that
  • the positive electrode active material base lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (the primary particle diameter D50 is 0.4 ⁇ m, the secondary particle diameter D50 is 12 ⁇ m) and 0.50 g of TiO 2 pass through the high speed.
  • the mixer was uniformly mixed, wherein the elemental titanium content was 0.3% of the mass of the positive electrode active material matrix. After dry stirring for 4 hours, it is subjected to sintering heat treatment at 600 ° C to coat the surface of the lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material with a first oxide layer, that is, a surface of the lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material is coated with a titanium oxide.
  • a sample of the lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material coated with the above titanium oxide layer was uniformly mixed with 0.46 g of P 2 O 5 , wherein the content of the elemental phosphorus was 0.2% of the mass of the positive active material substrate.
  • the sintering heat treatment is performed at 450 ° C to obtain a modified positive electrode active material, that is, a lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material modified with a titanium oxide layer-phosphorus oxide layer composite coating.
  • the preparation process of the lithium ion battery is the same as that in the first embodiment, except that
  • a positive electrode active material base lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (the primary particle diameter D50 is 0.4 ⁇ m, the secondary particle diameter D50 is 12 ⁇ m) and 0.57 g of alumina pass through the high speed.
  • the mixer was uniformly mixed, wherein the elemental aluminum content was 0.3% of the mass of the positive electrode active material matrix. After dry stirring for 4 hours, it is subjected to sintering heat treatment at 600 ° C to coat the surface of the lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material with a first oxide layer, that is, a surface of the lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material is coated with an aluminum oxide.
  • the above-mentioned aluminum-nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary material sample coated with the aluminum oxide layer was uniformly mixed with 1.11 g of H 3 BO 3 , wherein the content of the elemental boron was 0.2% of the mass of the positive electrode active material substrate.
  • the sintering heat treatment is performed at 450 ° C to obtain a modified positive electrode active material, that is, a lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material modified by a composite coating containing an aluminum oxide layer-containing boron oxide layer.
  • the preparation process of the lithium ion battery is the same as that in the first embodiment, except that
  • the lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 powder was directly used as the positive electrode active material, and the coating modification treatment was not performed.
  • the preparation process of the lithium ion battery is the same as that in the first embodiment, except that
  • lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 and 0.57g alumina were mixed uniformly by high-speed mixer, dry stirring for 4h, and then subjected to sintering heat treatment at 600 °C to obtain modified positive electrode activity.
  • the material that is, a lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material coated with an aluminum oxide layer.
  • the preparation process of the lithium ion battery is the same as that in the first embodiment, except that
  • lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 and 0.65g boron oxide were uniformly mixed by high speed mixer, dry stirring for 4h, and then heat treated at 450 ° C to obtain modified positive electrode activity.
  • the material that is, a lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material coated with a boron oxide layer.
  • the preparation process of the lithium ion battery is the same as that in the first embodiment, except that
  • lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 and 0.65g boron oxide were uniformly mixed by high-speed mixer, dry stirring for 4h, and then heat treated at 450 °C to obtain modified positive electrode active material. That is, a lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material coated with a boron oxide layer.
  • a sample of the above-mentioned boron-containing oxide layer coated lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material is uniformly mixed with 0.57 g of aluminum oxide at 600 ° C to obtain a modified positive electrode active material, that is, an aluminum oxide containing layer-containing boron oxide.
  • the layer is composite coated modified lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material, wherein the content of the elemental aluminum is 0.3% of the mass of the positive electrode active material matrix, and the content of the elemental boron is 0.2% of the mass of the positive electrode active material matrix.
  • the preparation process of the lithium ion battery is the same as that in the first embodiment, except that
  • lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 100g was mixed with 0.65 boron oxide and 0.57g alumina through a high-speed mixer, dried for 4h and then heat treated at 450 °C.
  • the modified positive active material that is, the lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material modified by the aluminum oxide layer-containing boron oxide layer composite coating, wherein the elemental aluminum content is 0.3% of the mass of the positive active material matrix, the element The content of boron is 0.2% by mass of the matrix of the positive electrode active material.
  • the preparation process of the lithium ion battery is the same as that in the first embodiment, except that
  • lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 100 g was mixed with 0.65 g of boron oxide and 0.57 g of alumina by a high-speed mixer, dried for 4 hours, and then sintered at 600 ° C for sintering.
  • the modified positive active material that is, the lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary material modified by the aluminum oxide layer-containing boron oxide layer composite coating, wherein the content of the elemental aluminum is 0.3% of the mass of the positive active material matrix
  • the content of elemental boron is 0.2% of the mass of the positive electrode active material matrix.
