WO2018016303A1 - 超音波探傷装置、超音波探傷方法、溶接鋼管の製造方法、及び溶接鋼管の品質管理方法 - Google Patents
超音波探傷装置、超音波探傷方法、溶接鋼管の製造方法、及び溶接鋼管の品質管理方法 Download PDFInfo
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/221—Arrangements for directing or focusing the acoustical waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/043—Analysing solids in the interior, e.g. by shear waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/24—Probes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/24—Probes
- G01N29/2487—Directing probes, e.g. angle probes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/26—Arrangements for orientation or scanning by relative movement of the head and the sensor
- G01N29/262—Arrangements for orientation or scanning by relative movement of the head and the sensor by electronic orientation or focusing, e.g. with phased arrays
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/26—Arrangements for orientation or scanning by relative movement of the head and the sensor
- G01N29/265—Arrangements for orientation or scanning by relative movement of the head and the sensor by moving the sensor relative to a stationary material
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/028—Material parameters
- G01N2291/0289—Internal structure, e.g. defects, grain size, texture
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/10—Number of transducers
- G01N2291/106—Number of transducers one or more transducer arrays
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/26—Scanned objects
- G01N2291/263—Surfaces
- G01N2291/2634—Surfaces cylindrical from outside
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/26—Scanned objects
- G01N2291/267—Welds
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/26—Scanned objects
- G01N2291/267—Welds
- G01N2291/2675—Seam, butt welding
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus, an ultrasonic flaw detection method, a method for manufacturing a welded steel pipe, and a quality control method for a welded steel pipe, which detect flaws in a welded portion of a welded steel pipe.
- UOE steel pipe U-ing-O-ing Expansion steel tubes
- LSAW Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welding steel tubes
- a UOE steel pipe is manufactured by pressing a steel plate into a U shape, pressing it into an O shape, joining the butted portions of the steel plate by submerged arc welding (inner surface welding and outer surface welding), and expanding the tube. Since the UOE steel pipe is applied to a pipeline for energy transportation, not only the quality of the base material but also the quality of the welded part is important for safety and environmental conservation.
- the oblique angle flaw detection method is a method in which a single probe is used to detect a defect by transmitting an ultrasonic wave with a refraction angle with respect to a welded steel pipe based on Snell's law. It is used to detect cracking defects that occur on the inner and outer surfaces.
- the tandem flaw detection method is used for flaw detection at the central portion of the welded portion (the groove butting portion). Defects that occur in the thickness center portion of the welded portion are caused by incomplete penetration and exist as plane defects that are parallel to the thickness direction of the welded portion.
- the ultrasonic wave that hits the plane defect is strongly reflected in the regular reflection direction, but the back reflection is weak. (Noise intensity ratio) decreases.
- different probes are used for transmission and reception of ultrasonic waves so that regular reflection waves can be received, and these probes are arranged on the circumference of the welded steel pipe. Then, ultrasonic waves are transmitted from one probe, and ultrasonic waves are received by the other probe to detect defects. For this reason, when a plane defect is detected using the tandem flaw detection method, the S / N ratio is higher than when the oblique flaw detection method is used, and the plane defect can be detected with high sensitivity.
- the tandem flaw detection method has the following problems.
- the probe calculates (a) the position where the probe is installed using a calculation formula, (b) places the probe at the calculated position, and (c ) It is set by adjusting the angle and installation position of the probe using artificial flaws.
- This setting procedure is common to the oblique flaw detection method and the tandem flaw detection method.
- the oblique angle flaw detection method since there is only one probe, it is easy to adjust the angle and installation position of the probe.
- the tandem flaw detection method since the probes are separated by transmission and reception of ultrasonic waves, it is necessary to adjust the angle and installation position of each probe, and setting work Becomes complicated. For this reason, in the case of the tandem flaw detection method, it is very difficult to adjust the angle and installation position of the probe.
- an off-seam may occur in which the butting position shifts between the inner surface side and the outer surface side during inner surface welding and outer surface welding.
- plane defects may be distributed in a wide range in the circumferential direction (pipe circumferential direction) of the welded steel pipe, so a flaw detection method that can cover a wide range in the circumferential direction of the welded steel pipe is required.
- the tandem flaw detection method has excellent defect detection performance in the vicinity of the position where the ultrasonic wave for transmission and the ultrasonic wave for reception intersect, but because the range is narrow, the circumferential direction of the welded steel pipe when off-seam occurs However, it cannot cover a sufficiently wide range.
- the normal incidence method is an ultrasonic flaw detection method in which an ultrasonic wave is incident perpendicularly to the central thickness portion of the weld using a single probe, and has the following characteristics.
