WO2018167699A1 - Process for obtaining three-component polymeric materials with oriented variable composition, synthesised through sequential copolimerisations in a semi-batch reactor with feed gradient - Google Patents

Process for obtaining three-component polymeric materials with oriented variable composition, synthesised through sequential copolimerisations in a semi-batch reactor with feed gradient Download PDF

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WO2018167699A1
WO2018167699A1 PCT/IB2018/051722 IB2018051722W WO2018167699A1 WO 2018167699 A1 WO2018167699 A1 WO 2018167699A1 IB 2018051722 W IB2018051722 W IB 2018051722W WO 2018167699 A1 WO2018167699 A1 WO 2018167699A1
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chains
comonomers
gradient
semi
composition
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
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Carlos Federico Jasso Gastinel
Francisco Javier RIVERA GÁLVEZ
Luis Javier GONZÁLEZ ORTIZ
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Universidad De Guadalajara
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/10Esters
    • C08F220/12Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
    • C08F220/16Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms
    • C08F220/18Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms with acrylic or methacrylic acids
    • C08F220/1804C4-(meth)acrylate, e.g. butyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate or tert-butyl (meth)acrylate
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F12/00Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
    • C08F12/02Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
    • C08F12/04Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
    • C08F12/06Hydrocarbons
    • C08F12/08Styrene
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F12/00Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
    • C08F12/02Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
    • C08F12/04Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
    • C08F12/14Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring substituted by hetero atoms or groups containing heteroatoms
    • C08F12/16Halogens
    • C08F12/18Chlorine
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F14/00Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
    • C08F14/02Monomers containing chlorine
    • C08F14/04Monomers containing two carbon atoms
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F18/00Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid or of a haloformic acid
    • C08F18/02Esters of monocarboxylic acids
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    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2/00Processes of polymerisation
    • C08F2/12Polymerisation in non-solvents
    • C08F2/16Aqueous medium
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2/00Processes of polymerisation
    • C08F2/12Polymerisation in non-solvents
    • C08F2/16Aqueous medium
    • C08F2/22Emulsion polymerisation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F212/00Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
    • C08F212/02Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
    • C08F212/04Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
    • C08F212/06Hydrocarbons
    • C08F212/08Styrene
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F218/00Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid or of a haloformic acid
    • C08F218/02Esters of monocarboxylic acids
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F222/00Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof
    • C08F222/04Anhydrides, e.g. cyclic anhydrides
    • C08F222/06Maleic anhydride
    • C08F222/08Maleic anhydride with vinyl aromatic monomers

Definitions

  • the object of the invention consists in a process that allows obtaining three-component polymeric materials with variable oriented composition, by means of sequential emulsion copolymerizations in semicontinuous reactors with feed gradient.
  • the advantage of this synthesis process is that being scalable at the industrial level, it allows to obtain three-component polymer systems with considerable average molecular weights (eg> 10 5 g / mol), where evolution, through the modification of the feeding profile, is promoted desired in the compositions of the chains that are formed throughout the reaction, with the intention of achieving a distribution of compositions that enhances the contribution of each component in the polymeric material (that is, trying to combine the properties that each component would present as homopolymer).
  • polymers are required to be partially compatible, which greatly reduces the chances of forming useful mixtures via simple mixing. This has led to the use of coupling agents to generate attractive forces (secondary bonds) between the structures of both polymeric materials, which has allowed the expansion of the mix formation range and its applications.
  • Another way that has been used in the mixtures is to prepare, first, one of the polymers (polymer A) that functions as a matrix, to later diffuse in it, for a certain time, a monomer B, and finally polymerize "in situ "that monomer to generate a polymer B.
  • a material thus obtained is known as a chemical mixture, with which mixing at a microscopic level is achieved, the phase separation of the polymers is reduced and, thus, better properties than with physical mixtures (1). If it is also achieved that in a mixture If there is a chemical variation in the composition at the spatial level (gradual change or gradient of composition at the volumetric level), materials can be achieved that combine the optimal contribution of each component to mechanical properties (2), or that a property is optimized in the surface (3).
  • copolymers there is the particularity that the interaction between the components is the best possible, because the bonds are present at the primary level (eg covalent bonds).
  • bonds are present at the primary level (eg covalent bonds).
  • random copolymers have been reported (where two monomers are "loaded” or placed in a vessel, or reactor, and allowed to react), alternating, block, or graft, which have been applied in various fields.
  • polymerization reactions have been used via free radicals, by ionic route and, more recently, by radical route, controlled with various types of catalysts. This last route allows to control the monomer that is added until reaching a certain size (4), with which, seeking to combine properties, the synthesis or formation of copolymers with composition gradient has been reported at the laboratory level.
  • copolymers can be synthesized to the desired molecular size (medium, high or very high, eg 100 to 10,000 link chains) with great ease, adjusting the amount of initiator for the reaction, and that the reaction can be done in industrial scale reactors, varying the feeding of the comonomers in a semi-continuous scheme (6,7).
  • the composition of the chains to be formed at a given moment of the reaction depends on the affinity or ability of the monomers to react with themselves, or with the other monomer, when wanting to form a copolymer. Such capacity is completely related to the chemical structure of both components.
  • the improvement in properties or performance that has been obtained with a composition gradient can be used for the preparation of three component polymers.
  • the implicit difficulty in using the method of obtaining a terpolymer is that the number of possible growth reactions with three components (if the three monomers are placed in a load reactor) is nine (while in a copolymer there are only four ); In such a synthesis, the achievement of the desirable ratio between the 3 monomers in the chains being formed is greatly complicated, preventing the achievement of their contribution or fundamental characteristic as a polymer for each component. For this reason, a "terpolymer" of industrial importance such as poly (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, (ABS)) has traditionally been made in two stages by charges, polymerizing separately one of the monomers and the other two by copolymerization ( 12).
  • ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
  • this process begins with the preparation of a seeding of the homopolymer of one of the comonomers (first stage), which is described in the following paragraph.
  • Table 1 shows the quantities used of the different components required for the synthesis of the seeds and the reference “terpolymer” (synthesized in two stages).
  • the procedure for obtaining the polymeric materials of three monomers proposed herein, in which a semi-continuous process with feed gradient is used, is detailed in the following paragraphs.
  • the process of the invention begins in a stirred reactor at constant reaction temperature and pressure, which may contain a previously prepared sowing latex and, if required, adjusted in concentration, so that the total amount of solids in the reactor is less than or equal to 10% of the total mass to be polymerized;
  • the procedure for obtaining a sowing latex is in the public domain, was briefly described in the background and is not part of the claims.
  • a certain amount of a surfactant is added to said reactor, maintaining stirring and bubbling nitrogen gas to try to have an aqueous system saturated with nitrogen and free of oxygen (which inhibits the reaction), before adding the comonomers.
  • two monomers are fed simultaneously to the reactor, following a semi-continuous scheme with a feed gradient, defining a certain number of stages (for example: between 5 and 40) and modifying in each of them the amounts of the comonomers, which are semi-continuous added.
  • the pre-established amounts of initiator allowing free radicals to be generated by heating
  • surfactant and pH buffer are added in a single charge.
  • Table 2 shows the feed flows of an example (applicable to vinyl monomers) or, the fed doughs (applicable to the other ingredients) at each stage of the various components, used in the synthesis of a type 1 material ( G1).
  • Table 3 shows, as an example, the equivalent information for a type 2 material (G2). In both tables the gradient feed sequence of the A / B and, B / C comonomers is evidenced.
  • Figure 1 It shows the distribution of the comonomer units in the gradient copolymer chains formed through the reaction time, for: (a) controlled root copolymerization and (b) free radical copolymerization.