  • the lithium ion battery was charged at a constant current of 1 C to a voltage of 4.3 V at 25 ° C, then charged at a constant voltage of 4.3 V until the current was 0.05 C, and then discharged at a constant current of 1 C until the final voltage was 2.8 V, and the first cycle was recorded. The discharge capacity was then charged and discharged, and the discharge capacity at the 50th cycle was detected.
  • the capacity retention ratio (%) of the lithium ion battery after 50 cycles at 25 ° C [discharge capacity at the 50th cycle / discharge capacity at the first cycle] ⁇ 100%.
  • Lithium-ion battery was charged to 4.3V at a constant current of 0.5C at 25 ° C, further charged to a current of 0.025 C at a constant voltage of 4.3 V, and then the lithium ion battery was drained in deionized water to measure lithium ion. The initial volume of the battery. It was then stored at 85 ° C for 7 days, and after the end of storage, the volume change of the lithium ion battery after storage at high temperature was tested.
  • the volume expansion ratio (%) of the lithium ion battery after storage at 85 ° C [volume after high temperature storage of lithium ion battery / volume before lithium ion battery storage at high temperature - 1] ⁇ 100%.
  • Comparative Example 2-3 when only a coating containing aluminum oxide or only a boron-containing oxide was used, the high-temperature storage performance of the obtained lithium ion battery was severely deteriorated because only aluminum was oxidized.
  • the coating is used as a coating layer, the aluminum-containing oxide is usually coated on the surface of the positive active material substrate in the form of islands or continuous islands, and it is difficult to form a uniform and continuous coating layer, and the coating effect is not ideal and cannot be effectively isolated.
  • the contact between the electrolyte and the substrate of the positive active material material does not significantly improve the high-temperature storage performance and cycle performance of the lithium ion battery, and when the coating layer containing only the boron oxide is used, the formed coating layer is difficult to stably exist at a high temperature. Therefore, it is disadvantageous for the improvement of the high-temperature storage performance and cycle performance of the lithium ion battery.