- a large refraction angle of about 75 ° to 83 ° is required in order to satisfy the condition that the ultrasonic wave is perpendicularly incident on the plane defect with the size of a welded steel pipe such as a UOE steel pipe.
- the echo height greatly decreases as the refraction angle increases. This is because the sound pressure reciprocation rate of ultrasonic waves decreases as the refraction angle increases.
- FIGS. 15A to 15C since the apparent size of the sensor 10 that transmits ultrasonic waves becomes smaller as the refraction angle increases (size D ⁇ size D ′ ⁇ As the refraction angle increases, the ultrasonic wave diffusion attenuation rate increases and the defect detection sensitivity decreases.
- reference numeral 11 denotes a wedge
- reference numeral S denotes a welded steel pipe.
- the electric noise increases in online flaw detection, and therefore, the refraction angle has a practical range of up to about 70. Therefore, the method described in Non-Patent Document 1 does not increase the refraction angle.
- High-sensitivity flaw detection is realized by combining real-time digital processing (chirp wave pulse compression processing and synchronous addition averaging processing) with the normal incidence method.
- the defect detection sensitivity changes sensitively to changes in the incident angle of ultrasonic waves.
- the incident angle of the ultrasonic wave changes depending on the rattling of the mechanism unit that drives the probe and the variation in the acoustic anisotropy of the welded steel pipe. For this reason, it is desired to suppress the influence of the change in the incident angle of the ultrasonic wave on the defect detection sensitivity.
- the defect detection sensitivity tends to vary depending on individual differences of the operator who performs the adjustment. Therefore, it has been expected to provide a technique capable of suppressing the influence of the change in the incident angle of the ultrasonic wave on the defect detection sensitivity and the variation in the defect detection sensitivity due to manual adjustment by the operator.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide an ultrasonic wave capable of suppressing the influence of a change in the incident angle of ultrasonic waves on the defect detection sensitivity and the variation in defect detection sensitivity due to manual adjustment by an operator.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a flaw detection apparatus and an ultrasonic flaw detection method.
- Another object of the present invention is to manufacture a welded steel pipe with high weld quality by suppressing the influence of changes in the incident angle of ultrasonic waves on the defect detection sensitivity and the variation in defect detection sensitivity due to manual adjustment by the operator.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a welded steel pipe and a quality control method for the welded steel pipe.
- An ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus is an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus that detects a plane defect existing in a butt portion of a groove in a welded portion of a welded steel pipe, and makes ultrasonic waves enter perpendicularly to a welding root surface.
- Ultrasonic waves arranged in a position on the outer peripheral surface of the welded steel pipe through a wedge and transmitted to the welding root surface and reflected by the welding root surface are transmitted in the tube axis direction.
- a matrix array probe for receiving the ultrasonic wave, an ultrasonic transmission / reception unit for controlling the matrix array probe to receive a reflected wave of the ultrasonic wave reflected on the welding route surface, and the ultrasonic wave received by the ultrasonic transmission / reception unit.
- An evaluation unit that detects the plane defect based on the reflected wave of the sound wave, and the matrix array probe includes a plurality of vibrations arranged in a lattice pattern
- the array pitch in the tube axis direction of the vibration element is larger than the wavelength of the transmitted and received ultrasonic waves
- the width of the vibration element in the tube axis direction is the tube axis direction from the tube axis direction center position of the matrix array probe.
- the width of the vibration element in the tube axis direction and the center coordinate are adjusted so that all the ultrasonic waves from the respective vibration elements overlap within the focal position control range of the ultrasonic wave.
- the ultrasonic transmission / reception unit changes the refraction angle of the ultrasonic wave at a predetermined angular pitch within a predetermined angular range centered on a predetermined center angle.
- ultrasonic waves are transmitted to the welding root surface.
- the ultrasonic flaw detection method according to the present invention includes a step of flaw detection of a plane defect present at a butt portion of a groove in a welded portion of a welded steel pipe using the ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus according to the present invention.
- the ultrasonic flaw detection method according to the present invention is an ultrasonic flaw detection method according to the present invention, wherein the ultrasonic plane defect is processed at the center position of the welding root surface while changing the refraction angle of the ultrasonic wave at an arbitrary angle pitch within an arbitrary angle range. Transmitting a sound wave, receiving a reflected wave of the ultrasonic wave reflected by the artificial plane defect, and determining a refraction angle when the intensity of the reflected wave of the ultrasonic wave is the strongest as the central angle. To do.
- a plurality of wedges having different refraction angles are prepared in advance, and when detecting a plane defect, a wedge having a refraction angle close to a desired refraction angle is selected,
- the method includes a step of using the selected wedge in combination with the matrix array probe.
