WO2017150545A1 - 鉄道用車輪 - Google Patents
鉄道用車輪 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017150545A1 WO2017150545A1 PCT/JP2017/007841 JP2017007841W WO2017150545A1 WO 2017150545 A1 WO2017150545 A1 WO 2017150545A1 JP 2017007841 W JP2017007841 W JP 2017007841W WO 2017150545 A1 WO2017150545 A1 WO 2017150545A1
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- railway wheel
- pearlite
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
- B60B17/00—Wheels characterised by rail-engaging elements
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/04—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for rails
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
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- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
- B32B15/011—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic all layers being formed of iron alloys or steels
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- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/18—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising iron or steel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0068—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for particular articles not mentioned below
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
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- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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- C22C38/008—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tin
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
- B60B2360/00—Materials; Physical forms thereof
- B60B2360/10—Metallic materials
- B60B2360/102—Steel
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
- B60B2900/00—Purpose of invention
- B60B2900/10—Reduction of
- B60B2900/141—Corrosions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
- B60Y2200/00—Type of vehicle
- B60Y2200/30—Railway vehicles
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- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
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- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/009—Pearlite
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a wheel, and more particularly to a railway wheel used in a railway vehicle.
- Patent Document 1 JP 2012-107295 A
- Patent Document 2 JP 2013-231212 A
- Patent Document 1 The steel for wheels disclosed in Patent Document 1 is in mass%, C: 0.65 to 0.84%, Si: 0.02 to 1.00%, Mn: 0.50 to 1.90%, Cr : 0.02 to 0.50%, V: 0.02 to 0.20%, and S: 0.04% or less, Fn1 represented by the formula (1) is 34 to 43, and Fn2 represented by Formula (2) is 25 or less, and the remainder consists of Fe and impurities.
- the railway vehicle wheel disclosed in Patent Document 2 is mass%, C: 0.65 to 0.84%, Si: 0.4 to 1.0%, Mn: 0.50 to 1.40%, Cr: 0.02 to 0.13%, S: 0.04% or less, and V: 0.02 to 0.12%, Fn1 represented by the formula (1) is 32 to 43, and Fn2 represented by the formula (2) is 25 or less, and the balance consists of Fe and impurities.
- Patent Document 1 In the above-mentioned Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2, it is described that the wear resistance of railway wheels is enhanced by satisfying the formula (1).
- Corrosion fatigue is a fatigue phenomenon that occurs due to repeated stress in a corrosive environment. Specifically, when the plate portion of a railway wheel is exposed to a corrosive environment, a corrosion pit is formed, and it is expected that a fatigue phenomenon will occur with the corrosion pit as a crack initiation point. Therefore, corrosion fatigue resistance is also required for wheels used in railway vehicles.
- Patent Document 3 International Publication No. 2012/056785
- Patent Document 4 International Publication No. 2013/111407
- Patent Document 5 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-274367
- the steel for machine structural use for surface hardening disclosed in Patent Document 3 is, in mass%, C: 0.30 to 0.60%, Si: 0.02 to 2.0%, Mn: 0.35 to 1. 5%, Al: 0.001 to 0.5%, Cr: 0.05 to 2.0%, Sn: 0.001 to 1.0%, S: 0.0001 to 0.021%, N: 0 .0030 to 0.0055%, Ni: 0.01 to 2.0%, Cu: 0.01 to 2.0%, P: 0.030% or less, and O: 0.005% or less,
- the balance is composed of Fe and inevitable impurities and satisfies the formulas (1) to (3).
- Formula (1) is ⁇ 0.19 ⁇ 0.12 ⁇ Sn + Cu ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ Ni ⁇ 0.15
- Formula (2) is 60 ⁇ Mn / S ⁇ 300
- Formula (3) is Sn ⁇ 0.2 ⁇ Cr.
- the case-hardened steel material disclosed in Patent Document 4 is mass%, C: 0.05 to 0.45%, Si: 0.01 to 1.0%, Mn: more than 0 to 2.0%, Al: 0.001 to 0.06%, N: 0.002 to 0.03%, S: more than 0 to 0.1%, P: more than 0 to 0.05%, Mo, V, Nb, Cu, Ni At least one of Cr, Cr and Sn, and the balance: Fe and a component composition containing inevitable impurities, and satisfy Formulas (1) to (3).
- Formula (2) is (Cmin, 1 / Co) ⁇ 0.95
- Formula (3) is (Cmin, 2 /Co) ⁇ 0.95.
