WO2017128847A1 - 一种规模化太阳能光催化-光电催化分解水制氢的方法 - Google Patents

一种规模化太阳能光催化-光电催化分解水制氢的方法 Download PDF

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WO2017128847A1
WO2017128847A1 PCT/CN2016/107612 CN2016107612W WO2017128847A1 WO 2017128847 A1 WO2017128847 A1 WO 2017128847A1 CN 2016107612 W CN2016107612 W CN 2016107612W WO 2017128847 A1 WO2017128847 A1 WO 2017128847A1
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photocatalytic
hydrogen
photocatalyst
solar
electron carrier
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French (fr)
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李�灿
李仁贵
赵越
秦炜
丁春梅
董延宝
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中国科学院大连化学物理研究所
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    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
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Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of solar photochemical conversion to produce solar fuel, in particular to a technology for realizing large-scale solar water decomposing hydrogen production through a coupling system of photocatalysis and photoelectric catalysis.
  • hydrogen As a clean energy source, hydrogen has the advantages of high combustion value and zero pollution discharge, and is commonly used in hydrogen sources of fuel cells and hydrogen-powered vehicles. At the same time, it is also a commonly used industrial raw material, widely used in synthetic ammonia, petroleum hydrocracking, metallurgical industry. At present, the preparation of hydrogen mostly relies on catalytic reforming reactions based on fossil resources (eg: C+2H 2 O ⁇ 2H 2 +CO 2 ). It can be seen that for every ton of H 2 produced, 3 tons of coal is consumed and simultaneously generated. 11 tons of CO 2 , such high carbon emissions will undoubtedly have a huge impact on the Earth's ecological environment. Obviously, hydrogen production from fossil resources is not a sustainable development strategy considering economic efficiency or sustainable development of ecological civilization. The use of fossil energy has brought about an increasingly serious energy crisis and environmental problems. Therefore, the development of renewable energy hydrogen production technology is the fundamental way to solve energy and environmental problems.
  • Solar energy is the most abundant clean renewable resource.
  • the use of solar energy to produce hydrogen can be considered as one of the most ideal hydrogen production pathways in the future.
  • the main ways to obtain hydrogen energy by using solar energy are: powder photocatalyst system; photoelectric catalytic system and photovoltaic-electrolytic coupling system.
  • the powder photocatalyst system process equipment is simple but the efficiency is very low, and the generated hydrogen and oxygen are mixed together, and the future application will bring great safety hazard, and the problem of separating H 2 and O 2 is a great challenge.
  • the most efficient systems currently reported by this system are: UV-responsive La-doped NaTaO 3 catalysts (J. Am. Chem. Soc.
  • NiOOH/FeOOH/N-BiVO 4 as a photoanode has a solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency of 2.0% at a bias of 0.6V (Nat. Commun., 2015, 6, 8769), but photoelectrocatalytic decomposition of water to produce hydrogen Compared with the powder photocatalyst system, the preparation process of the electrode is more complicated, and the preparation of the large-area uniform electrode in industrial application has great challenges; the BiVO 4 photoanode and the double junction GaAs/InGaAsP battery are coupled into a self-driven device.
  • Japanese Patent (11-157801) and U.S. Patent (US006063258A) disclose a solar-to-hydrogen conversion using a system of photocatalysis and electrocatalytic hybridization.
  • the patent needs to provide additional power input, and the required bias voltage is above 0.85V; and the photocatalyst (WO 3 , TiO 2 , SrTiO 3 , etc.) used in the photocatalytic portion is concentrated in the ultraviolet light portion, and the light absorption range is the most.
  • the wide WO 3 catalyst also has very limited use of solar spectrum, and can only absorb sunlight below 470 nm, while the photon number below 470 nm in the solar spectrum is only 3%; the highest value of the apparent quantum efficiency of WO 3 is currently reported only For 31% (RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 8308-8316), the solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of the photocatalytic-electrolytic coupling system is less than 0.5%.
  • the photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic reactions are realized by solar light to realize the conversion of solar energy to hydrogen energy, and the electric energy input by the fossil resources is not required; the absorption of the visible light by the photocatalyst is greatly enhanced, and the solar energy can be utilized.
  • the photon number can reach more than 9%; the apparent quantum efficiency of the photocatalyst in visible light can reach 70%, and the solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of the whole reaction is more than 3%.
  • the technology of the present invention converts a soluble high-validity electron carrier into a low-valent state under a solar light by a powder photocatalyst to realize large-area storage of solar energy while releasing oxygen.
  • An electrolyte solution storing the electron carrier and protons is collected and delivered to the photocatalytic cell.
  • the anode of the photocatalytic cell utilizes photogenerated carriers to oxidize the low-value electron carrier to a high valence state, and combines protons to generate hydrogen gas at the cathode.
  • the electrolyte solution is returned to the photocatalytic system for recycling.
  • the entire reaction process is carried out under the driving of sunlight to achieve efficient solar to hydrogen energy conversion.
  • the powder photocatalyst of the present invention comprises bismuth vanadate, silver vanadate, indium vanadate, vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide, tungstic acid, silver phosphate, carbonitride, iron oxide, cuprous oxide, tantalum nitride, nitrogen oxide.
  • the soluble high-valence/low-valent electron carrier of the present invention comprises Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ , Fe(CN) 6 3- /Fe(CN) 6 4 , IO 3 - /I - , I 3 - / I - , VO 2+ /VO 2 + , BQDS/BQDSH, Sn 4+ /Sn 2+ , MV 2+ /MV + , [Co(bpy) 3 ] 3+ /[Co(bpy) 3 ] 2+ , One or more of [Co(phen) 3 ] 3+ /[Co(phen) 3 ] 2+ and the like.
  • the photocatalyst according to the present invention obtains a regular photomorphic characteristic, a good crystallinity, and a photocatalyst which exposes different crystal faces by controlling the morphology of the semiconductor photocatalyst, and realizes the redox reaction by utilizing the principle of photo-generated charge separation between crystal faces. Occurs at different sites, effectively suppressing the reverse reaction to increase the quantum efficiency of photocatalytic water oxidation.
  • electrons and protons generated by oxidizing water of a photocatalyst under sunlight irradiation are stored in an electrolyte solution containing an electron carrier, and transferred to an electrolytic cell for hydrogen production reaction.
  • the photocatalytic hydrogen production part can be replaced by electric energy provided by renewable energy such as wind energy and solar energy, and the method provided by the invention can complement the renewable energy to solve the problem that the renewable energy is difficult to store.
