WO2018113063A1 - 一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置及方法 - Google Patents

一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置及方法 Download PDF

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WO2018113063A1
WO2018113063A1 PCT/CN2017/071400 CN2017071400W WO2018113063A1 WO 2018113063 A1 WO2018113063 A1 WO 2018113063A1 CN 2017071400 W CN2017071400 W CN 2017071400W WO 2018113063 A1 WO2018113063 A1 WO 2018113063A1
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stress
loading
pressure
sample
pressure chamber
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PCT/CN2017/071400
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English (en)
French (fr)
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张希巍
冯夏庭
杨成祥
彭帅
田军
孔瑞
马东辉
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东北大学
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Priority to US15/563,358 priority Critical patent/US10365193B2/en
Publication of WO2018113063A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018113063A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
    • G01N3/10—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces generated by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure
    • G01N3/12—Pressure testing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
    • G01N2203/0016—Tensile or compressive
    • G01N2203/0019—Compressive
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/003—Generation of the force
    • G01N2203/0042—Pneumatic or hydraulic means
    • G01N2203/0048—Hydraulic means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
    • G01N2203/006—Crack, flaws, fracture or rupture
    • G01N2203/0067—Fracture or rupture
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/022—Environment of the test
    • G01N2203/0222—Temperature
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/022—Environment of the test
    • G01N2203/023—Pressure
    • G01N2203/0232—High pressure
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/025—Geometry of the test
    • G01N2203/0256—Triaxial, i.e. the forces being applied along three normal axes of the specimen

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of indoor rock rheology test, in particular to a high-pressure true triaxial hard rock constant temperature aging crack test device and method.
  • Deep rock masses as natural carriers for underground mining, tunnel and underground chamber excavation, oil and gas, and unconventional energy mining, are subjected to varying degrees of geostress in three orthogonal directions, ie, large principal stresses.
  • Medium principal stress and small principal stress and the greater the buried depth and the more complicated the geological conditions, the higher the magnitude of the ground stress.
  • the time-dependent rupture of the rock mass under long-term loading conditions belongs to the category of rock rheology. A difficult point in rock mechanics research, and the ageing strength of rock is directly related to the safety during the operation of the project.
  • the research on long-term aging cracking of rock is still in the primary stage.
  • Rock conventional uniaxial rheometer is usually used to study the age rupture of rock. Because only the special stress condition that the medium principal stress is equal to the small principal stress can be considered, The true triaxial stress boundary conditions are restored, and the results are not representative.
  • the ground temperature of deep rock mass generally increases with depth. Generally, the buried depth increases by 100m, and the ground temperature increases by 3°C. In the 2000m underground rock mass, the ground temperature is usually around 60°C.
  • the conventional triaxial rheological test machine of rock due to the complex control mechanism of the medium principal stress independent servo loading, and the contradiction between the rock sample body deformation measuring device and the pressure chamber, the conventional triaxial rheological test of rock
  • the machine can not be simply transformed into a rock true triaxial rheological test machine;
  • the existing true three-axis equipment the cooperative working mode of the hydraulic oil pump and the electro-hydraulic servo valve is usually adopted, and the static stress-strain mechanical behavior of the rock is obtained, and the test period is generally Within a few hours, the period of the hard rock aging test is usually 3 to 6 months, assuming that the existing true triaxial equipment is forced to perform a hard rock aging test for 3 to 6 months, hydraulic oil pump and electro-hydraulic servo Hydraulic components such as valves will be severely damaged, and this is clearly not allowed.
  • the load cell is usually arranged outside the pressure chamber.
  • the load cell is not only affected by the fluctuation of the ambient temperature, but also affected by the friction force of the force transmitting piston, which will control the load stability. Make an impact.
  • the present invention provides a high-voltage true triaxial hard rock constant temperature aging failure test device and method, and realizes a rock aging crack test under true triaxial conditions for the first time, which not only has a long-term stable loading capability, but also The ambient temperature conditions can be thermostated.
  • a high-pressure true triaxial hard rock constant temperature aging fracture test device including a pressure chamber, a first large principal stress actuator, a second large principal stress actuator, and a first a medium principal stress actuator, a second medium principal stress actuator and a rigid support platform, the pressure chamber being fixedly mounted on the rigid support platform, the first large principal stress actuator and the second large principal stress actuating
  • the horizontally symmetrically disposed on the left and right sides of the pressure chamber, the first medium principal stress actuator and the second medium principal stress actuator are vertically symmetrically disposed on the upper and lower sides of the pressure chamber;
  • the center of the pressure chamber is provided with a horizontal through hole, and four stress-loading through holes are arranged on the rigid casings of the upper side, the lower side, the left side and the right side of the cylindrical through hole, in the cylindrical shape a cylindrical sample carrying platform is disposed in the through hole, the cylindrical sample carrying platform is sealingly engaged with the cylindrical through hole, and the cylindrical sample carrying table
  • a sample receiving cavity is arranged at the center of the cylindrical sample carrier, and four rigid pressures are uniformly distributed on the upper, lower, left and right cylindrical sample carrying platforms of the sample receiving cavity.
  • the first mounting hole, the four rigid indenter mounting holes are respectively corresponding to the four stress loading through holes, and the rigid indenters are respectively disposed in the four rigid indenter mounting holes; and the cylindrical sample carrying platform is opened.
  • the oil supply hole is filled by the confining pressure, and the oil supply hole of the confining pressure is connected with the sample receiving cavity; the confining pressure oil supply hole is connected with the injection pump for confining pressure loading;
  • the first large principal stress actuator, the second large principal stress actuator, the first medium principal stress actuator, and the second medium principal stress actuator have the same structure, and each includes a cover, a ring end cover, and a reverse a cylinder, a piston, a piston rod, a sealing flange and a pump for stress loading;
  • the reaction cylinder is fixedly attached to the pressure outdoor surface, and the reaction cylinder coincides with the axial center line of the stress loading through hole;
  • the cover is fixed in the middle of the annular end cover, and the annular end cover is fixed on the outer end of the reaction cylinder, and the sealing flange is fixed between the inner end of the reaction cylinder and the pressure chamber, and one end of the piston rod is located In the reaction cylinder, the other end of the piston rod passes through the sealing flange and extends into the stress loading through hole.