- the macrostructure of the case-hardened steel material includes an equiaxed crystal region and a columnar crystal region arranged around the equiaxed crystal region.
- the steel for bolts disclosed in Patent Document 5 is, in mass%, C: 0.15-0.6%, Si: 0.05-0.5%, Mn and Cr: 0.5-3. 5%, P: 0.05% or less, S: 0.03% or less, Cu: less than 0.3%, Ni: less than 1%, O: 0.01% or less, and Sn: 0.05 to 0.0%. It contains 50% and the balance consists of Fe and impurities. Furthermore, it has a composition whose Cu / Sn ratio is 1 or less.
- Patent Documents 3 to 5 it is described that the corrosion resistance of steel is increased by containing Sn.
- Patent Documents 3 to 5 do not discuss the corrosion fatigue resistance characteristics of railway wheels and railway wheels. Therefore, when the techniques of Patent Documents 3 to 5 are used for railway wheels, the strength may be insufficient or sufficient corrosion fatigue characteristics may not be obtained.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a railway wheel having excellent corrosion fatigue resistance.
- the railway wheels according to the present embodiment are, in mass%, C: 0.65 to 0.80%, Si: 0.10 to 1.0%, Mn: 0.10 to 1.0%, P: 0.00. 030% or less, S: 0.030% or less, Cr: 0.05 to 0.20%, Sn: 0.005 to 0.50%, Al: 0.010 to 0.050%, N: 0.0020 -0.015%, Cu: 0-0.20%, Ni: 0-0.20%, Mo: 0-0.20%, V: 0-0.20%, Nb: 0-0.030% And Ti: 0 to 0.030%, with the balance being Fe and impurities.
- the matrix structure of the railway wheel plate is made of pearlite.
- the railway wheel according to this embodiment is excellent in corrosion fatigue resistance.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the relationship between Sn content and corrosion fatigue strength.
- FIG. 2 is a front view of the railway wheel.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a part of a side surface of a railway wheel.
- FIG. 4 is a front view of an Ono-type rotary bending corrosion fatigue test piece used for corrosion fatigue strength evaluation.
- the present inventor investigated and examined the corrosion fatigue resistance characteristics of railway wheels using railway wheels having various chemical compositions and microstructures, and obtained the following knowledge.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the relationship between Sn content and corrosion fatigue strength.
- FIG. 1 was obtained by the examples described below.
- the corrosion fatigue strength of railway wheels is remarkably increased. If the Sn content is 0.005% or more, the corrosion fatigue strength is 400 MPa or more, and a railway wheel having excellent corrosion fatigue resistance characteristics can be obtained.
- the railway wheels according to the present embodiment completed based on the above knowledge are in mass%, C: 0.65 to 0.80%, Si: 0.10 to 1.0%, Mn: 0.10 to 1. 0.0%, P: 0.030% or less, S: 0.030% or less, Cr: 0.05-0.20%, Sn: 0.005-0.50%, Al: 0.010-0. 050%, N: 0.0020 to 0.015%, Cu: 0 to 0.20%, Ni: 0 to 0.20%, Mo: 0 to 0.20%, V: 0 to 0.20%, Nb: 0 to 0.030% and Ti: 0 to 0.030%, with the balance being a chemical composition composed of Fe and impurities.
- the matrix structure of the railway wheel plate is made of pearlite.
- the chemical composition may contain one or more selected from the group consisting of Cu: 0.02 to 0.20% and Ni: 0.02 to 0.20% by mass.
- the chemical composition is, by mass, Mo: 0.005 to 0.20%, V: 0.005 to 0.20%, Nb: 0.010 to 0.030%, and Ti: 0.010 to You may contain 1 type, or 2 or more types selected from the group which consists of 0.030%.
- C 0.65 to 0.80% Carbon (C) increases the strength of the steel and increases the wear resistance and fatigue resistance. If the C content is too low, these effects cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if the C content is too high, the strength of the steel becomes too high, and the machinability at the time of finish processing decreases. Therefore, the C content is 0.65 to 0.80%.
- the minimum with preferable C content is 0.67%, More preferably, it is 0.69%.
- the upper limit with preferable C content is 0.75%, More preferably, it is 0.73%.
- Si 0.10 to 1.0%
- Silicon (Si) increases the strength of the steel. If the Si content is too low, this effect cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if the Si content is too high, the strength of the steel becomes too high, and the machinability at the time of finishing decreases. Therefore, the Si content is 0.10 to 1.0%.
- the minimum with preferable Si content is 0.15%, More preferably, it is 0.20%.
