WO2016143764A1 - フィルタベント用充填剤、及びフィルタベント装置 - Google Patents
フィルタベント用充填剤、及びフィルタベント装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016143764A1 WO2016143764A1 PCT/JP2016/057064 JP2016057064W WO2016143764A1 WO 2016143764 A1 WO2016143764 A1 WO 2016143764A1 JP 2016057064 W JP2016057064 W JP 2016057064W WO 2016143764 A1 WO2016143764 A1 WO 2016143764A1
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- Prior art keywords
- zeolite
- filter vent
- silver
- filler
- agl
- Prior art date
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- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 107
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 194
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 190
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 190
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical group [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 112
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 112
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 111
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 70
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 abstract description 70
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 69
- 230000010485 coping Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 72
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 72
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 68
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 56
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 44
- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 39
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 26
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 14
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-RNFDNDRNSA-M iodine-131(1-) Chemical compound [131I-] XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-RNFDNDRNSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 2
- JKFYKCYQEWQPTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-azaniumyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)acetate Chemical compound OC(=O)C(N)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 JKFYKCYQEWQPTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004283 SiO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021612 Silver iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002496 iodine Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012857 radioactive material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003378 silver Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940045105 silver iodide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001256 stainless steel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
- B01J20/16—Alumino-silicates
- B01J20/18—Synthetic zeolitic molecular sieves
- B01J20/183—Physical conditioning without chemical treatment, e.g. drying, granulating, coating, irradiation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
- B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
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- B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
- B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
- B01D53/0407—Constructional details of adsorbing systems
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D—SEPARATION
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
- B01D53/68—Halogens or halogen compounds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
- B01J20/16—Alumino-silicates
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- B01J20/186—Chemical treatments in view of modifying the properties of the sieve, e.g. increasing the stability or the activity, also decreasing the activity
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- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
- B01J20/28052—Several layers of identical or different sorbents stacked in a housing, e.g. in a column
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- B01J39/00—Cation exchange; Use of material as cation exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the cation exchange properties
- B01J39/08—Use of material as cation exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the cation exchange properties
- B01J39/14—Base exchange silicates, e.g. zeolites
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J47/00—Ion-exchange processes in general; Apparatus therefor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
- C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
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- C01B39/20—Faujasite type, e.g. type X or Y
- C01B39/22—Type X
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
- C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
- C01B39/32—Type L
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
- C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
- C01B39/46—Other types characterised by their X-ray diffraction pattern and their defined composition
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C9/00—Emergency protection arrangements structurally associated with the reactor, e.g. safety valves provided with pressure equalisation devices
- G21C9/004—Pressure suppression
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
- G21F9/02—Treating gases
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D2257/206—Organic halogen compounds
- B01D2257/2068—Iodine
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a filter vent filler formed by granulating L-type zeolite and a filter vent apparatus for treating radioactive iodine.
- filters for removing radioactive iodine have been installed in nuclear facilities such as nuclear power plants.
- the vapor containing radioactive iodine generated in the nuclear facility is passed through the filter to adsorb and remove the radioactive iodine, and then discharged outside the nuclear facility. Since this process is very important, research and development have been conducted on the adsorption effect of radioactive iodine by a filter, and several radioactive iodine adsorbents using zeolite have been developed as such a filter.
- the adsorbent disclosed in Patent Document 1 utilizes the crystal structure of zeolite, and selectively adsorbs radioactive iodine using the molecular sieve effect due to the pore size. This adsorbent is considered to have a certain effect on the adsorption of radioactive iodine. However, it is required to develop a higher performance radioactive iodine adsorbent so that radioactive iodine is not leaked to the outside without fail.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and provides a filter vent filler and a filter vent device that can cope with severe accidents capable of adsorbing radioactive iodine more effectively than before. Objective.
- the characteristic configuration of the filter vent filler according to the present invention for solving the above problems is as follows.
- zeolite There are various types of zeolite, and their crystal structures are different, but each crystal structure has a characteristic of having a uniform pore diameter. Due to this characteristic pore size, zeolite is used for molecular sieves and selective adsorption of molecules. Conventionally, the types of zeolite that has been used as a base material for filter vent fillers are mainly X-type and Y-type. These crystal structures are the same, but the number of atoms of alkali metal ions which are ion exchange sites is different.
- the Y-type zeolite has fewer alkali metal ions than the X-type zeolite, the amount of silver that can be substituted for the alkali metal ion is less than that of the X-type zeolite. For this reason, the Y-type zeolite is inferior to the X-type zeolite in the ability to adsorb radioactive iodine.
- the inventors of the present invention have studied zeolites that are different from the above-mentioned X-type and Y-type and have excellent radioiodine adsorption ability, and have focused on L-type zeolites.
- L-type zeolite has the same number of alkali metal ion atoms as Y-type zeolite, but its crystal structure is different from that of Y-type zeolite.
- the present inventors have found that L-type zeolite having such a characteristic structure can also effectively absorb radioactive iodine, and have developed a novel filter vent filler.
- Such a filter vent filler is constituted by replacing at least part of ion exchange sites (potassium sites) of L-type zeolite with silver (this zeolite is referred to as “AgL zeolite” in the present specification). Called).
- this AgL zeolite can adsorb radioactive iodine as silver iodide, even if an abnormal situation such as a nuclear reactor accident occurs, it is possible to prevent the radioactive iodine from being scattered outside the reactor. it can.
- the composition ratio (a / b) between the ion exchange site (a) substituted with silver and the ion exchange site (b) not substituted with silver is 25/75 to 55/45. It is preferable that it is set to.
- the inventors of the present invention As a result of intensive studies, the inventors of the present invention, as a result of intensive studies, when the ion exchange site and the ion exchange site not substituted with silver are set to the above-described composition ratio, the AgL zeolite is effectively radioactive. It was found that iodine adsorption ability was demonstrated.
- said composition ratio is corresponded to the ratio (atomic ratio) of the number of silver atoms contained in AgL zeolite, and the number of metal atoms other than a silver atom. In the event of an abnormal situation such as a nuclear accident (severe accident), it is important to deal with it immediately after the accident so that radioactive iodine does not scatter around.
- the silver content is preferably set to 7 to 12% by weight in a dry state.
- the filter vent filler of this configuration has the silver content set as described above, it can be a filter vent filler having an excellent effect of adsorbing radioactive iodine.
- the thickness is 2 inches or more.
- the filter vent filler of this configuration is configured to have a thickness of 2 inches or more, for example, even when the temperature of the vapor containing radioactive iodine is less than 100 ° C., the reactivity is somewhat lowered. It is possible to reliably adsorb and remove radioactive iodine at a practical level.
- the filter vent filler In the filter vent filler according to the present invention, It is preferably used under a temperature condition of 99 ° C. or higher.
- the filter vent filler of this configuration is used under a temperature condition of 99 ° C. or higher, even if the filter vent filler is relatively thin with a thickness of less than 2 inches, radioactive iodine can be used at a practical level. Adsorb and remove reliably.