  • Figure 2. It shows the stress-strain behavior of the "terpolymer” obtained with forced feed gradient type 1 (- -) and, the one obtained by the reference method (-). Test temperature: 40 ° C; crosshead speed for deformation: 5 mm / min.
  • Figure 3. It shows the stress-strain behavior of the "terpolymer” obtained with forced feed gradient type 2 (- -) and, the one obtained by the reference method (-). Test temperature: 25 ° C; crosshead speed for deformation: 5 mm / min.
  • Figure 4.- Shows the loss module as a function of the temperature for the "terpolymers" G1 (- -), G2 ( ⁇ ) and, of reference (-); frequency: 1 Hz.
  • Material G1 prepared with styrene (S), butyl acrylate (BA), and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (CIVB), of overall composition S / BA / CIVB 25/60/15% by weight was obtained by emulsion polymerization semi-continuous following the generic steps described below: 1) adding latex seeds to the reactor (250 g of 20% latex in solids, equivalent to 50 g of PS; 10% of the total amount of G1 material to be obtained), 2) adding water to complete a total of 1400 g of water, 3) start stirring at 400 rpm with bubbling nitrogen gas for at least 1 hour, 3) adding the amount set out in Table 2 for the first loading of ingredients additional (sodium dodecyl sulfate, DSS, potassium persulfate, PSK; sodium bicarbonate, BS; 2% each with respect to the amount of monomer to be added at the stage in question, which are fed into a global solution containing 30 g of water), 4) start feeding the first pair comonom
  • Table 2 shows the feed flows or, the masses fed at each stage, corresponding to the various components used in the synthesis of type 1 material (G1).
  • the G2 material was synthesized in a totally equivalent way to that used in the synthesis of the G1 material, with the only variation of feeding the first and second comonomic pair following the flows indicated in Table 3, instead of those indicated in Table 2.
  • the G1 and G2 systems, as well as the two-stage reference system (2-E) were prepared with the same chemical system and with the same overall proportions of the monomers; that is, 25% by weight of butyl acrylate, 60% by weight of styrene and 15% by weight of 4-vinylbenzyl chloride.
  • the same equipment and the same general reaction conditions were used, ie temperature (70 ° C) and reactor agitation speed (400 rpm).
  • Table 3 shows the feed flows or, the masses fed at each stage, corresponding to the various components used in the synthesis of type 2 material (G2).

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)

Abstract

Different ways have been used to optimise the contribution of each component in two-monomer systems to form copolymers, as the structures thereof strongly affect the composition of A-B type chains that may be formed during the reaction. For three components, the situation is further complicated if specific sequences are sought, since the number of possible growth reactions increases (9 for terpolymers, instead of 4 for copolymers). One way of constraining the relative content of the components in high-molecular-weight chains formed by traditional radical reactions is the use of a semi-batch process with feed gradient, wherein vinyl comonomers are sequentially fed in pairs (A-B and B-C), promoting the formation of A-rich chains, B-rich chains and C-rich chains, in addition to a certain amount of A-B and B-C copolymer chains which cover the spectrum of intermediate compositions. These act as compatibilisers. With this strategy, a synergistic combination of properties in the end material can be achieved.

Description

PROCESO PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DE MATERIALES POLIMÉRICOS DE TRES  PROCESS FOR THE OBTAINING OF THREE POLYMER MATERIALS
COMPONENTES CON COMPOSICIÓN VARIABLE ORIENTADA. SINTETIZADOS MEDIANTE COPOLIMERIZACIONES SECUENCIALES EN REACTOR SEMICONTINUO CON GRADIENTE COMPONENTS WITH ORIENTED VARIABLE COMPOSITION. SYNTHESIZED BY SEQUENTIAL COPOLIMERIZATIONS IN SEMICONTINUOUS REACTOR WITH GRADIENT
DE ALIMENTACIÓN POWER SUPPLY
OBJETO DE LA INVENCIÓN OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
El objeto de la invención consiste en un proceso que permite la obtención de materiales poliméricos de tres componentes con composición variable orientada, mediante la realización de copolimerizaciones secuenciales en emulsión en reactores semicontinuos con gradiente de alimentación. La ventaja de este proceso de síntesis, es que siendo escalable a nivel industrial, permite obtener sistemas poliméricos tricomponentes con pesos molecularespromedio considerables (v.g. > 105 g/mol), en donde se promueve, mediante la modificación del perfil de alimentación, la evolución deseada en las composiciones de las cadenas que se van formando a lo largo de la reacción, con la intención de lograr una distribución de composiciones que realce la aportación de cada componente en el material polimérico (esto es, procurando conjuntar las propiedades que cada componente presentaría como homopolímero). Esencialmente, se debe lograr que se formen cadenas ricas en cada uno de los tres componentes, con miras a cumplir los requerimientos en propiedades que la aplicación de interés exija, al pretender que el producto final refleje, como conjunto, lo que cada uno aporta. The object of the invention consists in a process that allows obtaining three-component polymeric materials with variable oriented composition, by means of sequential emulsion copolymerizations in semicontinuous reactors with feed gradient. The advantage of this synthesis process is that being scalable at the industrial level, it allows to obtain three-component polymer systems with considerable average molecular weights (eg> 10 5 g / mol), where evolution, through the modification of the feeding profile, is promoted desired in the compositions of the chains that are formed throughout the reaction, with the intention of achieving a distribution of compositions that enhances the contribution of each component in the polymeric material (that is, trying to combine the properties that each component would present as homopolymer). Essentially, it should be achieved that rich chains are formed in each of the three components, with a view to meeting the requirements in properties that the application of interest requires, by pretending that the final product reflects, as a whole, what each contributes.
ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓN BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
En la búsqueda de la combinación de materiales poliméricos que puedan cubrir una amplia gama de propiedades, en la segunda mitad del siglo veinte se profundizó, por un lado, en la obtención de mezclas de dos o más polímeros y, por el otro, en hacer reacciones con dos o más monómeros, para generar materiales poliméricos de dos o tres componentes (conocidos como copolímeros y terpolímeros, respectivamente).  In the search for the combination of polymeric materials that can cover a wide range of properties, in the second half of the twentieth century, it was deepened, on the one hand, in obtaining mixtures of two or more polymers and, on the other, in making reactions with two or more monomers, to generate polymeric materials of two or three components (known as copolymers and terpolymers, respectively).
Para que las mezclas físicas puedan combinar propiedades de forma útil, se requiere que los polímeros sean parcialmente compatibles, lo cual reduce bastante las posibilidades de formar mezclas útiles por la vía de un mezclado simple. Ello ha motivado que se utilicen agentes de acoplamiento para generar fuerzas de atracción (enlaces secundarios) entre las estructuras de ambos materiales poliméricos, con lo cual se ha podido ampliar la gama de formación de mezclas y sus aplicaciones. Otro camino que se ha usado en las mezclas, es el de preparar, primeramente, uno de los polímeros (polímero A) que funja como matriz, para difundir luego en ella, por un cierto tiempo, un monómero B, y finalmente polimerizar "in situ" ese monómero para generar un polímero B. A un material así obtenido se le conoce como mezcla química, con la cual se logra un mezclado a nivel microscópico, se disminuye la separación de fases de los polímeros y, con ello, se logran mejores propiedades que con las mezclas físicas (1 ). Si además se logra que en una mezcla química se tenga una variación en la composición a nivel espacial (cambio gradual o gradiente de composición a nivel volumétrico), se pueden lograr materiales que combinen el aporte óptimo de cada componente para propiedades mecánicas (2), o que se optimice una propiedad en la superficie (3). In order for physical mixtures to combine properties in a useful way, polymers are required to be partially compatible, which greatly reduces the chances of forming useful mixtures via simple mixing. This has led to the use of coupling agents to generate attractive forces (secondary bonds) between the structures of both polymeric materials, which has allowed the expansion of the mix formation range and its applications. Another way that has been used in the mixtures, is to prepare, first, one of the polymers (polymer A) that functions as a matrix, to later diffuse in it, for a certain time, a monomer B, and finally polymerize "in situ "that monomer to generate a polymer B. A material thus obtained is known as a chemical mixture, with which mixing at a microscopic level is achieved, the phase separation of the polymers is reduced and, thus, better properties than with physical mixtures (1). If it is also achieved that in a mixture If there is a chemical variation in the composition at the spatial level (gradual change or gradient of composition at the volumetric level), materials can be achieved that combine the optimal contribution of each component to mechanical properties (2), or that a property is optimized in the surface (3).