  • 4 and 5 SEM images of the modified positive electrode active materials of Example 1 and Comparative Example 3, respectively.
  • the particles of the island structure are aluminum oxide-containing, and a thin layer of boron-containing oxide is further coated on the surface of the aluminum oxide.
  • only the boron oxide-containing oxide is coated on the surface of the positive electrode active material substrate.
  • Example 1 and Comparative Examples 4-6 that the order of coating of the substance of the first oxide layer and the substance of the second oxide layer is interchanged, or the substance of the first oxide layer and the second substance
  • the material of the oxide layer is directly mixed and sintered to obtain a mixed coating layer, and the coating effect thereof is not good, so the improvement of the high-temperature storage performance and the cycle performance of the lithium ion battery is disadvantageous.

Abstract

一种改性正极活性材料及其制备方法及电化学储能装置。所述改性正极活性材料包括正极活性材料基体(3)、第一氧化物层(1)以及第二氧化物层(2)。所述第一氧化物层(1)包覆在所述正极活性材料基体(3)的表面。所述第一氧化物层(1)选自元素M的氧化物中的一种或几种，元素M选自Li、Al、Zr、Mg、Ti、Y、Si、Ca、Cr、Fe、Zn、Nb、Sn、Ba、Cd中的一种或几种。所述第二氧化物层(2)包覆在所述第一氧化物层(1)的表面且所述第二氧化物层(2)为连续层状结构。所述第二氧化物层(2)选自元素M'的氧化物中的一种或几种，元素M'选自Li、B、P、As、Pb、V、Mo、Sn中的一种或几种。改性正极活性材料能够改善电化学储能装置的高温存储性能以及循环性能。

Description

改性正极活性材料及其制备方法及电化学储能装置 技术领域
本发明涉及储能装置领域，尤其涉及一种改性正极活性材料及其制备方法及电化学储能装置。
背景技术
近年来，智能电子产品的快速发展，开发具有高能量密度和高安全性能的锂离子电池成为研发人员关注的焦点，其中，高镍锂镍钴锰(NCM)三元材料由于具有容量高、成本低的特点得到了广泛的关注。然而，在实际应用中，高镍锂镍钴锰(NCM)三元材料的表面结构不稳定，具有很强的氧化活性，非常容易与电解液发生副反应，从而恶化锂离子电池的高温产气性能，影响锂离子电池的安全性能。
目前解决这些问题的主要方法是对高镍锂镍钴锰(NCM)三元材料表面进行包覆，在其表面形成包覆层，包覆层能够有效地降低高镍锂镍钴锰(NCM)三元材料与电解液的直接接触，抑制副反应的发生。然而，常规的包覆方式很难均匀地包覆在高镍锂镍钴锰(NCM)三元材料表面，因此包覆层对高镍锂镍钴锰(NCM)三元材料与电解液之间的副反应的抑制效果十分有限，无法从根本上解决问题。
发明内容
鉴于背景技术中存在的问题，本发明的目的在于提供一种改性正极活性材料及其制备方法及电化学储能装置，所述改性正极活性材料具有良好的结构稳定性，当其应用于电化学储能装置中后可减少正极活性材料基体与电解液之间的副反应，降低电化学储能装置的产气量，改善电化学储能装置的高温存储性能，进而改善电化学储能装置的安全性能，同时还能改善电化学储能装置的循环性能，延长电化学储能装置的使用寿命。
为了达到上述目的，在本发明的一方面，本发明提供了一种改性正极活 性材料，其包括正极活性材料基体、第一氧化物层以及第二氧化物层。所述第一氧化物层包覆在所述正极活性材料基体的表面。所述第一氧化物层选自元素M的氧化物中的一种或几种，元素M选自Li、Al、Zr、Mg、Ti、Y、Si、Ca、Cr、Fe、Zn、Nb、Sn、Ba、Cd中的一种或几种。所述第二氧化物层包覆在所述第一氧化物层的表面且所述第二氧化物层为连续层状结构。所述第二氧化物层选自元素M′的氧化物中的一种或几种，元素M′选自Li、B、P、As、Pb、V、Mo、Sn中的一种或几种，所述第一氧化物层与所述第二氧化物层的组成不同。
在本发明的另一方面，本发明提供了一种改性正极活性材料的制备方法，用于制备本发明一方面所述的改性正极活性材料，包括步骤：(1)将正极活性材料基体与第一氧化物层的本身或前驱体均匀混合，然后进行烧结，以在正极活性材料基体的表面包覆第一氧化物层第一氧化物层选自元素M的氧化物中的一种或几种，元素M选自Li、Al、Zr、Mg、Ti、Y、Si、Ca、Cr、Fe、Zn、Nb、Sn、Ba、Cd中的一种或几种；(2)将步骤(1)中得到的物质与第二氧化物层的本身或前驱体均匀混合，然后进行烧结，以使形成的第二氧化物层包覆在所述第一氧化物层的表面且所述第二氧化物层为连续层状结构，即得到改性正极活性材料，其中，第二氧化物层选自元素M′的氧化物中的一种或几种，元素M′选自Li、B、P、As、Pb、V、Mo、Sn中的一种或几种，所述第一氧化物层与所述第二氧化物层的组成不同。