- the characteristic configuration of the filter vent device according to the present invention for solving the above problems is A filter vent device for continuously processing radioactive iodine, A silver-containing filler in which almost all of the ion exchange sites of the X-type zeolite are substituted with silver is disposed in front of any one of the filter vent fillers described above.
- the AgL zeolite in the filter vent apparatus is usually in a normal temperature state.
- the steam is cooled on the surface of the AgL zeolite and moisture condensation occurs.
- the hydrogen concentration and the oxygen concentration are relatively high in the filter vent device, and the risk of hydrogen explosion increases.
- a silver-containing filler in which almost all of the ion exchange sites of the X-type zeolite are substituted with silver in the front stage of the filter vent filler composed of AgL zeolite (this specification) Is referred to as “AgX zeolite”).
- AgX zeolite this specification
- the AgX zeolite and the AgL zeolite have a two-stage configuration, when high-temperature steam containing hydrogen flows into the filter vent device, most of the steam is condensed in the former stage AgX zeolite and moisture is removed. In the latter stage AgL zeolite, water condensation hardly occurs, and an increase in relative hydrogen concentration or oxygen concentration can be avoided.
- the AgX zeolite in the previous stage can adsorb not only radioactive iodine but also hydrogen well, an increase in relative hydrogen concentration is suppressed. This reduces the risk of hydrogen explosion.
- the gas passing through the latter AgL zeolite has already been reduced in hydrogen concentration. Therefore, if it is a filter vent apparatus of this structure, hydrogen and radioactive iodine can be reduced effectively from the initial stage of severe accident.
- the processing capacity of the former stage AgX zeolite decreases after a predetermined time has elapsed, the latter stage AgL zeolite can exhibit excellent radioiodine adsorption capacity close to that of AgX zeolite even in the presence of hydrogen.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a boiling water reactor including a filter vent device according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram of a boiling water reactor including a filter vent device according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing changes in temperature when a gas containing hydrogen is passed through AgL zeolite according to the filter vent filler of Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing a change in temperature when a gas containing hydrogen is passed through AgX zeolite.
- the L-type zeolite serving as a base for the filter vent filler of the present invention will be described.
- Zeolite is a kind of silicate, and the basic unit of structure is (SiO 4 ) 4- and (AlO 4 ) 5- of tetrahedral structure, and these basic units are connected one after another three-dimensionally to form a crystal structure Form.
- Various crystal structures are formed depending on the form of connection of the basic units, and each formed crystal structure has a unique uniform pore diameter. Since it has this uniform pore size, the zeolite has characteristics such as molecular sieve, adsorption, and ion exchange ability.
- the filter vent filler of the present invention uses L-type zeolite which is a kind of zeolite.
- the L-type zeolite is used, for example, as a molecular sieve for the separation of normal paraffins (C 1 to C 7 ), and at least a part of the potassium site, which is an ion exchange site of the L-type zeolite, is replaced with silver.
- the filler for filter vents of this invention is prepared.
- Such a filter vent filler is referred to herein as "AgL zeolite".
- AgL zeolite has excellent radioiodine adsorption ability similar to conventional AgX zeolite, and the filter vent filler of the present invention uses this property to prevent the radioactive iodine from being scattered outside the reactor facility. To do. As will be described in detail later, AgL zeolite has a smaller amount of silver that can replace the ion exchange site than conventional AgX zeolite and Y-type zeolite. Since silver is an expensive metal, the use of AgL zeolite as a filter vent filler is advantageous in terms of cost because the amount of silver can be reduced.
- AgL zeolite is replaced with silver, but the ion exchange site of AgL zeolite according to the present invention can be replaced not only with silver but also with metal other than silver and silver. That is, AgL zeolite can be prepared by substituting part of the ion exchange site of L-type zeolite with silver and substituting the remaining part with at least one selected from the group consisting of lead, nickel, and copper. is there. Since these metals are less expensive than silver, when AgL zeolite is prepared and used as a filter vent filler as described above, the amount of silver can be reduced, which is advantageous in terms of cost.
- AgL zeolite has a composition ratio (a / b) of an ion exchange site (a) substituted with silver and an ion exchange site (b) not substituted with silver among the ion exchange sites of L-type zeolite.
- the ion exchange site not substituted with silver means a site substituted with a potassium site or a metal other than silver.
- the composition ratio corresponds to the ratio (atomic ratio) of the number of silver atoms contained in the AgL zeolite and the sum of the number of potassium atoms and the number of metal atoms other than silver.
- composition ratio (a / b) When the composition ratio (a / b) is smaller than 25/75, the ion exchange sites substituted with silver are insufficient, and the adsorption effect of radioactive iodine becomes insufficient. On the other hand, even if an attempt is made to increase the component ratio (a / b) above 55/45, if the ion exchange of silver proceeds to some extent, it becomes difficult for the ion exchange of silver to occur further. It is difficult to do with current technology. Further, as described above, since silver is an expensive material, if the silver content is too high, it is disadvantageous in terms of cost.
- At least a part of the ion exchange site of the L-type zeolite is replaced with silver alone so that the above range is satisfied, or a metal other than silver and silver (lead, nickel, copper) is selected.
- the filter vent filler (AgL zeolite) prepared as described above has a silver content of 7 to 12% by weight under dry conditions.
- the silver content is set to such a range, the function of the ion exchange site by the silver contained in the filter vent filler and a metal other than silver (a kind selected from the group consisting of lead, nickel and copper) Even if the function of the ion exchange site due to is effectively exerted in a balanced manner and severe accidents occur, it is possible to reliably avoid scattering of radioactive iodine while maintaining safety.
- the silver content of AgX zeolite is around 39% by weight on a dry weight basis
- the silver content of Y-type zeolite is around 30% by weight on a dry weight basis.
- the silver content of the AgL zeolite is 7 to 12% by weight in a dry state, that is, around 10% by weight, the silver content of the AgL zeolite is about 1 ⁇ 4 of the AgX zeolite and about the Y type zeolite. 1/3.
- AgL zeolite requires less silver than AgX zeolite and Y-type zeolite. Therefore, the amount of silver can be greatly reduced, which is advantageous in terms of cost.
- an AgL zeolite formed into an appropriate shape for example, a granular type or a pellet type, is preferably used.
- the particle size is adjusted to 4 ⁇ 100 mesh (JIS K 1474-4-6), preferably 10 ⁇ 20 mesh (JIS K 1474-4-6).
- the “mesh” representing the particle size will be described.
- “10 ⁇ 20 mesh” means that the particle passes through the 10 mesh sieve but does not pass through the 20 mesh sieve, that is, the particle size is 10 to 20 mesh.
- the water content of the particles is adjusted to 15% by weight or less, preferably 12% by weight or less as the water content when drying loss is performed at 150 ° C. for 3 hours.
- the pellet length is adjusted to 6 mm or less, preferably 4 mm or less.
- the pellet diameter is adjusted to 2 mm or less, preferably 1.5 mm or less.
- the moisture content of the pellet type can be adjusted to the same range as that of the granular type. If the filler for filter vents adjusted in this way is used, the above-mentioned excellent radioactive iodine adsorption ability can be exhibited more effectively.