- the method for manufacturing a welded steel pipe according to the present invention uses the ultrasonic flaw detector according to the present invention to detect a plane defect present at a butt portion of a groove in a welded part of the welded steel pipe, and based on the flaw detection result, the welded steel pipe Including the step of manufacturing.
- the quality control method for a welded steel pipe according to the present invention uses the ultrasonic flaw detector according to the present invention to detect a plane defect present at a butt portion of a groove in a welded portion of the welded steel pipe, and welds based on the flaw detection result.
- the method includes the step of evaluating the quality of the steel pipe.
- the ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus and the ultrasonic flaw detection method according to the present invention it is possible to suppress the influence of the change in the incident angle of the ultrasonic wave on the defect detection sensitivity and the variation in the defect detection sensitivity due to manual adjustment by the operator. Further, according to the welded steel pipe manufacturing method and the welded steel pipe quality control method according to the present invention, the influence of the change in the incident angle of the ultrasonic wave on the defect detection sensitivity and the variation in the defect detection sensitivity due to manual adjustment by the operator are suppressed. As a result, a welded steel pipe with a high quality welded portion can be produced.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a result of calculating the relationship between the aperture width of the matrix array probe and the effect of increasing the sound pressure of ultrasonic waves at the focal position.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining the configuration of the vibration element in the tube axis direction.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the installation position of the matrix array probe.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a method of calculating the timing of transmitting ultrasonic waves from each vibration element.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing the flow of ultrasonic flaw detection processing according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining a method of calculating the center angle of the sector scan.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of an ultrasonic flaw detector as an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a plan view showing the configuration of the matrix array probe shown in FIG.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a flow of manufacturing steps of a general UOE steel pipe.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing the arrangement positions of a plurality of matrix array probes provided in the manipulator.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a matrix array probe for wall thickness center flaw detection.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of the ultrasonic flaw detection result.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of the S / N ratio and the refraction angle of welded steel pipes having different t / D.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of the relationship between the ultrasonic refraction angle and the echo height.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram for explaining the relationship between the ultrasonic refraction angle and the apparent sensor size.
- the ultrasonic wave is focused in the tube axis direction in order to realize a high S / N ratio by compensating for a decrease in defect detection sensitivity at a high refraction angle.
- the defect detection sensitivity when the refraction angle of ultrasonic waves is 80 ° is 12 dB lower than the defect detection sensitivity when the refraction angle of ultrasonic waves is 70 °.
- the defect detection sensitivity is increased by at least 12 dB by focusing the ultrasonic wave in the tube axis direction.
- Equation (1) P is the sound pressure near the focal position of the ultrasonic wave
- P 0 the transmission sound pressure
- x is the position of the sound field
- f op is the focal length
- D is a sensor that transmits the ultrasonic wave
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave
- J is the focusing factor.
- the focusing factor J is defined as equation (2).
- FIG. 1 shows the result of calculating the relationship with the sound pressure of the ultrasonic wave.
- the sound pressure at a focal position P3 in FIG. FIG. 1 illustrates the change in sound pressure for each focal position and aperture width with reference to the sound pressure in the case of non-focusing by an ultrasonic probe having an oscillator size (aperture width) of 8 mm as a reference (that is, 0 dB).
- an ultrasonic probe having an oscillator size (aperture width) of 8 mm as a reference (that is, 0 dB).
- the phased array type ultrasonic flaw detection method a grating lobe that is an unnecessary signal peak is generated, which causes noise. For this reason, it is desirable not to generate grating lobes as much as possible.
- the following formula (3) is known as a condition of the arrangement pitch (vibration element pitch) Ep of vibration elements for preventing generation of grating lobes.
- ⁇ represents the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave
- ⁇ represents the polarization angle.
- the phased array type means that (i) the transmission direction and the reception direction of the ultrasonic wave are controlled by transmitting and receiving ultrasonic waves with a phase delay from the vibration elements arranged in an array, and (ii) the ultrasonic wave is transmitted. (Iii) electronic scanning without mechanical scanning of the vibrating element position.
- the vibration element pitch Ep for preventing the generation of the grating lobe is about 0.46 mm. That is, when the vibration element pitch Ep is 0.46 mm or less, no grating lobe is generated.
- the aperture width in the tube axis direction of the matrix array probe needs to be a large aperture of 35 mm. It is enough.
- the arrangement position of the vibration element in the tube axis direction when the vibration element pitch Ep is larger than the wavelength ⁇ of the ultrasonic wave is examined.
- the size of the vibrating element pitch Ep In order to configure a preset opening width W with N vibrating elements, the size of the vibrating element pitch Ep must be W / N.
- the vibration element width Ew is smaller than the vibration element pitch Ep.