在本发明的又一方面，本发明提供了一种电化学储能装置，其包括本发明一方面所述的改性正极活性材料。
相对于现有技术，本发明的有益效果为：
本发明的改性正极活性材料具有良好的结构稳定性，其应用于电化学储能装置中后可减少正极活性材料基体与电解液之间的副反应，降低电化学储能装置的产气量，改善电化学储能装置的高温存储性能，进而改善电化学储能装置的安全性能，同时改善电化学储能装置的循环性能，延长电化学储能装置的使用寿命。
附图说明
图1为根据本发明的改性正极活性材料的结构示意图；
图2为实施例1的的正极活性材料基体的SEM图(1000倍)；
图3为实施例1的正极活性材料基体的SEM图(50000倍)
图4为实施例1的改性正极活性材料的SEM图；
图5为对比例3的改性正极活性材料的SEM图。
其中，附图标记说明如下：
1第一氧化物层
2第二氧化物层
3正极活性材料基体
具体实施方式
下面详细说明根据本发明的改性正极活性材料及其制备方法及电化学储能装置。
首先说明根据本发明第一方面的改性正极活性材料。
根据本发明第一方面所述的改性正极活性材料包括正极活性材料基体、第一氧化物层以及第二氧化物层。所述第一氧化物层包覆在所述正极活性材料基体的表面。所述第一氧化物层选自元素M的氧化物中的一种或几种，元素M选自Li、Al、Zr、Mg、Ti、Y、Si、Ca、Cr、Fe、Zn、Nb、Sn、Ba、Cd中的一种或几种，即元素M的氧化物为包含Li、Al、Zr、Mg、Ti、Y、Si、Ca、Cr、Fe、Zn、Nb、Sn、Ba、Cd中的一种或几种元素的氧化物。所述第二氧化物层包覆在所述第一氧化物层的表面且所述第二氧化物层为连续层状结构。所述第二氧化物层选自元素M′的氧化物中的一种或几种，元素M′选自Li、B、P、As、Pb、V、Mo、Sn中的一种或几种，即元素M′的氧化物为包含Li、B、P、As、Pb、V、Mo、Sn中的一种或几种元素的氧化物。图1为根据本发明的改性正极活性材料的结构示意图，其中，1为第一氧化物层，2为第二氧化物层，3为正极活性材料基体。
在根据本发明第一方面所述的改性正极活性材料中，所述第一氧化物层与所述第二氧化物层的组成不同。
在根据本发明第一方面所述的改性正极活性材料中，第一氧化物层的物质本身经过高温热处理形成的第一氧化物层或第一氧化物层的物质的前驱 体经过高温热处理后形成的第一氧化物层与正极活性材料基体结合牢固，可稳定的包覆在正极活性材料基体的表面，对正极活性材料基体起到第一重保护的作用；所述第二氧化物层由于其物质本身或其前驱物的熔点低，在制备过程中经高温热处理可软化形成一层连续且致密的包覆层，包覆在第一氧化物层的表面，对正极活性材料基体起到全面的第二重保护的作用，尤其是当第一氧化物层以非连续包覆的岛状形貌分布在正极活性材料基体表面时，第二氧化物层可以全面有效地包覆正极活性材料基体，从而避免正极活性材料基体暴露于电解液中。因此，本发明的改性正极活性材料具有良好的界面稳定性，正极活性材料基体在第一氧化物层和第二氧化物层的双重保护下可极大地避免与电解液接触并发生副反应，从而可降低电化学储能装置在高温下的产气量，改善电化学储能装置的高温存储性能，进而改善电化学储能装置的安全性能，同时在第一氧化物层和第二氧化物层的双重保护下，还可以改善电化学储能装置的循环性能，延长电化学储能装置的使用寿命。
在根据本发明第一方面所述的改性正极活性材料中，在所述第一氧化物层中，元素M的含量为所述正极活性材料基体的质量的0.01％-2％，在所述第二氧化物层中，元素M′的含量为所述正极活性材料基体的质量的0.01％-1％。元素M、元素M′的含量过高，会导致形成的包覆层过厚，导致电化学储能装置的极化增大，影响电化学储能装置的电化学性能。
在根据本发明第一方面所述的改性正极活性材料中，所述第一氧化物层以岛状或连续岛状形式包覆在所述正极活性材料基体的表面。
在根据本发明第一方面所述的改性正极活性材料中，所述正极活性材料基体选自钴酸锂、磷酸铁锂、锰酸锂、锂镍钴锰三元材料、锂镍钴铝三元材料中的一种或几种。
在根据本发明第一方面所述的改性正极活性材料中，所述正极活性材料基体包括一次颗粒以及由一次颗粒团聚形成的二次颗粒，如图2和图3所示，其中，正极活性材料基体的一次颗粒的粒径为0.2μm～1μm，二次颗粒的粒径为5μm～18μm。
其次说明根据本发明第二方面的改性正极活性材料的制备方法。
根据本发明第二方面所述的改性正极活性材料的制备方法，用于制备本 发明第一方面所述的改性正极活性材料，包括步骤：(1)将正极活性材料基体与第一氧化物层的物质本身或第一氧化物层的物质的前驱体均匀混合，然后进行烧结，以在正极活性材料基体的表面包覆第一氧化物层，第一氧化物层选自元素M的氧化物中的一种或几种，元素M选自Li、Al、Zr、Mg、Ti、Y、Si、Ca、Cr、Fe、Zn、Nb、Sn、Ba、Cd中的一种或几种；(2)将步骤(1)中得到的物质与第二氧化物层的物质本身或第二氧化物层的物质的前驱体均匀混合，然后进行烧结，以使形成的第二氧化物层包覆在所述第一氧化物层的表面且所述第二氧化物层为连续层状结构，即得到改性正极活性材料，其中，第二氧化物层选自元素M′的氧化物中的一种或几种，元素M′选自Li、B、P、As、Pb、V、Mo、Sn中的一种或几种，所述第一氧化物层与所述第二氧化物层的组成不同。