- the filter vent filler according to the present invention has an abrasion degree of 10% or less (ASTM D-4058), preferably 5% or less (ASTM D-4058), more preferably 3% or less (ASTM D-4058). It is adjusted to become. Thereby, even if it puts on severe conditions, such as a filter vent, the filler for filter vents can maintain the shape, and can continue exhibiting high radioactive iodine adsorption ability.
- AgX zeolite obtained by ion-exchanging substantially all of the sodium sites in the X-type zeolite is disposed in the preceding stage of the AgL zeolite, as will be described in the following embodiments.
- a 13X-type zeolite is preferably used as the X-type zeolite serving as the base of the AgX zeolite.
- the 13X zeolite ion-exchanged with silver has a smaller pore size than the original 13X zeolite.
- the pore size (about 0.4 nm) of 13X zeolite having sodium sites before being ion-exchanged with silver is too large to capture hydrogen molecules (molecular size: about 0.29 nm).
- an optimum pore diameter (about 0.29 nm) is obtained in which hydrogen molecules are tightly accommodated.
- the 13X zeolite ion-exchanged with silver can adsorb not only radioactive iodine but also hydrogen molecules with high efficiency and efficiency.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a boiling water reactor 100 including a filter vent device 50 according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the boiling water reactor 100 includes a filter vent device 50, a reactor building 3, a reactor containment vessel 4, and a reactor pressure vessel 5.
- the filter vent device 50 includes a filter vent filler 1 and a filter vent portion 2.
- the filter vent part 2 of the present embodiment employs a scrubber type wet vent system.
- the filter vent device 50 is installed outside the reactor building 3 in case an accident occurs in the reactor and the reactor containment vessel 4 is damaged.
- the steam in the reactor containment vessel 4 is sent to the filter vent device 50 through the pipe 6 as shown by the solid line arrow in FIG. 1.
- the filter vent device 50 radioactive iodine in the vapor is collected by the filter vent portion 2, and then discharged from the exhaust pipe through the filter vent filler 1 to the outside.
- the filter vent filler 1 is housed in a case 7 and connected to the subsequent stage of the filter vent portion 2.
- the case 7 is preferably made of a material having heat resistance and corrosion resistance because water vapor and gas generated from the reactor containment vessel 4 flow therethrough. Examples of the material of the case 7 include stainless steel and titanium alloy, and aluminum alloy or the like can also be used.
- the case 7 is provided with a plurality of minute holes so that steam and gas can flow inside. Filling the case 7 with the filter vent filler 1 makes it easy to handle the filter vent filler 1.
- the nuclear facility requires the utmost attention to safety, it is desirable that the human work be performed as easily and in a short time as possible.
- the case 7 since the case 7 has a simple configuration in which the filter vent filler 1 is filled, when the filter vent filler 1 is replaced, it is simply removed from the case 7 and replaced with a new one. It can be done with simple work. Therefore, the burden on the worker can be reduced, and safety can be ensured.
- the filter vent device 50 When the filter vent device 50 is configured, it is considered that radioactive iodine is successively adsorbed by the AgL zeolite and the radioactive iodine in the vapor is removed.
- the AgL zeolite (filter vent filler 1) in the case 7 disposed downstream of the filter vent part 2 is usually at room temperature. It is in the state of. In this state, when high-temperature steam containing hydrogen flows into the filter vent device 50, when the steam enters the case 7, it is cooled on the surface of the filter vent filler 1 and moisture condensation occurs. Thereby, in the filter vent apparatus 50, hydrogen concentration and oxygen concentration become relatively high, and the danger of hydrogen explosion increases. For this reason, when the filter vent filler 1 is applied alone to the filter vent device 50, the safety may be lowered depending on the situation, particularly in the initial stage of severe accident.
- the present invention has come up with an optimal filter vent device configuration for reliably removing not only radioactive iodine but also highly explosive hydrogen.
- a configuration in the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, substantially all of the ion exchange sites of the 13X zeolite are replaced with silver in the front stage of the filter vent filler 1 made of the AgL zeolite of the present invention.
- the silver-containing filler 8 made of AgX zeolite prepared in this manner was arranged. In this way, if the silver-containing filler 8 (AgX zeolite) and the filter vent filler 1 (AgL zeolite) are configured in two stages in the case 7, high-temperature steam containing hydrogen is generated in the filter vent device 50.
- the filter vent part 2 the silver-containing filler 8, and the filter vent filler 1 are continuously arranged to share the respective functions, thereby increasing hydrogen and radioactive iodine. It becomes possible to adsorb efficiently and effectively. As a result, an increase in the hydrogen concentration in the filter vent device 50 can be suppressed, and radioactive iodine can be reliably prevented from being scattered in the surrounding environment, thereby improving safety.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram of a boiling water reactor 100 including a filter vent device 50 according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the case 7 in which the filter vent filler 1 and the silver-containing filler 8 are stored is not directly adjacent to the reactor containment vessel 4, that is, the filter vent portion 2. Arranged downstream.
- the case 7 which accommodates the silver containing filler 8 and the filler 1 for filter vents adjoins the reactor containment vessel 4 It was made to install in.
- the steam discharged from the reactor containment vessel 4 contains hydrogen in addition to radioactive iodine, and the steam is sent to the filter vent device 50 through the pipe 6 as shown by the solid line arrow in FIG.
- the steam flows through the silver-containing filler 8 in the case 7 before the processing by the filter vent portion 2, and then flows through the filter vent filler 1.
- the filter vent device 50 is configured in this manner, the adsorption of radioactive iodine and the treatment of hydrogen are performed before the vapor is sent to the filter vent portion 2, and thus the silver-containing filler 8 and the filter vent filler 1 are accommodated.
- the gas coming out of the case 7 has a reduced load, and can be processed smoothly by the filter vent portion 2.
- the first to second embodiments described above are all embodiments relating to a boiling water reactor, but the filter vent filler 1 of the present invention can also be applied to a pressurized water reactor.
- the filter vent filler 1 and the silver-containing filler 8 are accommodated in the case 7 and connected to the subsequent stage of the filter vent portion 2 as a countermeasure when the nuclear reactor is damaged by a severe accident.
- the filter vent device 50 arranged as described above can be installed in a pressurized water reactor.
- the case 7 containing the silver-containing filler 8 and the filter vent filler 1 is placed in the pressurized water reactor. It can also be installed at a position adjacent to the reactor containment vessel 4 (not shown).
- the filter vent filler 1 of the present invention is combined with not only a wet vent system in which the filter vent portion 2 described in each of the above embodiments is a scrubber system, but also, for example, a metal fiber filter or a sand filter. It can also be applied to the Dora event system.
- Example 1 An appropriate amount of L-type zeolite was added to an aqueous nitrate solution adjusted to an appropriate silver concentration, and the mixture was stirred at about room temperature for 1 day to perform ion exchange treatment. The L-type zeolite after the ion exchange treatment was filtered off, washed with pure water, and dried to obtain AgL zeolite. After this AgL zeolite was heated and dissolved in a mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, the silver content was analyzed with an ICP emission spectrophotometer (ICP emission spectrophotometer iCAP-6200Duo manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd.).