Con respecto a los copolímeros, se tiene la particularidad de que la interacción entre los componentes es la mejor posible, debido a que los enlaces están presentes a nivel primario (v.g. enlaces covalentes). A través del tiempo se han reportado copolímeros aleatorios (donde dos monómeros se "cargan" o colocan en una vasija, o reactor, y se dejan reaccionar), alternados, de bloque, o de injerto, los cuales se han aplicado en diversos campos. Para su obtención, se han utilizado reacciones de polimerización por vía de radicales libres, por vía iónica y, más recientemente, por vía radicálica, controlada con diversos tipos de catalizadores. Esta última vía permite controlar el monómero que se adiciona hasta llegar a cierto tamaño (4), con lo cual, buscando combinar propiedades, se ha reportado, a nivel laboratorio, la síntesis o formación de copolímeros con gradiente de composición. Sin embargo, la escala de obtención y la dificultad para controlar el monómero a añadir en moléculas poliméricas de gran tamaño, ha limitado hasta ahora los avances en la caracterización de propiedades y las posibles aplicaciones de los copolímeros obtenidos por tal vía. La formación de copolímeros con gradiente de composición no es nueva; ya había sido reportada su obtención por vía de radicales libres desde hace tiempo para aplicaciones ópticas (5). Para aplicaciones de propiedades mecánicas, se han reportado las ventajas que ofrecen los copolímeros que se obtienen con un gradiente de alimentación comonoméricajo que conduce a una variación en la composición de las cadenas que se van formando, para evitar que se forme un copolímero aleatorio. El método ya ha sido probado con dos diferentes sistemas comonoméricos (6,7). La diferencia fundamental con el método vía radicálica controlada, es que, en el caso de la reacción por radicales libres, cada molécula se forma y desactiva en una fracción de segundo, por lo cual, el gradiente de composición comonomérico de la masa que se va alimentando, permite cambiar la composición de las cadenas que se van formando a medida que va avanzando la conversión de alimento comonomérico (en lugar de tener activa cada cadena por largo tiempo, mientras se varía la composición en cada cadena a medida que va creciendo la misma, como sucede en una reacción por vía radicálica controlada). En la Figura 1 se muestra la diferencia en la variación de la estructura entre ambos tipos de reacciones de síntesis. Entre las características y ventajas de las reacciones por radicales libres, se tiene el hecho de que se pueden sintetizar copolímeros al tamaño molecular deseado (mediano, alto o, muy alto, v.g. cadenas de 100 a 10,000 eslabones) con gran facilidad, ajustando la cantidad de iniciador para la reacción, y el que la reacción se puede hacer en reactores de escala industrial, variando la alimentación de los comonómeros en un esquema semicontinuo (6,7). La composición de las cadenas a formar en un instante dado de la reacción, depende de la afinidad o capacidad que tienen para reaccionar los monómeros consigo mismo, o con el otro monómero, al querer formar un copolímero. Tal capacidad está completamente relacionada con la estructura química de ambos componentes. Como consecuencia, la relación de capacidades entre ellos también varía, típicamente desde valores fraccionarios hasta decenas (llamadas reactividades relativas) (8). Además, la relación de las concentraciones de los componentes en la masa de reacción va variando con el tiempo, debido a que, por las reactividades relativas y la propia relación instantánea de concentraciones de los comonómeros, éstos se consumen a diferentes velocidades. Ello provoca que la composición instantánea del producto "A-B" que se vaya formando, esté cambiando al avanzar la conversión, lo cual conduce finalmente a un copolímero conocido como aleatorio o estadístico. En este tipo de copolímero, generalmente no se logra conseguir la interacción entre los componentes a nivel molecular, lo que impide combinar óptimamente las propiedades que cada componente podría aportar como homopolímero. With respect to the copolymers, there is the particularity that the interaction between the components is the best possible, because the bonds are present at the primary level (eg covalent bonds). Over time random copolymers have been reported (where two monomers are "loaded" or placed in a vessel, or reactor, and allowed to react), alternating, block, or graft, which have been applied in various fields. To obtain it, polymerization reactions have been used via free radicals, by ionic route and, more recently, by radical route, controlled with various types of catalysts. This last route allows to control the monomer that is added until reaching a certain size (4), with which, seeking to combine properties, the synthesis or formation of copolymers with composition gradient has been reported at the laboratory level. However, the scale of obtaining and the difficulty in controlling the monomer to be added in large polymer molecules has so far limited the advances in the characterization of properties and the possible applications of the copolymers obtained by such a route. The formation of copolymers with gradient composition is not new; its obtaining had already been reported via free radicals for some time for optical applications (5). For applications of mechanical properties, the advantages offered by the copolymers obtained with a gradient of comonomer feeding have been reported that leads to a variation in the composition of the chains that are formed, to prevent a random copolymer from forming. The method has already been tested with two different comonomic systems (6,7). The fundamental difference with the controlled root method is that, in the case of the free radical reaction, each molecule is formed and deactivated in a fraction of a second, therefore, the gradient of comonomer composition of the mass that is going feeding, allows you to change the composition of the chains that are formed as the conversion of comonomic food progresses (instead of having each chain active for a long time, while varying the composition in each chain as it grows , as happens in a controlled root reaction). The difference in structure variation between both types of synthesis reactions is shown in Figure 1. Among the characteristics and advantages of free radical reactions, there is the fact that copolymers can be synthesized to the desired molecular size (medium, high or very high, eg 100 to 10,000 link chains) with great ease, adjusting the amount of initiator for the reaction, and that the reaction can be done in industrial scale reactors, varying the feeding of the comonomers in a semi-continuous scheme (6,7). The composition of the chains to be formed at a given moment of the reaction depends on the affinity or ability of the monomers to react with themselves, or with the other monomer, when wanting to form a copolymer. Such capacity is completely related to the chemical structure of both components. As a consequence, the relationship of capabilities between them also varies, typically from fractional values to tens (called relative reactivities) (8). In addition, the ratio of the concentrations of the components in the reaction mass varies over time, because, due to the relative reactivities and the instantaneous ratio of concentrations of the comonomers, they are consumed at different rates. This causes that the instantaneous composition of the "AB" product that is formed, is changing as the conversion progresses, which ultimately leads to a copolymer known as random or statistical. In this type of copolymer, it is generally not possible to achieve the interaction between the components at the molecular level, which prevents optimally combining the properties that each component could provide as a homopolymer.