在根据本发明第二方面所述的改性正极活性材料的制备方法中，在一实施例中，步骤(2)中的烧结温度大于等于第二氧化物层的物质的前驱体的熔点。
在根据本发明第二方面所述的改性正极活性材料的制备方法中，在一实施例中，第一氧化物层的物质本身的熔点高于第二氧化物层的物质的前驱体的熔点，以使步骤(2)中烧结的温度大于等于第二氧化物层的物质的前驱体的熔点时，第一氧化物层仍然稳定地包覆在正极活性材料基体的表面，同时，第二氧化物层的物质的前驱体软化后能均匀地包覆在第一氧化物层的表面，从而形成致密连续的第二氧化物层。此时，只要第一氧化物层的物质本身的熔点高于第二氧化物层的物质的前驱体的熔点，步骤(2)中烧结的温度大于等于第二氧化物层的物质的前驱体的熔点即可，不需要考虑烧结后形成的第二氧化物层的物质本身的熔点大小。
在根据本发明第二方面所述的改性正极活性材料的制备方法中，在另一实施例中，步骤(2)中的烧结温度大于等于第二氧化物层的物质本身的熔点。
在根据本发明第二方面所述的改性正极活性材料的制备方法中，在另一实施例中，第一氧化物层的物质本身的熔点高于第二氧化物层的物质本身的熔点，当步骤(2)中烧结的温度大于等于第二氧化物层的物质本身的熔点时，第一氧化物层仍然稳定地包覆在正极活性材料基体表面，同时，第二氧 化物层的物质本身软化后均匀地包覆在第一氧化物层的表面，从而形成致密连续的第二氧化物层。
在根据本发明第二方面所述的改性正极活性材料的制备方法中，步骤(2)中的烧结温度可低于步骤(1)中的烧结温度。
在根据本发明第二方面所述的改性正极活性材料的制备方法中，步骤(1)中，所述烧结温度为600℃～700℃，升温速度为5℃/min～15℃/min，烧结时间为0.5h～8h。
在根据本发明第二方面所述的改性正极活性材料的制备方法中，步骤(2)中，所述烧结温度为400℃～600℃，升温速度为5℃/min～15℃/min，烧结时间为0.5h～8h。
再次说明根据本发明第三方面的电化学储能装置。
根据本发明第三方面所述的电化学储能装置包括根据本发明第一方面所述的改性正极活性材料。
在根据本发明第三方面所述的电化学储能装置中，需要说明的是，所述电化学储能装置可为超级电容器、锂离子电池或钠离子电池。在本发明的实施例中，仅示出电化学储能装置为锂离子电池的实施例，但本发明不限于此。
在锂离子电池中，所述正极片包括正极集流体和位于正极集流体上的正极膜片。所述正极膜片包括根据本发明第一方面所述的改性正极活性材料。所述正极集流体为铝箔。
在锂离子电池中，所述负极片包括负极集流体和位于负极集流体上的负极膜片。所述负极集流体为铜箔。
在锂离子电池中，负极活性材料选自人造石墨或者天然石墨。所述负极导电剂选自乙炔黑、导电炭黑(Super P、Super S、350G)、碳纤维(VGCF)、碳纳米管(CNT)、科琴黑中的一种或几种。
在锂离子电池中，所述电解质可为液体电解质，所述电解质可包括锂盐以及有机溶剂。
在锂离子电池中，所述锂盐的具体种类不受限制。具体地，所述锂盐可选自LiPF6、LiBF4、LiN(SO2F)2(简写为LiFSI)、LiN(CF3SO2)2(简写为LiTFSI)、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiB(C2O4)2(简写为LiBOB)、LiBF2C2O4(简 写为LiDFOB)中的一种或几种。
在锂离子电池中，所述有机溶剂的具体种类并没有特别的限制，可根据实际需求进行选择。优选地，使用非水有机溶剂。所述非水有机溶剂可包括任意种类的碳酸酯、羧酸酯。碳酸酯可包括环状碳酸酯或者链状碳酸酯。所述非水有机溶剂还可包括碳酸酯的卤代化合物。具体地，所述有机溶剂选自碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸丙烯酯(PC)、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸亚戊酯、氟代碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸二丙酯、碳酸甲乙酯、γ-丁内酯、甲酸甲酯、甲酸乙酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯、四氢呋喃中的一种或几种。
在锂离子电池中，所述隔离膜的种类没有具体的限制，可根据实际需求选择。
下面结合实施例，进一步阐述本申请。应理解，这些实施例仅用于说明本申请而不用于限制本申请的范围。在实施例中仅示出电化学储能装置为锂离子电池的情况，但本发明不限于此。
在下述实施例中，所使用到的试剂、材料以及仪器如没有特殊的说明，均可商购获得。
实施例1
(1)改性正极活性材料的制备
首先将100g正极活性材料基体锂镍钴锰三元材料LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(一次颗粒的粒径D50为0.4μm，二次颗粒的粒径D50为12μm)与0.57g氧化铝通过高速混料机混合均匀，其中元素铝的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.3％。干法搅拌4h后通过600℃烧结热处理，以在锂镍钴锰三元材料的表面包覆第一氧化物层，即在锂镍钴锰三元材料的表面包覆一层含铝氧化物。
然后将上述含铝氧化物层包覆的锂镍钴锰三元材料样品与0.65g氧化硼混合均匀，其中元素硼的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.2％。在450℃下烧结热处理，得到改性正极活性材料，即含铝氧化物层-含硼氧化物层复合包覆改性的锂镍钴锰三元材料。