  • the piston is located in the reaction cylinder and is fixedly mounted on the piston rod.
  • the piston and the reaction cylinder are sealed and fitted.
  • a stress-loading oil supply hole is formed in the annular end cover, a stress-loading oil chamber is interposed between the annular end cover and the piston, and a stress-loading oil supply hole communicates with the stress-loading oil chamber;
  • the upper unloading is provided with a stress unloading oil supply hole, and the stress is unloaded between the piston and the sealing flange Chamber, stress and stress unloading unloading oil supply hole communicating the oil chamber;
  • the stress loading and stress unloading oil supply hole through the oil supply hole to the stress load solenoid valve communicates with a syringe pump.
  • An auxiliary push-pull hydraulic cylinder is built in the rigid casing of the pressure chamber, and the auxiliary push-pull hydraulic cylinder is arranged in parallel with the cylindrical sample carrying platform, and the piston rod of the auxiliary push-pull hydraulic cylinder extends to the outside of the pressure chamber, and is fixed at the end of the piston rod
  • the adapter flange is connected to the cylindrical sample carrier, and the cylindrical sample carrier is axially moved in the cylindrical through hole by the auxiliary push-pull hydraulic cylinder.
  • a guiding hole is arranged in the rigid housing of the pressure chamber, and a guiding rod is arranged in the guiding hole, the guiding rod is arranged in parallel with the auxiliary push-pull hydraulic cylinder, and one end of the guiding rod extends to the outside of the pressure chamber and is fixed with the adapter flange even.
  • a counterweight balance bar is mounted on the cylindrical sample carrier on the opposite side of the adapter flange.
  • a heating coil is installed in the pressure chamber, and the temperature control accuracy of the heating coil is ⁇ 0.2 °C.
  • a load cell is fixed to the end of the piston rod located in the stress-loading through hole.
  • a pressure sensor is mounted in the cylindrical sample carrier.
  • An LVDT displacement sensor for piston monitoring is mounted on the cover.
  • the stress-loading syringe pump and the confining pressure-loading syringe pump each use a stepping motor type servo-hydraulic syringe pump.
  • a high-pressure true triaxial hard rock constant temperature aging rupture test method adopts the high-pressure true triaxial hard rock constant temperature aging rupture test device, comprising the following steps:
  • Step 1 Prepare a rock sample
  • Step two sealing the rock sample
  • Step 3 Install an LVDT displacement sensor for measuring body deformation on the surface of the sealed rock sample
  • Step 4 start the auxiliary push-pull hydraulic cylinder, and move the cylindrical sample carrying platform to the outside of the pressure chamber until the sample receiving chamber is located outside the pressure chamber;
  • Step 5 placing the rock sample after sealing and installing the LVDT displacement sensor for volume change measurement into the sample receiving cavity;
  • Step 6 Control the auxiliary push-pull hydraulic cylinder to retract until the cylindrical sample carrier is completely returned to the cylindrical through hole of the pressure chamber;
  • Step 7 Perform displacement control on the first large principal stress actuator, the second large principal stress actuator, the first medium principal stress actuator, and the second medium principal stress actuator to complete the accurate comparison of the rock sample Clamping
  • Step 8 Adjust the position of the LVDT displacement sensor and the stylus elongation of the body change measurement, so that the LVDT displacement sensor for volume change measurement is within the test range;
  • Step 9 Fill the pressure chamber with hydraulic oil
  • Step 10 Start the heating coil in the pressure chamber to adjust the hydraulic oil to the target temperature
  • Step 11 start the first large principal stress actuator, the second large principal stress actuator, the first medium principal stress actuator, and the second medium principal stress actuator for the stress loading syringe pump, and simultaneously start the circumference Pressure loading with a syringe pump to step the rock sample True triaxial loading;
  • Step 12 Record and observe the deformation of the rock sample under each step level load.
  • the present invention achieves the first hard rock age rupture test under true triaxial conditions.
  • the present invention designs a pressure chamber having a completely new structure, and an actuator having a completely new structural form for fitting with a pressure chamber, and also for the first time in true triaxial loading.
  • the stepper motor type servo hydraulic injection pump is introduced.
  • the invention finally has the ability to stably load for a long time under the true triaxial condition for the first time.
  • the present invention also introduces oil temperature control for the first time to meet the requirements of rock constant temperature rupture test, which ensures that the test results are more authentic. .
  • the pressure chamber of the invention adopts a high-stiffness integrated structure design for the first time, and the pressure chamber itself also serves as a reaction frame of the large principal stress and the medium principal stress, and the actuator with the pressure chamber fitting application has a low friction and large tonnage loading capacity. It has the ability to synchronously load large principal stress and medium principal stress, and its maximum loading capacity can reach 6000kN.
  • the stepper motor servo hydraulic injection pump first introduced by the present invention has the capability of boosting and long-term stable low-power loading.
  • the power of the servo motor can be as low as 1 kW, and the confining pressure loading capacity can reach 100 MPa.
  • the oil temperature control introduced by the present invention can perform constant temperature and long-term heating of the hydraulic oil, and effectively simulate the ground temperature condition of the rock sample.
  • FIG. 1 is a front cross-sectional view of a high-pressure true triaxial hard rock constant temperature aging fracture test apparatus according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of a high-pressure true triaxial hard rock constant temperature aging fracture test apparatus of the present invention
  • Figure 3 is a view showing the state of the cylindrical sample carrier of Figure 2 when it is removed;
  • Figure 4 is a schematic view showing the structure of an actuator (not shown in the stress loading pump) of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is a front cross-sectional view of the pressure chamber of the present invention.
