WO2016125779A1 - プリフォーム、繊維強化複合材料および繊維強化複合材料の製造方法 - Google Patents
プリフォーム、繊維強化複合材料および繊維強化複合材料の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016125779A1 WO2016125779A1 PCT/JP2016/053032 JP2016053032W WO2016125779A1 WO 2016125779 A1 WO2016125779 A1 WO 2016125779A1 JP 2016053032 W JP2016053032 W JP 2016053032W WO 2016125779 A1 WO2016125779 A1 WO 2016125779A1
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- Prior art keywords
- resin
- fiber
- composite material
- reinforced composite
- preform
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/02—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising combinations of reinforcements, e.g. non-specified reinforcements, fibrous reinforcing inserts and fillers, e.g. particulate fillers, incorporated in matrix material, forming one or more layers and with or without non-reinforced or non-filled layers
- B29C70/021—Combinations of fibrous reinforcement and non-fibrous material
- B29C70/025—Combinations of fibrous reinforcement and non-fibrous material with particular filler
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
- B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
- B32B5/28—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer impregnated with or embedded in a plastic substance
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a reinforced fiber preform and a fiber reinforced composite material.
- Fiber reinforced composite materials consisting of reinforced fibers and matrix resins can be used to design materials that make use of the advantages of reinforced fibers and matrix resins, thus expanding the application to the aerospace field, automobile field, sports field, general industrial field, etc. Has been.
- the reinforcing fiber glass fiber, aramid fiber, carbon fiber, boron fiber, etc. are used.
- the matrix resin either a thermosetting resin or a thermoplastic resin is used, but a thermosetting resin that can be easily impregnated into the reinforcing fiber is often used.
- the thermosetting resin a resin composition obtained by adding a curing agent or a curing catalyst to an epoxy resin, an unsaturated polyester resin, a vinyl ester resin, a phenol resin, a bismaleimide resin, a cyanate resin, or the like is used.
- Fiber reinforced composite materials are manufactured by various methods.
- a liquid thermosetting resin (matrix resin) is injected into a reinforced fiber base placed in a mold, and heat cured to obtain a fiber reinforced composite material RTM (The Resin Transfer Molding (resin injection molding) method is attracting attention as a method with excellent low-cost productivity.
- a preform in which a reinforcing fiber substrate is processed into a shape close to a desired product is prepared in advance, and the preform is placed in a mold and a liquid matrix resin is injected. There are many.
- a method for producing a preform As a method for producing a preform, several methods are known, such as a method for producing a three-dimensional braid from reinforcing fibers, and a method for stacking and stitching reinforcing fiber fabrics. There is known a method of laminating and shaping a sheet-like substrate such as a reinforcing fiber fabric using a hot-melt binder (tackifier).
- tackifier hot-melt binder
- thermoplastic resin a resin that does not have tackiness at room temperature but softens at high temperature and has adhesiveness is used.
- thermosetting resin both a thermoplastic resin and a thermosetting resin can be applied.
- thermosetting resin When a thermosetting resin is used as a hot melt binder, there are a type in which the binder alone is curable and a type in which the binder alone is not curable.
- the former is excellent in that it can be cured without depending on the liquid matrix resin, and the latter is excellent in storage stability.
- thermosetting resins such as epoxy resins as liquid matrix resins
- thermoplastic resins It is known that the impact resistance of the resin is relatively low.
- improvement in impact resistance has been a major issue because excellent impact resistance is required against tool dropping during assembly and impact of a kite during operation.
- the fiber reinforced composite material generally has a laminated structure, and when an impact is applied thereto, a high stress is generated between the reinforcing fiber layer and the reinforcing fiber layer, and a crack is generated. In order to suppress the generation of cracks, it is effective to increase the plastic deformation ability of the thermosetting resin, and as a means for that, it is effective to blend a thermoplastic resin having an excellent plastic deformation ability.
- Patent Literature A technique is known in which a fiber-reinforced composite material is produced using a binder blended with a thermoplastic resin so that the thermoplastic resin is present between cracked laminated layers and the impact resistance is improved (Patent Literature). 1-5).
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose a binder containing a thermoplastic resin that is compatible with a matrix resin.
- Patent Documents 3 and 4 disclose a binder having a curing property by blending a thermoplastic resin compatible with a matrix resin.
- Patent Document 5 discloses a binder obtained by melt-kneading polyamide, which is a thermoplastic resin insoluble in a matrix resin, with other components.
- thermoplastic resin is likely to be present between the layers by partially curing the binder at the time of preforming.
- the layers are not uniform when the fiber-reinforced composite material is used, and the layers are thin. And voids are likely to occur.
- Patent Document 5 by including a polyamide insoluble in the matrix resin, the thermoplastic resin component is likely to remain locally between the layers even after molding, and a high toughness effect can be obtained, but the thickness between the layers should be ensured uniformly. It is difficult.
- the object of the present invention is to improve the shortcomings of the prior art, to improve the impact resistance, and to provide stable physical properties regardless of the molding conditions and the shape and size of the molded body. It is to provide a fiber-reinforced composite material having a sufficient thickness and excellent in impregnation property of a matrix resin and having less voids, and to provide a preform capable of manufacturing such a fiber-reinforced composite material. .
- a preform according to the present invention is a preform in which a plurality of reinforcing fiber layers are connected with a binder resin, and spacer particles insoluble in the binder resin are present in the binder resin. Further, the occupation ratio of the spacer particles in the binder resin existing between the reinforcing fiber layers is 10% to 80%.
- the fiber-reinforced composite material of the present invention is a fiber-reinforced composite material obtained by impregnating the above-described preform with a matrix resin and curing.
- the method for producing a fiber-reinforced composite material of the present invention is a method for producing a fiber-reinforced composite material in which the above-described preform is impregnated with a matrix resin and cured.
- the binder resin dissolves in the matrix resin, while the spacer particles do not dissolve in the matrix resin, but are arranged between the layers, and the interlayer thickness is 1 to 3 times the average particle diameter of the spacer particles.
- the spacer particles present in the binder resin disposed between the reinforcing fiber base layers in order to improve the impact resistance and to provide stable physical properties regardless of the molding conditions and the shape and size of the molded body.
- a fiber-reinforced composite material having a uniform and sufficient thickness between layers when made into a fiber-reinforced composite material and having few voids can be produced.
- the preform according to the present invention is a preform in which interlayers of a plurality of reinforcing fiber layers are connected by a binder resin, and spacer particles insoluble in the binder resin exist in the binder resin, and exist between the layers of the reinforcing fiber layer.