- ICP emission spectrophotometer ICP emission spectrophotometer iCAP-6200Duo manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd.
- the dry weight was 11.46% by weight. Further, potassium remaining in the AgL zeolite was 5.73% by weight in terms of dry weight.
- the ratio (atomic ratio) of silver and potassium constituting the ion exchange site of the AgL zeolite was 42/58.
- Example 2 An appropriate amount of L-type zeolite was added to an aqueous nitrate solution adjusted to an appropriate silver concentration, and the mixture was stirred at about room temperature for 1 day to perform ion exchange treatment.
- the L-type zeolite after the ion exchange treatment was filtered off, washed with pure water, and dried to obtain AgL zeolite. After this AgL zeolite was heated and dissolved in a mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, the silver content was analyzed with an ICP emission spectrophotometer (ICP emission spectrophotometer iCAP-6200Duo manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd.). The dry weight was 8.06% by weight.
- Example 3 An appropriate amount of L-type zeolite was added to an aqueous nitrate solution adjusted to an appropriate silver concentration, and the mixture was stirred at about room temperature for 1 day to perform ion exchange treatment. The L-type zeolite after the ion exchange treatment was filtered off, washed with pure water, and dried to obtain AgL zeolite.
- Example 4 An appropriate amount of L-type zeolite was added to an aqueous nitrate solution adjusted to an appropriate silver concentration, and the mixture was stirred at about room temperature for 1 day to perform ion exchange treatment.
- the L-type zeolite after the ion exchange treatment was filtered off, washed with pure water, and dried to obtain AgL zeolite. After this AgL zeolite was heated and dissolved in a mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, the silver content was analyzed with an ICP emission spectrophotometer (ICP emission spectrophotometer iCAP-6200Duo manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd.). The dry weight was 11.02% by weight.
- Example 5 An appropriate amount of L-type zeolite was added to an aqueous nitrate solution adjusted to an appropriate silver concentration, and the mixture was stirred at about room temperature for 1 day to perform ion exchange treatment. The L-type zeolite after the ion exchange treatment was filtered off, washed with pure water, and dried to obtain AgL zeolite.
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd. After this AgL zeolite was heated and dissolved in a mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, the silver content was analyzed with an ICP emission spectrophotometer (ICP emission spectrophotometer iCAP-6200Duo manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd.). The dry weight was 8.06% by weight. Further, the potassium remaining in the AgL zeolite was 6.10% by weight in terms of dry weight. The ratio (atomic ratio) of silver and potassium constituting the ion exchange site of the AgL zeolite was 32/68.
- Examples 1 to 5 For the AgL zeolite of Examples 1 to 5 heated to about 150 ° C., (A) Only dry air was allowed to flow for 10 minutes after the start of flow, and (B) 10 minutes to 40 minutes after the start of flow. The dry gas, water vapor, and hydrogen mixed gas were allowed to flow through until (C), and only dry air was allowed to flow from 40 minutes to 50 minutes after starting the flow.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the temperature change when a gas containing hydrogen is passed through the AgL zeolite of Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing a change in temperature when a gas containing hydrogen is passed through the AgX zeolite of Reference Example 1.
- the AgL zeolite related to the filter vent filler of Example 1 was maintained at about 150 ° C. during the period (A) in which only dry air was passed.
- a mixed gas (by volume percentage, including dry air (85.5%), water vapor (12.0%), and hydrogen (2.5%)) was passed.
- the contact time of the mixed gas with respect to AgL zeolite at this time was set to 0.28 seconds. Then, the temperature gradually increased from about 10 to 15 minutes from the start of the test, and the temperature was maintained at about 170 ° C.
- This increase in temperature can be presumed to be caused by the heat of adsorption generated when the silver zeolite part of AgL zeolite adsorbs hydrogen or the heat of reaction due to some reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. There was a slight change in the temperature change from about 30 minutes to 35 minutes after the start of the test, but the temperature did not rise rapidly, and then the temperature gradually dropped. The temperature dropped to about 150 ° C. at the start.
- the AgX zeolite related to the filter vent filler of Reference Example 1 was maintained at about 150 ° C. during the period (A) in which only dry air was passed.
- a mixed gas (by volume percentage, containing dry air (85.5%), water vapor (11.0%), and hydrogen (2.5%)) was passed.
- the contact time of the mixed gas with respect to AgX zeolite at this time was set to 0.28 seconds. Then, the temperature increased after 10 minutes from the start of the test, and increased to 250 ° C. after 30 minutes from the start of the test.
- Such a change in temperature is caused by the fact that in the AgX zeolite of Reference Example 1, the silver zeolite part successively adsorbs hydrogen and heat of adsorption is continuously generated, and further, hydrogen and oxygen react. It is presumed that reaction heat has been generated. Thereafter, the temperature gradually decreased, and during the period (C), the temperature dropped to about 180 ° C., but was higher than 150 ° C. at the start of flow.
- the AgX zeolite of Reference Example 1 when hydrogen or the like was allowed to flow, the temperature rapidly increased and the temperature gradually decreased after the hydrogen flow was stopped. From this, it can be determined that the AgX zeolite of Reference Example 1 has a large heat generated by hydrogen adsorption, that is, has a large hydrogen adsorption capacity.
- Examples 6 to 9 A methyl iodide adsorption test was performed on AgL zeolite (Examples 6 to 9) in which the silver content was changed within the range specified in the present invention.
- Methyl iodide is assumed to be radioactive iodine generated when a severe accident occurs in a nuclear reactor facility, and the adsorption property of radioactive iodine by AgL zeolite can be predicted by an adsorption test of methyl iodide.
- a pellet of AgL zeolite having a diameter of about 1 mm and a length of about 1 to 4 mm was filled into a metal container having air permeability (corresponding to case 7 shown in FIG. 1).
- a 105 ° C. or 115 ° C. high-temperature gas containing methyl iodide is passed through the metal container (composition: 100% by volume of steam), and the concentration of methyl iodide contained in the gas before and after passing through the metal container determines AgL zeolite.
- the adsorption rate of methyl iodide was determined.
- the high temperature gas at 105 ° C. used in this example has a temperature difference from the dew point of 5K (Kelvin, the same applies hereinafter), and the high temperature gas at 115 ° C. has a temperature difference from the dew point of 15K.
- the results of the methyl iodide adsorption test are shown in Table 1.
- the AgL zeolites of Examples 6 to 9 are methyl iodide when the temperature of the hot gas is 105 ° C. and 115 ° C., even if the contact time is as short as about 0.2 seconds or 0.2 seconds or less. It showed very high performance with an adsorption rate of 99% or more. This is a value comparable to AgX zeolite, which is known to have a high radioiodine adsorption capacity. Further, it was also found that the methyl iodide adsorption ability of AgL zeolite is not greatly affected by the silver content, and sufficient performance can be obtained within the scope of the present invention.