Basado en ello, utilizando un esquema semicontinuo de reacción para variar la composición de alimento, se puede hablar de "copolímeros de composición forzada" (9, 10), lo cual se ha usado desde hace tiempo para producir copolímeros de composición constante, con el fin de procurar uniformidad en las propiedades en las cadenas que se van formando (1 1 ). Based on this, using a semi-continuous reaction scheme to vary the food composition, one can speak of "forced composition copolymers" (9, 10), which has long been used to produce constant composition copolymers, with the in order to ensure uniformity in the properties in the chains that are formed (1 1).
La mejora en propiedades o desempeño que se ha obtenido con un gradiente de composición, ya sea en mezclas químicas (2,3) con respecto a las mezclas de composición uniforme, o en la masa de cadenas obtenida de copolímeros por radicales libres (6,7J con respecto a copolímeros aleatorios y los materiales poliméricos conocidos como de tipo núcleo coraza (6- 7,10), puede ser aprovechada para la elaboración de polímeros de tres componentes. The improvement in properties or performance that has been obtained with a composition gradient, either in chemical mixtures (2,3) with respect to the uniform composition mixtures, or in the mass of chains obtained from free radical copolymers (6, 7J with respect to random copolymers and polymeric materials known as shell core type (6-7,10), can be used for the preparation of three component polymers.
La dificultad implícita al utilizar el método de obtención de un terpolímero, estriba en que el número de reacciones de crecimiento posibles con tres componentes (si se colocan los tres monómeros en un reactor por cargas) es nueve (mientras que en un copolímero son sólo cuatro); en una síntesis así, el logro de la proporción deseable entre los 3 monómeros en las cadenas formándose se complica grandemente, impidiendo el lograr que para cada componente se optimice su aporte o característica fundamental como polímero. Por tal motivo, un "terpolímero" de importancia industrial como el poli (acrilonitrilo-butadieno-estireno, (ABS)), tradicionalmente se ha hecho en dos etapas por cargas, polimerizando por separado uno de los monómeros y los otros dos por copolimerización (12). Añadiendo también que, en el caso del "terpolímero" por radicales libres, se ha reportado un sistema con el fin de obtener un "terpolímero" de composición uniforme, tal como se hizo con copolímeros (13). Por otro lado, se han hecho esfuerzos por vía radicálica controlada para generar un material con un gradiente de composición en las cadenas de copolímero (14). The implicit difficulty in using the method of obtaining a terpolymer, is that the number of possible growth reactions with three components (if the three monomers are placed in a load reactor) is nine (while in a copolymer there are only four ); In such a synthesis, the achievement of the desirable ratio between the 3 monomers in the chains being formed is greatly complicated, preventing the achievement of their contribution or fundamental characteristic as a polymer for each component. For this reason, a "terpolymer" of industrial importance such as poly (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, (ABS)) has traditionally been made in two stages by charges, polymerizing separately one of the monomers and the other two by copolymerization ( 12). Also adding that, in the case of the "free radical terpolymer", a system has been reported in order to obtain a "terpolymer" of uniform composition, as was done with copolymers (13). On the other hand, efforts have been made on a radicular basis controlled to generate a material with a composition gradient in the copolymer chains (14).
A continuación, se describe el procedimiento tradicional de obtención de un "terpolímero" en emulsión (método de referencia 2-E), donde, en una primera etapa se sintetiza el homopolímero de uno de los comonómeros y, en presencia de él (segunda etapa), se prepara un copolímero aleatorio de los otros dos comonómeros. Next, the traditional method of obtaining an emulsion "terpolymer" (reference method 2-E) is described, where, in a first stage the homopolymer of one of the comonomers is synthesized and, in the presence of it (second stage ), a random copolymer of the other two comonomers is prepared.
De acuerdo a lo anterior, este proceso inicia con la preparación de una siembra del homopolímero de uno de los comonómeros (primera etapa), la cual se describe en el siguiente párrafo. According to the above, this process begins with the preparation of a seeding of the homopolymer of one of the comonomers (first stage), which is described in the following paragraph.
Aunque el método de formación de una siembra de un homopolímero es de dominio público, y por ello no forma parte de las reivindicaciones, dada su importancia para el tema aquí tratado, en la Tabla 1 se incluye, a modo informativo, una formulación típica para preparar una semilla de poliestireno (PS) en emulsión, así como una de poli (acrilato de butilo) (PBA). En términos generales, la preparación de la siembra se inicia en un reactor agitado conteniendo agua a la temperatura de reacción, al cual se le añade un tensoactivo, manteniendo la agitación y burbujeando permanentemente nitrógeno gaseoso, para procurar tener un medio acuoso saturado en nitrógeno y libre de oxígeno (que inhibe la reacción), antes de añadir el monómero a polimerizar y una solución de iniciador. El monómero se deja reaccionar hasta conversión prácticamente total, lo cual, dependiendo del sistema químico utilizado, suele ocurrir en unas cuantas horas. Although the method of formation of a sowing of a homopolymer is in the public domain, and therefore is not part of the claims, given its importance for the subject discussed here, a typical formulation for informational purposes is included in Table 1 Prepare an emulsion polystyrene (PS) seed, as well as a poly (butyl acrylate) (PBA) seed. In general terms, the preparation of the sowing begins in a stirred reactor containing water at the reaction temperature, to which a surfactant is added, maintaining the stirring and constantly bubbling nitrogen gas, to try to have an aqueous medium saturated with nitrogen and oxygen free (which inhibits the reaction), before adding the monomer to polymerize and an initiator solution. The monomer is allowed to react until practically total conversion, which, depending on the chemical system used, usually occurs within a few hours.
En la segunda etapa de éste método tradicional, el cual es conocido industrialmente y no forma parte de la invención (se incluye aquí para evidenciar las diferencias con el método propuesto), se vuelve a cargar un tensoactivo y se mantiene el burbujeo permanente de nitrógeno, para proceder luego a la carga simultánea de los monómeros "B" y "C" (proceso por cargas o "batch"), del iniciador y de un amortiguador de pH, para sintetizar el copolímero Poli(B-C) de tipo aleatorio en presencia de la cantidad deseada de homopolímero A que representa la siembra. In the second stage of this traditional method, which is known industrially and is not part of the invention (it is included here to show the differences with the proposed method), a surfactant is reloaded and the permanent nitrogen bubbling is maintained, to then proceed to the simultaneous loading of the monomers "B" and "C" (process by loading or "batch"), of the initiator and of a pH buffer, to synthesize the random copolymer Poly (BC) in the presence of the desired amount of homopolymer A representing the seeding.
En la Tabla 1 se muestran las cantidades utilizadas de los diferentes componentes requeridos para la síntesis de las semillas y del "terpolímero" de referencia (sintetizado en dos etapas). Tabla 1 Table 1 shows the quantities used of the different components required for the synthesis of the seeds and the reference "terpolymer" (synthesized in two stages). Table 1
Material Monómero Monómero Monómero de Látex de DSS PSK BS Agua de de acrilato cloruro de 4- poli (acrilato (g) (g) (g) (g) estire no de butilo vinilbencilo de butilo)3 Material Monomer Monomer Latex Monomer from DSS PSK BS Acrylate water 4- poly (acrylate (g) (g) (g) (g) acrylate chloride stretch butyl butyl vinyl benzyl butyl) 3
(g) (g) (g) (g)  (g) (g) (g) (g)
Semilla de 500 10.0 10.0 10.0 2000 PS 500 seed 10.0 10.0 10.0 2000 PS
Material de referencia (polímero de 2 etapas; 2-E)  Reference material (2-stage polymer; 2-E)
Primera etapa  First stage
Semilla de 500 10.0 10.0 10.0 2000 PBA  500 seed 10.0 10.0 10.0 2000 PBA
Segunda etapa  Second stage
2-E 25/60/15 300 75 600 7.5 7.5 7.5 1525 BA/S/CIVB b a Contenido de sólidos: 20.8%. D Total de PBA añadido al reactor en el látex siembra: 125 g. D Total de agua dentro del reactor: 2000 g. Velocidad de agitación en todas las reacciones: 400 ± 5 rpm. Temperatura de reacción en todas las reacciones: 70 ± 2 °C. 2-E 25/60/15 300 75 600 7.5 7.5 7.5 1525 BA / S / CIVB b a Solids content: 20.8%. D Total PBA added to the reactor in the sowing latex: 125 g. D Total water inside the reactor: 2000 g. Stirring speed in all reactions: 400 ± 5 rpm. Reaction temperature in all reactions: 70 ± 2 ° C.