  • the anode material is an inexpensive hydrogen release catalyst (MoS 2 , Ni x P, etc.), a platinum electrode, a modified carbon paper, and a fluorine (indium) doped tin oxide (FTO, ITO).
  • MoS 2 inexpensive hydrogen release catalyst
  • a platinum electrode platinum electrode
  • a modified carbon paper a fluorine (indium) doped tin oxide (FTO, ITO).
  • FTO, ITO fluorine (indium) doped tin oxide
  • the photocatalytic electrolyte solution of the present invention is one or more of phosphate (10-100 mM), nitrate (10-100 mM), sodium chloride (10-500 mM), and metal salt (1-100 mM). Seawater or tap water, pH 2-12.
  • the renewable energy source described in the present invention provides electric energy.
  • the electrolytic cell for electrolytic hydrogen production uses a two-electrode diaphragm electrode bath, and the diaphragm is an anion exchange membrane.
  • the powder photocatalyst according to the present invention is uniformly supported on a transparent substrate to form a photocatalyst sheet, which is placed on the upper layer of the liquid surface in the reaction volume.
  • the catalyst is supported by placing the powder photocatalyst in a container, adding a small amount of water to make a cement, and brushing it on a transparent viscous substrate to prepare a catalyst sheet.
  • the transparent substrate includes a polyethylene film, a polyvinyl chloride film, a polypropylene film, a polydimethylsiloxane, FTO, ITO, ordinary glass, and the like.
  • the amount of the photocatalyst is not more than 20 g/m 2 and the concentration of the dope is 0.001 to 10 g/mL.
  • the powder photocatalyst of the invention is synthesized by a precipitation method, a hydrothermal synthesis, a solid phase synthesis and a high temperature nitriding method to control the synthesis of a nanomorphic semiconductor photocatalyst having a special morphology, which is promoted to have a different exposed crystal plane to promote photogenerated charge. Separation.
  • Precipitation method dissolve the precursor in an acid solution separately, mix well and mix, add the structure directing agent solution, gradually adjust the pH value with ammonia solution, stir, and then transfer to a round bottom flask for a certain time under normal pressure for a certain time. After the reaction, the mixture was washed by centrifugation and dried in an oven.
  • the concentration of the precursor is 1-1000 mM
  • the concentration of the acid solution is 0.1-15 M
  • the concentration of the structure directing agent solution is 0.1-10 mM
  • the pH is adjusted to 0-10
  • the stirring time is 0.1-5 h
  • the reaction temperature is 15 -200 ° C
  • the reaction time is 0.5-36 h
  • the drying temperature is 40-80 ° C
  • the drying time is 1-24 h.
  • Hydrothermal synthesis method dissolve the precursor in an acid solution separately, mix well and mix, add the structure directing agent solution, gradually adjust the pH value with ammonia solution, stir, and then transfer to the polytetrafluoroethylene reactor to maintain at a specific temperature. After a certain period of time, the reaction was centrifuged and washed and dried in an oven.
  • the concentration of the precursor is 1-1000 mM
  • the concentration of the acid solution is 0.1-15 M
  • the concentration of the structure directing agent solution is 0.1-10 mM
  • the pH is adjusted to 0-10
  • the stirring time is 0.1-5 h
  • the volume of the hydrothermal kettle is It is 30-1000mL
  • the filling volume is 5%-80%
  • the reaction temperature is 40-250°C
  • the reaction time is 0.5-48h
  • the drying temperature is 40-80°C
  • the drying time is 1-24h.
  • Solid phase synthesis The precursors are mixed according to the stoichiometric ratio, ground uniformly, transferred to a crucible, and placed in a muffle furnace for roasting. Wherein, the precursor is added in an amount of 0.1 mmol to 1000 mmol, the grinding time is 0.2-5 h, the volume of the hydrazine is 10-500 mL, and the calcination temperature is 300-1200 °C.
  • High-temperature nitridation method the precursor is placed in a quartz tube, treated at 300-1200 ° C for 1-5 h under NH 3 or N 2 atmosphere, the flow rate is 10-300 mL / min, and the NH 3 atmosphere is NH 3 content at 10-100 vol. % NH 3 /Ar mixture, the N 2 atmosphere is a N 2 /Ar mixture having an N 2 content of 10 to 100 vol%.
  • the loading is achieved by one or more of photodeposition, dipping, atomic layer deposition, electrodeposition, and colloidal adsorption.
  • the invention has the following advantages:
  • the invention utilizes clean and pollution-free solar energy to obtain high combustion value hydrogen energy, is environmentally friendly and can realize renewable cycle.
  • the invention Compared with the traditional powder photocatalyst system hydrogen production technology, the invention has high hydrogen production efficiency, and the hydrogen production and oxygen generation reaction space are separated, and there is no problem of hydrogen and oxygen separation.
  • the hydrogen energy can be efficiently produced by the full solar energy drive, and no additional electric energy input.
  • the invention Compared with photoelectric decomposition water and photovoltaic-electrolytic coupling hydrogen production technology, the invention has simple process, low cost, strong operability, and is easy to realize large-scale application.
  • the photocatalyst and photoelectrode materials used in the method have good stability and can generate hydrogen gas for a long time without interruption.
  • the photoelectric catalysis portion can be replaced by electric energy provided by renewable energy such as wind energy and solar energy, and forms complementary advantages with renewable energy sources, solves the problem that renewable energy is difficult to store, and simultaneously produces hydrogen energy with high combustion value for storage and utilization.
  • renewable energy such as wind energy and solar energy
  • the method of the present invention follows the strategy of separating the photoreaction and the dark reaction space in the photosynthesis of green plants in nature, and the oxidation and reduction reactions are respectively carried out in different places, and the "natural method" is truly achieved.
  • the invention combines the advantages of photoelectrocatalysis and photocatalytic material system, and constructs a method for large-scale solar water decomposing hydrogen production.
  • the whole reaction process is carried out under the driving of sunlight, the method is simple and efficient, hydrogen and oxygen are easy to separate, and the operation is simple and easy. Line, with industrial application prospects.
  • Large-scale collection of solar energy has no special requirements for land. It can be carried out in deserted and barren land and large-scale saline-alkali land in coastal areas. It does not compete with traditional agriculture and makes full use of abandoned land to produce clean and pollution-free hydrogen energy.
  • the method of the invention is similar to the principle of planting crops in agricultural production, and large-area production (photocatalytic water oxidation) and concentrated harvesting (concentrated photocatalytic hydrogen production) can be called a "hydrogen farm” technology, achieving high efficiency solar energy to Conversion of hydrogen energy.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic view of the technology of the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a reaction flow diagram of the invention.