(2)正极片的制备
将上述改性正极活性材料、正极导电剂Super P以及粘结剂聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)按质量比97:2:1与溶剂N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)混匀制成正极浆料，之后将正极浆料均匀涂布在厚度为12μm的正极集流体铝箔上，并在85℃下烘干后进行冷压，然后进行切边、裁片、分条，再在85℃的真空条件下烘干4h，焊接极耳，完成正极片的制备。
(3)负极片的制备
将负极活性材料石墨、负极导电剂Super P、增稠剂CMC以及粘结剂SBR按质量比97:1:1:1与溶剂去离子水混匀制成负极浆料，之后将负极浆料均匀涂布在集流体铜箔上并在85℃下烘干后进行冷压，然后进行切边、裁片、分条，再在110℃真空条件下烘干4h，焊接极耳，完成负极片的制备。
(4)电解液的制备
在含水量<10ppm的氩气气氛手套箱中，将碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸丙烯酯(PC)、碳酸二甲酯(DEC)按照体积比为EC:PC:DEC＝1:1:1进行混合，接着将充分干燥的锂盐LiPF6溶解于混合有机溶剂中，混合均匀后获得电解液，其中LiPF6的浓度为1mol/L。
(5)隔离膜的制备
以聚丙烯薄膜作为隔离膜。
(6)锂离子电池的制备
将制得的正极片、隔离膜、负极片按顺序叠好，使隔离膜处于正负极片中间，卷绕得到裸电芯；将裸电芯置于电芯外包装中，之后注入电解液、封装、静置、化成、整形、容量测试，完成锂离子电池的制备。
实施例2
锂离子电池的制备过程同实施例1，区别在于，
(1)改性正极活性材料的制备
Al2O3的用量为0.02g，其中，元素铝的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.01％。
B2O3的用量为0.03g，其中，元素硼的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.01％。
实施例3
锂离子电池的制备过程同实施例1，区别在于，
(1)改性正极活性材料的制备
Al2O3的用量为0.02g，其中，元素铝的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.01％。
B2O3的用量为3.23g，其中，元素硼的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的1％。
实施例4
锂离子电池的制备过程同实施例1，区别在于，
(1)改性正极活性材料的制备
Al2O3的用量为3.77g，其中，元素铝的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的2％。
B2O3的用量为0.03g，其中，元素硼的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.01％。
实施例5
锂离子电池的制备过程同实施例1，区别在于，
(1)改性正极活性材料的制备
Al2O3的用量为3.77g，其中，元素铝的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的2％。
B2O3的用量为3.22g，其中，元素硼的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的1％。
实施例6
锂离子电池的制备过程同实施例1，区别在于，
(1)改性正极活性材料的制备
首先将100g正极活性材料基体锂镍钴锰三元材料LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(一次颗粒的粒径D50为0.4μm，二次颗粒的粒径D50为12μm)与0.50g TiO2 通过高速混料机混合均匀，其中元素钛的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.3％。干法搅拌4h后通过600℃烧结热处理，以在锂镍钴锰三元材料的表面包覆第一氧化物层，即在锂镍钴锰三元材料的表面包覆一层含钛氧化物。
然后将上述含钛氧化物层包覆的锂镍钴锰三元材料样品与0.46g P2O5混合均匀，其中元素磷的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.2％。在450℃下烧结热处理，得到改性正极活性材料，即含钛氧化物层-含磷氧化物层复合包覆改性的锂镍钴锰三元材料。
实施例7
锂离子电池的制备过程同实施例1，区别在于，
(1)改性正极活性材料的制备
首先将100g正极活性材料基体锂镍钴锰三元材料LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(一次颗粒的粒径D50为0.4μm，二次颗粒的粒径D50为12μm)与0.57g氧化铝通过高速混料机混合均匀，其中元素铝的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.3％。干法搅拌4h后通过600℃烧结热处理，以在锂镍钴锰三元材料的表面包覆第一氧化物层，即在锂镍钴锰三元材料的表面包覆一层含铝氧化物。