- Occupancy ratio of spacer particles in the binder resin (hereinafter, the occupancy ratio of spacer particles in the binder resin existing between the reinforcing fiber layers may be referred to as spacer particle occupancy ratio) is a specific ratio.
- the reinforcing fiber layer is formed of a reinforcing fiber base as will be described later, they are laminated, and the layers are connected by a binder resin. Due to the presence of the spacer particles in the binder resin, the spacer particles are arranged between the layers by the heating and pressure during molding in the process of impregnating and curing the matrix resin in the preform, and uniformly having an appropriate interlayer thickness. In addition, a fiber-reinforced composite material with less voids can be obtained by securing a flow path during the impregnation of the matrix resin. Note that uniformly having an appropriate interlayer thickness means that there are few areas where the thickness is too thin or too thick, and the ratio of the area where the interlayer thickness is 10 ⁇ m or less and the interlayer is not substantially secured is 30% or less. Say something.
- a binder resin composition containing a binder resin and spacer particles can be used.
- a binder resin preferably contains a thermosetting resin, and more preferably contains an epoxy resin.
- thermosetting resin is a resin material that undergoes a curing reaction upon heating to form a crosslinked structure, and examples thereof include epoxy resins, phenol resins, unsaturated polyester resins, vinyl ester resins, bismaleimide resins, and cyanate resins.
- an epoxy resin is suitably used as the thermosetting resin.
- An epoxy resin means a compound having two or more epoxy groups in one molecule.
- Such an epoxy resin may consist of only one kind of compound having an epoxy group, or may be a mixture of plural kinds.
- the epoxy resin examples include an aromatic glycidyl ether obtained from a phenol compound having a plurality of hydroxyl groups, an aliphatic glycidyl ether obtained from an alcohol compound having a plurality of hydroxyl groups, a glycidyl amine obtained from an amine compound, and a carboxyl having a plurality of carboxyl groups.
- examples include epoxy resins having epoxy groups such as glycidyl esters obtained from acid compounds as part of the glycidyl groups, and epoxy resins containing oxirane rings obtained by oxidizing unsaturated alicyclic compounds such as cyclohexene. It is done.
- the epoxy resin preferably contains a solid epoxy resin from the viewpoint of stability during storage.
- the solid epoxy resin is an epoxy resin having a glass transition temperature of 20 ° C. or higher.
- the glass transition temperature is determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to JIS K 7121: 1987.
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- An example of a measuring device that can be used for the above standard is Pyris1 DSC (manufactured by Perkin Elmer).
- a sample to be measured is collected in an aluminum sample pan and measured in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature increase rate of 40 ° C./min.
- the midpoint of displacement in the region where the baseline in the DSC curve thus obtained shifts to the endothermic side is adopted as the glass transition temperature.
- Epoxy resins are bisphenol-type epoxy resins, novolak-type epoxy resins, and aralkyls because they have excellent balance of adhesion between the reinforcing fiber base layers and toughness and heat resistance when they are mixed with matrix resins and made into fiber-reinforced composite materials. It is preferable to include at least one epoxy resin selected from the group consisting of type epoxy resins.
- bisphenol type epoxy resin examples include bisphenol A type epoxy resin, bisphenol F type epoxy resin, bisphenol S type epoxy resin, bisphenol E type epoxy resin, bisphenol Z type epoxy resin, and alkyl substitution products and halogen substitution products thereof. Hydrogenated materials can be used, but are not limited thereto.
- novolak type epoxy resins include commercially available phenol novolak type epoxy resins such as “jER” (registered trademark) 152, 154 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation), “Epicron” (registered trademark) N- 740, N-770, N-775 (manufactured by DIC Corporation) and the like, and “Epiclon” (registered trademark) N-660, N-665, N- 670, N-680, N-695 (above, DIC Corporation), EOCN-1020, EOCN-102S (above, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.), YDCN-700, YDCN-701 (above, Shinichi) Sakai Chemical Co., Ltd.).
- aralkyl type epoxy resins include commercially available phenol aralkyl type epoxy resins such as NC-2000 series (manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.), NC-7000 series (manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.), NC- 3000 series (manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.) and the like, and as commercial products of naphthol aralkyl type epoxy resins, NC-7300 series (manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.), ESN-165, ESN-175, ESN- 185, ESN-195 (manufactured by Nippon Steel & Sumikin Chemical Co., Ltd.).
- the binder resin contains a thermosetting resin
- the binder resin contains a thermoplastic resin that is soluble in the thermosetting resin contained in the binder resin in order to improve the interlayer toughness when the fiber-reinforced composite material is used. Is more preferable.
- thermosetting resin being soluble in a thermosetting resin means that the thermoplastic resin can form a uniform phase with the thermosetting resin when the thermoplastic resin is dispersed in the thermosetting resin and heated. To do.
- thermoplastic resin when 5 parts by mass of a thermoplastic resin is mixed with 100 parts by mass of a thermosetting resin, a preparation containing a resin composition heated and stirred at a predetermined temperature is prepared and observed with an optical microscope. This can be judged by the fact that a clear interface is not observed between the thermosetting resin and the thermoplastic resin.
- Thermoplastic resins soluble in the thermosetting resin contained in the binder resin include polyacetal, polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfide, polyarylate, polyester, polyethersulfone, polysulfone, polyetherimide, polyetherketone, polyetheretherketone. , Polyaramide, polyether nitrile, polybenzimidazole, polyurethane, urea resin, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl alcohol, polymethyl methacrylate, phenoxy resin, etc., which are soluble in the thermosetting resin contained in the binder resin Specific examples.
- polyethersulfone, polysulfone, polyetherimide, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl alcohol, and phenoxy resin are preferably used.
- thermoplastic resin soluble in the thermosetting resin contained in the binder resin polyethersulfone, polysulfone, polyetherimide are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of heat resistance, impact resistance, and interlayer toughness of the obtained fiber-reinforced composite material. It is preferable to use at least one thermoplastic resin selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl acetal, polymethyl methacrylate and phenoxy resin.
- the thermoplastic resin soluble in the thermosetting resin contained in the binder resin preferably has a glass transition temperature of 150 ° C. or higher, more preferably 180 ° C. or higher. When the glass transition temperature is lower than 150 ° C., the heat resistance of the obtained fiber reinforced composite material may be insufficient.
- the thermoplastic resin soluble in the thermosetting resin contained in the binder resin preferably has a glass transition temperature of 280 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 250 ° C. or lower. When the glass transition temperature exceeds 280 ° C., the compatibility with the thermosetting resin may decrease.