  • A is a photocatalytic system
  • B is a photocatalytic system
  • B1 is a photocatalytic anode cell
  • B2 is a photocatalytic ion exchange membrane
  • B3 is a photocatalytic cathode cell
  • Figure 3 is a scanning electron micrograph of a BiVO 4 photocatalyst.
  • Fig. 5 is a topographical view of a single semiconductor photocatalyst single crystal.
  • the upper row is Cu 2 O, Cu 2 O, Bi 2 Ti 4 O 9 from left to right, and the lower row is WO 3 and SrTiO 3 from left to right. TiO 2 .
  • Figure 6 is a time curve of photocatalytic water oxidation reaction of BiVO 4 photocatalyst in Fe 3+ ion system.
  • Fig. 7 is a graph showing the conversion of Fe 3+ ions and the formation of Fe 2+ ions by BiVO 4 photocatalyst under solar irradiation.
  • Figure 8 shows the conversion data of Fe 3+ ions under sunlight under different weather conditions in Dalian.
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic view showing the structure of a photoelectrocatalytic photoelectrode.
  • Figure 10 is a voltage-current curve of a carbon film modified single junction amorphous silicon photoanodized ferrous ion.
  • Figure 11 is a voltage-current curve of a carbon film-modified double junction amorphous silicon/amorphous silicon anodic anodic ferrous oxide ion.
  • Figure 12 is a time-current curve of a carbon film-modified double junction amorphous silicon/amorphous silicon germanium anodic ferrous oxide ion under no bias conditions.
  • Fig. 13 is a hydrogen production activity diagram of a double junction amorphous silicon/amorphous silicon germanium anodic oxidized ferrous ion modified with a conditional carbon film under no bias.
  • the invention utilizes a photocatalyst to oxidize water under sunlight irradiation, converts the high-valence electron carrier pair to a low-valent state, and generates protons, and stores the solar energy in the electron carrier; the solution containing the electron carrier and the proton is transferred to the photoelectrochemical cell.
  • the low-cost electron carrier is converted into a high valence state by the action of the photoelectrode, and proton reduction occurs on the counter electrode to release hydrogen gas and collect it intensively; the high-valence electron carrier formed by the conversion is transferred to the photocatalyst system for further use, so that the cycle is reciprocated .
  • the whole system simulates the principle of natural photosynthesis photoreaction and dark reaction in different places, separating hydrogen release from oxygen evolution.
  • the basic process is:
  • the invention can also be indirectly combined with renewable energy to achieve complementary advantages.
  • the use of wind energy, solar energy, etc. to provide electrical energy directly replaces the photoanode portion of photoelectrochemical hydrogen production, not only solves renewable energy.
  • the storage problem, and the efficient hydrogen energy can be obtained efficiently.
  • the technical process of the whole invention is shown in Figure 1, and the reaction flow is shown in Figure 2.
  • the synthesis is carried out by hydrothermal synthesis and deposition precipitation method, and the synthesis process is: dissolving the lanthanum source (100 mM) and the vanadium source (100 mM) in an acid solution, respectively, by volume ratio 1 :1 After mixing and mixing, add a structure directing agent (0.05 mM) solution, gradually adjust the pH value with ammonia solution, stir, then transfer to a round bottom flask at a specific temperature under normal pressure for a certain period of time, after the reaction, centrifuge and wash. Dry in an oven.
  • a structure directing agent 0.05 mM
  • the concentration of the lanthanum source and the vanadium source is 1-1000 mM (here, 100 mM), the concentration of the acid solution is 0.1-15 M (here 1 M), and the concentration of the structure directing agent solution is 0.1-10 mM (here 1 mM) ), the pH is adjusted to 0-10 (here 5), the stirring time is 0.1-5h (here 3h), the reaction temperature is 15-200 ° C (here 60 ° C), the reaction time is 0.5-48h (here 36h), the drying temperature is 40-80 ° C (here 60 ° C), and the drying time is 1-24 h (here 24 h).
  • the synthesized catalyst has a regular morphology and an exposed crystal plane, respectively exposing ⁇ 010 ⁇ and ⁇ 110 ⁇ crystal planes, and the ratio of the two crystal planes is S ⁇ 010 ⁇ /[S ⁇ 110 ⁇ +S ⁇ 010 ⁇ ] is 0 -1, the apparent quantum efficiency of the photocatalyst in the Fe 3+ solution is up to 70% (at 420 nm), the morphology of the photocatalyst is shown in Figure 3, and the UV-Vis spectrum is shown in Figure 4. .
  • Fig. 5 is a topographical view of a partial semiconductor photocatalyst single crystal.
  • the photocatalyst BiVO 4 was supported on a transparent adhesive substrate (area of 1 m ⁇ 1 m), and a solution of Fe 3+ (30 L, 32 mM) was placed in an open reaction vessel (1 m ⁇ 1 m ⁇ 0.06 m), after being loaded
  • the catalyst piece was placed on the upper layer of Fe 3+ solution (30L, 32 mM), and the whole device was placed outdoors to react under sunlight (in the Dalian area on July 14, 2015).
  • the reaction was sampled every 2 hours.
  • the concentration of Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ ions, the consumption of Fe 3+ ions and the formation of Fe 2+ ions are linearly related. The obtained data is shown in Fig. 6.
  • the photocatalyst evaluates the conversion performance of Fe 3+ ions under solar irradiation at different times and in different weather conditions (in the case of Dalian).
  • the photocatalyst BiVO 4 was supported on a transparent adhesive substrate (area of 1 m ⁇ 1 m), and a solution of Fe 3+ (30 L, 32 mM) was placed in an open reaction vessel (1 m ⁇ 1 m ⁇ 0.06 m), after being loaded
  • the catalyst piece was placed on the upper layer of Fe 3+ solution (30L, 32 mM), and the whole device was placed outdoors to react under sunlight (in the Dalian area as an example), and reacted under different weather conditions in different months, respectively.
  • the concentration of Fe 3+ ions was sampled and analyzed for 2 hours, and the conversion of Fe 3+ per unit area was calculated. The obtained data is shown in FIG. 7 .
  • the single-junction amorphous silicon photoanode has a nip structure, the substrate is FTO glass, and the surface is modified by magnetron sputtering to prepare a carbon film (the structure of the photoanode is as shown in FIG. 8).
  • the ferrous ion-containing solution after the photocatalytic reaction (Examples 4-6) was used to prepare a solution having a pH equal to 1 using hydrochloric acid.
  • the photoanode was irradiated with a solar simulator (100 mW/cm 2 ) as a light source, and the voltage-current characteristics of the photoanode were as shown in FIG.