- the vibration element width Ew is increased, the directivity angles of the vibration elements are narrowed, and the directivity angles of the vibration elements overlap with each other farther than the surface on which the vibration elements are arranged. In this case, on the side close to the position where the vibration element is disposed, the directivity angles of the vibration elements do not overlap, and it becomes difficult to sufficiently focus the ultrasonic waves.
- the vibration element width Ew of the vibration element is reduced, the directivity angle of each vibration element is widened, so that the directivity angles of the vibration elements overlap on the side closer to the surface where the vibration element is disposed.
- ultrasonic flaw detection is performed using a matrix array probe in which vibration elements are arranged as shown in FIG.
- the vibration element width is Ew n
- the vibration element pitch is Ep.
- the directivity angle ⁇ n of the n- th vibration element 2 n can be calculated by the following mathematical formula (4).
- the vibration element width Ew n and the center coordinate X n satisfying the following formula (5) are calculated, and each vibration element is arranged at the calculated position.
- Equation (5) the angle theta n, connecting the n-th transducer elements 2 n normal L n and n-th oscillation element 2 n center coordinates of X n and the focal position P1 passing through the center coordinate X n lines
- This is an angle formed by the minute L n ′ and can be calculated by the following formula (6).
- the directivity angle ⁇ n is larger than the angle ⁇ n , the ultrasonic waves sufficiently overlap after the focal position P1. Thereby, generation
- Xc represents the center position of the matrix array probe. Further, it is desirable that the vibration element pitch Ep is as small as possible.
- the installation position of the matrix array probe 2 in the ultrasonic flaw detection shown in FIG. 3 can be calculated from the following mathematical formulas (7) and (8) using the wall thickness t and the outer diameter R of the welded steel pipe S.
- the PWD represented by the mathematical formula (8) is a distance from the ultrasonic incident position P2 on the circumference of the welded steel pipe S to the focal position (groove butt position) P3 where the defect exists. Is shown.
- the distance TF that the ultrasonic wave propagates through the steel can be calculated by the following formula (9).
- the height of the wedge 3 when the H, the velocity of sound in wedge 3 Vw, when the shear wave velocity in steel and Vs, the focal length f p of the ultrasonic wave can be calculated by the equation (10) shown below.
- ⁇ i represents the incident angle of the ultrasonic wave
- ⁇ r represents the refraction angle of the ultrasonic wave
- O represents the center position of the welded steel pipe S.
- the propagation time of the ultrasonic wave from the arrangement position of each vibration element to the focal position P3 is calculated. Specifically, as shown in the following equation (11), by dividing the distance d n from the position of the n th oscillation element at the speed of sound Vw in the wedge to the focus position P3, the n-th transducer elements it can be determined propagation time T n of the ultrasound from the placement position to the focus position P3.
- the propagation time T n is obtained by performing the above-described calculation for each of the first to m-th vibrating elements. Subsequently, the maximum value (maximum propagation time) T max of the propagation time T n obtained for each vibration element is calculated as shown in the following formula (12). Then, as shown in the following formula (13), the maximum propagation time T max is subtracted from each propagation time T n , and the absolute time is set as the timing (delay time Td n ) for transmitting the ultrasonic wave in each vibration element. . Thereby, an ultrasonic wave can be focused on the focal position P3.
- the refraction angle is increased. Accordingly, the apparent size of the sensor (ultrasonic probe) that transmits ultrasonic waves is reduced. Further, as shown in Equation (2), the size of the focusing coefficient J is proportional to the square value of the size of the sensor that transmits ultrasonic waves. For this reason, in this case, in order to obtain a sufficient sound pressure, the size of the sensor that transmits the ultrasonic waves must be increased, which is not practical.
- the size of the sensor to be transmitted needs to be 50 mm or more, for example. If it is attempted to apply a sensor having such a large aperture width in the C direction, the approach limit distance becomes large and the propagation distance of the ultrasonic wave becomes long, and as a result, the effect of increasing the sound pressure by focusing is sufficiently obtained. It becomes impossible. Therefore, it is not very realistic. Therefore, in the present invention, the ultrasonic waves are focused in the tube axis direction, not in the radial cross-sectional direction of the welded steel pipe perpendicular to the tube axis direction.
- ultrasonic flaw detection processing In the present invention, the sensitivity of the matrix array probe is calibrated after adjusting the incident angle condition and the focusing condition of the ultrasonic wave by using a calibration test piece in which the artificial plane defect is processed at the butt portion of the groove. It is desirable to perform a flaw detection process. Specifically, ultrasonic flaw detection processing is performed according to the flow shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 5, in the case of ultrasonic flaw detection processing, first, initial conditions for ultrasonic flaw detection are calculated (step S1).
- the ultrasonic incident angle is set in the C direction while focusing the ultrasonic waves in the installation position (incident position) P2 and the tube axis direction for vertically inputting the ultrasonic waves to the center position Xc of the welding root surface.