- Example 10 In Example 10 shown in Table 2, for the AgL zeolite having a silver content of 11.02% by weight and a potassium content of 5.83% by weight, the filling thickness of the metal container was changed in the range of 2 to 6 inches. Specimens were prepared, and each specimen was heated at 104 ° C. or 109 ° C. containing methyl iodide (CH 3 131 I) as radioactive iodine (composition: steam 95% by volume + dry air 5% by volume, pressure: 98 kPa). The same applies to Examples 11 to 13 below), and the adsorption rate of methyl iodide was determined.
- the high temperature gas at 104 ° C. used in this example has a temperature difference from the dew point of 5K
- the high temperature gas at 109 ° C. has a temperature difference from the dew point of 10K.
- Example 10 it was found that the adsorption rate of methyl iodide increases as the filling thickness of the metal container increases. For the same thickness, the higher the temperature of the hot gas, the higher the adsorption rate.
- Example 11 In Example 11 shown in Table 3, with respect to AgL zeolite having a silver content of 10.28% by weight and a potassium content of 6.42% by weight, the filling thickness of the metal container was changed in the range of 2 to 6 inches. A specimen was prepared, and a 99 ° C. high-temperature gas containing methyl iodide (CH 3 131 I) was passed through each specimen to determine the adsorption rate of methyl iodide. By the way, the temperature difference from the dew point of the high temperature gas of 99 ° C. used in this example is 0K.
- Example 11 as in Example 10, the adsorption rate of methyl iodide increased as the filling thickness of the metal container increased. Moreover, even if the temperature of the high temperature gas is 100 ° C. or lower, methyl iodide adsorbing ability having no practical problem can be obtained, and by setting the thickness to 3 inches or more, high methyl iodide adsorbing ability of 99% or more Turned out to be achieved.
- Example 12 In Example 12 shown in Table 4, for the AgL zeolite having a silver content of 10.03% by weight and a potassium content of 5.97% by weight, the filling thickness of the metal container was changed in the range of 2 to 6 inches. A specimen was prepared, and a 99 ° C. or 101 ° C. high-temperature gas containing methyl iodide (CH 3 131 I) was passed through each specimen to determine the adsorption rate of methyl iodide.
- the high temperature gas of 99 ° C. used in this example has a temperature difference from the dew point of 0K
- the high temperature gas of 101 ° C. has a temperature difference from the dew point of 2K.
- Example 12 as in Examples 10 and 11, the adsorption rate of methyl iodide increased as the filling thickness of the metal container increased. Moreover, even if the temperature of the high temperature gas is 100 ° C. or less, it is possible to obtain practically no methyl iodide adsorption capability, and the thickness should be 3 inches or more, or the temperature should be slightly higher than 100 ° C. It was found that a high methyl iodide adsorption capacity of 99% or more was achieved.
- Example 13 In Example 13 shown in Table 5, with respect to AgL zeolite having a silver content of 9.00% by weight and a potassium content of 6.58% by weight, the filling thickness of the metal container was changed in the range of 2 to 6 inches. Specimens were prepared, and a high-temperature gas containing 101 ° C. containing methyl iodide (CH 3 131 I) was passed through each specimen to determine the adsorption rate of methyl iodide. Incidentally, the temperature difference from the dew point of the high-temperature gas of 101 ° C. used in this example is 2K.
- Example 13 as in Examples 10 to 12, the adsorption rate of methyl iodide increased as the filling thickness of the metal container increased. Further, even when the silver content is relatively low 9.00%, a practically satisfactory methyl iodide adsorbing ability can be obtained. By making the thickness 3 inches or more, high methyl iodide of 99% or more is obtained. It was found that adsorption capacity was achieved.
- Example 14 shown in Table 6 prepares specimens in which the filling thickness of a metal container is changed in the range of 2 to 4 inches for AgL zeolite having a silver content of 11% by weight and a potassium content of 6% by weight. Under the wet condition of 95% relative humidity at a pressure of 399 kPa (corresponding to a temperature difference of 2 to 3 K from the dew point, the same as in Example 15 below), methyl iodide (CH 3 131 I) was added to each specimen. A high temperature gas containing 110 ° C., 120 ° C., or 130 ° C. was passed at a linear velocity of 24.4 m / min to determine the adsorption rate of methyl iodide.
- CH 3 131 I methyl iodide
- Example 14 the adsorption rate of methyl iodide increased as the filling thickness of the metal container increased. It was also found that a high methyl iodide adsorption capacity of 99% or more was achieved even under severe conditions of very high pressure and temperature.
- Example 15 shown in Table 7 prepares specimens in which the filling thickness of a metal container is changed in the range of 1 to 4 inches for AgL zeolite having a silver content of 11% by weight and a potassium content of 6% by weight. Then, under humid conditions with a relative humidity of 95%, a hot gas of 110 ° C. or 130 ° C. containing iodine ( 131 I 2 ) as radioactive iodine was passed through each specimen at a linear velocity of 24.4 m / min. The adsorption rate of iodine was determined.
- Example 15 is a test for confirming the adsorption ability of AgL zeolite as iodine.
- the iodine adsorption rate increased as the filling thickness of the metal container increased. That is, it was found that the filter vent filler of the present invention has a high adsorbability not only for methyl iodide but also for iodine as an element. Further, this iodine adsorption ability was 99% or more even under severe conditions of very high pressure and temperature, indicating that it was very excellent.
- Example 16 In Example 16 shown in Table 8, a specimen having a filling thickness of 2 inches in a metal container was prepared for AgL zeolite having a silver content of 11% by weight and a potassium content of 6% by weight. In order to reproduce the above conditions, a high temperature gas of 120 ° C. containing methyl iodide (CH 3 I) in a specimen set at 26 ° C. (composition: steam 53 volume% + dry air 24 volume% + hydrogen 10 volume%) + 13% by volume of nitrogen) was passed so that the residence time was 0.15 seconds, and the temperature change and the adsorption rate of methyl iodide were determined.
- a high temperature gas of 120 ° C. containing methyl iodide (CH 3 I) in a specimen set at 26 ° C. composition: steam 53 volume% + dry air 24 volume% + hydrogen 10 volume%) + 13% by volume of nitrogen
- Example 16 is a test for confirming the adsorption ability of methyl iodide of AgL zeolite in a high-concentration hydrogen atmosphere.
- the temperature difference from the dew point of the high-temperature gas of 120 ° C. used in this example is 37K.
- Example 16 the adsorption rate of methyl iodide achieved 99.9% from the initial stage of high-temperature gas flow, and a high adsorption rate of 99.9% or more was maintained thereafter. Moreover, the temperature of AgL zeolite was maintained in the vicinity of the temperature of the hot gas and was not overheated. From this phenomenon, AgL zeolite is presumed to have low reactivity with hydrogen, and it was shown that it can exhibit high methyl iodide adsorption ability even in a high concentration hydrogen atmosphere.
- the AgL zeolite of the present invention is an excellent filter vent filler having both safety in the presence of hydrogen and radioiodine adsorption ability. For this reason, if the filler for filter vents containing the AgL zeolite of this invention is used, even if it is individual, it will become possible to remove a radioactive iodine to a safe level.