  • the double junction amorphous silicon/amorphous silicon germanium photoanode has a nip/nip structure, the substrate is FTO glass, and the surface is modified by magnetron sputtering to prepare a carbon film.
  • the ferrous ion-containing solution after the photocatalytic reaction (Examples 4-6) was used to prepare a solution having a pH equal to 1 using hydrochloric acid.
  • the photoanode was irradiated with a solar simulator (100 mW/cm 2 ) as a light source.
  • the voltage-current characteristics of the photoanode are shown in Fig. 10.
  • the stability test results are shown in Fig. 11, and the hydrogen production activity is shown in Fig. 12.
  • Electrocatalytic oxidation of Fe 2+ by different voltages using nafion117 membrane two-electrode system, working electrode electrolyte is 55mL 50mM FeCl 2 -1M HNO 3 , counter electrode is 40mL 0.5M H 2 SO 4 , working electrode carbon paper, counter electrode is The Pt sheet was set to electrolysis at different constant voltages, and the amount of hydrogen produced was measured. Hydrogen was generated at a bias of 0.7 V, and the results are shown in Fig. 14a.
  • a two-electrode system of ethylene-grafted polystyrene quaternary ammonium anion exchange membrane is used.
  • the working electrode electrolyte contains 50 mM FeCl 2 of 0.1 M NaCl (pH 2) or 1 M HCl solution, and the counter electrode is 40 mL of 0.1 M Na 2 SO 4 (pH 2) or 0.5MH 2 SO 4 solution, the working electrode is carbon paper calcined in air, the counter electrode is Pt black carbon paper Pt/C, constant voltage 1V, electrolysis at different temperatures, test hydrogen production and calculate Faraday efficiency and Hydrogen yield, the results are shown in Table 2. Under the help of 1V voltage, the hydrogen yield of oxidized Fe 2+ ions can reach up to 98%.
  • the absorption band edge of the photocatalyst is 530 nm (the number of solar photons is 9%), the quantum efficiency of water oxidation is 70%, and the hydrogen yield in photocatalysis is 100%.
  • Photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic solar photons accounted for 50% of the calculation, respectively, the solar energy to hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of the invention was 3.15%.
  • the solar to hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of the invention is 5.25%.
  • the solar to hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of the invention is 7.35%.
  • the amount of Fe 2+ per unit area per day can be completely converted into a 30 L solution having a volume concentration of 25-30 mM.
  • the solar radiation area is 1 hectare (10,000 m 2 ), and the hydrogen production per hectare area per unit time (1 day) exceeds 100 standard cubic meters.
  • the entire reaction of the present invention achieves solar to hydrogen energy conversion under the driving of sunlight.
  • the apparent quantum efficiency of solar energy storage of solar energy by controlling the morphology of the vanadic acid photocatalyst can reach 70%, and the solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency can be greater than 3%.