  • Figure 6 is a side cross-sectional view of the pressure chamber of the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is a front cross-sectional view of the cylindrical sample carrier of the present invention.
  • Figure 8 is a side cross-sectional view of the cylindrical sample carrier of the present invention.
  • Figure 9 is a schematic view showing a rock sample after sealing and mounting an LVDT displacement sensor for volume change measurement
  • a high-pressure true triaxial hard rock constant temperature aging test device includes a pressure chamber 1, a first large principal stress actuator 2, a second large principal stress actuator 3, and a first middle a main stress actuator 4, a second intermediate stress actuator 5 and a rigid support platform 6, the pressure chamber 1 being fixedly mounted on the rigid support platform 6, the first large principal stress actuator 2 and the second
  • the large principal stress actuators 3 are horizontally symmetrically disposed on the left and right sides of the pressure chamber 1, and the first intermediate principal stress actuator 4 and the second intermediate principal stress actuator 5 are vertically symmetrically disposed above and below the pressure chamber 1.
  • a horizontal through hole 7 is provided in the center of the pressure chamber 1, and a rigid housing is arranged on the upper side, the lower side, the left side and the right side of the cylindrical through hole 7
  • the cylindrical sample carrying table 9 is sealingly matched with the cylindrical through hole 7, and the cylindrical sample is carried
  • the table 9 has an axial movement freedom with respect to the cylindrical through hole 7;
  • a sample receiving chamber 10 is disposed at the center of the cylindrical sample carrying table 9, and is distributed on the upper side, the lower side, the left side, and the right side cylindrical sample carrying platform 9 of the sample receiving chamber 10.
  • Four rigid indenter mounting holes 11 are arranged, and four rigid indenter mounting holes 11 are respectively in one-to-one correspondence with four stress-loading through holes 8, and rigid indenters 23 are respectively disposed in the four rigid indenter seating holes 11;
  • the cylindrical sample carrying platform 9 is provided with a confining pressure loading oil supply hole 24, and the confining pressure loading oil supply hole 24 communicates with the sample receiving chamber 10; the confining pressure loading oil supply hole 24 is connected with a confining pressure loading injection Pump 25;
  • the first large principal stress actuator 2, the second large principal stress actuator 3, the first medium principal stress actuator 4, and the second medium principal stress actuator 5 have the same structure, and each includes a cover 12,
  • the reaction cylinder 14 is fixed to the outer surface of the pressure chamber 1, the reaction cylinder 14 coincides with the axial center line of the stress-loading through hole 8;
  • the cover 12 is fixed in the middle of the annular end cover 13, and the annular end cover 13 is fixed to the outer end of the reaction force cylinder 14, the sealing flange 17 It is fixed between the inner end of the reaction cylinder 14 and the pressure chamber 1.
  • the piston 15 is located in the reaction cylinder 14 and is fixedly mounted on the piston rod 16.
  • the piston 15 is sealingly fitted with the reaction cylinder 14; a stress-loading oil supply hole 18 is formed in the annular end cover 13.
  • a stress-loading oil chamber 19 is disposed between the annular end cap 13 and the piston 15, and the stress-loading oil supply hole 18 communicates with the stress-loading oil chamber 19; the counter-force cylinder 14 is opened There is a stress unloading oil supply hole 20, a stress unloading oil chamber 21 between the piston 15 and the sealing flange 17, and a stress unloading oil supply hole 20 communicating with the stress unloading oil chamber 21; the stress loading oil supply hole 18 and stress unloading The oil hole 20 communicates with the stress pumping injection pump 22 through the electromagnetic reversing valve 34.
  • the pressure chamber 1 of the invention adopts a high-stiffness integrated structure design, and the pressure chamber 1 itself also serves as a reaction frame of the large principal stress and the medium principal stress, which is completely different from the two loading frames and one used in the conventional true three-axis device.
  • the three-component design of the pressure chamber adopts a high-stiffness integrated structure design to make the pressure chamber have a smaller size, which contributes to the further improvement of the rigidity to better match the rigidity of the rock sample, and effectively avoids the traditional true three. Installation space and installation error between the three components in the shaft equipment.
  • An auxiliary push-pull hydraulic cylinder 28 is built in the rigid housing of the pressure chamber 1, and the auxiliary push-pull hydraulic cylinder 28 is disposed in parallel with the cylindrical sample carrying platform 9, and the piston rod of the auxiliary push-pull hydraulic cylinder 28 extends to the outside of the pressure chamber 1.
  • An adapter flange 29 is fixedly attached to the end of the piston rod, the adapter flange 29 is fixedly connected to the cylindrical sample carrier 9 , and the cylindrical sample carrier 9 is passed through the auxiliary push-pull hydraulic cylinder 28 in the cylindrical through hole 7 The inner axis moves.
  • the cylindrical sample carrier 9 of the present invention realizes axial movement in the cylindrical through hole 7 of the pressure chamber 1 by the auxiliary push-pull hydraulic cylinder 28, thereby satisfying the rapid loading and sampling of the rock sample, and the conventional pressure chamber adopts
  • the bolt-locking type sealing door needs to be disassembled and sealed once for each sample loading and sampling, which is a heavy manual labor for the tester, and the invention completely eliminates this heavy physical labor process.
  • a guide hole is disposed in the rigid housing of the pressure chamber 1, and a guide rod 31 is disposed in the guide hole.
  • the guide rod 31 is disposed in parallel with the auxiliary push-pull hydraulic cylinder 28, and one end of the guide rod 31 extends to the outside of the pressure chamber 1 and The adapter flange 29 is fixed.
  • a counterweight balance bar 30 is mounted on the cylindrical sample carrier 9 on the opposite side of the adapter flange 29.