Referencias bibliográficas. Bibliographic references.
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5. - Ohtsuka, Y. (1973). Light-focusing plástic rod prepared form diallyl isophthalate-methyl methacrylate copolymerization, Applied Physics. Lett., 23 (5), 247 - 248. 6. - Jasso, C.F.; Reyes, I.; López, L.C.; González-Ortiz, L.J. (2006). Mechanical performance of styrene-2-ethylhexyl acrylate polymers synthesized by semicontinuous emulsión polymerization varying feed composition. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization, 1 1 (5), 383 - 402. 5. - Ohtsuka, Y. (1973). Light-focusing plastic rod prepared form diallyl isophthalate-methyl methacrylate copolymerization, Applied Physics. Lett., 23 (5), 247-248. 6. - Jasso, CF; Reyes, I .; López, LC; González-Ortiz, LJ (2006). Mechanical performance of styrene-2-ethylhexyl acrylate polymers synthesized by semicontinuous emulsion polymerization varying feed composition. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization, 1 1 (5), 383-402.
7. - Arnez-Prado, A.H.; González-Ortiz, L.J.; Aranda-García, F.J.; Jasso-Gastinel, C.F. (2012). The variation of comonomers feeding protile to design the distribution of chains composition for the optimization of the mechanical properties in copolymer systems. e-polymers, 12 (1 ), 814 - 829. 8.- Odian, G. (2004). Chain copolymerization. In Principies of polymerization, 4th ed.; Wiley- Interscience: New York., chapter 6, 464 - 543. 7. - Arnez-Prado, A.H .; González-Ortiz, L.J .; Aranda-García, F.J .; Jasso-Gastinel, C.F. (2012). The variation of comonomers feeding protile to design the distribution of chains composition for the optimization of the mechanical properties in copolymer systems. e-polymers, 12 (1), 814-829. 8.- Odian, G. (2004). Chain copolymerization. In Principies of polymerization, 4th ed .; Wiley- Interscience: New York., Chapter 6, 464-543.
9. - Lin W. and Broadbelt L.J. (2009). Explicit sequence of Styrene/Methyl Methacrylate gradient copolymers synthesized by forced gradient copolymerization with nitroxide-mediated Controlled Radical Polymerization, Macromolecules, 42 (20), 7961 - 7968 9. - Lin W. and Broadbelt L.J. (2009). Explicit sequence of Styrene / Methyl Methacrylate gradient copolymers synthesized by forced gradient copolymerization with nitroxide-mediated Controlled Radical Polymerization, Macromolecules, 42 (20), 7961-7968
10. - Jasso-Gastinel, C.F.; Arnez-Prado, A.H.; Aranda-García F.J.; Sahagún-Aguilar L.O.; López Dellamary Toral, F.A.; Hernández-Hernández M.E.; González-Ortiz L. J. (2017). Tailoring copolymer properties by gradual changes in the distribution of chains composition using semicontinuous emulsión polymerization. Polymers, 9 (2), 72 - 82. 10. - Jasso-Gastinel, C.F .; Arnez-Prado, A.H .; Aranda-García F.J .; Sahagún-Aguilar L.O .; López Dellamary Toral, F.A .; Hernández-Hernández M.E .; González-Ortiz L. J. (2017). Tailoring copolymer properties by gradual changes in the distribution of chains composition using semicontinuous emulsion polymerization. Polymers, 9 (2), 72-82.
1 1 . - Guyot, A., Guillot, J., Pichot, C. & Guerrero, L. R. (1981 ). Emulsión Polymers and Emulsión Polymerization, 415 - 436. 12.- Daly, L.E. (1948). Blends of butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbery copolymers having a toluene- insoluble "b" gel content of from 30 to 50% and hard resinous styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, US 2550139 A, Us Rubber Co. eleven . - Guyot, A., Guillot, J., Pichot, C. & Guerrero, L. R. (1981). Emulsion Polymers and Emulsion Polymerization, 415-436. 12.- Daly, L.E. (1948). Blends of butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbery copolymers having a toluene-insoluble "b" gel content of from 30 to 50% and hard resinous styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, US 2550139 A, Us Rubber Co.
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14. - Beginn, U. (2008). Gradient copolymers. Colloid Polym. Sci., 286 (13), 1465-1474. 14. - Beginn, U. (2008). Gradient copolymers. Colloid Polym. Sci., 286 (13), 1465-1474.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
El procedimiento de obtención de los materiales poliméricos de tres monómeros aquí propuesto, en el cual se utiliza un proceso semicontinuo con gradiente de alimentación, se detalla en los siguientes párrafos. El proceso de la invención inicia en un reactor agitado a temperatura y presión de reacción constantes, el cual puede contener un látex siembra previamente preparado y, si es requerido, ajustado en su concentración, a fin de que la cantidad total de sólidos en el reactor sea inferior o igual al 10% de la masa total a polimerizar; el procedimiento de obtención de un látex siembra es de dominio público, fue brevemente descrito en los antecedentes y no forma parte de las reivindicaciones. Es recomendable iniciar el proceso con una siembra, ya que ello facilita el crecimiento de las partículas en las que se llevan a cabo las reacciones deseadas, sin embargo, si no se desea o no se puede utilizar siembra, dicho látex debe ser substituido por agua. A dicho reactor se añade una cierta cantidad de un tensoactivo, manteniendo la agitación y burbujeando nitrógeno gaseoso para procurar tener un sistema acuoso saturado en nitrógeno y libre de oxígeno (que inhibe la reacción), antes de añadir los comonómeros. Posteriormente, se alimentan simultáneamente al reactor dos monómeros, siguiendo un esquema semicontinuo con gradiente de alimentación, definiendo un cierto número de etapas (por ejemplo: entre 5 y 40) y modificando en cada una de ellas las cantidades de los comonómeros, los que son añadidos en semicontinuo. Al inicio de cada etapa son adicionadas, en una sola carga, las cantidades preestablecidas de iniciador (que permite generar los radicales libres por calentamiento), tensoactivo y amortiguador de pH. The procedure for obtaining the polymeric materials of three monomers proposed herein, in which a semi-continuous process with feed gradient is used, is detailed in the following paragraphs. The process of the invention begins in a stirred reactor at constant reaction temperature and pressure, which may contain a previously prepared sowing latex and, if required, adjusted in concentration, so that the total amount of solids in the reactor is less than or equal to 10% of the total mass to be polymerized; The procedure for obtaining a sowing latex is in the public domain, was briefly described in the background and is not part of the claims. It is advisable to start the process with a sowing, since this facilitates the growth of the particles in which the desired reactions are carried out, however, if seeding is not desired or cannot be used, said latex must be replaced by water . A certain amount of a surfactant is added to said reactor, maintaining stirring and bubbling nitrogen gas to try to have an aqueous system saturated with nitrogen and free of oxygen (which inhibits the reaction), before adding the comonomers. Subsequently, two monomers are fed simultaneously to the reactor, following a semi-continuous scheme with a feed gradient, defining a certain number of stages (for example: between 5 and 40) and modifying in each of them the amounts of the comonomers, which are semi-continuous added. At the beginning of each stage, the pre-established amounts of initiator (allowing free radicals to be generated by heating), surfactant and pH buffer are added in a single charge.