  • hydrogen can produce more than 100 standard cubic meters per hectare per day.
  • the invention has the advantages of low cost of hydrogen production, simple and operability of equipment, solving the problem of spatial separation of hydrogen and oxygen, and being easy to scale application.
  • the principle of the invention is similar to crop planting in agricultural production, large-area production (photocatalytic water oxidation) and concentrated harvesting (concentrated photocatalytic hydrogen production), which can be called a "hydrogen farm” technology, and the invention provides an inexpensive Efficient large-scale solar water decomposition technology for hydrogen production.

Abstract

本发明提供了一种高效的规模化太阳能光催化-光电催化分解水制氢的技术，即粉末光催化剂在太阳光照下将可溶性高价态电子载体转化到低价态实现太阳能的大面积储存同时放出氧气和生成质子，储存电子载体和质子的电解质溶液被输送到光电催化池中。光电催化池的阳极利用太阳光产生光生载流子氧化低价态电子载体至高价态，并在阴极结合质子产生氢气。收集氢气后，电解质溶液被返回至光催化体系循环使用。整个反应全部在太阳光驱动下实现太阳能到氢能的转化。

Description

一种规模化太阳能光催化-光电催化分解水制氢的方法 技术领域
本发明涉及太阳能光化学转化生产太阳燃料技术领域，具体地说是一种通过光催化和光电催化的耦合体系实现规模化太阳能水分解制氢的技术。
背景技术
氢气作为一种清洁能源，具有高燃烧值、零污染排放等优点，常用于燃料电池、氢动力汽车的氢源。同时它也是一种常用的工业原料，广泛应用于合成氨、石油加氢裂解、冶金工业。目前，氢气的制备大多依赖于以化石资源为基础的催化重整反应(如：C+2H2O→2H2+CO2)，可见每生产1吨H2，需要消耗3吨煤，同时生成11吨CO2，如此高的碳排放量无疑会对地球的生态环境造成巨大的影响。显然，由化石资源制氢不论从经济效率还是生态文明的可持续发展考虑，均不是持久发展的战略。而化石能源的使用带来了日趋严重的能源危机以及环境问题。因此，发展可再生能源制氢技术是解决能源、环境问题的根本出路。
太阳能是最为丰富的清洁可再生资源，利用太阳能制氢能被认为是未来最理想的制氢途径之一。目前利用太阳能制取氢能的途径主要有：粉末光催化剂体系；光电催化体系以及光伏-电解耦合体系等。其中，粉末光催化剂体系工艺设备简单但是效率很低，而且生成的氢气氧气混合在一起，未来的应用会带来很大的安全隐患，H2与O2分离的问题是一个很大的挑战。该体系目前报道的效率最高的体系分别是：紫外光响应的La掺杂的NaTaO3催化剂(J.Am.Chem.Soc.2003,125,3082-3089)和可见光响应的GaN:ZnO光催化剂(J.Catal.2008,254,198-204)，但是上述体系的太阳能到氢能转化效率仍低于1％，与工业化的要求相差较大；光电催体系光催化分解水体系需要将光催化剂制备成电极，提供额外的偏压下分别在阴阳极实现产氢产氧，目前报道最高的体系是CoPi/Ba-Ta3N5作为光阳极在0.9V偏压下太阳能到氢能转化效率为1.5％，以及NiOOH/FeOOH/N-BiVO4作为光阳极在0.6V偏压的情况下太阳能到氢能转化效率为2.0％(Nat.Commun.,2015,6,8769)，但是光电催化分解水制氢成本相比粉末光催化剂体系高很多，电极的制备过程较为复杂，且工业应用时大面积均匀电极的制备存在很大挑战；将BiVO4光阳极与双结GaAs/InGaAsP电池耦合成自驱动的器件，最高的太阳能到氢能转化效率可达8.1％(Sci.Rep.,2015,5,11141)，但是光电极及光伏器件的成本及大面积制备等问题限制了该策略进一步规模化应用；光伏-电解耦合体系的太阳能到氢能转化效率最高，采用钙钛矿电池与NiFe复合氧化物电催化剂耦合体系的太阳能制氢效率达到12.3％，(Science,2014,345,1593-1596)采用多结GaInP/GaAs/Ge电池与电解水耦合的太阳能制氢效率已经超过了20％(Energy Environ.Sci.,2015,8,2791-2796)，虽然效率已经超过了工业化应用的要求，但是太阳电池的制备工艺复杂、所需原料昂贵，太阳电池的成本已远超出了化石能源制氢的成本，而且电解的工艺更增加了制氢的成本，使得这种制氢的方法难以实现规模化应用。综上所述，目前这三种途径仍然难以实现大面积规模化的太阳能制氢工业化应用。
日本专利(11-157801)和美国专利(US006063258A)公布了一种利用光催化和电催化杂化的体系实现太阳能到氢能的转化。但是该专利需要提供额外的电能输入，所需偏压达0.85V以上；且光催化部分用到的光催化剂(WO3、TiO2、SrTiO3等)吸光范围集中在紫外光部分，吸光范围最宽的WO3催化剂对太阳光 谱的利用也非常有限，仅能吸收470nm以下的太阳光，而太阳光谱中470nm以下的光子数仅为3％；WO3的表观量子效率目前报道的最高值仅为31％(RSC Adv.,2014,4,8308-8316)，光催化-电解耦合体系太阳能到氢能转化效率不足0.5％。
而本发明中光催化和光电催化反应均是在太阳光驱动下实现太阳能到氢能的转化，勿需化石资源发电的电能输入；用到的光催化剂对可见光的吸收大大增强，能利用的太阳光子数可达到9％以上；光催化剂在可见光下的表观量子效率可达70％，整个反应的太阳能到氢能转化效率大于3％。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种廉价高效可操作性的规模化太阳能光催化-光电催化分解水制氢的技术。
本发明所述的技术通过粉末光催化剂在太阳光照下将可溶性高价态电子载体转化到低价态实现太阳能的大面积储存同时放出氧气。储存电子载体和质子的电解质溶液被收集，并被输送到光电催化池中。光电催化池的阳极利用光生载流子氧化低价态电子载体至高价态，并在阴极结合质子产生氢气。收集氢气后，电解质溶液被返回至光催化体系循环使用。整个反应过程全部在太阳光的驱动下进行，实现高效太阳能到氢能的转化。