- the thermoplastic resin soluble in the thermosetting resin contained in the binder resin is preferably contained in a proportion of 5 to 80% by mass, and in a proportion of 20 to 60% by mass with respect to the total mass of the binder resin. More preferably.
- the ratio of the thermoplastic resin soluble in the thermosetting resin contained in the binder resin is less than 5% by mass, the effect of improving the interlayer toughness may not be exhibited.
- the ratio of the thermoplastic resin soluble in the thermosetting resin contained in the binder resin is more than 80% by mass, the adhesiveness of the preform may be lowered.
- the total mass of the binder resin here does not include the mass of the spacer particles.
- Spacer particles are included for the purpose of ensuring uniform interlayer thickness and for suppressing voids in a fiber-reinforced composite material obtained by impregnating and curing a matrix resin in a preform.
- the occupation ratio of the spacer particles in the binder resin existing between the reinforcing fiber layers is 10 to 80%.
- the occupation ratio of the spacer particles in the binder resin existing between the layers of the reinforcing fiber layer is smaller than 10%, a sufficiently thick interlayer cannot be formed when the fiber reinforced composite material is used, and the interlayer thickness is uneven.
- the occupation ratio of the spacer particles is preferably 15% or more, and more preferably 20% or more.
- the occupation ratio of the spacer particles is larger than 80%, the function as a binder may not be achieved. From such a viewpoint, the occupation ratio of the spacer particles is preferably 60% or less, and more preferably 50% or less.
- the occupancy ratio of the spacer particles in the binder resin existing between the layers of the reinforcing fiber layer is, for example, by observing 100 sections arbitrarily selected with a scanning electron microscope in the cross section of the preform. It can be obtained by calculating the average value of the ratio of the area of the spacer particles to the area of the binder resin existing between the layers and the entire spacer particles.
- the content of spacer particles between the reinforcing fiber layers is preferably 2 to 9 g / m 2 and more preferably 2 to 7 g / m 2 .
- the content is less than 2 g / m 2
- the interlaminar securing by the spacer particles may be insufficient when the fiber reinforced composite material is used.
- the content is more than 9 g / m 2 , the impregnation property of the matrix resin is lowered. And voids may occur.
- the total content of the binder resin and spacer particles in the interlayer of the reinforcing fiber layer for example, the content of the binder resin composition in the interlayer of the reinforcing fiber layer when using the binder resin composition described later, 1 interlayer per 0.5 ⁇ 50g / m 2, it is preferred that preferably 1 ⁇ 30g / m 2. If such content is less than 0.5 g / m 2, may inter secured by spacer particles when the form fixed as preform was difficult fiber-reinforced composite material is insufficient, from 50 g / m 2 If the amount is too large, the impregnation property of the matrix resin is lowered and voids may be generated.
- the total content of the binder resin and the spacer particles between the reinforcing fiber layers in the preform is determined based on the average value of the mass of the preform per unit area measured for 100 arbitrarily selected locations.
- the difference between the average value of the mass of the reinforcing fiber substrate in the preform measured by heat-treating the binder resin and spacer particles by baking or elution in a solvent is divided by the number of layers present in the preform. This can be calculated.
- the spacer particles are preferably insoluble in the binder resin and also insoluble in the matrix resin impregnated in the preform used for the fiber-reinforced composite material described later.
- insoluble in the binder resin or insoluble in the matrix resin is clearly defined between the spacer particles and the binder resin or matrix resin when the spacer resin is dispersed or the binder resin or matrix resin is heated and cured. It means having an interface.
- a preparation containing a resin composition in which 5 parts by mass of spacer particles are dispersed with respect to 100 parts by mass of a binder resin or a matrix resin is prepared and heated at a desired temperature on a hot stage of an optical microscope. This can be determined by observing the interface between the spacer particles and the binder resin or matrix resin.
- the spacer particles preferably have a sphericity in the range of 75 to 100, and more preferably a sphericity in the range of 85 to 100.
- a relatively high sphericity the layers are easily formed uniformly when a fiber-reinforced composite material is obtained.
- the sphericity is less than 75, unevenness may occur in the interlayer thickness when the fiber reinforced composite material is used.
- the sphericity is measured by observing spacer particles with a scanning electron microscope and measuring the minor axis and the major axis individually from each projected shape for m particles (usually 30) arbitrarily selected. It is calculated according to the following formula (1).
- the minor axis and the major axis are the short side and long side of the circumscribed rectangle that minimizes the area circumscribing the particle, respectively.
- the spacer particles preferably have a particle size distribution index in the range of 1 to 5, more preferably a particle size distribution index in the range of 1 to 2.5.
- a particle size distribution index in the range of 1 to 5
- region can be raised effectively.
- a fiber-reinforced composite material having a uniform interlayer thickness can be obtained without the occurrence of a region having an excessive interlayer thickness due to the presence of some coarse particles.
- the particle size distribution index exceeds 5, the particle filling rate in the interlayer region may be difficult to improve, or the interlayer thickness may be uneven.
- the particle size distribution index is determined by observing spacer particles with a scanning electron microscope, measuring the particle size of arbitrarily selected n particles (usually 100 particles), and applying the following formula (2) to Calculate based on (4).
- n particles usually 100 particles
- the major axis is measured as the particle size.
- Di particle size of each particle
- n number of measurements
- Dn number average particle size
- Dv volume average particle size
- PDI particle size distribution index
- the spacer particles preferably have an average particle diameter in the range of 1 to 50 ⁇ m, and more preferably in the range of 5 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size refers to the number average particle size of spacer particles measured with a scanning electron microscope at a magnification of 1000 and measured for 100 arbitrary particle sizes.
- the major axis is measured as the particle diameter, and those having a diameter of 100 nm or less are not included.
- spacer fibers may enter the reinforcing fiber layer when the fiber-reinforced composite material is produced, and the thickness between the layers may not be ensured.
- spacer particles In the case of large particles having an average particle diameter exceeding 50 ⁇ m, an area having an excessive interlayer thickness occurs due to the presence of coarse particles, and unevenness in the interlayer thickness is likely to occur.
- Components constituting the spacer particles are not particularly limited, and organic particles such as rubber particles, thermoplastic resin particles, and thermosetting resin particles.
- Inorganic particles such as silica, alumina, smectite, synthetic mica, and metal particles can be used.