- the upper limit with preferable Si content is 0.90%, More preferably, it is 0.80%.
- Mn 0.10 to 1.0%
- Manganese (Mn) refines the lamella spacing of the pearlite structure and increases the strength of the steel. If the Mn content is too low, this effect cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if the Mn content is too high, non-pearlite structures such as martensite and bainite are generated, so that the machinability during finishing and the yield in the manufacturing process of railway wheels are reduced. Therefore, the Mn content is 0.10 to 1.0%.
- the minimum with preferable Mn content is 0.50%, More preferably, it is 0.55%.
- the upper limit with preferable Mn content is 0.90%, More preferably, it is 0.85%.
- Phosphorus (P) is an impurity. P segregates at the grain boundaries and lowers the toughness of the steel. Therefore, the P content is 0.030% or less.
- the upper limit with preferable P content is 0.025%, More preferably, it is 0.015%, More preferably, it is 0.012%.
- the P content is preferably as low as possible.
- S 0.030% or less Sulfur (S) is unavoidably contained. S forms MnS and improves the machinability of steel. On the other hand, if the S content is too high, coarse sulfide inclusions are formed, and the wheel characteristics such as fatigue strength and toughness of the steel deteriorate. Therefore, the S content is 0.030% or less.
- the upper limit with preferable S content is 0.025%, More preferably, it is 0.012%, More preferably, it is 0.010%.
- a preferable lower limit of the S content for enhancing the machinability is 0.008%.
- Chromium like Mn, refines the lamella spacing of the pearlite structure and increases the strength of the steel. If the Cr content is too low, this effect cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if the Cr content is too high, non-pearlite structures such as martensite and bainite are generated, so that the machinability at the time of finishing and the yield of the wheel manufacturing process are lowered. Therefore, the Cr content is 0.05 to 0.20%.
- the minimum with preferable Cr content is 0.07%.
- the upper limit with preferable Cr content is 0.18%, More preferably, it is 0.16%.
- Tin (Sn) increases the corrosion resistance of the steel. Sn further suppresses the formation of corrosion pits that are the starting points of fatigue cracks, and improves the corrosion fatigue resistance characteristics of the wheels. If the Sn content is too low, these effects cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if the Sn content is too high, the hot ductility of the steel is lowered and the manufacturability of the steel is impaired. Therefore, the Sn content is 0.005 to 0.50%.
- the minimum with preferable Sn content is 0.15%, More preferably, it is 0.20%.
- the upper limit with preferable Sn content is 0.40%, More preferably, it is 0.35%.
- Al 0.010 to 0.050%
- Aluminum (Al) forms a stable nitride even in a high temperature range.
- Al nitride suppresses coarsening of austenite grains during quenching heating as pinning particles, and refines the steel structure. As a result, the balance between steel strength and ductility is improved.
- Al is an element effective for deoxidizing steel during refining.
- the Al content is 0.010 to 0.050%.
- the minimum with preferable Al content is 0.015%, More preferably, it is 0.020%.
- the upper limit with preferable Al content is 0.045%, More preferably, it is 0.040%.
- the Al content referred to in the present specification means the content of acid-soluble Al (sol. Al).
- N 0.0020 to 0.015%
- Nitrogen (N) forms a stable nitride even in a high temperature range. Nitride, as pinning particles, suppresses coarsening of austenite grains during quenching and heating, and refines the steel structure. On the other hand, if the N content is too high, coarse inclusions are generated and the toughness is lowered. Therefore, the N content is 0.0020 to 0.015%.
- the minimum with preferable N content is 0.0030%.
- the upper limit with preferable N content is 0.0080%, More preferably, it is 0.0070%.
- the balance of the chemical composition of the railway wheel according to the present embodiment is composed of Fe and impurities.
- impurities are mixed from ore, scrap, or production environment as raw materials when industrially manufacturing railway wheels, and have an adverse effect on the railway wheels of this embodiment. It means what is allowed in the range.
- the above-mentioned railway wheel may further contain one or more selected from the group consisting of Cu and Ni instead of part of Fe. All of these elements are optional elements, and increase the hardenability of the steel and increase the strength of the steel.
- Cu 0 to 0.20% Copper (Cu) is an optional element and may not be contained. When contained, Cu increases the strength of the steel. However, if the Cu content is too high, the hot ductility of the steel decreases and the manufacturability decreases. Therefore, the Cu content is 0 to 0.20%.
- the minimum with preferable Cu content is 0.02%, More preferably, it is 0.04%.
- the upper limit with preferable Cu content is 0.15%, More preferably, it is 0.13%.