  • the cylindrical sample carrier 9 is moved outward along the cylindrical through hole 7, as the distance of the removal increases, the cylindrical sample carrier 9 of the protruding portion damages the cylindrical through hole 7 due to its own weight.
  • the counterweight balance bar 30 the weight of the cylindrical sample carrier 9 of the projecting portion can be offset, and the damage of the cylindrical through hole 7 can be avoided.
  • a heating coil is installed in the pressure chamber 1, and the temperature control accuracy of the heating coil is ⁇ 0.2 ° C; and the hydraulic oil is used as a cold medium to help ensure temperature control accuracy.
  • a load cell 26 is fixed to the end of the piston rod 16 located in the stress-loading through hole 8. Since the load cell 26 is located in the stress-loading through hole 8, the load cell is usually arranged in the existing true three-axis device. Compared with the pressure outdoor, the influence of the ambient temperature fluctuation and the friction of the force transmitting piston is eliminated, which contributes to the long-term stable control of the load.
  • a pressure sensor is mounted in the cylindrical sample carrier 9.
  • a piston monitoring LVDT displacement sensor 27 is mounted on the cover 12.
  • the pressure loading syringe pump 22 and the confining pressure loading syringe pump 25 all adopt a stepping motor type servo hydraulic injection pump; in this embodiment, the selected stepping motor type servo hydraulic injection pump has a maximum output pressure of 100 MPa. The minimum output flow is 0.0005 ml/min. Due to the low power of the servo motor in the stepper motor type servo hydraulic pump, the temperature rise rate of the hydraulic oil in the pump cylinder can be effectively reduced, and the large reduction ratio gearbox in the stepper motor type servo hydraulic pump can also ensure the pump.
  • the cylinder piston moves at a low speed, which is more suitable for the small deformation characteristics of hard rock. At the same time, it adopts double closed loop of stepper motor controller and load feedback. Control technology also contributes to long-term constant control of the load.
  • a high-pressure true triaxial hard rock constant temperature aging rupture test method adopts the high-pressure true triaxial hard rock constant temperature aging rupture test device, comprising the following steps:
  • Step 1 preparing a rock sample 32, the final size of the rock sample 32 is 50 mm ⁇ 50 mm ⁇ 100 mm;
  • Step two sealing the rock sample 32;
  • Step 3 Mounting the LVDT displacement sensor 33 for measuring the body deformation on the surface of the sealed rock sample 32, as shown in FIG. 9;
  • Step 4 start the auxiliary push-pull hydraulic cylinder 28, and move the cylindrical sample carrying platform 9 to the outside of the pressure chamber 1 until the sample receiving chamber 10 is located outside the pressure chamber 1;
  • Step 5 placing the rock sample 32 after sealing and having the LVDT displacement sensor 33 for volume measurement measurement into the sample receiving chamber 10;
  • Step 6 controlling the auxiliary push-pull hydraulic cylinder 28 to retract until the cylindrical sample carrier 9 is completely returned to the cylindrical through hole 7 of the pressure chamber 1;
  • Step 7 Perform displacement control on the first large principal stress actuator 2, the second large principal stress actuator 3, the first intermediate principal stress actuator 4, and the second intermediate principal stress actuator 5 to complete the rock test Accurate centering clamping of sample 32;
  • Step 8 adjusting the position of the LVDT displacement sensor 33 for body deformation measurement and the amount of stylus extension, so that the LVDT displacement sensor 33 for volume change measurement is within the test range;
  • Step 9 charging the pressure chamber 1 with hydraulic oil
  • Step 10 start the heating coil in the pressure chamber 1 to adjust the hydraulic oil to the target temperature; in this embodiment, the temperature control maximum temperature of the heating coil is set to 100 ° C;
  • Step 11 Starting the first large principal stress actuator 2, the second large principal stress actuator 3, the first medium principal stress actuator 4, and the second medium principal stress actuator 5 for stress loading syringe pump 22, simultaneously starting the confining pressure loading injection pump 25, stepwise true triaxial loading of the rock sample 32; in this embodiment, considering the safety, the first large principal stress actuator 2 and the second large main responsive
  • the maximum output load of the force actuator 3 is set to 3000 kN
  • the maximum output load of the first middle principal stress actuator 4 and the second medium principal stress actuator 5 is set to 6000 kN
  • the maximum load of the confining pressure is set to 100 MPa. ;
  • Step 12 Record and observe the deformation of the rock sample 32 under each step level load.