- the spacer particles are preferably polymer particles composed of a thermoplastic resin and / or a thermosetting resin, from the viewpoint of adhesion to a cured matrix resin when used as a fiber-reinforced composite material and interlayer toughness. It can also be used in seeds.
- being composed of a thermoplastic resin and a thermosetting resin indicates a composition containing both.
- thermosetting resins that can be used for the spacer particles include epoxy resins, benzoxazine resins, vinyl ester resins, unsaturated polyester resins, urethane resins, phenol resins, melamine resins, maleimide resins, cyanate ester resins, and the like. A urea resin etc. are mentioned. These thermosetting resins may be in an uncured state or a cured product.
- thermoplastic resins that can be used for the spacer particles include vinyl polymers, polyesters, polyamides, polyamideimides, polyimides, polycarbonates, polyarylene sulfides (polyphenylene sulfide, etc.), polyarylene ethers (polyphenylene ether, etc.), poly Among the ether sulfones, polysulfones, polyether ketones, polyphenylene ethers, polyether ether ketones, polyether ether sulfones, polyurethanes, polyether imides, polyacetals, silicones and copolymers thereof, those insoluble in the binder resin may be mentioned.
- polyamide polyamide, polyamideimide, polyimide, polycarbonate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene ether, polyether ether ketone, and copolymers thereof are preferably used as spacer particles from the viewpoints of elongation and toughness.
- polyamide is particularly preferable in that it has excellent heat resistance and solvent resistance in addition to impact resistance and interlayer toughness when used as a fiber reinforced composite material.
- polyamides examples include polyhexamethylene terephthalamide (nylon 6T), polynonane terephthalamide (nylon 9T), poly-m-xylene adipamide (nylon MXD), 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'- Copolymer of diaminodicyclohexylmethane, isophthalic acid and 12-aminododecanoic acid (for example, “Grillamide” ® TR55, manufactured by Mzavelke), 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diaminodicyclohexyl Copolymer of methane and dodecadioic acid (for example, “grillamide” (registered trademark) TR90, manufactured by Mzavelke), copolymer of 4,4′-diaminodicyclohexylmethane and dodecadioic acid (for example , “TROGAMID” (registered trademark) CX7323, manufactured by Degussa) The
- the spacer particles are preferably polymer particles having a glass transition temperature of 80 ° C. or higher, and more preferably polymer particles having a glass transition temperature of 130 ° C. or higher. When the glass transition temperature is less than 80 ° C., the particles are easily deformed during the impregnation and curing of the matrix resin, and the interlayer thickness may be uneven.
- the spacer particles are preferably polymer particles having a glass transition temperature of 350 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 300 ° C. or lower. When the glass transition temperature exceeds 350 ° C., the interlayer thickness may be uneven.
- the binder resin composition of the present invention is used for the above-described preform or a reinforcing fiber substrate with a binder resin composition described later, and includes the above-described binder resin and the above-described spacer particles.
- the spacer particles are preferably contained in the binder resin composition used for the precursor in a proportion of 5 to 80% by mass, more preferably in a proportion of 10 to 50% by mass with respect to the total mass. If the content of the spacer particles in the binder resin composition is less than 5% by mass, a sufficiently thick interlayer may not be formed. On the other hand, when the content of the spacer particles in the binder resin composition is more than 80% by mass, the interlaminar adhesive strength when formed into a preform may be lowered and the function as a binder may not be achieved.
- binder resin composition in this invention, Forms, such as a film, a tape, a long fiber, a short fiber, a spun yarn, a woven fabric, a knit, a nonwoven fabric, a network, a particle
- a particle form or a fiber form can be particularly preferably used.
- a binder resin composition is a particle form
- grains which consist of a binder resin composition are called binder particle
- the fiber which consists of binder resin compositions is called a binder fiber.
- the average particle diameter is preferably 10 to 500 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter refers to the median diameter, and the average particle diameter of the binder particles can be measured using, for example, a laser diffraction type particle size distribution meter.
- the average particle diameter is smaller than 10 ⁇ m, the adhesive strength and workability when forming a preform may be lowered. From this viewpoint, the average particle diameter is more preferably 30 ⁇ m or more.
- the average particle diameter is larger than 500 ⁇ m, the reinforced fibers may be swelled when formed into a preform, and the mechanical properties of the resulting fiber reinforced composite material may be deteriorated. From this viewpoint, the average particle diameter is more preferably 300 ⁇ m or less.
- the average diameter is preferably 10 to 300 ⁇ m.
- the average diameter is obtained by observing the cross section of the binder fiber with a scanning electron microscope, measuring the diameter of 100 arbitrarily selected binder fibers, and calculating the average value.
- the cross-sectional shape of the fiber is not a perfect circle, the minor axis is measured as the diameter.
- the average diameter is smaller than 10 ⁇ m, the adhesive strength of the preform may be lowered.
- the average diameter is larger than 300 ⁇ m, waviness occurs in the reinforcing fibers of the preform, and the mechanical properties of the obtained fiber-reinforced composite material may be deteriorated. From this viewpoint, the average diameter is more preferably 100 ⁇ m or less.
- carbon fiber As the reinforcing fiber used in the preform of the present invention, carbon fiber, glass fiber, aramid fiber, metal fiber, or a combination thereof can be used. Among these, carbon fibers can be suitably used because they are excellent in lightness and strength.
- the reinforcing fiber may be either a short fiber or a continuous fiber, or both may be used in combination.
- a fiber-reinforced composite material having a high fiber volume content hereinafter referred to as high Vf
- the reinforcing fiber may be used in the form of a strand, but a reinforcing fiber substrate obtained by processing the reinforcing fiber into a mat, woven fabric, knit, braid, unidirectional sheet or the like is preferably used. Among them, a woven fabric or a unidirectional sheet that is easy to obtain a fiber reinforced composite material having a high Vf and excellent in handleability is preferably used as the reinforcing fiber substrate.
- Plain weave, satin weave, twill weave, non-crimp cloth, etc. can be selected as appropriate when weaving is selected as the reinforcing fiber base material. When weaving is used, the design is enhanced. Also, satin weave and twill weave are good for draping and are therefore preferably used when shaping a three-dimensional shape with a deep depth.
- the ratio of the net volume of the reinforcing fiber to the apparent volume of the reinforcing fiber fabric is defined as the filling rate of the reinforcing fiber fabric.
- the filling rate of the reinforcing fiber fabric is expressed by the formula W / (1000 t ⁇ ⁇ f) from the weight per unit area W (unit: g / m 2 ), the thickness t (unit: mm), and the density ⁇ f (unit: g / cm 3 ) of the reinforcing fiber. Is required.