本发明所述的粉末光催化剂包括钒酸铋、钒酸银、钒酸铟、氧化钒、氧化钨、钨酸、磷酸银、碳氮化物、氧化铁、氧化亚铜、氮化钽、氮氧化钽、铬酸铅、钛酸铅、锌镓氧氮、铅酸锶、氧卤化铋等中的一种或者多种，并负载合适的助催化剂。
本发明所述的可溶性高价态/低价态电子载体包括Fe3+/Fe2+,Fe(CN)6 3-/Fe(CN)6 4-,IO3 -/I-,I3 -/I-,VO2+/VO2 +,BQDS/BQDSH,Sn4+/Sn2+,MV2+/MV+，[Co(bpy)3]3+/[Co(bpy)3]2+,[Co(phen)3]3+/[Co(phen)3]2+等中的一种或者多种。
本发明所述的光催化剂，通过对半导体光催化剂的形貌控制得到一定规则的形貌特征、结晶性良好、暴露不同的晶面的光催化剂，利用晶面间光生电荷分离原理实现氧化还原反应在不同的位点发生，有效抑制逆反应以提高光催化水氧化量子效率。
本发明提供的方法，光催化剂在太阳光照射下氧化水产生的电子和质子储存在含有电子载体的电解质溶液中，转移至电解池中进行产氢反应。
本发明中光电催化产氢部分可用风能、太阳能等可再生能源提供的电能代替，本发明提供的方法可以与可再生能源形成优势互补，解决可再生能源难以储存的问题。
本发明所述的光电催化体系中，阳极材料为廉价放氢催化剂(MoS2、NixP等)、铂电极、改性的碳纸、氟(铟)掺杂的氧化锡(FTO，ITO)、非晶硅薄膜、非晶硅锗薄膜、微晶硅薄膜、晶体硅、钒酸铋、锌镓氧氮、氧化铁、氧化钽、氮氧化钽中的一种或相互叠加的组合。
本发明所述的光电催化的电解质溶液为含有磷酸盐(10-100mM)、硝酸盐(10-100mM)、氯化钠(10-500mM)以及金属盐(1-100mM)中的一种或多种的海水或自来水，pH值为2-12。
本发明中所述的可再生能源提供电能用于电解制氢的电解池采用两电极隔膜电极槽，隔膜为阴离子交换膜。
本发明所述的粉末光催化剂均匀固载在透明基底上制成光催化剂片，置于 反应容积中液面的上层。催化剂的固载方法为：将粉末光催化剂置于容器中，加入少量水制成胶浆，用刷子刷涂于透明粘性的基底上，制成催化剂片。透明基底包括聚乙烯薄膜、聚氯乙烯薄膜、聚丙烯薄膜、聚二甲基硅氧烷、FTO，ITO，普通玻璃等。光催化剂的用量为不超过20g/m2,胶浆浓度为0.001-10g/mL。
本发明所述的粉末光催化剂通过沉淀法、水热合成、固相合成以及高温氮化等方法合成，控制合成特殊形貌的纳米晶半导体光催化剂，促使其具有不同的暴露晶面促进光生电荷分离。
沉淀法：将前驱物分别溶于酸溶液中，搅拌均匀后混合，加入结构导向剂溶液，用氨水溶液逐渐调节pH值后搅拌，随后转移至圆底烧瓶在常压下特定温度保持一定时间，反应后离心分离洗涤并在烘箱中烘干。其中，前驱物的浓度为1-1000mM，酸溶液的浓度为0.1-15M，结构导向剂溶液的浓度为0.1-10mM，pH值调节至0-10，搅拌时间为0.1-5h,反应温度为15-200℃，反应时间为0.5-36h，烘干温度为40-80℃，烘干时间为1-24h。
水热合成法：将前驱物分别溶于酸溶液中，搅拌均匀后混合，加入结构导向剂溶液，用氨水溶液逐渐调节pH值后搅拌，随后转移至聚四氟乙烯反应釜中在特定温度保持一定时间，反应后离心分离洗涤并在烘箱中烘干。其中，前驱物的浓度为1-1000mM，酸溶液的浓度为0.1-15M，结构导向剂溶液的浓度为0.1-10mM，pH值调节至0-10，搅拌时间为0.1-5h,水热釜体积为30-1000mL,填釜容积为5％-80％，反应温度为40-250℃，反应时间为0.5-48h，烘干温度为40-80℃，烘干时间为1-24h。
固相合成法：将前驱物按照化学计量比混合，研磨均匀后转移至坩埚中，置于马弗炉中焙烧处理。其中，前驱物加入量为0.1mmol-1000mmol,研磨时间为0.2-5h,坩埚体积为10-500mL,焙烧温度为300-1200℃。
高温氮化法：将前驱物置于石英管中，在NH3或N2气氛下于300-1200℃处理1-5h，流速为10-300mL/min，NH3气氛为NH3含量在10-100vol％的NH3/Ar混合气，N2气氛为N2含量在10-100vol％的N2/Ar混合气。
本发明所述的助催化剂是指于粉末光催化剂上担载一种或多种金属或金属氧化物助催化剂的活性成份，其中助催化剂的担载量是光催化剂(如BiVO4,WO3等)的0.005-5.0wt％，担载的还原助催化剂包括Pt、Au、Ag、Ir、Cu、Ni、Ru、Rh中的一种或二种以上，氧化助催化剂包括IrO2、CuO、CoOx(x＝1-2),MnOx(x＝1-2)、NiO、FeOx(x＝1-2)、TiO2、Cox(PO4)y(x＝1-3,y＝1-2)、Cox(BO3)y(x＝1-3,y＝1-2)中的一种或二种以上。担载通过光沉积法、浸渍法、原子层沉积、电沉积以及胶体吸附法中的一种或多种来实现。
本发明与现有技术相比，具有如下优点：
1、相比传统化石能源制氢技术，该发明利用清洁丰富无污染的太阳能制取高燃烧值的氢能，环境友好且可实现可再生循环。
2、相比传统粉末光催化剂体系制氢技术，该发明制氢效率高，将产氢和产氧反应空间分离，不存在氢气氧气分离的问题。
3、相比光催化-电解耦合制氢体系，实现了全太阳能驱动下高效制取氢能，无额外电能输入。
4、相比光电分解水以及光伏-电解耦合制氢技术，该发明工艺简单、成本低廉、可操作性强，更容易实现规模化应用。
5、本方法所用的光催化剂和光电极材料具有良好的稳定性，可以长时间、不间断地产生氢气。
6、本发明中光电催化部分可由风能、太阳能等可再生能源提供的电能代替，与可再生能源形成优势互补，解决可再生能源难以储存的问题，同时生产高燃烧值便于储存利用的氢能。
7、本发明方法效仿自然界绿色植物光合作用中光反应与暗反应空间分开的策略，将氧化和还原反应分别在不同场所进行，真正做到了“道法自然”。
本发明结合光电催化和光催化材料体系的优势，构建了一种规模化太阳能水分解制氢的方法，整个反应过程全部在太阳光的驱动下进行，方法简单高效，氢氧易于分离，操作简便易行，具有工业化应用前景。大面积收集太阳能对土地无特殊要求，可以在荒废贫瘠的土地以及沿海地区大面积的盐碱地进行，与传统农业不存在土地竞争，充分利用废弃的土地生产清洁无污染的氢能。本发明的方法类似于农业生产中种植农作物的原理，大面积生成(光催化水氧化)后集中收割(集中光电催化制氢)，可称为一种“氢农场”技术，实现了高效太阳能到氢能的转化。
附图说明
图1为该发明的技术示意图。
图2为该发明的反应流程图。(注：A为光催化体系；B为光电催化体系；B1为光电催化阳极池；B2为光电催化离子交换膜；B3为光电催化阴极池)
图3为BiVO4光催化剂的扫描电镜图。
图4为BiVO4光催化剂的UV-Vis光谱图。
图5为部分半导体光催化剂单晶的形貌特征，上排从左到右依次为Cu2O、Cu2O、Bi2Ti4O9，下排从左到右依次为WO3、SrTiO3、TiO2。
图6为BiVO4光催化剂在Fe3+离子体系下光催化水氧化反应的时间曲线。
图7为BiVO4光催化剂在太阳能照射下Fe3+离子的转化与Fe2+离子的生成曲线。
图8为大连地区不同天气情况下太阳光照射下Fe3+离子的转化数据。
图9为光电催化光电极的结构示意图。
图10为碳薄膜修饰的单结非晶硅光阳极氧化亚铁离子的电压-电流曲线。
图11为碳薄膜修饰的双结非晶硅/非晶硅锗光阳极氧化亚铁离子的电压-电流曲线。