En la Tabla 2 se muestran los flujos de alimentación de un ejemplo (aplicables a los monómeros vinílicos) o, las masas alimentadas (aplicables a los otros ingredientes) en cada etapa de los diversos componentes, utilizados en la síntesis de un material tipo 1 (G1 ). En la Tabla 3 se presenta, como ejemplo, la información equivalente para un material tipo 2 (G2). En ambas tablas se evidencia la secuencia de alimentación tipo gradiente de los comonómeros A/B y, B/C. Table 2 shows the feed flows of an example (applicable to vinyl monomers) or, the fed doughs (applicable to the other ingredients) at each stage of the various components, used in the synthesis of a type 1 material ( G1). Table 3 shows, as an example, the equivalent information for a type 2 material (G2). In both tables the gradient feed sequence of the A / B and, B / C comonomers is evidenced.
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS DIBUJOS BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figura 1 . -Muestra la distribución de las unidades comonoméricas en las cadenas de copolímeros de gradiente formadas a través del tiempo de reacción, para: (a) copolimerización por vía radicálica controlada y (b) copolimerización por radicales libres.  Figure 1 . - It shows the distribution of the comonomer units in the gradient copolymer chains formed through the reaction time, for: (a) controlled root copolymerization and (b) free radical copolymerization.
Figura 2. -Muestra el comportamiento de esfuerzo-deformación del "terpolímero" obtenido con gradiente de alimentación forzado tipo 1 (- -) y, el obtenido por el método de referencia ( - ). Temperatura de prueba: 40 °C; velocidad de cruceta para la deformación: 5 mm/min. Figura 3. -Muestra el comportamiento de esfuerzo-deformación del "terpolímero" obtenido con gradiente de alimentación forzado tipo 2 (- -) y, el obtenido por el método de referencia ( - ). Temperatura de prueba: 25 °C; velocidad de cruceta para la deformación: 5 mm/min. Figura 4.- Muestra el módulo de pérdida en función de la temperatura para los "terpolímeros" G1 (- -), G2 (■■■) y, de referencia ( - );frecuencia: 1 Hz. Figure 2. - It shows the stress-strain behavior of the "terpolymer" obtained with forced feed gradient type 1 (- -) and, the one obtained by the reference method (-). Test temperature: 40 ° C; crosshead speed for deformation: 5 mm / min. Figure 3. - It shows the stress-strain behavior of the "terpolymer" obtained with forced feed gradient type 2 (- -) and, the one obtained by the reference method (-). Test temperature: 25 ° C; crosshead speed for deformation: 5 mm / min. Figure 4.- Shows the loss module as a function of the temperature for the "terpolymers" G1 (- -), G2 ( ■■■ ) and, of reference (-); frequency: 1 Hz.
REALIZACIÓN PREFERENTE DE LA INVENCIÓN PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
Ejemplo de síntesis 1 . Material con gradiente de alimentación forzado tipo 1 (G1 ). Synthesis Example 1. Material with forced feed gradient type 1 (G1).
El material G1 , preparado con estireno (S), acrilato de butilo (BA), y cloruro de 4- vinilbencilo (CIVB), de composición global S/BA/CIVB 25/60/15 % en peso fue obtenido mediante polimerización en emulsión semicontinua siguiendo los pasos genéricos descritos a continuación: 1 ) adición de látex siembra al reactor (250 g de látex al 20% en sólidos, lo que equivale a 50 g de PS; 10% de la cantidad total de material G1 a obtener), 2) adición de agua para completar un total de 1400 g de agua, 3) iniciar agitación a 400 rpm con burbujeo de nitrógeno gaseoso al menos por 1 hora, 3) adición de la cantidad establecida en la Tabla 2 para la primer carga de ingredientes adicionales (dodecilsulfato de sodio, DSS, persulfato de potasio, PSK; bicarbonato de sodio, BS; 2% de cada uno con respecto a la cantidad de monómero a añadir en la etapa en cuestión, los cuales son alimentados en una solución global conteniendo 30 g de agua), 4) iniciar la alimentación del primer par comonomérico (BA S) manteniendo los flujos indicados para la etapa correspondiente de la Tabla 2 durante 6 minutos, 5) repetir los pasos 3 y 4 hasta llegar a la etapa 10, 6) adición de la cantidad establecida en la Tabla 2 para la carga de aditivos correspondientes a la etapa en cuestión (DSS, PSK, BS; 2% de cada uno con respecto a la cantidad de monómero a añadir en la etapa en cuestión, los cuales son alimentados en una solución conteniendo 30 g de agua), 7) iniciar la alimentación del segundo par comonomérico (S/CIVB) manteniendo los flujos indicados en la Tabla 2 para la etapa en cuestión durante 6 minutos, 8) repetir los pasos 6 y 7 hasta llegar a la etapa 20, 9) mantener el reactor a la temperatura de interés (70°C) durante 4 h., contando a partir del inicio de la alimentación del primer par comonomérico (en esta reacción se logró conversión superior al 95%), 10) permitir el enfriado ambiental del reactor antes de proceder a su descargado. Material G1, prepared with styrene (S), butyl acrylate (BA), and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (CIVB), of overall composition S / BA / CIVB 25/60/15% by weight was obtained by emulsion polymerization semi-continuous following the generic steps described below: 1) adding latex seeds to the reactor (250 g of 20% latex in solids, equivalent to 50 g of PS; 10% of the total amount of G1 material to be obtained), 2) adding water to complete a total of 1400 g of water, 3) start stirring at 400 rpm with bubbling nitrogen gas for at least 1 hour, 3) adding the amount set out in Table 2 for the first loading of ingredients additional (sodium dodecyl sulfate, DSS, potassium persulfate, PSK; sodium bicarbonate, BS; 2% each with respect to the amount of monomer to be added at the stage in question, which are fed into a global solution containing 30 g of water), 4) start feeding the first pair comonom rich (BA S) maintaining the indicated flows for the corresponding stage of Table 2 for 6 minutes, 5) repeat steps 3 and 4 until reaching stage 10, 6) adding the amount established in Table 2 for loading of additives corresponding to the stage in question (DSS, PSK, BS; 2% of each one with respect to the amount of monomer to be added in the stage in question, which are fed in a solution containing 30 g of water), 7) start feeding the second comonomer pair (S / CIVB) maintaining the flows indicated in Table 2 for the stage in question for 6 minutes, 8) repeat steps 6 and 7 until reaching stage 20, 9) keep the reactor at the temperature of interest (70 ° C) for 4 h., counting from the beginning of the feeding of the first comonomer pair (in this reaction conversion greater than 95% was achieved), 10) allow the reactor to cool down before proceeding to discharge.
En la Tabla 2 se muestran los flujos de alimentación o, las masas alimentadas en cada etapa, correspondientes a los diversos componentes utilizados en la síntesis del material tipo 1 (G1 ). Table 2 shows the feed flows or, the masses fed at each stage, corresponding to the various components used in the synthesis of type 1 material (G1).