- the basis weight and thickness of the reinforcing fiber fabric are determined in accordance with JIS R 7602: 1995. The higher the filling rate of the fabric, the easier it is to obtain a fiber reinforced composite material having a high fiber volume content. Therefore, the filling rate of the fabric is preferably 0.10 to 0.85, more preferably 0.40 to 0.85, More preferably, it is in the range of 0.50 to 0.85.
- the binder resin composition of the present invention is attached to at least the surface of a reinforcing fiber substrate and used as a reinforcing fiber substrate with a binder resin composition. That is, the binder resin composition of the present invention is used not only for the above-described preform, but also for a reinforcing fiber base with a binder resin composition.
- the reinforcing fiber substrate with a binder resin composition of the present invention has the above-described binder resin composition on at least the surface, and is used for the above-described preform.
- the adhesion amount is less than 0.5 g / m 2 , it is difficult to fix the form when the preform is formed, and there is a case where the interlayer securing by the spacer particles is insufficient when the fiber reinforced composite material is used.
- it is more than 2 the impregnation property of the matrix resin becomes poor and voids may be generated.
- the preform of the present invention is formed by laminating a reinforcing fiber substrate with a binder resin composition having at least the above-described binder resin composition on the surface and fixing the form. After the binder resin composition is attached to at least one surface of the reinforcing fiber substrate by heating to form a reinforcing fiber substrate with a binder resin composition, the binder resin composition is at least obtained by laminating a plurality of these. A laminate having the laminate layers is obtained. This is heated and cooled, and the binder resin composition fixes the base material layers to fix the form, whereby a preform having at least the binder resin composition between the laminated layers is obtained.
- a preform can be produced by cutting a reinforcing fiber substrate with a binder resin composition to which a binder resin composition is adhered into a predetermined shape, laminating on a mold, and applying appropriate heat and pressure.
- the pressurizing means may be a press, or a method of enclosing with a vacuum bag film and sucking the inside with a vacuum pump and pressurizing with atmospheric pressure.
- the interlayer thickness of the reinforcing fiber layer is preferably 1 to 5 times the average particle diameter of the spacer particles.
- the interlayer thickness of the reinforcing fiber layer is smaller than 1 times the average particle diameter of the spacer particles, the interlayer when the fiber-reinforced composite material is obtained may not be ensured.
- the average particle diameter of the spacer particles is larger than 5 times, unevenness may remain in the interlayer thickness when the fiber-reinforced composite material is obtained.
- the interlayer thickness of the reinforcing fiber layer in the preform is, for example, a cross section of the preform is observed at 100 locations arbitrarily selected with a scanning electron microscope, and the fiber layer region of the portion where the binder resin composition is present It is obtained by measuring the average distance between the boundary lines of the fiber interlayer region.
- a fiber-reinforced composite material can be produced by impregnating the preform of the present invention with a matrix resin and curing the matrix resin.
- the binder resin dissolves in the matrix resin while the spacer particles do not dissolve in the matrix resin and are arranged between the layers. Can be done.
- the interlayer thickness of the obtained fiber-reinforced composite material is preferably 1 to 3 times the average particle diameter of the spacer particles. When the interlayer thickness is smaller than 1 times the average particle diameter of the spacer particles, the interlayer is not secured by the spacer particles, and the interlayer thickness is uneven. When the average particle diameter is larger than 3 times, the effect of the spacer particles is small, and unevenness in the interlayer thickness may occur.
- the fiber reinforced composite material of the present invention preferably has an interlayer thickness of 1 to 150 ⁇ m.
- the interlayer thickness is smaller than 1 ⁇ m, a sufficient interlayer cannot be secured. If it is larger than 150 ⁇ m, the interlayer thickness may be uneven.
- the production method of the fiber reinforced composite material in the present invention is not particularly limited, but a molding method using a two-component resin such as a hand layup method or an RTM method is preferably used.
- the RTM method is particularly preferably used from the viewpoints of productivity and the shape freedom of the molded body.
- a liquid matrix resin is injected and impregnated into a reinforcing fiber base disposed in a mold and cured to obtain a fiber-reinforced composite material.
- the matrix resin is a thermosetting resin, and includes a liquid resin mainly composed of monomer components and a curing agent or a curing catalyst that is polymerized by three-dimensionally crosslinking the monomer components.
- an epoxy resin is preferable in terms of impregnation into a preform and mechanical properties when a fiber-reinforced composite material is used.
- epoxy resins include aromatic glycidyl ethers obtained from phenols having a plurality of hydroxyl groups, aliphatic glycidyl ethers obtained from alcohols having a plurality of hydroxyl groups, glycidyl amines obtained from amines, and carboxylic acids having a plurality of carboxyl groups.
- examples thereof include glycidyl esters and epoxy resins having an oxirane ring.
- aliphatic polyamines aromatic polyamines, acid anhydrides, imidazoles, Lewis acid complexes and the like are suitable, and they are appropriately selected and used depending on the intended use.
- Prefabricated matrix resin is impregnated and cured to produce a fiber reinforced composite material.
- curing proceeds by heating.
- the temperature of the mold during heat curing may be the same as the temperature of the mold during injection / impregnation of the matrix resin, but in the case of curing at a low temperature, the rigidity is such that the fiber-reinforced composite material does not deform during demolding. Since it may take time to advance the curing until the temperature is obtained, it is preferable to select a temperature higher than the temperature of the mold at the time of pouring, for example, in the range of 60 to 180 ° C.
- the binder resin is dissolved in the matrix resin, while the spacer particles are not dissolved in the matrix resin and are arranged between the layers, and the interlayer thickness is an average of the spacer particles. It is preferably 1 to 3 times the particle diameter.
- the fiber volume content Vf is preferably in the range of 40 to 85%, preferably 45 to 85%.
- the fiber volume content Vf of the fiber reinforced composite material is a value defined and measured by the following in accordance with ASTM D3171 (1999), and is a liquid matrix with respect to the reinforced fiber substrate. This refers to the state after the resin is injected and cured. That is, the measurement of the fiber volume content Vf of the fiber reinforced composite material can be expressed by the following formula (5) from the thickness h of the fiber reinforced composite material.
- Fiber volume content Vf (%) (Af ⁇ N) / ( ⁇ f ⁇ h) / 10 (5)
- Af reinforcing fiber substrate one ⁇ 1 m 2 per mass (g / m 2)
- N Number of laminated reinforcing fiber substrates (sheets)
- ⁇ f density of reinforcing fiber (g / cm 3 )
- h Thickness (mm) of the fiber reinforced composite material (test piece).