图12为无偏压条件下碳薄膜修饰的双结非晶硅/非晶硅锗光阳极氧化亚铁离子的时间-电流曲线。
图13为无偏压下条件碳薄膜修饰的双结非晶硅/非晶硅锗光阳极氧化亚铁离子的制氢活性图。
图14.不同偏压下电催化氧化Fe2+和电解水的电压-放氢量曲线对比。
具体实施方式
了进一步说明本发明，列举以下实施例，但它并不限制各附加权利要求所定义的发明范围。
本发明的技术及原理说明：
本发明利用光催化剂在太阳光照射下氧化水的同时转化高价态电子载体对至低价态，并生成质子，将太阳能储存在电子载体中；包含电子载体和质子的溶液转移至光电化学池中，低价态电子载体在光电极的作用下转化至高价态，并在对电极发生质子还原放出氢气并集中收集；转化生成的高价态电子载体转移至光催化剂体系中继续使用，如此往复实现循环。整个体系模拟了自然光合作用光反应与暗反应分别在不同场所的原理，将放氢与放氧反应分开。其基本过程为：
(1)光催化产氧反应：
Figure PCTCN2016107612-appb-000001
Mp++ne-→Mq+(p＞q)
(2)光电化学制氢反应：
Figure PCTCN2016107612-appb-000002
该发明过程中除了用太阳光驱动制氢外，还可间接地与可再生能源结合实现优势互补，利用风能、太阳能等提供电能直接代替光电化学制氢中光阳极部分，不仅解决了可再生能源的储存问题，而且可高效地得到清洁的氢能。整个发明的技术流程如图1所示，反应流程如图2所示。
实施例1：
以本发明所述的光催化剂BiVO4为例，采用水热合成和沉积沉淀法合成，合成过程为：将铋源(100mM)和钒源(100mM)分别溶于酸溶液中，按体积比1：1搅拌均匀后混合，加入结构导向剂(0.05mM)溶液，用氨水溶液逐渐调节pH值后搅拌，随后转移至圆底烧瓶在常压下特定温度保持一定时间，反应后离心分离洗涤并在烘箱中烘干。其中，铋源与钒源的浓度为1-1000mM(在此为100mM)，酸溶液的浓度为0.1-15M(在此为1M)，结构导向剂溶液的浓度为0.1-10mM(在此为1mM)，pH值调节至0-10(在此为5)，搅拌时间为0.1-5h(在此为3h),反应温度为15-200℃(在此为60℃)，反应时间为0.5-48h(在此为36h)，烘干温度为40-80℃(在此为60℃)，烘干时间为1-24h(在此为24h)。合成的催化剂具有规则的形貌和暴露晶面，分别暴露{010}和{110}晶面，两种晶面的比例为S{010}/[S{110}+S{010}]为0-1，该光催化剂在Fe3+溶液中氧化水的表观量子效率最高可达70％(420nm处)，光催化剂的形貌如图3所示，UV-Vis光谱图如图4所示。
除BiVO4外，其他具有特定形貌和暴露晶面的半导体光催化剂单晶也被合成出并用于本发明中，图5为部分半导体光催化剂单晶的形貌图。
实施例2：
光催化剂在不同电子载体存在条件下的水氧化反应性能考评
100mg光催化剂分散在150mL不同电子载体的溶液中(10mM)，随后抽空反应体系，在300W氙灯(λ>420nm)光照的条件下，反应1h后取样分析，反应所得气相产物由气相色谱进行在线检测，通过检测氧化反应生成氧气的量计算高价态电子载体的转化速率，结果列于表1。
表1.光催化剂在不同电子载体存在条件下的反应活性
Figure PCTCN2016107612-appb-000003
实施例3：
光催化剂在Fe3+离子体系下光催化水氧化反应随时间变化考评(以BiVO4光催化剂为例)
100mg光催化剂BiVO4分散在Fe3+的溶液中(150mL)，随后抽空反应体系，在300W氙灯(λ>420nm)光照的条件下，反应一定时间后取样分析，反应所得气相产物由气相色谱进行在线检测。Fe3+的溶液分别选用3.5mM与10.0mM两种，反应均能将Fe3+完全转化Fe2+，生成化学计量比的O2，与理论值完全一致，证明光催化剂能完全转化Fe3+至Fe2+，即无逆反应存在，所得数据如图5所示。
实施例4：
光催化剂(以BiVO4为例)在太阳光照射下(以大连地区为例)Fe3+离子的转化与Fe2+离子的生成性能考评
将光催化剂BiVO4负载在透明粘性基底上(面积为1m╳1m)，将Fe3+的溶液(30L，32mM)置于敞口的反应容器中(1m╳1m╳0.06m)，固载后的催化剂片置于Fe3+的溶液(30L，32mM)上层，整个装置置于户外在太阳光照射下进行反应(以大连地区2015年7月14日为例)，反应每隔2小时取样分析Fe3+与Fe2+离子的浓度，Fe3+离子的消耗与Fe2+离子的生成呈线性对应关系，所得数据如图6所示。
实施例5：
光催化剂(以BiVO4为例)在不同时间不同天气情况的(以大连地区为例)太阳能照射下Fe3+离子的转化性能考评。
将光催化剂BiVO4负载在透明粘性基底上(面积为1m╳1m)，将Fe3+的溶液(30L，32mM)置于敞口的反应容器中(1m╳1m╳0.06m)，固载后的催化剂片置于Fe3+的溶液(30L，32mM)上层，整个装置置于户外在太阳光照射下进行反应(以大连地区为例)，分别于不同月份不同天气情况下反应，反应每隔2小时取样分析Fe3+离子的浓度，计算单位面积一天内的Fe3+转化率，所得数据如图7所示。
实施例6：
碳薄膜修饰的单结非晶硅光阳极氧化亚铁离子的活性考评。
单结非晶硅光阳极具有nip结构，衬底为FTO玻璃，表面通过磁控溅射制备碳薄膜进行修饰(光阳极的结构如图8所示)。取光催化反应(实例4-6)后的含有亚铁离子的溶液使用盐酸配制溶液pH等于1。以太阳能模拟器(100mW/cm2)作为光源照射光阳极，光阳极的电压-电流特性如图9所示。
实施例7：
双结非晶硅/非晶硅锗光阳极氧化亚铁离子的活性考评。
双结非晶硅/非晶硅锗光阳极具有nip/nip结构，衬底为FTO玻璃，表面通过磁控溅射制备碳薄膜进行修饰。取光催化反应(实例4-6)后的含有亚铁离子的溶液使用盐酸配制溶液pH等于1。以太阳能模拟器(100mW/cm2)作为光源照射光阳极，光阳极的电压-电流特性如图10所示，稳定性测试结果如图11所示，产氢活性如图12所示。
实施例8：
不同偏压下电催化氧化Fe2+以及电解水产氢活性对比
不同电压电催化氧化Fe2+产氢：采用nafion117膜两电极体系，工作电极电解液为55mL 50mM FeCl2-1M HNO3，对电极为40mL 0.5M H2SO4，工作电极碳纸，对电极为Pt片，设定不同恒定电压下电解，测试产氢量，在0.7V偏压下即有氢气生成，结果如图14a所示。
不同电压电解水产氢：采用nafion117膜两电极体系，电解液为0.5M H2SO4，工作电极和对电极均为Pt片，设定阶梯电位电解，结果如图14b，开始有H2放出对应的偏压为1.6V，10μmol h-1的产氢速率需要偏压1.9V以上。上述两组结果对比看出，本发明中采用电子载体后，相比传统的电解水制氢，所需的电压得到大幅度降低(节约电压1.0V左右)。
实施例9：
阴离子膜电解池中电催化氧化Fe2+产氢及初级放大实验