- the filter vent filler containing the AgL zeolite of the present invention is arranged in a filter vent device together with the silver-containing filler containing AgX zeolite, most of the hydrogen and the hydrogen are contained by the silver-containing filler in the previous stage (AgX zeolite). After the radioactive iodine is adsorbed, a trace amount of radioactive iodine that has not been adsorbed in the former stage can be reliably adsorbed by the latter filter vent filler (AgL zeolite of the present invention).
- the filter vent filler and filter vent apparatus of the present invention are used in nuclear facilities such as nuclear power plants, but the safety of facilities (housing, stores, schools, etc.) existing around the nuclear facilities. It is also possible to use for the purpose of protecting. It can also be used in ships equipped with nuclear reactors, research facilities, factories, and the like.
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Abstract
Description
L型ゼオライトを造粒してなるフィルタベント用充填剤であって、
前記L型ゼオライトが有するイオン交換サイトの少なくとも一部が銀で置換されていることにある。
そのようなフィルタベント用充填剤は、L型ゼオライトが有するイオン交換サイト(カリウムサイト)の少なくとも一部を銀で置換して構成される(このようなゼオライトを本明細書では「AgLゼオライト」と称する。)。このAgLゼオライトは、放射性ヨウ素をヨウ化銀として吸着することができるため、原子炉事故のような異常事態が起こった場合であっても、放射性ヨウ素の原子炉外部への飛散を防止することができる。
前記イオン交換サイトのうち、銀で置換されたイオン交換サイト(a)と、銀で置換されていないイオン交換サイト(b)との構成比率(a/b)が、25/75~55/45に設定されていることが好ましい。
前記銀の含有量が乾燥状態下で7~12重量%に設定されていることが好ましい。
2インチ以上の厚みとなるように構成されていることが好ましい。
99℃以上の温度条件下で使用されることが好ましい。
連続的に放射性ヨウ素を処理するフィルタベント装置であって、
上記の何れか一つのフィルタベント用充填剤の前段に、X型ゼオライトが有するイオン交換サイトの略全てを銀で置換した銀含有充填剤が配置されていることにある。
そこで、本発明に係るフィルタベント装置では、AgLゼオライトで構成されるフィルタベント用充填剤の前段に、X型ゼオライトが有するイオン交換サイトの略全てを銀で置換した銀含有充填剤(本明細書では「AgXゼオライト」と称する。)を配置する構成とした。このようにAgXゼオライトとAgLゼオライトとの二段構成とすれば、フィルタベント装置に水素を含む高温の蒸気が流入すると、前段のAgXゼオライトにおいて、蒸気の大半が凝縮して水分が取り除かれるため、後段のAgLゼオライトでは水分凝縮は殆ど起こらず、相対的な水素濃度や酸素濃度の上昇を回避することができる。しかも、前段のAgXゼオライトは、放射性ヨウ素だけでなく水素も良好に吸着できるため、相対的な水素濃度の上昇が抑制される。このため、水素爆発の危険性が低減する。また、後段のAgLゼオライトを通過するガスは水素濃度が既に低減されたものとなっている。従って、本構成のフィルタベント装置であれば、シビアアクシデントの初期段階から水素及び放射性ヨウ素を効果的に低減することができる。また、所定時間経過後、仮に、前段のAgXゼオライトの処理能力が低下してきても、後段のAgLゼオライトは水素の存在下でもAgXゼオライトに近い優れた放射性ヨウ素吸着能を発揮できるため、長時間に亘ってシビアアクシデントへの対応が可能となる。このように、フィルタベント装置において、AgXゼオライト、及びAgLゼオライトを二段階で設置すれば、フィルタベント装置内での水素濃度の上昇を抑制できるとともに、周辺環境に放射性ヨウ素が飛散することを確実に防止し、安全性をより向上させることができる。
まず、本発明のフィルタベント用充填剤のベースとなるL型ゼオライトについて説明する。ゼオライトはケイ酸塩の一種であり、構造の基本単位は四面体構造の(SiO4)4-及び(AlO4)5-であり、この基本単位が次々と三次元的に連結して結晶構造を形成する。基本単位の連結の形式によって種々の結晶構造が形成され、形成される結晶構造ごとに固有の均一な細孔径を有する。この均一な細孔径を有するため、ゼオライトには分子篩や吸着、イオン交換能といった特性が備わることとなる。本発明のフィルタベント用充填剤は、ゼオライトの一種であるL型ゼオライトを使用する。L型ゼオライトは、例えば、モレキュラーシーブとしてノルマルパラフィン類(C1~C7)の分離に使用されるものであり、このL型ゼオライトのイオン交換サイトであるカリウムサイトの少なくとも一部を銀で置換することにより、本発明のフィルタベント用充填剤が調製される。このようなフィルタベント用充填剤を本明細書では「AgLゼオライト」と称する。
本発明のフィルタベント装置では、後述の実施形態で説明するように、上記AgLゼオライトの前段にX型ゼオライト中のナトリウムサイトの略全てを銀でイオン交換したAgXゼオライトを配置する。AgXゼオライトのベースとなるX型ゼオライトは、13X型ゼオライトが好適に使用される。銀でイオン交換された13X型ゼオライトは、元の13X型ゼオライトよりも細孔径のサイズが小さくなる。具体的には、銀でイオン交換される前のナトリウムサイトを有する13X型ゼオライトの細孔径(約0.4nm)は、水素分子(分子径:約0.29nm)を捕捉するには大き過ぎるサイズであるが、ナトリウムサイトを銀でイオン交換すると、水素分子がぴったりと収まる最適な細孔径(約0.29nm)となる。その結果、銀でイオン交換された13X型ゼオライトは、放射性ヨウ素だけでなく、水素分子についても高効率で効果的に吸着することが可能となる。
[第一実施形態]