- the combustion method or nitric acid decomposition method based on JIS K 7075: 1991 The fiber volume content of the fiber reinforced composite material is measured by any of the sulfuric acid decomposition methods.
- the density of the reinforcing fiber used in this case a value measured based on JIS R 7603: 1999 is used.
- Binder resin composition raw material In order to obtain the binder resin composition of each Example, the following resin raw materials were used. In addition, unless otherwise indicated, the unit of the content rate of the resin composition of a table
- surface means "mass part”.
- binder resin epoxy resin, thermoplastic resin soluble in epoxy resin “jER” (registered trademark) 825 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation): liquid bifunctional bisphenol A type epoxy resin, epoxy equivalent 175 "JER” (registered trademark) 1007 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation): solid bifunctional bisphenol A type epoxy resin, epoxy equivalent 1925 "EPICLON” (registered trademark) N-660 (manufactured by DIC Corporation): solid cresol novolac type epoxy resin, epoxy equivalent 207 NC-7300 (Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.): Solid naphthol aralkyl epoxy resin, epoxy equivalent 220 "Sumika Excel” (registered trademark) PES5200P (manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.): polyethersulfone, mass average molecular weight 55100 "Ultem” (registered trademark) 1010 (manufactured by GE Plastics): polyetherimide, mass average molecular weight 55100
- the solution was atomized using a spray gun for coating, and sprayed toward the liquid surface of 3000 parts by mass of n-hexane, which was well stirred, to precipitate a solute.
- the precipitated solid is separated by filtration and thoroughly washed with n-hexane, then vacuum dried at 100 ° C. for 24 hours, and further, a small particle component and a large component are removed using a sieve, and a relatively large particle size distribution is obtained. A uniform particle was obtained.
- Observation of the obtained powder with a scanning electron microscope revealed an average particle size of 18.0 ⁇ m, a particle size distribution index of 1.5, and a sphericity of 85.
- Particle 2 (“Orgasol” (registered trademark) 1002D, polyamide, manufactured by Arkema Co., Ltd., average particle size 21 ⁇ m, particle size distribution index 1.9, sphericity 78, glass transition temperature 53 ° C.)
- Particle 3 (“Trogamide” (registered trademark) CX7233 as a raw material produced by the production method described below, average particle size 13 ⁇ m, particle size distribution index 1.2, sphericity 97, glass transition temperature 137 ° C.) (Manufacturing method of the particle 3: Reference was made to the pamphlet of International Publication No.
- Carbon fiber fabric The reinforcing fiber fabric used in the examples was prepared as follows. Carbon fiber bundle “Torayca” (registered trademark) T800S-24K-10E (manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc., PAN-based carbon fiber, number of filaments: 24,000, fineness: 1,033 tex, tensile elastic modulus: 294 GPa) as warp Glass fiber bundle ECDE-75-1 / 0-1.0Z (manufactured by Nittobo Co., Ltd., number of filaments) as auxiliary warp yarns arranged at a density of 1.8 yarns / cm, parallel and alternately arranged therewith
- the unidirectional sheet-like reinforcing fiber bundle group was formed by aligning 800 pieces and fineness: 67.5 tex) at a density of 1.8 pieces / cm.
- Glass fiber bundle E-glass yarn ECE-225-1 / 0-1.0Z (manufactured by Nittobo Co., Ltd., number of filaments: 200, fineness: 22.5 tex) is used as the weft to reinforce the unidirectional sheet.
- the fineness ratio of the weft to the carbon fiber bundle fineness of the obtained reinforcing fiber fabric is 2.2%
- the fineness ratio of the auxiliary warp is 6.5%
- the basis weight of the carbon fiber is 192 g / m 2
- the reinforcing fiber fabric was 0.45.
- Matrix resin The matrix resin used in the examples is a two-component amine-curable epoxy resin, and was prepared as follows.
- Aldite (registered trademark) MY721 as a monomer component (manufactured by Huntsman Japan KK, component: N, N, N ′, N′-tetraglycidyl-4,4′-methylenedianiline) 50 parts and GAN ( 50 parts of Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., component: N, N-diglycidyl aniline) were mixed at a temperature of 70 ° C. to obtain a main agent.
- the average particle diameter was calculated by measuring 100 particle diameters arbitrarily selected from the photograph and calculating the arithmetic average thereof.
- the average particle diameter here refers to the number average particle diameter.
- binder resin composition Small twin screw extruder with raw materials described in Table 1 (epoxy resin, thermoplastic resin soluble in epoxy resin, polymer particles insoluble in epoxy resin) at a compounding ratio of 180 ° C
- a binder resin composition was prepared by kneading using (S1 KRC Kneader, Kurimoto Steel Works).
- Binder Particles The prepared binder resin composition was freeze-pulverized using liquid nitrogen using a hammer mill (PULVERIZER, manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation) with a screen having a pore size of 1 mm to obtain binder particles. The particles were passed through sieves having an opening size of 150 ⁇ m and 75 ⁇ m, and the binder particles remaining on the sieve having an opening size of 75 ⁇ m were used for evaluation.
- PULVERIZER manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation
- the reinforcing fiber substrate with the binder resin composition obtained was cut into a predetermined size, the reinforcing fiber substrate with 4 layers of the binder resin composition was subjected to [+ 45 ° / 0 ° / -45 ° / 90 °] to obtain a laminate having a total of four layers.
- two of the four-layered laminates were laminated symmetrically so that the 90-degree layers faced each other to obtain a total of eight-layered laminates.
- the obtained laminate was placed on the surface of an aluminum flat mold, and the top was sealed with a bag material (polyamide film) and a sealant.
- the mold After the cavity formed by the mold and the bag material is evacuated, the mold is transferred to a hot air dryer, the temperature is raised from room temperature to 90 ° C. by 3 ° C. per minute, and then at a temperature of 90 ° C. Heated for 2 hours. Then, after cooling to 60 ° C. or lower in the atmosphere while maintaining the vacuum state of the cavity, the cavity was released to the atmosphere to obtain a preform.