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Abstract

一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置及方法，装置包括压力室（1）及四个作动器（2、3、4、5），压力室（1）中心设有试样承载台（9），试样承载台（9）中心为试样承放腔（10），试样承载台（9）上设有围压加载供油孔（24），围压加载供油孔（24）与围压加载用注射泵（25）相连通；四个作动器（2、3、4、5）均包括封盖（12）、环形端盖（13）、反力缸筒（14）、活塞（15）、活塞杆（16）、密封法兰（17）及应力加载用注射泵（22）；压力室（1）内设有加热线圈；活塞杆（16）端部固装有测力传感器（33）；试样承载台（9）内安装有压力传感器（26）。方法步骤为：制备并密封试样；安装LVDT位移传感器；安装试样至试样承放腔；通过四个作动器对岩石试样精确对中夹紧；调整LVDT位移传感器至试验量程内；充液压油并设定目标温度；启动各注射泵对岩石试样进行阶梯式真三轴加载；记录并观测岩石试样的变形情况。

Description

一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置及方法 技术领域
本发明属于室内岩石流变试验技术领域，特别是涉及一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置及方法。
背景技术
深部岩体作为地下采矿、隧道与地下硐室开挖、石油天然气以及非常规能源开采等工程对象的天然载体，都不同程度的承受着三个正交方向不等的地应力，即大主应力、中主应力及小主应力，而且埋深越大且地质条件越复杂，地应力量级则越高。在岩体开挖时，岩体的初始应力状态发生连续变化，可能引起岩体的瞬时破裂或时效性破裂，岩体在长时间载荷条件下的时效性破裂属于岩石流变学范畴，其是岩石力学研究的一个难点，而岩石的时效强度直接关乎到工程运营期间的安全。
目前，关于岩石长期时效破裂的研究仍处于初级阶段，通常采用岩石常规三轴流变试验机来研究岩石的时效破裂，由于只能考虑中主应力等于小主应力这一特殊应力条件，而不能还原真三轴地应力边界条件，其结果应用并不具备代表性。另外，深部岩体的地温一般随埋深而增加，通常埋深增加100m，地温则上升3℃，而在2000m的地下岩体中，地温通常在60℃左右；对于岩石常规三轴流变试验机来说，为了减少环境温度波动引起的岩石试样变形，通常采用室内空调进行控温，或是采用温控精度在±0.5℃的温控装置进行控温，但由于硬岩在应力条件下的流变变形较小，极易被温度轻微波动引起的热变形所覆盖，导致在硬岩时效破裂试验中，所给定的应力条件和环境温度与实际地应力条件和环境温度明显不符，进而导致试验结果可信度并不高。
因此，有必要将硬岩时效破裂试验提升到真三轴条件。那么，能否将岩石常规三轴流变试验机改造成岩石真三轴流变试验机呢，或是将现有的真三轴设备改造为真三轴流变试验机呢，答案是否定的，具体原因为：对于岩石常规三轴流变试验机，由于中主应力独立伺服加载控制技术复杂，且岩石试样体变测量装置与压力室空间矛盾等因素，导致岩石常规三轴流变试验机无法简单改造为岩石真三轴流变试验机；对于现有的真三轴设备，通常采用液压油泵和电液伺服阀的协同工作模式，并得到岩石静态应力应变力学行为，试验周期一般在几个小时以内，而硬岩时效破裂试验的周期通常为3～6个月，假设让现有的真三轴设备强制进行3～6个月的硬岩时效破裂试验，液压油泵和电液伺服阀等液压元件将严重损坏，而这种情况显然是不允许出现的。另外，现有的真三轴设备中测力传感器通常布置在压力室外，测力传感器不仅受到环境温度波动的影响，还受到传力活塞的摩擦力影响，这都会对载荷稳定控制 造成影响。
因此，受到岩石常规三轴流变试验机的加载边界与实际边界条件不符的影响，以及受到现有真三轴设备不具备长时间稳定加载能力的制约，真三轴条件下的硬岩时效破裂试验目前还难以实现。
发明内容
针对现有技术存在的问题，本发明提供一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置及方法，首次实现了真三轴条件下的岩石时效破裂试验，不但具备长时间稳定加载能力，而且可对环境温度条件进行恒温设定。
为了实现上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置，包括压力室、第一大主应力作动器、第二大主应力作动器、第一中主应力作动器、第二中主应力作动器及刚性支撑平台，所述压力室固定安装在刚性支撑平台上，所述第一大主应力作动器及第二大主应力作动器水平对称设置在压力室的左右两侧，所述第一中主应力作动器及第二中主应力作动器竖直对称设置在压力室的上下两侧；其特点是：在所述压力室中心设置有一个水平贯通的圆柱形通孔，在圆柱形通孔的上侧、下侧、左侧及右侧压力室刚性壳体上均布有四个应力加载通孔，在圆柱形通孔内设置有圆柱形试样承载台，圆柱形试样承载台与圆柱形通孔密封配合，圆柱形试样承载台相对于圆柱形通孔具有轴向移动自由度；
在所述圆柱形试样承载台中心设置有试样承放腔，在试样承放腔的上侧、下侧、左侧及右侧圆柱形试样承载台上均布有四个刚性压头安置孔，四个刚性压头安置孔与四个应力加载通孔一一对应，在四个刚性压头安置孔内分别设置有刚性压头；在所述圆柱形试样承载台上开设有围压加载供油孔，围压加载供油孔与试样承放腔相通；所述围压加载供油孔连通有围压加载用注射泵；
所述第一大主应力作动器、第二大主应力作动器、第一中主应力作动器及第二中主应力作动器结构相同，均包括封盖、环形端盖、反力缸筒、活塞、活塞杆、密封法兰及应力加载用注射泵；所述反力缸筒固连在压力室外表面，反力缸筒与应力加载通孔的轴向中心线相重合；所述封盖固装在环形端盖中部，环形端盖固装在反力缸筒外端，所述密封法兰固装在反力缸筒内端与压力室之间，所述活塞杆一端位于反力缸筒内，活塞杆另一端穿过密封法兰并延伸至应力加载通孔内，所述活塞位于反力缸筒内并固定套装在活塞杆上，活塞与反力缸筒密封滑动配合；在所述环形端盖上开设有应力加载供油孔，所述环形端盖与活塞之间为应力加载油腔，应力加载供油孔与应力加载油腔相通；在所述反力缸筒上开设有应力卸载供油孔，活塞与密封法兰之间为应力卸载油腔，应力卸载供油孔与应力卸载油腔相通；所述应力加载供油孔及应力卸载供油孔通过电磁换向阀与应力加载用注射泵相连通。