- Nickel (Ni) is an optional element and may not be contained. When contained, Ni increases the strength and toughness of the steel. However, if the Ni content is too high, the raw material cost increases. Therefore, the Ni content is 0 to 0.20%.
- the minimum with preferable Ni content is 0.02%, More preferably, it is 0.04%.
- the upper limit with preferable Ni content is 0.15%, More preferably, it is 0.13%.
- the above-mentioned railway wheel may further contain one or more selected from the group consisting of Mo, V, Nb, and Ti instead of a part of Fe. All of these elements are arbitrary elements, and increase the strength of the steel by making the steel finer.
- Mo Molybdenum
- Mo is an optional element and may not be contained. When contained, Mo increases the strength of the steel by precipitation strengthening. Further, Mo, like Mn and Cr, refines the lamella spacing of the pearlite structure to increase the strength of the steel. However, if the Mo content is too high, non-pearlite structures such as martensite and bainite are generated, and the machinability during finishing and the yield in the wheel manufacturing process are reduced. Therefore, the Mo content is 0 to 0.20%.
- the minimum with preferable Mo content is 0.005%, More preferably, it is 0.008%.
- the upper limit with preferable Mo content is 0.15%, More preferably, it is 0.13%.
- V 0 to 0.20%
- Vanadium (V) is an optional element and may not be contained. When contained, V forms fine carbides and increases the strength of the steel by precipitation strengthening. However, if the V content is too high, non-pearlite structures such as martensite and bainite are generated, and the machinability during finishing and the yield in the wheel manufacturing process are reduced. Therefore, the V content is 0 to 0.20%.
- the minimum with preferable V content is 0.005%, More preferably, it is 0.007%.
- the upper limit with preferable V content is 0.15%, More preferably, it is 0.13%.
- Niobium (Nb) is an optional element and may not be contained.
- Nb forms nitrides and carbides in a high temperature range to refine the steel structure and increase the strength of the steel.
- the Nb content is 0 to 0.030%.
- the minimum with preferable Nb content is 0.010%, More preferably, it is 0.012%.
- the upper limit with preferable Nb content is 0.025%, More preferably, it is 0.022%.
- Titanium (Ti) is an optional element and may not be contained. When contained, Ti forms nitrides and carbides in a high temperature region to refine the steel structure and increase the strength of the steel. However, if the Ti content is too high, the toughness of the steel decreases. Therefore, the Ti content is 0 to 0.030%.
- the minimum with preferable Ti content is 0.010%, More preferably, it is 0.012%.
- the upper limit with preferable Ti content is 0.025%, More preferably, it is 0.022%.
- FIG. 2 is a front view of the railway wheel of the present embodiment
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the vicinity of the rim portion of the railway wheel of the present embodiment.
- the railway wheel includes a rim portion 1, a plate portion 2, and a boss portion 5.
- the rim portion 1 is disposed on the outer edge of the railway wheel and includes a tread surface 3 that comes into contact with the rail.
- the boss portion 5 is formed at the central portion of the railway wheel.
- a through hole is formed in the center of the boss portion 5, and the axle is press-fitted into the through hole.
- the plate part 2 is formed between the rim part 1 and the boss part 5, and is connected to the rim part 1 and the boss part 5.
- the thickness of the plate part 2 is thinner than the thickness of the rim part 1 and the thickness of the boss part 5.
- the matrix structure of the plate part 2 of the railway wheel of this embodiment is made of pearlite.
- the matrix structure made of pearlite means that the area ratio of pearlite is 95% or more in the matrix structure of the plate portion 2.
- a railway wheel made of a non-pearlite structure such as martensite and bainite contains Sn, Sn is concentrated in the old austenite grain boundaries, and the mechanical properties of the railway wheel are lowered. Specifically, toughness is reduced and cracking is likely. If the matrix structure of the plate part 2 of the railway wheel is pearlite, there is no prior austenite grain boundary. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a railway wheel that is not easily broken and has excellent corrosion fatigue resistance.
- hypereutectoid cementite reduces the toughness of the steel. Therefore, in the plate part 2, it is preferable that the area ratio of hypereutectoid cementite is low.
- the matrix structure of the rim part 1 of the railway wheel is made of pearlite like the plate part 2. That is, in the matrix structure of the rim portion 1, the area ratio of pearlite is 95% or more. On the other hand, in the matrix structure of the boss part 5 of the railway wheel, the area ratio of pearlite is 85% or more, and the area ratio of proeutectoid ferrite is 15% or less.