采用乙烯接枝聚苯乙烯季铵型阴离子交换膜两电极体系，工作电极电解液含50mM FeCl2的0.1M NaCl(pH2)或1M HCl溶液，对电极40mL 0.1M Na2SO4(pH2)或者0.5M H2SO4溶液，工作电极为空气中焙烧过的碳纸，对电极为担载Pt黑的碳纸Pt/C，恒定电压1V，不同温度下电解，测试产氢量并计算法拉第效率和氢气收率，结果如表2，在1V电压辅助下，氧化Fe2+离子的氢气收率最高可达98％,其中强酸作为电解液时，仅2h反应即结束，未反应的Fe2+量仅为0.5％，Fe2+/3+向对电极的渗透量为0.6％，表面阴离子膜的对阳离子的隔离效果。反应从10mL,55mL放大至165mL时，氢气收率降低约10％。
表2.不同条件***离子膜电解池中电催化氧化Fe2+产氢性能
Figure PCTCN2016107612-appb-000004
实施例10：
本发明所述太阳能制氢效率核算
太阳能到氢能转化效率：
以本发明所述的BiVO4光催化剂为例，光催化剂的吸收带边为530nm(太阳光子数为9％)，水氧化量子效率为70％，光电催化中氢气收率为100％，用于光催化和光电催化的太阳光子分别占50％计算，则该发明太阳能到氢能转化效率为3.15％。
Figure PCTCN2016107612-appb-000005
如果光催化剂的吸收带边为600nm(太阳光子数为15％)，则该发明的太阳能到氢能转化效率为5.25％。
Figure PCTCN2016107612-appb-000006
如果光催化剂的吸收带边为700nm(太阳光子数为21％)，则该发明的太阳能到氢能转化效率为7.35％。
Figure PCTCN2016107612-appb-000007
单位面积制氢量计算(以BiVO4光催化剂在大连地区实测数据计算)：
太阳光照射下(以大连地区为例)单位面积每天可完全转化Fe2+的量为30L体积浓度为25-30mM的溶液。太阳能照射面积为1公顷(10000m2)，则单位时间内(1天)每公顷面积的产氢量超过100标立方。
Figure PCTCN2016107612-appb-000008
本发明整个反应全部在太阳光驱动下实现太阳能到氢能的转化。利用晶面间光生电荷分离原理，对控制形貌的钒酸铋光催化剂氧化水储存太阳能的表观量子效率可达70％，太阳能到氢能转化效率可大于3％，在正常晴天的太阳光照射下，每公顷面积每天可制氢超过100标立方。本发明制氢成本低廉、设备简易可操作性强、解决了氢氧空间分离的问题且易于规模化应用。本发明原理上类似于农业生产中农作物种植，大面积生成(光催化水氧化)后集中收割(集中光电催化制氢)，可称为一种“氢农场”技术，本发明提供了一种廉价高效的规模化太阳能水分解制氢的技术。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种规模化太阳能光催化-光电催化分解水制氢的方法，其特征是：
    包括光催化体系和光电催化体系，光电催化体系由通过光电催化离子交换膜分隔的光电催化阳极池和光电催化阴极池；
    光催化体系为一光催化池，光催化池内装填有含电子载体的电解质溶液，粉末光催化剂置于或分散在的电解质溶液中；
    粉末光催化剂在太阳光照下将可溶性高价态电子载体转化到低价态离子实现太阳能的大面积储存同时放出氧气并产生质子，收集储存电子载体和质子的电解质溶液，并输送到光电催化池中；光电催化阳极池的阳极利用光生载流子氧化低价态电子载体至高价态，并在光电催化阴极池的阴极结合质子产生氢气；收集氢气后，电解质溶液被返回至光催化体系循环使用。
  2. 按照权利要求1的方法，其特征是：所述的粉末光催化剂包括钒酸铋、钒酸银、钒酸铟、氧化钒、氧化钨、钨酸、磷酸银、碳氮化物、氧化铁、氧化亚铜、氮化钽、氮氧化钽、铬酸铅、锌镓氧氮、钛酸铅、铅酸锶、氧卤化铋等中的一种或者二种以上；
    所述电子载体为可溶性高价态/低价态电子载体，包括Fe3+/Fe2+、Fe(CN)6 3-/Fe(CN)6 4-、IO3 -/I-、I3 -/I-、VO2+/VO2 +、BQDS/BQDSH、Sn4+/Sn2+、MV2+/MV+、[Co(bpy)3]3+/[Co(bpy)3]2+、[Co(phen)3]3+/[Co(phen)3]2+等中的一种或者二种以上。
  3. 按照权利要求2的方法，其特征是：所述粉末光催化剂在必要时，其上不负载或可负载合适的助催化剂促进催化反应；
    沉积的助催化剂包括Pt、Ag、Au、Rh、Ru、Ni、Cu、MoS2、WS2、NixPy(x＝1-5,y＝1-4)、CoOx(x＝1-2)、MnOx(x＝1-2)、NiO、FeOx(x＝1-2)、TiO2、Cox(PO4)y(x＝1-3,y＝1-2)、Cox(BO3)y(x＝1-3,y＝1-2)等中的一种或者二种以上，尽可能选用廉价及丰度高的材料。
  4. 按照权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于：
    电解质溶液中电子载体的摩尔浓度1-100mM，粉末光催化剂的质量浓度0.1-50g/L。
  5. 按照权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：
    所述的粉末光催化剂均匀固载在透明基底上制成光催化剂片，置于反应容积中液面的上层；催化剂的固载方法为：将粉末光催化剂置于容器中，加入水制成胶浆，均匀刷涂于透明粘性的基底上，制成催化剂片；
    粉末光催化剂通过沉淀法、水热合成、固相合成法或高温氮化等方法合成。
  6. 按照权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：
    光催化剂在太阳光照射下氧化水产生的电子和质子储存在含有电子载体的电解质溶液中，转移至光电化学池进行产氢反应；通过对半导体光催化剂的形貌控制得到一定规则的形貌特征、结晶性良好、暴露不同的晶面的光催化剂，利用晶面间光生电荷分离原理实现氧化还原反应在不同的位点发生，有效抑制逆反应以提高光催化水氧化量子效率；
    光电催化产氢部分采用的电可以用可再生能源(可再生能源为风能和/或太阳能等)提供的电能代替，本发明与可再生能源形成优势互补，解决可再生能源难以储存的问题。
  7. 按照权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：光电催化体系中，阳极材料为廉价放氢催化剂(MoS2、NixP等中的一种或二种以上)、铂电极、改性的碳纸、氟(铟) 掺杂的氧化锡(FTO，ITO)、非晶硅薄膜、非晶硅锗薄膜、微晶硅薄膜、晶体硅、钒酸铋、氧化铁、氧化钽、锌镓氧氮、氮氧化钽中的一种或二种以上的组合。
  8. 按照权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：光电催化体系中，所述的电解质溶液为含有磷酸盐(10-100mM)、硝酸盐(10-100mM)、氯化盐(10-500mM)以及金属盐(1-100mM)中的一种或二种以上的海水和/或自来水，pH值为0-12。
  9. 按照权利要求1或5所述的方法，其特征在于：电能用于电解含有电子载体的溶液制氢的电解池采用两电极隔膜电极槽，隔膜为阴离子交换膜。
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