在所述压力室的刚性壳体中内置有辅助推拉液压缸，辅助推拉液压缸与圆柱形试样承载台平行设置，辅助推拉液压缸的活塞杆延伸至压力室外部，在活塞杆端部固连有转接法兰，转接法兰与圆柱形试样承载台相固连，圆柱形试样承载台通过辅助推拉液压缸在圆柱形通孔内轴向移动。
在所述压力室的刚性壳体中设置有导向孔，在导向孔内设有导向杆，导向杆与辅助推拉液压缸平行设置，导向杆一端延伸至压力室外部并与转接法兰相固连。
在所述转接法兰相对侧的圆柱形试样承载台上安装有配重平衡杆。
在所述压力室内安装有加热线圈，加热线圈的温度控制精度为±0.2℃。
在位于所述应力加载通孔内的活塞杆端部固装有测力传感器。
在所述圆柱形试样承载台内安装有压力传感器。
在所述封盖上安装有活塞监测用LVDT位移传感器。
所述应力加载用注射泵及围压加载用注射泵均采用步进电机式伺服液压注射泵。
一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验方法，采用了所述的高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置，包括如下步骤：
步骤一：制备岩石试样；
步骤二：密封岩石试样；
步骤三：在密封后的岩石试样表面安装体变测量用LVDT位移传感器；
步骤四：启动辅助推拉液压缸，向压力室外部移动圆柱形试样承载台，直到试样承放腔位于压力室外部；
步骤五：将密封后且安装了体变测量用LVDT位移传感器的岩石试样放置到试样承放腔内；
步骤六：控制辅助推拉液压缸回缩，直到圆柱形试样承载台完全回到压力室的圆柱形通孔内；
步骤七：对第一大主应力作动器、第二大主应力作动器、第一中主应力作动器及第二中主应力作动器实施位移控制，完成岩石试样的精确对中夹紧；
步骤八：调整体变测量用LVDT位移传感器的位置及触针伸长量，使体变测量用LVDT位移传感器处于试验量程范围内；
步骤九：向压力室内充液压油；
步骤十：启动压力室内的加热线圈，将液压油调整到目标温度；
步骤十一：启动第一大主应力作动器、第二大主应力作动器、第一中主应力作动器及第二中主应力作动器的应力加载用注射泵，同时启动围压加载用注射泵，对岩石试样进行阶梯 式真三轴加载；
步骤十二：在各个阶梯等级载荷下，记录并观测岩石试样的变形情况。
本发明的有益效果：
本发明与现有技术相比，首次实现了真三轴条件下的硬岩时效破裂试验。为了满足在真三轴条件下进行岩石时效破裂试验，本发明设计了具有全新结构的压力室，以及与压力室配装应用的具有全新结构形式的作动器，并且还首次在真三轴加载中引入了步进电机式伺服液压注射泵，通过上述创新设计，最终使本发明首次具备了真三轴条件下长时间稳定加载的能力。另外，为了保证所给定的应力条件和环境温度与实际地应力条件和环境温度相符，本发明还首次引入了油温控制，以满足岩石恒温时效破裂试验要求，保证了试验结果更加真实可信。
本发明的压力室首次采用了高刚度一体化结构设计，压力室本身还作为大主应力和中主应力的反力框架，与压力室配装应用的作动器具有低摩擦大吨位加载能力，并具备对称同步加载大主应力和中主应力的能力，其最大加载能力可达6000kN；本发明首次引入的步进电机式伺服液压注射泵，其具备增压和长期稳定低功耗加载的能力，其内伺服电机的功率可低至1kW，其围压加载能力可达100MPa；本发明首次引入的油温控制，能够对液压油进行恒温长期加热，有效模拟岩石试样的地温条件。
附图说明
图1为本发明的一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置正向剖视图；
图2为本发明的一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置侧向剖视图；
图3为图2中的圆柱形试样承载台处于移出时的状态图；
图4为本发明的作动器(应力加载用注射泵未画出)结构示意图；
图5为本发明的压力室正向剖视图；
图6为本发明的压力室侧向剖视图；
图7为本发明的圆柱形试样承载台正向剖视图；
图8为本发明的圆柱形试样承载台侧向剖视图；
图9为密封后且安装了体变测量用LVDT位移传感器的岩石试样示意图；
图中，1—压力室，2—第一大主应力作动器，3—第二大主应力作动器，4—第一中主应力作动器，5—第二中主应力作动器，6—刚性支撑平台，7—圆柱形通孔，8—应力加载通孔，9—圆柱形试样承载台，10—试样承放腔，11—刚性压头安置孔，12—封盖，13—环形端盖，14—反力缸筒，15—活塞，16—活塞杆，17—密封法兰，18—应力加载供油孔，19—应力加载油腔，20—应力卸载供油孔，21—应力卸载油腔，22—应力加载用注射泵，23—刚性压头， 24—围压加载供油孔，25—围压加载用注射泵，26—测力传感器，27—活塞监测用LVDT位移传感器，28—辅助推拉液压缸，29—转接法兰，30—配重平衡杆，31—导向杆，32—岩石试样，33—体变测量用LVDT位移传感器，34—电磁换向阀。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明做进一步的详细说明。
如图1～8所示，一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置，包括压力室1、第一大主应力作动器2、第二大主应力作动器3、第一中主应力作动器4、第二中主应力作动器5及刚性支撑平台6，所述压力室1固定安装在刚性支撑平台6上，所述第一大主应力作动器2及第二大主应力作动器3水平对称设置在压力室1的左右两侧，所述第一中主应力作动器4及第二中主应力作动器5竖直对称设置在压力室1的上下两侧；其特点是：在所述压力室1中心设置有一个水平贯通的圆柱形通孔7，在圆柱形通孔7的上侧、下侧、左侧及右侧压力室1刚性壳体上均布有四个应力加载通孔8，在圆柱形通孔7内设置有圆柱形试样承载台9，圆柱形试样承载台9与圆柱形通孔7密封配合，圆柱形试样承载台9相对于圆柱形通孔7具有轴向移动自由度；