- the matrix structure is measured by the following method.
- a sample is taken from a railway wheel (in the case of the plate portion 2, when the thickness of the plate portion 2 is defined as t, t / 4 depth position from the surface).
- a surface perpendicular to the circumferential direction of the plate portion 2 is taken as an observation surface.
- the observation surface is polished, it is etched with 3% nitric acid alcohol (nitral etchant).
- the etched observation surface is observed with a 500 ⁇ optical microscope to generate photographic images with arbitrary five fields of view.
- each phase is specified based on the contrast.
- the area of pearlite ( ⁇ m 2 ) in each visual field is obtained.
- the ratio of the total area of pearlite in all fields of view to the total area of all fields of view is defined as the pearlite area ratio (%).
- a preferable lower limit of the area ratio of pearlite is 95%, more preferably 98%.
- the method for manufacturing a railway wheel according to the present embodiment includes a step of preparing a material (preparation step), a step of forming a rail wheel from the material (molding step), and a heat treatment on the formed rail wheel.
- a process heat treatment process
- a molten steel having the above-described chemical composition is manufactured using an electric furnace or a converter.
- the material is manufactured using molten steel.
- a slab is manufactured by a continuous casting method.
- an ingot is manufactured by the ingot-making method.
- a billet as a raw material is manufactured by carrying out ingot rolling or hot forging on a slab or ingot.
- the raw material may be a slab manufactured by a continuous casting method.
- the shape of the material is preferably a cylindrical shape.
- heat treatment process heat treatment is performed on the intermediate product of the formed railway wheel. Specifically, heat treatment is performed on the tread surface 3 and the flange portion 4 of the hot intermediate product after hot working.
- the intermediate product may be reheated (reheat treatment) after hot working (hot forging or hot rolling), and then heat treatment may be performed.
- the heat treatment step includes a quenching process. A tempering treatment may be performed after the quenching treatment.
- tread quenching with cooling water can be applied.
- the cooling medium for quenching treatment is not particularly limited as long as a cooling rate suitable for a desired structure can be obtained.
- the cooling medium is, for example, air, mist, brackish water (spray), salt bath or the like. Even if the tread quenching is applied, the structure of the plate portion 2 whose cooling rate is slower than that of the tread surface 3 and the flange portion 4 is pearlite.
- Temper the intermediate product after quenching may be performed at a known temperature and time.
- the tempering temperature is 400 to 600 ° C.
- the soaking time is 60 to 180 minutes.
- the area ratio of pearlite is 95% or more in the plate part 2.
- the amount of wear on railway wheels is reduced.
- Sn is contained, it is possible to obtain a railway wheel that is excellent in workability, hard to break, and excellent in corrosion fatigue resistance.
- a slab having the chemical composition shown in Table 1 was produced by continuous casting.
- the diameter of the slab was 453 mm.
- Railway wheels were formed by hot forging using the slab.
- Quenching was performed at 850 ° C. on the tread surface 3 and the flange portion 4 with respect to the formed railway wheel. Specifically, the railway wheels heated to 850 ° C. were cooled by jetting water from the nozzles while rotating the wheels (so-called “tread quenching”). Tempering was further performed at 450 ° C. on the tread surface 3 and the flange portion 4 of the railway wheel after quenching. Since the hardened layer (martensite and bainite, which are supercooled structures) exists in the outermost surface layer of the tread surface 3, cutting was performed on the outermost layer of the tread surface 3 to remove the hardened layer. Through the above steps, the railway wheels with test numbers 1 to 17 were manufactured.
- the shape of the railway wheel was as shown in FIGS.
- the diameter of the railway wheel was 1200 mm
- the width W3 of the rim portion 1 was 125 mm
- the thickness D3 of the rim portion 1 from the tread surface 3 was 65 mm.
- Microstructure observation test A sample for microstructural observation was taken from a position at a depth of t / 4 from the surface of the plate portion 2 by cutting perpendicularly to the surface of the plate portion 2 of the railway wheel. The sample was filled with resin so that the cut surface of the plate portion 2 became the test surface, and mirror polishing was performed. Thereafter, the microstructure was observed by the method described above. As a result of the micro observation, in any test number, the area ratio of pearlite was 95% or more in the matrix structure, and the microstructure was substantially pearlite.
- Ono type rotary bending fatigue test piece 10 had a circular cross section and a parallel part length of 15 mm.
- the numerical value in which the unit in FIG. 4 is not shown shows the dimension (a unit is mm) of the corresponding site
- the “ ⁇ numerical value” in the figure indicates the diameter (mm) of the designated part.