- the delay time of each vibration element for flaw detection while shaking is calculated.
- the focal point P3 of the ultrasonic wave can be calculated from the position of the artificial plane defect, the incident position of the ultrasonic wave, and the installation position of the matrix array probe.
- a matrix array probe and a wedge (probe) are installed on the outer peripheral surface of the welded steel pipe so that ultrasonic waves can be incident on the incident position P2 calculated in the process of step S1 (step S2).
- ultrasonic waves focused in the tube axis direction with the calculated delay time of each vibration element are transmitted and received while varying the incident angle in the C direction (step S3).
- ultrasonic waves are scanned at an angular pitch Rd such as 1 ° (sector scan) within an angle range from the refraction angle R min to the refraction angle R max (sector scan). and, then, recording the echo intensities from defects in each angle, it detects the highest echo intensity is higher refractive angle around the angle R c flaw detection.
- DF indicates an artificial plane defect.
- step S4 various setting values for performing ultrasonic flaw detection are calculated (step S4), and the sensitivity of each vibration element is adjusted so that the intensity of the output signal of each vibration element falls within a predetermined range in accordance with the calculated various setting values.
- Calibration is performed (step S5). And thereafter scans the refracted angle at a predetermined angular pitch of 2 ° or the like within a predetermined angular range, such as ⁇ 4 ° about a central angle R c determined in step S3 performing ultrasonic flaw detection (step S6).
- the angle range and angle pitch of the sector scan are determined by the operator according to variables such as the pipe diameter and thickness of the welded steel pipe, the acoustic anisotropy of the welded steel pipe, and the frequency of the ultrasonic wave used.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of an ultrasonic flaw detector as an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a plan view showing the configuration of the matrix array probe shown in FIG. 7 and 8, the L direction indicates the tube axis direction, the C direction indicates a direction orthogonal to the tube axis direction in the horizontal plane, and the Z direction indicates a direction orthogonal to the L direction and the C direction.
- an ultrasonic flaw detector 1 includes a matrix array probe 2, a wedge 3, an ultrasonic transmission / reception unit 4, and an evaluation unit 5 as main components.
- the matrix array probe 2 is configured on the outer surface of the welded steel pipe S to be inspected, and transmits and receives ultrasonic waves UB to and from the welded steel pipe S via the wedge 3.
- the matrix array probe 2 is constituted by 128-ch vibration elements arranged in a lattice pattern, and 16-ch vibration elements in the L direction and 8 ch vibration elements are arranged in the C direction.
- the vibration element width of each vibration element is designed to gradually decrease from the center position in the L direction toward the outside.
- the vibration element width Ew and the center coordinate X n of each vibration element are expressed by the above formula (5). Designed to satisfy.
- the opening width in the L direction of the matrix array probe 2 is about 34 mm
- the opening width in the C direction is about 10 mm.
- the wedge 3 is composed of a polyhedron having an installation surface on which the matrix array probe 2 is installed, and is formed of polystyrene.
- the sound velocity in the wedge 3 is 2340 m / sec
- a plurality of wedges 3 having ultrasonic refraction angles of 60 °, 65 °, 70 °, and 80 ° are prepared and calculated theoretically. that is attached to wedge 3 refraction angle theta r is closest to the incident position P2 of the ultrasonic UB performing ultrasonic flaw detection.
- the refraction angle ⁇ r from the incident position P2 of the ultrasonic wave UB is 3230 m / sec. Then, it is calculated as 73.4 °. Therefore, in this case, ultrasonic flaw detection is performed by attaching the wedge 3 having the refraction angle ⁇ r of the ultrasonic wave UB of 75 ° to the matrix array probe 2.
- the thickness central portion of the welded portion is flaw-detected, but the flaw detection range of the present invention is not limited to the thickness central portion of the welded portion, and is a range where ultrasonic waves are irradiated. It is possible to detect a plane defect inside.
- the ultrasonic transmission / reception unit 4 outputs an ultrasonic signal transmission / reception command to the vibration element provided in the matrix array probe 2, thereby superimposing the welded portion of the welded steel pipe S according to the ultrasonic flaw detection processing shown in FIG. 5.
- the ultrasonic transmission / reception unit 4 is configured by an information processing device such as a microcomputer, and executes a computer program that defines the ultrasonic flaw detection processing shown in FIG. The sound flaw detection process is executed.
- the ultrasonic transmission / reception unit 4 outputs an ultrasonic signal reflected from the welded portion received by the matrix array probe 2 to the evaluation unit 5.
- WB indicates a weld bead
- CL indicates a center position of the welded portion with respect to the circumferential direction of the welded steel pipe S
- P3 indicates a focal position.