Tabla 2  Table 2
BA S CIVB DSS PSK BS BA S CIVB DSS PSK BS
Etapa* Stage *
(g/min) (g/min) (g/min) (g/etapa) (g/etapa) (g/etapa) (g / min) (g / min) (g / min) (g / stage) (g / stage) (g / stage)
1 0.189 3.977 0.500 0.500 0.5001 0.189 3.977 0.500 0.500 0.500
2 1 .136 3.030 0.500 0.500 0.5002 1 .136 3,030 0.500 0.500 0.500
3 2.083 2.083 0.500 0.500 0.5003 2,083 2,083 0.500 0.500 0.500
4 3.030 1 .136 0.500 0.500 0.5004 3,030 1 .136 0.500 0.500 0.500
5 3.977 0.189 0.500 0.500 0.500 6 3.97 0.189 0.500 0.500 0.5005 3,977 0.189 0.500 0.500 0.500 6 3.97 0.189 0.500 0.500 0.500
7 3.030 0.758 0.455 0.455 0.4557 3,030 0.758 0.455 0.455 0.455
8 2.083 1 .704 0.455 0.455 0.4558 2,083 1 .704 0.455 0.455 0.455
9 1 .136 3.030 0.500 0.500 0.5009 1 .136 3,030 0.500 0.500 0.500
10 0.189 4.735 0.591 0.591 0.59110 0.189 4.735 0.591 0.591 0.591
1 1 3.977 0.1 14 0.491 0.491 0.4911 1 3,977 0.1 14 0.491 0.491 0.491
12 3.030 0.454 0.418 0.418 0.41812 3,030 0.454 0.418 0.418 0.418
13 2.083 1.023 0.373 0.373 0.37313 2,083 1,023 0.373 0.373 0.373
14 1 .136 1 .818 0.355 0.355 0.35514 1 .136 1 .818 0.355 0.355 0.355
15 0.189 2.841 0.364 0.364 0.36415 0.189 2.841 0.364 0.364 0.364
16 0.189 2.083 0.273 0.273 0.27316 0.189 2.083 0.273 0.273 0.273
17 1.136 1.833 0.356 0.356 0.35617 1,136 1,833 0.356 0.356 0.356
18 2.083 1 .417 0.420 0.420 0.42018 2,083 1 .417 0.420 0.420 0.420
19 3.030 0.833 0.464 0.464 0.46419 3,030 0.833 0.464 0.464 0.464
20 3.977 0.083 0.487 0.487 0.487 20 3,977 0.083 0.487 0.487 0.487
Masa total añadida al reactor (g)  Total mass added to the reactor (g)
Total 125 250 75 9.0 9.0 9.0  Total 125 250 75 9.0 9.0 9.0
* Cada etapa dura 6 minutos. Total de PS añadido inicialmente al reactor en forma de látex siembra: 50 g. Total de agua adicionada al reactor durante la reacción: 2000 g. Velocidad de agitación: 400 ± 5 rpm. Temperatura de reacción: 70 ± 2 °C. Ejemplo de síntesis 2. Material con gradiente de alimentación forzado tipo 2 (G2). * Each stage lasts 6 minutes. Total PS initially added to the reactor in the form of sowing latex: 50 g. Total water added to the reactor during the reaction: 2000 g. Stirring speed: 400 ± 5 rpm. Reaction temperature: 70 ± 2 ° C. Synthesis example 2. Material with forced feeding gradient type 2 (G2).
El material G2 fue sintetizado en forma totalmente equivalente a la utilizada en la síntesis del material G1 , con la única variación de alimentar el primer y segundo par comonoméricos siguiendo los flujos indicados en la Tabla 3, en lugar de los indicados en la Tabla 2. The G2 material was synthesized in a totally equivalent way to that used in the synthesis of the G1 material, with the only variation of feeding the first and second comonomic pair following the flows indicated in Table 3, instead of those indicated in Table 2.
Los sistemas G1 y G2, tanto como el sistema de referencia de dos etapas (2-E) fueron preparados con el mismo sistema químico y con las mismas proporciones globales de los monómeros; es decir, 25% en peso de acrilato de butilo, 60% en peso de estireno y 15% en peso de cloruro de 4-vinilbencilo. Además, en las 3 síntesis se utilizó el mismo equipo y las mismas condiciones generales de reacción, es decir, temperatura (70°C) y, velocidad de agitación del reactor (400 rpm). The G1 and G2 systems, as well as the two-stage reference system (2-E) were prepared with the same chemical system and with the same overall proportions of the monomers; that is, 25% by weight of butyl acrylate, 60% by weight of styrene and 15% by weight of 4-vinylbenzyl chloride. In addition, in the 3 syntheses the same equipment and the same general reaction conditions were used, ie temperature (70 ° C) and reactor agitation speed (400 rpm).
En la Tabla 3 se muestran los flujos de alimentación o, las masas alimentadas en cada etapa, correspondientes a los diversos componentes utilizados en la síntesis del material tipo 2 (G2). Table 3 shows the feed flows or, the masses fed at each stage, corresponding to the various components used in the synthesis of type 2 material (G2).
Tabla 3 Table 3
CIVB S BA DSS PSK BS CIVB S BA DSS PSK BS
Etapa* Stage *
(g/min) (g/min) (g/min) (g/etapa) (g/etapa) (g/etapa) (g / min) (g / min) (g / min) (g / stage) (g / stage) (g / stage)
1 0.1 14 3.977 0.491 0.491 0.4911 0.1 14 3.977 0.491 0.491 0.491
2 0.454 3.030 0.418 0.418 0.418 3 1.023 2.083 0.373 0.373 0.3732 0.454 3.030 0.418 0.418 0.418 3 1,023 2,083 0.373 0.373 0.373
4 1 .818 1 .136 0.355 0.355 0.3554 1 .818 1 .136 0.355 0.355 0.355
5 2.841 0.189 0.364 0.364 0.3645 2,841 0.189 0.364 0.364 0.364
6 2.083 0.189 0.273 0.273 0.2736 2,083 0.189 0.273 0.273 0.273
7 1.833 0.758 0.311 0.311 0.31 17 1,833 0.758 0.311 0.311 0.31 1
8 1 .417 1 .704 0.375 0.375 0.3758 1 .417 1 .704 0.375 0.375 0.375
9 0.833 3.030 0.464 0.464 0.4649 0.833 3.030 0.464 0.464 0.464
10 0.083 4.735 0.578 0.578 0.57810 0.083 4.735 0.578 0.578 0.578
1 1 3.977 0.189 0.500 0.500 0.5001 1 3,977 0.189 0.500 0.500 0.500
12 3.030 1 .136 0.500 0.500 0.50012 3,030 1 .136 0.500 0.500 0.500
13 2.083 2.083 0.500 0.500 0.50013 2,083 2,083 0.500 0.500 0.500
14 1 .136 3.030 0.500 0.500 0.50014 1 .136 3,030 0.500 0.500 0.500
15 0.189 3.977 0.500 0.500 0.50015 0.189 3.977 0.500 0.500 0.500
16 0.189 3.97 0.500 0.500 0.50016 0.189 3.97 0.500 0.500 0.500
17 1 .136 3.030 0.455 0.455 0.45517 1 .136 3,030 0.455 0.455 0.455
18 2.083 2.083 0.455 0.455 0.45518 2,083 2,083 0.455 0.455 0.455
19 3.030 1 .136 0.500 0.500 0.50019 3,030 1 .136 0.500 0.500 0.500
20 3.977 0.189 0.591 0.591 0.591 20 3,977 0.189 0.591 0.591 0.591
Masa total añadida al reactor (g)  Total mass added to the reactor (g)
Total 75 250 125 9.0 9.0 9.0 Total 75 250 125 9.0 9.0 9.0
* Cada etapa dura 6 minutos. Total de PS añadido inicialmente al reactor en forma de látex siembra: 50 g. Total de agua adicionada al reactor durante la reacción: 2000 g. Velocidad de agitación: 400 ± 5 rpm. Temperatura de reacción: 70 ± 2 °C. * Each stage lasts 6 minutes. Total PS initially added to the reactor in the form of sowing latex: 50 g. Total water added to the reactor during the reaction: 2000 g. Stirring speed: 400 ± 5 rpm. Reaction temperature: 70 ± 2 ° C.