- CCT Cyclic Corrosion Testing
- Table 1 shows the test results.
- the chemical compositions of the railway wheels of test numbers 1 to 13 and test number 17 were appropriate, and the pearlite area ratio of the matrix structure of the plate part 2 was 95% or more.
- the corrosion fatigue strength was 400 MPa or more, indicating excellent corrosion fatigue resistance characteristics.
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Abstract
Description
鉄道用車輪の板部のマトリクス組織がパーライトであれば、靭延性に優れた鉄道用車輪が得られる。Snはオーステナイト粒界に濃化する。マルテンサイト及びベイナイト等の非パーライト組織からなる鋼は、旧オーステナイト粒界が存在する。そのため、Snが濃化した旧オーステナイト粒界に沿って破壊しやすくなる。その結果、鋼の靭延性が低下する。鋼のマトリクス組織がパーライトの場合、旧オーステナイト粒界は存在しない。そのため、冷却前の旧オーステナイト粒界にSnが濃化していても、冷却後の組織(パーライト)には旧オースナイト粒界は存在しないため、粒界に沿った破壊は起こらない。したがって、鋼の靭延性の低下を抑制できる。
本実施形態の鉄道用車輪の化学組成は、次の元素を含有する。
炭素(C)は、鋼の強度を高め、耐摩耗性及び耐疲労特性を高める。C含有量が低すぎれば、これらの効果が得られない。一方、C含有量が高すぎれば、鋼の強度が高くなりすぎ、仕上げ加工時の被削性が低下する。したがって、C含有量は0.65~0.80%である。C含有量の好ましい下限は0.67%であり、さらに好ましくは0.69%である。C含有量の好ましい上限は0.75%であり、さらに好ましくは0.73%である。
シリコン(Si)は鋼の強度を高める。Si含有量が低すぎれば、この効果が得られない。一方、Si含有量が高すぎれば、鋼の強度が高くなりすぎ、仕上げ加工時の被削性が低下する。したがって、Si含有量は0.10~1.0%である。Si含有量の好ましい下限は0.15%であり、さらに好ましくは0.20%である。Si含有量の好ましい上限は0.90%であり、さらに好ましくは0.80%である。
マンガン(Mn)はパーライト組織のラメラ間隔を微細化して鋼の強度を高める。Mn含有量が低すぎれば、この効果は得られない。一方、Mn含有量が高すぎれば、マルテンサイト及びベイナイト等の非パーライト組織が生成されるため、仕上げ加工時の被削性及び鉄道用車輪製造工程での歩留りが低下する。したがって、Mn含有量は0.10~1.0%である。Mn含有量の好ましい下限は0.50%であり、さらに好ましくは0.55%である。Mn含有量の好ましい上限は0.90%であり、さらに好ましくは0.85%である。
リン(P)は不純物である。Pは粒界に偏析して鋼の靭性を低下する。したがって、P含有量は0.030%以下である。P含有量の好ましい上限は0.025%であり、さらに好ましくは0.015%であり、さらに好ましくは0.012%である。P含有量はなるべく低い方が好ましい。
硫黄(S)は不可避に含有される。SはMnSを形成して鋼の被削性を高める。一方、S含有量が高すぎれば、粗大な硫化物介在物が形成され、鋼の疲労強度、靭性等の車輪特性が低下する。したがって、S含有量は0.030%以下である。S含有量の好ましい上限は0.025%であり、さらに好ましくは0.012%であり、さらに好ましくは0.010%である。被削性を高めるためのS含有量の好ましい下限は0.008%である。
クロム(Cr)はMnと同様、パーライト組織のラメラ間隔を微細化して鋼の強度を高める。Cr含有量が低すぎれば、この効果が得られない。一方、Cr含有量が高すぎれば、マルテンサイト及びベイナイト等の非パーライト組織が生成されるため、仕上げ加工時の被削性及び車輪製造工程の歩留りが低下する。したがって、Cr含有量は0.05~0.20%である。Cr含有量の好ましい下限は0.07%である。Cr含有量の好ましい上限は0.18%であり、さらに好ましくは0.16%である。