- the evaluation unit 5 performs a predetermined process on the ultrasonic signal output from the ultrasonic transmission / reception unit 4 and then determines whether or not a defect exists in the weld based on the ultrasonic signal subjected to the predetermined process. Execute quality evaluation of welded parts of welded steel pipes. Specifically, the evaluation unit 5 determines whether or not the intensity of the ultrasonic signal is equal to or higher than a predetermined threshold. If the intensity of the ultrasonic signal is equal to or higher than the predetermined threshold, a defect exists in the weld. judge. The evaluation unit 5 provides the operator with information regarding the quality evaluation result of the welded portion of the welded steel pipe by outputting and recording the quality evaluation result of the welded portion of the welded steel pipe.
- the ultrasonic flaw detector 1 is also used for manual inspection by the inspector.
- the quality of the welded portion of the UOE steel pipe was evaluated using the ultrasonic flaw detector 1 which is an embodiment of the present invention.
- the ultrasonic flaw detector 1 according to one embodiment of the present invention was applied to the manufacturing process of a general UOE steel pipe shown in FIG.
- the manufacturing process of the UOE steel pipe shown in FIG. 9 first, U-shaped pressing and O-shaped pressing are sequentially performed on the thick steel plate (steps S11 and S12), and then the inner surface side and outer surface side of the butt portion of the thick steel plate Are welded together (steps S13 and S14), and ultrasonic inspection processing (UT) and radiation transmission inspection processing (RT) of the welded portion are executed (steps S15 and S16).
- step S17 After performing a pipe expanding process on the welded steel pipe (step S17), a water pressure test is performed (step S18), and an ultrasonic flaw inspection process (UT) and a radiographic inspection process (RT) of the welded portion are executed again. (Steps S19 and S20). Finally, after the end surface finishing process, appearance dimension inspection process, pipe end radiation transmission inspection process, basis weight measurement process, and inner / outer surface coating process are performed on the welded steel pipe (steps S21 to S25, the welded steel pipe is In this embodiment, the ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 1 according to one embodiment of the present invention is applied to the ultrasonic flaw detection inspection processing in steps S15 and S19.
- a manipulator including a plurality of matrix array probes 2A to 2H as shown in FIG. 10 is disposed in the ultrasonic flaw detector.
- the matrix array probes 2A and 2B are for flaw detection at the central portion
- the matrix array probes 2C and 2D are for flaw detection
- the matrix array probes 2E and 2F are for flaw detection
- the matrix array probes 2G and 2H are Each part plays a role such as for bead part flaw detection.
- the manipulator attaches each matrix array probe to the welded steel pipe S, and performs ultrasonic flaw detection inspection processing of the welded part while advancing the welded steel pipe S in the longitudinal direction (conveying direction).
- the embodiment shown in FIG. 7 is applied to the matrix array probes 2A and 2B for wall thickness center flaw detection, and the other matrix array probes are obliquely phased.
- the configuration is such that the array UT technology is applied.
- the details of the configuration of the matrix array probes 2A and 2B for wall thickness center flaw detection will be described with reference to FIGS. 11 (a) and 11 (b).
- the plurality of matrix array probes 2A to 2H are arranged so as to perform flaw detection from both sides with the weld bead WB sandwiched for each ultrasonic flaw detection site.
- the matrix array probes 2A and 2B for wall thickness center flaw detection were arranged so that flaw detection was performed from both sides with the weld bead WB interposed therebetween. Further, as shown in FIG.
- the matrix array probes 2A and 2B to be paired are arranged with a shift of about 5 mm with respect to the tube axis direction.
- the transmitted propagation wave of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the paired matrix array probes 2A and 2B becomes noise and the detection performance is lowered. Therefore, the matrix array probes 2A and 2B to be paired are shifted in the tube axis direction.
- ultrasonic waves were transmitted and received with a focused beam.
- matrix phased array probes 2A and 2B having an opening width of about 34 mm in the tube axis direction and an opening width of 5 to 18 mm in the tube circumferential direction were used so that the beam width was a minimum of 1 mm or less. For this reason, it is difficult to adjust the ultrasonic wave to the position of the artificial scratch when adjusting the sensitivity.
- a mechanism is provided that can accurately scan the matrix array probes including the matrix array probes 2A and 2B for flaw detection at the thickness center portion individually in the tube axis direction. Specifically, as shown in FIG.
- each matrix array probe is connected to a manipulator 7 via a scanning mechanism 6, and each matrix array probe is connected to the L direction LA, LB, and C direction by the scanning mechanism 6. It was configured to be movable to CA and CB. Note that the opening width in the tube circumferential direction varies depending on the sector scan conditions and the beam diameter, for example, it is desired to irradiate ultrasonic waves in a range of 1/3 of the wall thickness.