上記のように調製したAgLゼオライト、及びAgXゼオライトを用いた本発明のフィルタベント装置に関して説明する。図1は、本発明の第一実施形態に係るフィルタベント装置50を備える沸騰水型炉100の概略構成図である。沸騰水型炉100は、図1に示すように、フィルタベント装置50、原子炉建屋3、原子炉格納容器4、及び原子炉圧力容器5から構成されている。フィルタベント装置50は、フィルタベント用充填剤1、及びフィルタベント部2を備えている。本実施形態のフィルタベント部2は、スクラバー方式によるウェットベントシステムを採用している。フィルタベント装置50は、原子炉に事故が起こり、原子炉格納容器4が損傷した場合に備えて、原子炉建屋3の外側に設置されている。原子炉格納容器4の内部圧力が上昇した場合、図1の実線矢印で示すように、原子炉格納容器4内の蒸気が配管6を通じてフィルタベント装置50へ送られる。フィルタベント装置50においては、蒸気中の放射性ヨウ素がフィルタベント部2によって捕集され、その後、フィルタベント用充填剤1を通って排気筒から外部に排出される。
図2は、本発明の第二実施形態に係るフィルタベント装置50を備える沸騰水型炉100の概略構成図である。上記の第一実施形態では、フィルタベント装置50において、フィルタベント用充填剤1及び銀含有充填剤8を収納するケース7が原子炉格納容器4に直接隣接しない位置、すなわち、フィルタベント部2の下流側に配置した。これに対し、第二実施形態では、図2に示すように、フィルタベント装置50において、銀含有充填剤8及びフィルタベント用充填剤1を収納するケース7が原子炉格納容器4と隣接する位置に設置するようにした。このとき、原子炉格納容器4から排出される蒸気には、放射性ヨウ素の他に水素も含まれ、蒸気は図2の実線矢印で示すように、配管6を通じてフィルタベント装置50に送られる。第二実施形態では、フィルタベント部2による処理の前に、蒸気がケース7内の銀含有充填剤8を通流し、その次にフィルタベント用充填剤1を通流する。このようにフィルタベント装置50を構成した場合、フィルタベント部2へ蒸気を送る前に放射性ヨウ素の吸着及び水素の処理が行われるため、銀含有充填剤8及びフィルタベント用充填剤1を収容するケース7から出てきたガスは負荷が低減されたものとなり、フィルタベント部2によってスムーズに処理することが可能となる。
上記の第一実施形態ないし第二実施形態は、いずれも沸騰水型炉についての実施形態であったが、本発明のフィルタベント用充填剤1は、加圧水型炉においても適用可能である。沸騰水型炉と同様に、シビアアクシデントにより原子炉が損傷した場合の対策として、フィルタベント用充填剤1と銀含有充填剤8とをケース7に収納してフィルタベント部2の後段に接続するように配置したフィルタベント装置50を加圧水型炉に設置することもでき、また、フィルタベント装置50において、銀含有充填剤8及びフィルタベント用充填剤1を収納したケース7を、加圧水型炉の原子炉格納容器4と隣接する位置に設置することもできる(図示せず)。さらに、本発明のフィルタベント用充填剤1は、上記の各実施形態で説明したフィルタベント部2がスクラバー方式となっているウェットベントシステムだけでなく、例えば、メタルファイバーフィルタやサンドフィルタと組み合わせたドライベントシステムにも適用可能である。
[実施例1]
適切な銀濃度に調整した硝酸塩水溶液に適量のL型ゼオライトを投入し、室温に維持して約1日間攪拌することにより、イオン交換処理を行った。イオン交換処理を終えたL型ゼオライトを濾別し、純水で洗浄後、乾燥させてAgLゼオライトを得た。このAgLゼオライトをフッ酸と硝酸との混合液で加熱溶解後、ICP発光分光分析装置(サーモフィッシャーサイエンティフィック株式会社製のICP発光分光分析装置 iCAP-6200Duo)で銀の含有量を分析したところ、乾燥重量で11.46重量%であった。また、AgLゼオライトに残存するカリウムは、乾燥重量で5.73重量%であった。AgLゼオライトのイオン交換サイトを構成する銀及びカリウムの比率(原子比)は、42/58であった。
適切な銀濃度に調整した硝酸塩水溶液に適量のL型ゼオライトを投入し、室温に維持して約1日間攪拌することにより、イオン交換処理を行った。イオン交換処理を終えたL型ゼオライトを濾別し、純水で洗浄後、乾燥させてAgLゼオライトを得た。このAgLゼオライトをフッ酸と硝酸との混合液で加熱溶解後、ICP発光分光分析装置(サーモフィッシャーサイエンティフィック株式会社製のICP発光分光分析装置 iCAP-6200Duo)で銀の含有量を分析したところ、乾燥重量で8.06重量%であった。また、AgLゼオライトに残存するカリウムは、乾燥重量で7.45重量%であった。AgLゼオライトのイオン交換サイトを構成する銀及びカリウムの比率(原子比)は、28/72であった。
[実施例3]
適切な銀濃度に調整した硝酸塩水溶液に適量のL型ゼオライトを投入し、室温に維持して約1日間攪拌することにより、イオン交換処理を行った。イオン交換処理を終えたL型ゼオライトを濾別し、純水で洗浄後、乾燥させてAgLゼオライトを得た。このAgLゼオライトをフッ酸と硝酸との混合液で加熱溶解後、ICP発光分光分析装置(サーモフィッシャーサイエンティフィック株式会社製のICP発光分光分析装置 iCAP-6200Duo)で銀の含有量を分析したところ、乾燥重量で10.69重量%であった。また、AgLゼオライトに残存するカリウムは、乾燥重量で6.05重量%であった。AgLゼオライトのイオン交換サイトを構成する銀及びカリウムの比率(原子比)は、39/61であった。
[実施例4]
適切な銀濃度に調整した硝酸塩水溶液に適量のL型ゼオライトを投入し、室温に維持して約1日間攪拌することにより、イオン交換処理を行った。イオン交換処理を終えたL型ゼオライトを濾別し、純水で洗浄後、乾燥させてAgLゼオライトを得た。このAgLゼオライトをフッ酸と硝酸との混合液で加熱溶解後、ICP発光分光分析装置(サーモフィッシャーサイエンティフィック株式会社製のICP発光分光分析装置 iCAP-6200Duo)で銀の含有量を分析したところ、乾燥重量で11.02重量%であった。また、AgLゼオライトに残存するカリウムは、乾燥重量で5.83重量%であった。AgLゼオライトのイオン交換サイトを構成する銀及びカリウムの比率(原子比)は、41/59であった。
[実施例5]
適切な銀濃度に調整した硝酸塩水溶液に適量のL型ゼオライトを投入し、室温に維持して約1日間攪拌することにより、イオン交換処理を行った。イオン交換処理を終えたL型ゼオライトを濾別し、純水で洗浄後、乾燥させてAgLゼオライトを得た。このAgLゼオライトをフッ酸と硝酸との混合液で加熱溶解後、ICP発光分光分析装置(サーモフィッシャーサイエンティフィック株式会社製のICP発光分光分析装置 iCAP-6200Duo)で銀の含有量を分析したところ、乾燥重量で8.06重量%であった。また、AgLゼオライトに残存するカリウムは、乾燥重量で6.10重量%であった。AgLゼオライトのイオン交換サイトを構成する銀及びカリウムの比率(原子比)は、32/68であった。
13X型ゼオライトにおけるナトリウムサイトの97%を銀とイオン交換し、銀成分が36重量%、粒子のサイズが10×20mesh(JIS K 1474-4-6)、150℃下において3時間乾燥した後の水分含有量が12重量%となるように造粒し、AgXゼオライトを得た。
続いて、実施例1~5で調製したAgLゼオライト、参考例1のAgXゼオライトに対し、水素を含むガスを通流させたときの温度変化を測定した。試験条件は、次のとおりである。