然后将上述含铝氧化物层包覆的锂镍钴锰三元材料样品与1.11g H3BO3混合均匀，其中元素硼的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.2％。在450℃下烧结热处理，得到改性正极活性材料，即含铝氧化物层-含硼氧化物层复合包覆改性的锂镍钴锰三元材料。
对比例1
锂离子电池的制备过程同实施例1，区别在于，
(1)改性正极活性材料的制备
直接采用锂镍钴锰三元材料LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2粉末作为正极活性材料，不进行包覆改性处理。
对比例2
锂离子电池的制备过程同实施例1，区别在于，
(1)改性正极活性材料的制备
将100g正极活性材料基体锂镍钴锰三元材料LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2与0.57g氧化铝通过高速混料机混合均匀，干法搅拌4h后通过600℃烧结热处理，得到改性正极活性材料，即含铝氧化物层包覆的锂镍钴锰三元材料。
对比例3
锂离子电池的制备过程同实施例1，区别在于，
(1)改性正极活性材料的制备
将100g正极活性材料基体锂镍钴锰三元材料LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2与0.65g氧化硼通过高速混料机混合均匀，干法搅拌4h后通过450℃烧结热处理，得到改性正极活性材料，即含硼氧化物层包覆的锂镍钴锰三元材料。
对比例4
锂离子电池的制备过程同实施例1，区别在于，
(1)改性正极活性材料的制备
将100g正极活性材料基体锂镍钴锰三元材料LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2与0.65g氧化硼通过高速混料机混合均匀，干法搅拌4h后通过450℃热处理，得到改性正极活性材料，即含硼氧化物层包覆的锂镍钴锰三元材料。
然后将上述含硼氧化物层包覆的锂镍钴锰三元材料样品与0.57g氧化铝混合均匀在600℃下热处理，得到改性正极活性材料，即含铝氧化物层-含硼氧化物层复合包覆改性的锂镍钴锰三元材料，其中，元素铝的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.3％，元素硼的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.2％。。
对比例5
锂离子电池的制备过程同实施例1，区别在于，
(1)改性正极活性材料的制备
将100g正极活性材料基体锂镍钴锰三元材料LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2与0.65氧化硼和0.57g氧化铝一起通过高速混料机混合均匀，干法搅拌4h后通过450℃热处理，得到改性正极活性材料，即含铝氧化物层-含硼氧化物层复合 包覆改性的锂镍钴锰三元材料，其中，元素铝的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.3％，元素硼的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.2％。
对比例6
锂离子电池的制备过程同实施例1，区别在于，
(1)改性正极活性材料的制备
将100g正极活性材料基体锂镍钴锰三元材料LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2与0.65g氧化硼和0.57g氧化铝一起通过高速混料机混合均匀，干法搅拌4h后通过600℃烧结热处理，得到改性正极活性材料，即含铝氧化物层-含硼氧化物层复合包覆改性的锂镍钴锰三元材料，其中，元素铝的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.3％，元素硼的含量为正极活性材料基体的质量的0.2％。
接下来说明锂离子电池的测试过程。
(1)锂离子电池循环性能测试
在25℃下，将锂离子电池以1C恒流充电至电压为4.3V，然后以4.3V恒压充电至电流为0.05C，接着以1C恒流放电，直到最终电压为2.8V，记录首次循环的放电容量，而后进行充电和放电循环，检测得到第50次循环的放电容量。
锂离子电池25℃循环50次后的容量保持率(％)＝[第50次循环的放电容量/首次循环的放电容量]×100％。
(2)锂离子电池高温存储性能测试
在25℃下，先以0.5C的恒定电流对锂离子电池充电至4.3V，进一步以4.3V恒定电压充电至电流为0.025C，然后将锂离子电池用排水法在去离子水中，测量锂离子电池的初始体积。然后置于85℃下存储7天，待存储结束后，测试锂离子电池在高温存储后的体积变化。
锂离子电池85℃存储后的体积膨胀率(％)＝[锂离子电池高温存储后的体积/锂离子电池高温存储前的体积-1]×100％。
表1  实施例1-7和对比例1-6的参数
Figure PCTCN2017098785-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2017098785-appb-000002
从表1中的相关数据分析可知，在实施例1-7和对比例1中可以看出，采用本发明的改性正极活性材料的锂离子电池的高温存储性能得到明显改善，且在正极活性材料基体的表面包覆第一氧化物层和第二氧化物层后，锂离子电池的循环性能有明显改善，锂离子电池的使用寿命得到延长。