- FIGS. 12 (a) and 12 (b) An example of the results of actual ultrasonic flaw detection is shown in FIGS. 12 (a) and 12 (b).
- the flaw detection (sector scan) was performed with three ultrasonic beams having a pitch of 3 ° with respect to the central refraction angle.
- FIGS. 12 (a) and 12 (b) show an outer diameter of 56 inches and 12.7 mm, respectively, in which artificial flaws (flat bottom holes) of ⁇ 3.0 mm are formed in the welded portion in advance using the matrix array probe 2A and the matrix array probe 2B.
- 5 shows the results of flaw detection on the welded steel pipe (vertical axis: echo height, horizontal axis: position in the pipe axis direction). As shown in FIGS.
- an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus and an ultrasonic flaw detection method capable of suppressing the influence of a change in the incident angle of ultrasonic waves on the defect detection sensitivity and the variation in defect detection sensitivity due to manual adjustment by an operator.
- a welded steel pipe capable of producing a welded steel pipe with high weld quality by suppressing the influence of a change in the incident angle of ultrasonic waves on the defect detection sensitivity and the variation in defect detection sensitivity due to manual adjustment by the operator.
- a steel pipe manufacturing method and a welded steel pipe quality control method can be provided.
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Abstract
Description
一般に、探触子は、(a)計算式を用いて探触子の設置位置を計算し、(b)計算された設置位置に探触子を配置し、(c)人工傷を用いて探触子の角度及び設置位置を調整することによって、セッティングされる。このセッティング手順は、斜角探傷法とタンデム探傷法とで共通である。ところが、斜角探傷法の場合、探触子が1つだけであるので、探触子の角度及び設置位置の調整は容易である。これに対して、タンデム探傷法の場合には、超音波の送信と受信とで探触子を分離しているために、各探触子について角度及び設置位置を調整する必要があり、セッティング作業が複雑になる。このため、タンデム探傷法の場合には、探触子の角度及び設置位置の調整が非常に難しくなる。
溶接部の肉厚が約20mm以下になると、溶接部の内面又は外面での反射時に超音波の伝搬経路が曲がることによって、超音波が平面欠陥に当たりにくくなり、平面欠陥の検出感度が低下する。
内面溶接時及び外面溶接時に突き合わせ位置が内面側と外面側とでずれるオフシームが発生することがある。オフシームが発生した場合、平面欠陥は溶接鋼管の円周方向(管周方向)の広い範囲に分布する可能性があるため、溶接鋼管の円周方向の広い範囲をカバーできる探傷法が必要である。しかしながら、タンデム探傷法は、送信用の超音波と受信用の超音波とが交差する位置近傍では優れた欠陥検出性能を有するが、その範囲が狭いために、オフシーム発生時に溶接鋼管の円周方向に対して十分に広い範囲をカバーできない。
1つの探触子で超音波を送受信するため、タンデム探傷法のように複数の探触子をセッティングする際の煩わしさがない。
溶接部の形状によって超音波の伝搬経路が変化しないため、平面欠陥に対して垂直に超音波を送信し、平面欠陥を感度よく検出することができる。
溶接部全体に超音波が入射するため、溶接鋼管の円周方向に対するカバー範囲が広い。
本発明では、垂直入射法を利用した超音波探傷方法において、高屈折角度時における欠陥検出感度の低下を補って高いS/N比を実現するために、管軸方向において超音波を集束させる。具体的には、超音波の屈折角度が80°である時の欠陥検出感度は、超音波の屈折角度が70°である時の欠陥検出感度と比較して12dB低下する。このため、超音波の屈折角度が80°である時には、管軸方向において超音波を集束させることによって少なくとも12dB以上、欠陥検出感度を上昇させる。
本発明では、開先の突き合わせ部分に人口平面欠陥が加工されたキャリブレーション用試験片を用いて超音波の入射角度条件及び集束条件を調整してマトリクスアレイプローブの感度校正を行った後に超音波探傷処理を実行するのが望ましい。具体的には、図5に示すフローに従って超音波探傷処理を行う。図5に示すように、超音波探傷処理の際は、まず、超音波探傷のための初期条件を計算する(ステップS1)。具体的には、溶接ルート面の中心位置Xcに超音波を垂直に入射するための設置位置(入射位置)P2及び管軸方向において超音波を集束させつつ超音波の入射角度をC方向で振りながら探傷するための各振動素子の遅延時間を計算する。この時、超音波の焦点位置P3は、人工平面欠陥の位置、超音波の入射位置、及びマトリクスアレイプローブの設置位置から計算できる。次に、ステップS1の処理において計算された入射位置P2に超音波を入射できるようにマトリクスアレイプローブ及びウェッジ(プローブ)を溶接鋼管の外周面に設置する(ステップS2)。