約150℃に加熱した実施例1~5のAgLゼオライトに対し、(A)通流開始から10分までの間は、ドライエアーのみを通流させ、(B)通流開始後10分から40分までの間は、ドライエアー、水蒸気、及び水素の混合ガスを通流させ、(C)通流開始後40分から50分までの間は、ドライエアーのみを通流させた。実施例1~5の代表として、図3に実施例1のAgLゼオライトに水素を含むガスを通流させたときの温度変化の様子をグラフで示した。
約150℃に加熱した参考例1のAgXゼオライトに対し、(A)通流開始から10分までの間は、ドライエアーのみを通流させ、(B)通流開始後10分から100分までの間は、ドライエアー、水蒸気、及び水素の混合ガスを通流させ、(C)通流開始後100分以降は、ドライエアーのみを通流させた。図4は、参考例1のAgXゼオライトに水素を含むガスを通流させたときの温度変化の様子を示したグラフである。
次に、本発明のフィルタベント用充填剤(AgLゼオライト)の性能を確認するため、ヨウ化メチル又はヨウ素を対象とした吸着試験を実施した。
銀の含有量を本発明で規定する範囲で変化させたAgLゼオライト(実施例6~9)について、ヨウ化メチル吸着試験を行った。ヨウ化メチルは、原子炉施設においてシビアアクシデントが発生した場合に発生する放射性ヨウ素を想定したものであり、ヨウ化メチルの吸着試験によって、AgLゼオライトによる放射性ヨウ素の吸着性を予測することができる。直径約1mm、長さ約1~4mmのAgLゼオライトのペレットを、通気性を有する金属容器(図1に示すケース7に相当)に充填した。次いで、金属容器にヨウ化メチルを含有する105℃又は115℃の高温ガス(組成:蒸気100容積%)を通流し、金属容器の通過前後のガスに含まれるヨウ化メチルの濃度から、AgLゼオライトのヨウ化メチルの吸着率を求めた。ちなみに、本実施例で用いた105℃の高温ガスは露点からの温度差が5K(ケルビン、以下同様)であり、115℃の高温ガスは露点からの温度差が15Kである。ヨウ化メチル吸着試験の結果を表1に示す。
表2に示す実施例10は、銀含有量が11.02重量%、カリウム含有量が5.83重量%のAgLゼオライトについて、金属容器への充填厚みを2~6インチの範囲で変化させた供試体を準備し、各供試体に放射性ヨウ素としてヨウ化メチル(CH3 131I)を含有する104℃又は109℃の高温ガス(組成:蒸気95容積%+ドライエアー5容積%、圧力:98kPa、以下の実施例11~13も同様)を通流し、ヨウ化メチルの吸着率を求めた。ちなみに、本実施例で用いた104℃の高温ガスは露点からの温度差が5Kであり、109℃の高温ガスは露点からの温度差が10Kである。
表3に示す実施例11は、銀含有量が10.28重量%、カリウム含有量が6.42重量%のAgLゼオライトについて、金属容器への充填厚みを2~6インチの範囲で変化させた供試体を準備し、各供試体にヨウ化メチル(CH3 131I)を含有する99℃の高温ガスを通流し、ヨウ化メチルの吸着率を求めた。ちなみに、本実施例で用いた99℃の高温ガスは露点からの温度差が0Kである。
表4に示す実施例12は、銀含有量が10.03重量%、カリウム含有量が5.97重量%のAgLゼオライトについて、金属容器への充填厚みを2~6インチの範囲で変化させた供試体を準備し、各供試体にヨウ化メチル(CH3 131I)を含有する99℃又は101℃の高温ガスを通流し、ヨウ化メチルの吸着率を求めた。ちなみに、本実施例で用いた99℃の高温ガスは露点からの温度差が0Kであり、101℃の高温ガスは露点からの温度差が2Kである。
表5に示す実施例13は、銀含有量が9.00重量%、カリウム含有量が6.58重量%のAgLゼオライトについて、金属容器への充填厚みを2~6インチの範囲で変化させた供試体を準備し、各供試体にヨウ化メチル(CH3 131I)を含有する101℃の高温ガスを通流し、ヨウ化メチルの吸着率を求めた。ちなみに、本実施例で用いた101℃の高温ガスは露点からの温度差が2Kである。
表6に示す実施例14は、銀含有量が11重量%、カリウム含有量が6重量%のAgLゼオライトについて、金属容器への充填厚みを2~4インチの範囲で変化させた供試体を準備し、圧力399kPaでの相対湿度が95%の湿潤条件下(露点からの温度差2~3Kに相当、以下の実施例15も同様)で、各供試体にヨウ化メチル(CH3 131I)を含有する110℃、120℃、又は130℃の高温ガスを線速度24.4m/分で通流し、ヨウ化メチルの吸着率を求めた。
表7に示す実施例15は、銀含有量が11重量%、カリウム含有量が6重量%のAgLゼオライトについて、金属容器への充填厚みを1~4インチの範囲で変化させた供試体を準備し、相対湿度が95%の湿潤条件下で、各供試体に放射性ヨウ素としてヨウ素(131I2)を含有する110℃、又は130℃の高温ガスを線速度24.4m/分で通流し、ヨウ素の吸着率を求めた。実施例15は、AgLゼオライトのヨウ素としての吸着能を確認する試験である。
表8に示す実施例16は、銀含有量が11重量%、カリウム含有量が6重量%のAgLゼオライトについて、金属容器への充填厚みを2インチとした供試体を準備し、フィルタベント開始時の条件を再現するために、26℃に設定した供試体にヨウ化メチル(CH3I)を含有する120℃の高温ガス(組成:蒸気53容量%+ドライエアー24容量%+水素10容量%+窒素13容量%)を滞留時間が0.15秒となるように通流し、温度変化及びヨウ化メチルの吸着率を求めた。実施例16は、高濃度水素雰囲気下でのAgLゼオライトのヨウ化メチルの吸着能を確認する試験である。ちなみに、本実施例で用いた120℃の高温ガスは露点からの温度差が37Kである。
2 フィルタベント部
3 原子炉建屋
4 原子炉格納容器
5 原子炉圧力容器
6 配管
7 ケース
8 銀含有充填剤(AgXゼオライト)
50 フィルタベント装置
100 沸騰水型炉
Claims (6)
- L型ゼオライトを造粒してなるフィルタベント用充填剤であって、
前記L型ゼオライトが有するイオン交換サイトの少なくとも一部が銀で置換されているフィルタベント用充填剤。 - 前記イオン交換サイトのうち、銀で置換されたイオン交換サイト(a)と、銀で置換されていないイオン交換サイト(b)との構成比率(a/b)が、25/75~55/45に設定されている請求項1に記載のフィルタベント用充填剤。
- 前記銀の含有量が乾燥状態下で7~12重量%に設定されている請求項1又は2に記載のフィルタベント用充填剤。
- 2インチ以上の厚みとなるように構成されている請求項1~3の何れか一項に記載のフィルタベント用充填剤。
- 99℃以上の温度条件下で使用される請求項1~4の何れか一項に記載のフィルタベント用充填剤。
- 連続的に放射性ヨウ素を処理するフィルタベント装置であって、
請求項1~5の何れか一項に記載のフィルタベント用充填剤の前段に、X型ゼオライトが有するイオン交換サイトの略全てを銀で置換した銀含有充填剤が配置されているフィルタベント装置。
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CA2977615C (en) | 2019-07-09 |
HUE056465T2 (hu) | 2022-02-28 |
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KR101996976B1 (ko) | 2019-07-05 |
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