- Spacer particle occupancy measurement in the binder resin between the preform layers The prepared preform is embedded in epoxy resin under the condition that the binder resin does not dissolve, and carbon contained in two layers (90 ° layer) sandwiching the middle layer After polishing from the direction intersecting the fibers, the cross section was magnified 400 times with an optical microscope and photographed. For the randomly selected fiber interlayer region on the photograph, draw the boundary line between the fiber layer region and the fiber interlayer region, and the ratio of the spacer particle area to the entire binder resin composition existing between the boundary lines is the spacer particle occupancy rate Measurement was taken. The same operation was performed on arbitrary 100 fiber interlayer regions, and the average value was adopted.
- the prepared preform was cut from the direction perpendicular to the carbon fibers contained in the central 90 ° layer, and the cross section was polished, magnified 400 times with an optical microscope, and photographed. A boundary line between the fiber layer region and the fiber interlayer region was drawn for a portion where the binder resin composition in the fiber interlayer region randomly selected on the photograph was present, and the distance between the boundary lines was defined as the interlayer thickness. The same operation was performed on arbitrary 100 fiber interlayer regions, and the average value was adopted.
- the obtained preform is placed on the surface of an aluminum flat mold, a polyester fabric subjected to a release treatment as a peel ply, and a polypropylene knit as a resin diffusion medium are placed in this order, and a bag is placed thereon.
- a material and a sealant except for providing a resin injection port and a vacuum suction port, it was sealed to form a cavity.
- the inside of the cavity was sucked from the vacuum suction port by a vacuum pump to adjust the degree of vacuum to ⁇ 90 kPa or less, and then the temperature of the mold and the preform was adjusted to 70 ° C.
- a hot air dryer was used for temperature adjustment.
- the matrix resin main component and the curing agent were mixed at a ratio of 41.9 parts of the curing agent to 100 parts of the main component to prepare a matrix resin.
- the matrix resin was preheated for 30 minutes at a temperature of 70 ° C., and vacuum degassing was performed.
- the pre-heated and degassed matrix resin is set in the resin inlet of the mold, and the matrix resin is injected into the vacuumed cavity by utilizing the pressure difference between the pressure in the cavity and atmospheric pressure.
- the preform was impregnated.
- the resin injection port was closed, and the vacuum suction port was closed after holding for another hour while continuing the suction from the vacuum suction port.
- Molding conditions The temperature was raised to 140 ° C. by 1.5 ° C. per minute for 1 minute, and then cured for 2 hours at a temperature of 140 ° C. After removing from the mold, the temperature was raised to 180 ° C. at a rate of 1.5 ° C. per minute in a hot air dryer, and then cured at a temperature of 180 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a fiber-reinforced composite material.
- Molding condition 2 After heating up to a temperature of 180 ° C. at a rate of 1.5 ° C. per minute, the fiber-reinforced composite material was obtained by curing at a temperature of 180 ° C. for 2 hours. The fiber volume content Vf of the obtained fiber-reinforced composite material was between 55% and 60% under all conditions.
- region where the thickness is less than 10 micrometers among the interlayer thickness measured at 100 places, and an interlayer is not ensured substantially was measured.
- the amount of voids in the fiber reinforced composite material is obtained by smoothly polishing a cross section perpendicular to the reinforced fiber layer of the fiber reinforced composite material, and observing the cross section at a magnification of 200 times using a falling-down optical microscope, This is a value obtained by calculating the ratio (%) of the void area to the observation visual field area.
- CAI post-impact compressive strength
- Examples 1 to 7 A fiber-reinforced composite material was produced as described above using the base material using the binder particles prepared as described above according to the blending ratio in Table 1. Interlayer thickness measurement was performed about each produced fiber reinforced composite material.
- Example 1 as shown in Table 1, particles 1 (TR) were used as spacer particles in a binder resin in which 25 parts by mass of a liquid bisphenol type epoxy resin, 15 parts by weight of an aralkyl type epoxy resin, and 60 parts by mass of polyethersulfone were compatible.
- Fiber reinforced composite material was prepared using binder particles having an average particle size of 110 ⁇ m in which 40 parts by mass of ⁇ 55) were dispersed.
- the fiber-reinforced composite material produced using the binder particles has a uniform interlayer thickness even when the molding conditions are changed, and has excellent CAI strength.
- the particles 2 (1002D), the particles 3 (CX7323), the particles 4 (SP-500), the particles 5 (4000TF), and the particles 6 (TR-55 finely pulverized product (1)) are used as spacer particles.
- Binder particles and fiber reinforced composite material were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that Particle 7 (TR-55 finely pulverized product (2)) was used.
- Particle 7 TR-55 finely pulverized product (2)
- Example 8 and 9 binder particles and fiber reinforced composite materials were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that polyetherimide and phenoxy resin were used as thermoplastic resins soluble in the epoxy resin, respectively.
- polyetherimide and phenoxy resin were used as thermoplastic resins soluble in the epoxy resin, respectively.
- CAI was also equivalent.
- Example 10 is similar to Example 1 except that the composition of the binder resin is 85 parts by mass of a solid bisphenol type epoxy resin, 15 parts of an aralkyl type epoxy resin, and does not contain a thermoplastic resin soluble in the epoxy resin. Binder particles and fiber reinforced composite material were prepared. The fiber reinforced composite material produced using these binder particles had no significant difference in interlayer thickness when molding conditions 1 and 2 were compared, and the CAI was also equivalent.
- Example 11 produced binder particles and a fiber-reinforced composite material in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the aralkyl type epoxy resin was replaced with a cresol novolac type epoxy resin as a binder resin component.
- the fiber reinforced composite material produced using these binder particles had no significant difference in interlayer thickness when molding conditions 1 and 2 were compared, and the CAI was also equivalent.
- Example 12 binder particles and a fiber-reinforced composite material were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that all of the epoxy resin was replaced with a liquid bisphenol type epoxy resin as a binder resin component.
- the fiber reinforced composite material produced using these binder particles had no significant difference in interlayer thickness when molding conditions 1 and 2 were compared, and the CAI was also equivalent.
- Example 13 binder particles and a fiber-reinforced composite material were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the blending amount of the spacer particles was 10 parts by mass.
- the fiber reinforced composite material produced using this binder particle had a slightly reduced interlayer thickness, but when molding conditions 1 and 2 were compared, there was no significant difference in interlayer thickness, and CAI was also equivalent.
- Examples 14 and 15 In Examples 11 and 12, binder particles and fiber-reinforced composites were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that binder particles prepared with the same composition as in Example 1 were used with an average particle diameter of 30 ⁇ m and 300 ⁇ m. The material was made. The fiber reinforced composite material produced using these binder particles had no significant difference in interlayer thickness when molding conditions 1 and 2 were compared, and the CAI was also equivalent.