スズ(Sn)は、鋼の耐食性を高める。Snはさらに、疲労亀裂の発生起点となる腐食ピットの生成を抑制し、車輪の耐腐食疲労特性を高める。Sn含有量が低すぎれば、これらの効果が得られない。一方、Sn含有量が高すぎれば、鋼の熱間延性が低下し、鋼の製造性を損なう。したがって、Sn含有量は0.005~0.50%である。Sn含有量の好ましい下限は0.15%であり、さらに好ましくは0.20%である。Sn含有量の好ましい上限は0.40%であり、さらに好ましくは0.35%である。
アルミニウム(Al)は、高温域においても安定な窒化物を形成する。Al窒化物はピン止め粒子として焼入れ加熱時にオーステナイト粒の粗大化を抑制し、鋼の組織を微細化する。その結果、鋼の強度と靭延性のバランスを改善する。Alはさらに、精錬時に鋼の脱酸を行うのに有効な元素である。一方、Al含有量が高すぎれば、粗大な介在物を生成して靭性が低下する。したがって、Al含有量は0.010~0.050%である。Al含有量の好ましい下限は0.015%であり、さらに好ましくは0.020%である。Al含有量の好ましい上限は0.045%であり、さらに好ましくは0.040%である。本明細書でいうAl含有量は、酸可溶Al(sol.Al)の含有量を意味する。
窒素(N)は、高温域においても安定な窒化物を形成する。窒化物はピン止め粒子として焼入れ加熱時にオーステナイト粒の粗大化を抑制し、鋼の組織を微細化する。一方、N含有量が高すぎれば、粗大な介在物を生成して靭性が低下する。したがって、N含有量は0.0020~0.015%である。N含有量の好ましい下限は0.0030%である。N含有量の好ましい上限は0.0080%であり、さらに好ましくは0.0070%である。
上述の鉄道用車輪はさらに、Feの一部に代えて、Cu及びNiからなる群から選択される1種以上を含有してもよい。これらの元素はいずれも任意元素であり、鋼の焼入れ性を高めて鋼の強度を高める。
銅(Cu)は任意元素であり、含有されなくてもよい。含有される場合、Cuは、鋼の強度を高める。しかしながら、Cu含有量が高すぎれば、鋼の熱間延性が低下し、製造性が低下する。したがって、Cu含有量は0~0.20%である。Cu含有量の好ましい下限は0.02%であり、さらに好ましくは0.04%である。Cu含有量の好ましい上限は0.15%であり、さらに好ましくは0.13%である。
ニッケル(Ni)は任意元素であり、含有されなくてもよい。含有される場合、Niは、鋼の強度及び靭性を高める。しかしながら、Ni含有量が高すぎれば、原料コストが高くなる。したがって、Ni含有量は0~0.20%である。Ni含有量の好ましい下限は0.02%であり、さらに好ましくは0.04%である。Ni含有量の好ましい上限は0.15%であり、さらに好ましくは0.13%である。
モリブデン(Mo)は任意元素であり、含有されなくてもよい。含有される場合、Moは、析出強化により鋼の強度を高める。Moはさらに、Mn及びCrと同様に、パーライト組織のラメラ間隔を微細化して鋼の強度を高める。しかしながら、Mo含有量が高すぎれば、マルテンサイト及びベイナイト等の非パーライト組織が生成し、仕上げ加工時の被削性及び車輪製造工程での歩留りが低下する。したがって、Mo含有量は0~0.20%である。Mo含有量の好ましい下限は0.005%であり、さらに好ましくは0.008%である。Mo含有量の好ましい上限は0.15%であり、さらに好ましくは0.13%である。
バナジウム(V)は任意元素であり、含有されなくてもよい。含有される場合、Vは、微細な炭化物を形成し、析出強化により、鋼の強度を高める。しかしながら、V含有量が高すぎれば、マルテンサイト及びベイナイト等の非パーライト組織が生成し、仕上げ加工時の被削性及び車輪製造工程での歩留りが低下する。したがって、V含有量は0~0.20%である。V含有量の好ましい下限は0.005%であり、さらに好ましくは0.007%である。V含有量の好ましい上限は0.15%であり、さらに好ましくは0.13%である。
ニオブ(Nb)は任意元素であり、含有されなくてもよい。含有される場合、Nbは、高温域において窒化物及び炭化物を形成して鋼の組織を微細化し、鋼の強度を高める。しかしながら、Nb含有量が高すぎれば、鋼の熱間延性が低下し、連続鋳造時の製造性が低下する。したがって、Nb含有量は0~0.030%である。Nb含有量の好ましい下限は0.010%であり、さらに好ましくは0.012%である。Nb含有量の好ましい上限は0.025%であり、さらに好ましくは0.022%である。