在所述圆柱形试样承载台9中心设置有试样承放腔10，在试样承放腔10的上侧、下侧、左侧及右侧圆柱形试样承载台9上均布有四个刚性压头安置孔11，四个刚性压头安置孔11与四个应力加载通孔8一一对应，在四个刚性压头安置孔11内分别设置有刚性压头23；在所述圆柱形试样承载台9上开设有围压加载供油孔24，围压加载供油孔24与试样承放腔10相通；所述围压加载供油孔24连通有围压加载用注射泵25；
所述第一大主应力作动器2、第二大主应力作动器3、第一中主应力作动器4及第二中主应力作动器5结构相同，均包括封盖12、环形端盖13、反力缸筒14、活塞15、活塞杆16、密封法兰17及应力加载用注射泵22；所述反力缸筒14固连在压力室1外表面，反力缸筒14与应力加载通孔8的轴向中心线相重合；所述封盖12固装在环形端盖13中部，环形端盖13固装在反力缸筒14外端，所述密封法兰17固装在反力缸筒14内端与压力室1之间，所述活塞杆16一端位于反力缸筒14内，活塞杆16另一端穿过密封法兰17并延伸至应力加载通孔8内，所述活塞15位于反力缸筒14内并固定套装在活塞杆16上，活塞15与反力缸筒14密封滑动配合；在所述环形端盖13上开设有应力加载供油孔18，所述环形端盖13与活塞15之间为应力加载油腔19，应力加载供油孔18与应力加载油腔19相通；在所述反力缸筒14上开设有应力卸载供油孔20，活塞15与密封法兰17之间为应力卸载油腔21，应力卸载供油孔20与应力卸载油腔21相通；所述应力加载供油孔18及应力卸载供油孔20通过电磁换向阀34与应力加载用注射泵22相连通。
本发明的压力室1采用了高刚度一体化结构设计，压力室1本身还作为大主应力和中主应力的反力框架，完全不同于传统真三轴设备中采用的两个加载框架与一个压力室的三组件设计，采用高刚度一体化结构设计使压力室具有更小的尺寸，这有助于刚度的进一步提升，以更好的匹配岩石试样的刚度，也有效避免了传统真三轴设备中三组件之间的安装空间和安装误差问题。
在所述压力室1的刚性壳体中内置有辅助推拉液压缸28，辅助推拉液压缸28与圆柱形试样承载台9平行设置，辅助推拉液压缸28的活塞杆延伸至压力室1外部，在活塞杆端部固连有转接法兰29，转接法兰29与圆柱形试样承载台9相固连，圆柱形试样承载台9通过辅助推拉液压缸28在圆柱形通孔7内轴向移动。
本发明的圆柱形试样承载台9通过辅助推拉液压缸28实现在压力室1的圆柱形通孔7中轴向移动，进而满足岩石试样的快速装样和取样，而传统压力室采用的螺栓锁紧式密封门，每次装样和取样都需要拆装一次密封门，对于试验人员来说都是一次繁重的体力劳动，而本发明完全省去了这一重体力劳动过程。
在所述压力室1的刚性壳体中设置有导向孔，在导向孔内设有导向杆31，导向杆31与辅助推拉液压缸28平行设置，导向杆31一端延伸至压力室1外部并与转接法兰29相固连。
在所述转接法兰29相对侧的圆柱形试样承载台9上安装有配重平衡杆30。当圆柱形试样承载台9沿着圆柱形通孔7向外移动时，随着移出的距离加大，伸出部分的圆柱形试样承载台9会因自重而损伤圆柱形通孔7，通过配重平衡杆30则可以抵消伸出部分的圆柱形试样承载台9自重，避免圆柱形通孔7的损伤。
在所述压力室1内安装有加热线圈，加热线圈的温度控制精度为±0.2℃；而液压油作为冷媒介质，更有助于保证温度控制精度。
在位于所述应力加载通孔8内的活塞杆16端部固装有测力传感器26，由于测力传感器26位于应力加载通孔8内，与现有真三轴设备中测力传感器通常布置在压力室外相比，消除了环境温度波动及传力活塞摩擦力的影响，有助于载荷的长期稳定控制。
在所述圆柱形试样承载台9内安装有压力传感器。
在所述封盖12上安装有活塞监测用LVDT位移传感器27。
所述应力加载用注射泵22及围压加载用注射泵25均采用步进电机式伺服液压注射泵；本实施例中，所选用的步进电机式伺服液压注射泵的最高输出压力为100MPa，最低输出流量为0.0005ml/min。由于步进电机式伺服液压注射泵内的伺服电机功率较低，能够有效降低泵缸内液压油的温升速度，且步进电机式伺服液压注射泵内的大减速比变速箱还可以确保泵缸活塞低速移动，更适合于硬岩的小变形特点，同时采用步进电机控制器与载荷反馈的双闭环 控制技术，也有助于载荷的长期恒定控制。
一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验方法，采用了所述的高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置，包括如下步骤：
步骤一：制备岩石试样32，岩石试样32的最终尺寸为50mm×50mm×100mm；
步骤二：密封岩石试样32；
步骤三：在密封后的岩石试样32表面安装体变测量用LVDT位移传感器33，如图9所示；
步骤四：启动辅助推拉液压缸28，向压力室1外部移动圆柱形试样承载台9，直到试样承放腔10位于压力室1外部；
步骤五：将密封后且安装了体变测量用LVDT位移传感器33的岩石试样32放置到试样承放腔10内；
步骤六：控制辅助推拉液压缸28回缩，直到圆柱形试样承载台9完全回到压力室1的圆柱形通孔7内；
步骤七：对第一大主应力作动器2、第二大主应力作动器3、第一中主应力作动器4及第二中主应力作动器5实施位移控制，完成岩石试样32的精确对中夹紧；
步骤八：调整体变测量用LVDT位移传感器33的位置及触针伸长量，使体变测量用LVDT位移传感器33处于试验量程范围内；
步骤九：向压力室1内充液压油；
步骤十：启动压力室1内的加热线圈，将液压油调整到目标温度；本实施例中，加热线圈的温控最高温度设定为100℃；
步骤十一：启动第一大主应力作动器2、第二大主应力作动器3、第一中主应力作动器4及第二中主应力作动器5的应力加载用注射泵22，同时启动围压加载用注射泵25，对岩石试样32进行阶梯式真三轴加载；本实施例中，考虑到安全性，第一大主应力作动器2及第二大主应力作动器3的最大输出载荷设定为3000kN，第一中主应力作动器4及第二中主应力作动器5的最大输出载荷设定为6000kN，围压的最大载荷设定为100MPa；