次に、図7,図8を参照して、本発明の一実施形態である超音波探傷装置の構成について説明する。図7は、本発明の一実施形態である超音波探傷装置の構成を示す模式図である。図8は、図7に示すマトリックスアレイプローブの構成を示す平面図である。なお、図7,図8において、L方向は管軸方向、C方向は水平面内において管軸方向と直交する方向、Z方向はL方向及びC方向と直交する方向を示している。
2 マトリクスアレイプローブ
3 ウェッジ
4 超音波送受信部
5 評価部
S 溶接鋼管
Claims (7)
- 溶接鋼管の溶接部における開先の突き合わせ部分に存在する平面欠陥を探傷する超音波探傷装置であって、
溶接ルート面に対して垂直に超音波を入射させることが可能な前記溶接鋼管の外周面上の位置にウェッジを介して配置された、管軸方向において集束された超音波を前記溶接ルート面に送信すると共に前記溶接ルート面において反射された超音波を受信するマトリクスアレイプローブと、
前記溶接ルート面において反射された前記超音波の反射波を受信するように前記マトリクスアレイプローブを制御する超音波送受信部と、
前記超音波送受信部が受信した前記超音波の反射波に基づいて前記平面欠陥を探傷する評価部と、
を備え、
前記マトリクスアレイプローブは、格子状に配列された複数の振動素子を有し、前記振動素子の管軸方向における配列ピッチが送受信される超音波の波長より大きく、前記振動素子の管軸方向の幅が前記マトリクスアレイプローブの管軸方向中心位置から管軸方向外側に向かって小さくなっており、前記振動素子の管軸方向の幅及び中心座標が前記超音波の焦点位置制御範囲内において各振動素子からの超音波が全て重なるように調整されていることを特徴とする超音波探傷装置。 - 前記超音波送受信部が、予め求められた中心角度を中心とする所定の角度範囲内で超音波の屈折角度を所定の角度ピッチで変化させながら前記溶接ルート面に超音波を送信することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の超音波探傷装置。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の超音波探傷装置を利用して溶接鋼管の溶接部における開先の突き合わせ部分に存在する平面欠陥を探傷するステップを含むことを特徴とする超音波探傷方法。
- 任意の角度範囲内で超音波の屈折角度を任意の角度ピッチで変化させながら前記溶接ルート面の中心位置に加工された人工平面欠陥に超音波を送信し、該人工平面欠陥において反射された前記超音波の反射波を受信し、超音波の反射波の強度が最も強いときの屈折角度を前記中心角度として求めるステップを含むことを特徴とする請求項3に記載の超音波探傷方法。
- 前記屈折角度が異なる複数のウェッジを予め用意し、平面欠陥を探傷する際は、所望の屈折角度に近い屈折角度を有するウェッジを選択し、選択したウェッジと前記マトリクスアレイプローブとを組み合わせて用いるステップを含むことを特徴とする請求項3又は4に記載の超音波探傷方法。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の超音波探傷装置を利用して溶接鋼管の溶接部における開先の突き合わせ部分に存在する平面欠陥を探傷し、探傷結果に基づいて溶接鋼管を製造するステップを含むことを特徴とする溶接鋼管の製造方法。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の超音波探傷装置を利用して溶接鋼管の溶接部における開先の突き合わせ部分に存在する平面欠陥を探傷し、探傷結果に基づいて溶接鋼管の品質を評価するステップを含むことを特徴とする溶接鋼管の品質管理方法。
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EP17830823.5A EP3489676A4 (en) | 2016-07-20 | 2017-07-03 | ULTRASONIC SOUND DETECTING DEVICE, ULTRASONIC SOUND DETECTION METHOD, METHOD FOR PRODUCING WELDED STEEL TUBES AND METHOD FOR QUALITY CONTROL OF WELDED STEEL TUBES |
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- 2017-07-03 JP JP2017557225A patent/JP6274378B1/ja active Active
- 2017-07-03 EP EP17830823.5A patent/EP3489676A4/en active Pending
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KR102291701B1 (ko) | 2021-08-19 |
EP3489676A1 (en) | 2019-05-29 |
US20190242854A1 (en) | 2019-08-08 |
JPWO2018016303A1 (ja) | 2018-07-19 |
US10908126B2 (en) | 2021-02-02 |
RU2704429C1 (ru) | 2019-10-30 |
CN109564197B (zh) | 2022-03-08 |
JP6274378B1 (ja) | 2018-02-07 |
KR20190016086A (ko) | 2019-02-15 |
EP3489676A4 (en) | 2019-07-17 |
CN109564197A (zh) | 2019-04-02 |
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