在对比例2-3中，仅采用含铝氧化物或仅采用含硼氧化物做包覆层时，得到的锂离子电池的高温存储性能出现了严重的恶化，这是因为仅以含铝氧化物做包覆层时，含铝氧化物通常以岛状或连续岛状形式包覆在正极活性材料基体的表面，难以形成均匀且连续的包覆层，包覆效果不理想，无法有效的隔绝电解液和正极活性材料基体的接触，因此对锂离子电池的高温存储性能和循环性能没有明显改善，而仅以含硼氧化物做包覆层时，形成的包覆层在高温下难以稳定存在，因此对锂离子电池高温存储性能和循环性能的改善不利。参照图4和图5，分别为实施例1和对比例3的改性正极活性材料的SEM图。在图4中，岛状结构的颗粒为含铝氧化物，且在含铝氧化物的表面还包覆有一薄层的含硼氧化物。在图5中，仅含硼氧化物包覆在正极活性材料基体的表面。从实施例1和对比例4-6中可以看出，将第一氧化物层的物质和第二氧化物层的物质的包覆顺序互换，或将第一氧化物层的物质和第二 氧化物层的物质直接混合烧结得到混合包覆层，其包覆效果均不好，因此对锂离子电池的高温存储性能和循环性能的改善均不利。

Claims (11)

  1. 一种改性正极活性材料，其特征在于，包括：
    正极活性材料基体；
    第一氧化物层，包覆在所述正极活性材料基体的表面，第一氧化物层选自元素M的氧化物中的一种或几种，元素M选自Li、Al、Zr、Mg、Ti、Y、Si、Ca、Cr、Fe、Zn、Nb、Sn、Ba、Cd中的一种或几种；以及
    第二氧化物层，包覆在所述第一氧化物层的表面且所述第二氧化物层为连续层状结构，第二氧化物层选自元素M′的氧化物中的一种或几种，元素M′选自Li、B、P、As、Pb、V、Mo、Sn中的一种或几种；
    所述第一氧化物层与所述第二氧化物层的组成不同。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的改性正极活性材料，其特征在于，所述第一氧化物层中元素M的含量为所述正极活性材料基体的质量的0.01％-2％，所述第二氧化物层中元素M′的含量为所述正极活性材料基体的质量的0.01％-1％。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的改性正极活性材料，其特征在于，所述第一氧化物层以岛状或连续岛状形式包覆在所述正极活性材料基体的表面。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的改性正极活性材料，其特征在于，所述正极活性材料基体选自钴酸锂、磷酸铁锂、锰酸锂、锂镍钴锰三元材料、锂镍钴铝三元材料中的一种或几种。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的改性正极活性材料，其特征在于，
    所述正极活性材料基体包括一次颗粒以及由一次颗粒团聚形成的二次颗粒；
    其中，一次颗粒的粒径为0.2μm～1μm，二次颗粒的粒径为5μm～18μm。
  6. 一种改性正极活性材料的制备方法，用于制备权利要求1-5中任一项 所述的改性正极活性材料，其特征在于，包括步骤：
    (1)将正极活性材料基体与第一氧化物层的物质本身或第一氧化物层的物质的前驱体均匀混合，然后进行烧结，以在正极活性材料基体的表面包覆第一氧化物层，第一氧化物层选自元素M的氧化物中的一种或几种，元素M选自Li、Al、Zr、Mg、Ti、Y、Si、Ca、Cr、Fe、Zn、Nb、Sn、Ba、Cd中的一种或几种；
    (2)将步骤(1)中得到的物质与第二氧化物层的物质本身或第二氧化物层的物质的前驱体均匀混合，然后进行烧结，以使形成的第二氧化物层包覆在所述第一氧化物层的表面且所述第二氧化物层为连续层状结构，即得到改性正极活性材料，其中，第二氧化物层选自元素M′的氧化物中的一种或几种，元素M′选自Li、B、P、As、Pb、V、Mo、Sn中的一种或几种，所述第一氧化物层与所述第二氧化物层的组成不同。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的改性正极活性材料的制备方法，其特征在于，第一氧化物层的物质本身的熔点高于第二氧化物层的物质的前驱体的熔点，以使烧结后第二氧化物层均匀包覆在第一氧化物层的表面且第二氧化物层形成为连续层状结构。
  8. 根据权利要求6所述的改性正极活性材料的制备方法，其特征在于，第一氧化物层的物质本身的熔点高于第二氧化物层的物质本身的熔点，以使烧结后第二氧化物层均匀包覆在第一氧化物层的表面且第二氧化物层形成为连续层状结构。
  9. 根据权利要求7所述的改性正极活性材料的制备方法，其特征在于，
    步骤(2)中的烧结温度低于步骤(1)中的烧结温度且大于等于第二氧化物层的物质的前驱体的熔点；
    步骤(1)中的烧结温度为600℃～750℃；
    步骤(2)中的烧结温度为400℃～600℃。
  10. 根据权利要求8所述的改性正极活性材料的制备方法，其特征在于，
    步骤(2)中的烧结温度低于步骤(1)中的烧结温度且大于等于第二氧化物层的物质本身的熔点；
    步骤(1)中的烧结温度为600℃～750℃；
    步骤(2)中的烧结温度为400℃～600℃。
  11. 一种电化学储能装置，其特征在于，包括根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的改性正极活性材料。
PCT/CN2017/098785 2017-05-15 2017-08-24 改性正极活性材料及其制备方法及电化学储能装置 WO2018209837A1 (zh)

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