El comportamiento mecanoestático de los materiales G1 y G2 es mostrado comparativamente con el del material de referencia en las Figuras 2 y 3. Ahí puede apreciarse que, los materiales poliméricos obtenidos con el método aquí presentado (utilizando un gradiente de flujo de alimento para los pares comonoméricos secuenciales), muestran en la prueba de esfuerzo vs deformación un comportamiento sinérgico, al poseer elevada tenacidad (área bajo la curva en las Figuras 2 y 3) con respecto a la mostrada por el material de referencia, sin modificar importantemente su módulo inicial; de hecho, el material G2 muestra un módulo estadísticamente igual que el de referencia. El comportamiento mostrado por los materiales G1 y G2 tiene gran valor si se quieren producir objetos industriales con buena resistencia al impacto. Tales resultados se confirman observando la Figura 4, en la cual se muestra el módulo de pérdida como función de la temperatura para el material de referencia y los materiales G1 y G2. En dicha figura, el área bajo la curva representa la capacidad de absorción de energía de un material; ello tiene aplicaciones de tipo mecánico, como ya se ha explicado arriba, o de absorción de energía, para aplicaciones donde se requiere suprimir el sonido (por ejemplo, para pinturas, o habitaciones a prueba de ruido). En la Figura 4, el área bajo la curva medida entre - 25 y 75 °C, para ambos materiales preparados con el método aquí propuesto (materiales G 1 y G2), es de alrededor del doble del valor obtenido con el material de referencia (ver valores en Tabla 4). En la Tabla 4 se muestran los respectivos valores de "área bajo la curva", correspondientes a los módulos de pérdida presentados en la Figura 4, como función de la temperatura (de -25 a 75°C). The mechanostatic behavior of materials G1 and G2 is shown comparatively with that of the reference material in Figures 2 and 3. There it can be seen that the polymeric materials obtained with the method presented here (using a gradient of feed flow for the pairs sequential comonomers), show in the stress test vs deformation a synergistic behavior, having high tenacity (area under the curve in Figures 2 and 3) with respect to that shown by the reference material, without significantly modifying its initial module; in fact, material G2 shows a statistically identical module as the reference one. The behavior shown by materials G1 and G2 has great value if you want to produce industrial objects with good impact resistance. Such results are confirmed by observing Figure 4, in which the loss module is shown as a function of temperature for the reference material and materials G1 and G2. In said figure, the area under the curve represents the energy absorption capacity of a material; this has mechanical applications, as explained above, or energy absorption, for applications where sound suppression is required (for example, for paints, or noise-proof rooms). In Figure 4, the area under the curve measured between - 25 and 75 ° C, for both materials prepared with the method proposed here (materials G 1 and G2), is about twice the value obtained with the reference material ( see values in Table 4). Table 4 shows the respective "area under the curve" values, corresponding to the loss modules presented in Figure 4, as a function of temperature (from -25 to 75 ° C).
Tabla 4  Table 4
Material (MJ/m3°C) Material (MJ / m 3 ° C)
2- E 25/60/15 BA/S/CI VB 9200 2- E 25/60/15 BA / S / CI VB 9200
G1 20300  G1 20300
G2 16700  G2 16700
Con base en lo anterior, se puede afirmar que, el tipo genérico de alimentación antes descrito permitió, con los perfiles considerados, generar un gradiente de composición en las unidades de repetición, o eslabones de las cadenas del material polimérico, que posibilitó optimizar el aporte de cada uno de los componentes, permitiendo la obtención de materiales con propiedades mejores que el material de referencia. Based on the above, it can be affirmed that, the generic type of feeding described above allowed, with the profiles considered, to generate a gradient of composition in the repeating units, or links of the chains of the polymeric material, which made it possible to optimize the contribution of each of the components, allowing the obtaining of materials with better properties than the reference material.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES
1 . - Proceso para la obtención de materiales poliméricos de tres componentes, utilizando un proceso semicontinuo con gradiente de alimentación, en donde comonómeros vinílicos se alimentan secuencialmente por pares, es decir, A-B y B-C. one . - Process for obtaining three-component polymeric materials, using a semi-continuous process with a feed gradient, where vinyl comonomers are fed sequentially in pairs, that is, A-B and B-C.
2. - La reivindicación 1 en un proceso en el que al menos uno de los comonómeros en alguna de las 2 copolimerizaciones secuenciales es alimentado con un gradiente en el flujo de alimentación. 2. - Claim 1 in a process in which at least one of the comonomers in any of the 2 sequential copolymerizations is fed with a gradient in the feed flow.
3. -La reivindicación 1 en un proceso en el que los respectivos flujos de alimento de los comonómeros tienen perfiles de tipo recto a través del tiempo de reacción. 3. Claim 1 in a process in which the respective feed flows of the comonomers have straight-type profiles throughout the reaction time.
4. - La reivindicación 1 en un proceso en el que los respectivos flujos de alimento de los comonómeros son una combinación de uno o más perfiles de tipo recto y uno o más perfiles de tipo monotónico no recto. 4. - Claim 1 in a process in which the respective feed flows of the comonomers are a combination of one or more straight-type profiles and one or more non-straight monotonic profiles.
5. - La reivindicación 1 en un proceso en el que los respectivos flujos de alimento de los comonómeros tienen perfiles de tipo monotónico no recto a través del tiempo de reacción. 5. - Claim 1 in a process in which the respective feed flows of the comonomers have non-straight monotonic type profiles throughout the reaction time.
6. - Las reivindicaciones 1 a 5 en la cual la alimentación de los comonómeros B-C se inicia cuando ya ha sido alimentado al menos el 85 % en peso de la masa total de los comonómeros A-B que conforman el primer par a alimentar. 6. - Claims 1 to 5 in which the feeding of the B-C comonomers begins when at least 85% by weight of the total mass of the A-B comonomers that make up the first pair to be fed has already been fed.
7. -Las reivindicaciones 1 a 6, donde el proceso se hace en emulsión por radicales libres con semilla y se efectúa a temperatura y presión constantes, sin presión manométrica y a una temperatura entre 50 y 95 °C, generando partículas de material polimérico con un diámetro promedio entre 10 y 1 ,000 nm. 7. Claims 1 to 6, wherein the process is done in free radical emulsion with seed and is carried out at constant temperature and pressure, without manometric pressure and at a temperature between 50 and 95 ° C, generating particles of polymeric material with a average diameter between 10 and 1, 000 nm.
8. - Las reivindicaciones 1 a 6, donde el proceso se hace en emulsión por radicales libres sin semilla y se efectúa a temperatura y presión constantes, sin presión manométrica y a una temperatura entre 50 y 95 °C, generando partículas de material polimérico con un diámetro promedio entre 10 y 1 ,000 nm. 8. - Claims 1 to 6, wherein the process is done in free radical emulsion without seed and is carried out at constant temperature and pressure, without manometric pressure and at a temperature between 50 and 95 ° C, generating particles of polymeric material with a average diameter between 10 and 1, 000 nm.
PCT/IB2018/051722 2017-03-16 2018-03-14 Process for obtaining three-component polymeric materials with oriented variable composition, synthesised through sequential copolimerisations in a semi-batch reactor with feed gradient WO2018167699A1 (en)

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