チタン(Ti)は任意元素であり、含有されなくてもよい。含有される場合、Tiは、高温域において窒化物及び炭化物を形成して鋼の組織を微細化し、鋼の強度を高める。しかしながら、Ti含有量が高すぎれば、鋼の靭性が低下する。したがって、Ti含有量は0~0.030%である。Ti含有量の好ましい下限は0.010%であり、さらに好ましくは0.012%である。Ti含有量の好ましい上限は0.025%であり、さらに好ましくは0.022%である。
図2は、本実施形態の鉄道用車輪の正面図であり、図3は、本実施形態の鉄道用車輪のリム部近傍部分の断面図である。図2及び図3を参照して、鉄道用車輪は、リム部1と、板部2と、ボス部5とを備える。リム部1は、鉄道用車輪の外縁に配置され、レールと接触する踏面3を含む。ボス部5は、鉄道用車輪の中央部に形成されている。ボス部5の中央には貫通孔が形成されており、この貫通孔に車軸が圧入される。
上述の鉄道用車輪の製造方法の一例を説明する。
電気炉又は転炉等を用いて、上述の化学組成を有する溶鋼を製造する。溶鋼を用いて素材を製造する。たとえば、連続鋳造法により、鋳片を製造する。又は、造塊法により、インゴットを製造する。鋳片又はインゴットに対して、分塊圧延又は熱間鍛造を実施して、素材としてのビレットを製造する。素材は連続鋳造法により製造された鋳片であってもよい。素材の形状は円柱状が好ましい。
準備された素材を用いて、鉄道用車輪の中間品を成形する。素材を長手方向に対し垂直の方向に切断する。切断面に対して垂直方向に熱間加工し、円盤状の形状に成形する。さらに、熱間加工で、車輪の粗形状となるように鉄道用車輪の中間品を成形する。熱間加工はたとえば、熱間鍛造、熱間圧延等である。中間品は鉄道用車輪の形状を有するため、踏面3及びフランジ部4を有する。
熱処理工程では、成形された鉄道用車輪の中間品に対して熱処理を実施する。具体的には、熱間加工後の高温の中間品の踏面3及びフランジ部4に対して熱処理を実施する。熱間加工(熱間鍛造又は熱間圧延)後に中間品を再加熱(再加熱処理)し、その後熱処理を実施してもよい。熱処理工程は、焼入れ処理を含む。焼入れ処理後に、焼戻し処理を行ってもよい。これにより、リム部1の踏面3及びフランジ部4において、切削加工によって除去可能な程度の最表層のマルテンサイト組織(焼入れ層)の下層に、硬質なパーライト組織を確保することができる。
鉄道用車輪の板部2の表面に対して垂直に切断して、板部2の表面からt/4深さ位置から、ミクロ組織観察用のサンプルを採取した。上記板部2の切断面が被検面になるようにサンプルを樹脂埋めし、鏡面研磨を行った。その後、上述の方法でミクロ組織観察を実施した。ミクロ観察の結果、いずれの試験番号においても、マトリクス組織において、パーライトの面積率は95%以上であり、ミクロ組織が実質的にパーライトであった。
各試験番号の鉄道用車輪の板部2の図2及び図3に示す位置から、図4に示す小野式回転曲げ疲労試験片10を切り出した。試験片の長手方向が車輪の円周方向に沿うように、試験片を切り出した。
表1に試験結果を示す。
2 板部
3 踏面
4 フランジ部
5 ボス部
Claims (3)
- 質量%で、
C:0.65~0.80%、
Si:0.10~1.0%、
Mn:0.10~1.0%、
P:0.030%以下、
S:0.030%以下、
Cr:0.05~0.20%、
Sn:0.005~0.50%、
Al:0.010~0.050%、
N:0.0020~0.015%、
Cu:0~0.20%、
Ni:0~0.20%、
Mo:0~0.20%、
V:0~0.20%、
Nb:0~0.030%、及び、
Ti:0~0.030%、を含有し、
残部がFe及び不純物からなる化学組成を有し、
板部のマトリクス組織がパーライトからなる、鉄道用車輪。 - 請求項1に記載の鉄道用車輪であって、
Cu:0.02~0.20%、及び、
Ni:0.02~0.20%からなる群から選択される1種以上を含有する鉄道用車輪。 - 請求項1又は請求項2に記載の鉄道用車輪であって、
Mo:0.005~0.20%、
V:0.005~0.20%、
Nb:0.010~0.030%、及び、
Ti:0.010~0.030%、からなる群から選択される1種又は2種以上を含有する鉄道用車輪。
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AU2021243639B2 (en) * | 2020-03-26 | 2023-11-02 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Railway wheel |
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