步骤十二：在各个阶梯等级载荷下，记录并观测岩石试样32的变形情况。
实施例中的方案并非用以限制本发明的专利保护范围，凡未脱离本发明所为的等效实施或变更，均包含于本案的专利范围中。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置，包括压力室、第一大主应力作动器、第二大主应力作动器、第一中主应力作动器、第二中主应力作动器及刚性支撑平台，所述压力室固定安装在刚性支撑平台上，所述第一大主应力作动器及第二大主应力作动器水平对称设置在压力室的左右两侧，所述第一中主应力作动器及第二中主应力作动器竖直对称设置在压力室的上下两侧；其特征在于：在所述压力室中心设置有一个水平贯通的圆柱形通孔，在圆柱形通孔的上侧、下侧、左侧及右侧压力室刚性壳体上均布有四个应力加载通孔，在圆柱形通孔内设置有圆柱形试样承载台，圆柱形试样承载台与圆柱形通孔密封配合，圆柱形试样承载台相对于圆柱形通孔具有轴向移动自由度；
    在所述圆柱形试样承载台中心设置有试样承放腔，在试样承放腔的上侧、下侧、左侧及右侧圆柱形试样承载台上均布有四个刚性压头安置孔，四个刚性压头安置孔与四个应力加载通孔一一对应，在四个刚性压头安置孔内分别设置有刚性压头；在所述圆柱形试样承载台上开设有围压加载供油孔，围压加载供油孔与试样承放腔相通；所述围压加载供油孔连通有围压加载用注射泵；
    所述第一大主应力作动器、第二大主应力作动器、第一中主应力作动器及第二中主应力作动器结构相同，均包括封盖、环形端盖、反力缸筒、活塞、活塞杆、密封法兰及应力加载用注射泵；所述反力缸筒固连在压力室外表面，反力缸筒与应力加载通孔的轴向中心线相重合；所述封盖固装在环形端盖中部，环形端盖固装在反力缸筒外端，所述密封法兰固装在反力缸筒内端与压力室之间，所述活塞杆一端位于反力缸筒内，活塞杆另一端穿过密封法兰并延伸至应力加载通孔内，所述活塞位于反力缸筒内并固定套装在活塞杆上，活塞与反力缸筒密封滑动配合；在所述环形端盖上开设有应力加载供油孔，所述环形端盖与活塞之间为应力加载油腔，应力加载供油孔与应力加载油腔相通；在所述反力缸筒上开设有应力卸载供油孔，活塞与密封法兰之间为应力卸载油腔，应力卸载供油孔与应力卸载油腔相通；所述应力加载供油孔及应力卸载供油孔通过电磁换向阀与应力加载用注射泵相连通。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置，其特征在于：在所述压力室的刚性壳体中内置有辅助推拉液压缸，辅助推拉液压缸与圆柱形试样承载台平行设置，辅助推拉液压缸的活塞杆延伸至压力室外部，在活塞杆端部固连有转接法兰，转接法兰与圆柱形试样承载台相固连，圆柱形试样承载台通过辅助推拉液压缸在圆柱形通孔内轴向移动。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置，其特征在于：在所述压力室的刚性壳体中设置有导向孔，在导向孔内设有导向杆，导向杆与辅助推拉液压缸平行设置，导向杆一端延伸至压力室外部并与转接法兰相固连。
  4. 根据权利要求2所述的一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置，其特征在于：在所述转接法兰相对侧的圆柱形试样承载台上安装有配重平衡杆。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置，其特征在于：在所述压力室内安装有加热线圈，加热线圈的温度控制精度为±0.2℃。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置，其特征在于：在位于所述应力加载通孔内的活塞杆端部固装有测力传感器。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置，其特征在于：在所述圆柱形试样承载台内安装有压力传感器。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置，其特征在于：在所述封盖上安装有活塞监测用LVDT位移传感器。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置，其特征在于：所述应力加载用注射泵及围压加载用注射泵均采用步进电机式伺服液压注射泵。
  10. 一种高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验方法，采用了权利要求1所述的高压真三轴硬岩恒温时效破裂试验装置，其特征在于包括如下步骤：
    步骤一：制备岩石试样；
    步骤二：密封岩石试样；
    步骤三：在密封后的岩石试样表面安装体变测量用LVDT位移传感器；
    步骤四：启动辅助推拉液压缸，向压力室外部移动圆柱形试样承载台，直到试样承放腔位于压力室外部；
    步骤五：将密封后且安装了体变测量用LVDT位移传感器的岩石试样放置到试样承放腔内；
    步骤六：控制辅助推拉液压缸回缩，直到圆柱形试样承载台完全回到压力室的圆柱形通孔内；
    步骤七：对第一大主应力作动器、第二大主应力作动器、第一中主应力作动器及第二中主应力作动器实施位移控制，完成岩石试样的精确对中夹紧；
    步骤八：调整体变测量用LVDT位移传感器的位置及触针伸长量，使体变测量用LVDT位移传感器处于试验量程范围内；
    步骤九：向压力室内充液压油；
    步骤十：启动压力室内的加热线圈，将液压油调整到目标温度；
    步骤十一：启动第一大主应力作动器、第二大主应力作动器、第一中主应力作动器及第二中主应力作动器的应力加载用注射泵，同时启动围压加载用注射泵，对岩石试样进行阶梯 式真三轴加载；
    步骤十二：在各个阶梯等级载荷下，记录并观测岩石试样的变形情况。
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