- Example 16 binder particles and particles 1 (TR-55) and 4 (SP-500) were used as spacer particles in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 30 parts by mass and 10 parts by mass were used in combination. A fiber reinforced composite material was prepared. In the fiber reinforced composite material produced using this binder particle, when molding conditions 1 and 2 were compared, there was no significant difference in interlayer thickness, and CAI was also equivalent.
- Comparative Example 1 produced binder particles and a fiber-reinforced composite material in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the spacer particles were not included. Since the binder particles are not included in the binder particles, those applied with molding conditions 2 that have been molded at a higher temperature have a thinner interlayer thickness and significantly lower CAI strength than those applied with molding conditions 1. It was a thing.
- Comparative example 2 In Comparative Example 2, binder particles and a fiber-reinforced composite material were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of spacer particles was 3 parts by mass. Because there are few spacer particles in the binder particles, the one with the molding condition 2 that has been molded at a higher temperature has a thinner interlayer thickness and significantly lower CAI strength than the one with the molding condition 1 applied. Met.
- Comparative Example 3 binder particles and fiber reinforced composite material were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of spacer particles was 75 parts by mass. Since there were too many spacer particles in the binder particles, the impregnation property of the matrix resin was lowered and the CAI strength was significantly low.
- Comparative Example 4 did not include an epoxy resin as a binder resin, and only spacer particles were used to obtain a preform under the same conditions as in Example 1. However, the preform layer did not adhere, and the preform and Fabrication of fiber reinforced composite material was impossible.
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Abstract
Description
スペーサー粒子を構成する成分は、特に限定されるものではなく、ゴム粒子、熱可塑性樹脂粒子、熱硬化性樹脂粒子などの有機粒子、およびシリカ、アルミナ、スメクタイト、合成マイカ、金属粒子などの無機粒子を使用することができる。
Af:強化繊維基材1枚・1m2当たりの質量(g/m2)
N:強化繊維基材の積層枚数(枚)
ρf:強化繊維の密度(g/cm3)
h:繊維強化複合材料(試験片)の厚み(mm)。
各実施例のバインダー樹脂組成物を得るために、以下の樹脂原料を用いた。なお、表の樹脂組成物の含有割合の単位は、特に断らない限り「質量部」を意味する。
・“jER”(登録商標)825(三菱化学(株)製):液状2官能ビスフェノールA型エポキシ樹脂、エポキシ当量175
・“jER”(登録商標)1007(三菱化学(株)製):固形2官能ビスフェノールA型エポキシ樹脂、エポキシ当量1925
・“EPICLON”(登録商標)N-660(DIC(株)製):固形クレゾールノボラック型エポキシ樹脂、エポキシ当量207
・NC-7300(日本化薬(株)製):固形ナフトールアラルキル型エポキシ樹脂、エポキシ当量220
・“スミカエクセル”(商標登録)PES5200P(住友化学(株)製):ポリエーテルスルホン、質量平均分子量55100
・“ウルテム”(商標登録)1010(ジーイープラスチックス(株)製):ポリエーテルイミド、質量平均分子量55000
・YP-50(新日鉄住金化学(株)製):フェノキシ樹脂、重量平均分子量70000
スペーサー粒子:エポキシ樹脂に不溶なポリマー粒子
・粒子1(エムザベルケ(株)社製“グリルアミド”(登録商標)TR―55を原料として以下に記す製造方法にて作製した粒子、平均粒子径18.0μm、粒子径分布指数1.5、真球度85、Tg160℃)
(粒子1の製造方法)
4,4’-ジアミノ-3,3’ジメチルジシクロヘキシルメタンを必須構成成分として含有するポリアミド(エムザベルケ(株)社製“グリルアミド(登録商標)”TR-55)94質量部、エポキシ樹脂(ジャパンエポキシレジン(株)社製“jER(登録商標)”828)4質量部および硬化剤(富士化成工業(株)社製“トーマイド(登録商標)”#296)2質量部を、クロロホルム300質量部とメタノール100質量部の混合溶媒中に添加して均一溶液を得た。次に該溶液を塗装用のスプレーガンを用いて霧状にして、よく撹拌した3000質量部のn-ヘキサンの液面に向かって吹き付けて溶質を析出させた。析出した固体を濾別し、n-ヘキサンでよく洗浄した後、100℃24時間の真空乾燥を行い、さらに篩を用いて粒子径の小さい成分と大きい成分をそれぞれ取り除き、比較的粒子径分布の揃った粒子を得た。得られた粉体を走査型電子顕微鏡にて、観察したところ、平均粒子径 18.0μm、粒子径分布指数1.5、真球度85であった。
・粒子2(“Orgasol”(登録商標)1002D、ポリアミド、アルケマ(株)社製、平均粒子径21μm、粒子径分布指数1.9、真球度78、ガラス転移温度53℃)
・粒子3(“トロガミド”(登録商標)CX7323を原料として以下に記す製造方法にて作製した粒子、平均粒子径13μm、粒子径分布指数1.2、真球度97、ガラス転移温度137℃)
(粒子3の製造方法:国際公開2009/142231号パンフレットを参考とした。)
1000mlの耐圧ガラスオートクレーブ(耐圧硝子工業(株)ハイパーグラスターTEM-V1000N)の中に、ポリマーAとしてポリアミド(質量平均分子量 17,000、デグザ社製 “TROGAMID”(登録商標)CX7323)を35g、有機溶媒としてN-メチル-2-ピロリドン 287g、ポリマーBとしてポリビニルアルコール 28g(日本合成化学工業株式会社製 “ゴーセノール”(登録商標)GM-14 質量平均分子量 29,000、酢酸ナトリウム含量0.23質量%、SP値32.8(J/cm3)1/2)を加え、99体積%以上の窒素置換を行った後、180℃に加熱し、ポリマーが溶解するまで2時間攪拌を行った。その後、貧溶媒として350gのイオン交換水を、送液ポンプを経由して、2.92g/分のスピードで滴下した。約200gのイオン交換水を加えた時点で、系が白色に変化した。全量の水を入れ終わった後、攪拌したまま降温させ、得られた懸濁液を、ろ過し、イオン交換水 700gを加えてリスラリー洗浄し、濾別したものを、80℃ 10時間真空乾燥を行い、灰色に着色した固体を34g得た。得られた粉体を走査型電子顕微鏡にて観察したところ、真球状の微粒子形状であり、平均粒子径 13μm、粒子径分布指数 1.2であった。
・粒子4(SP-500、ポリアミド、東レ(株)製、平均粒子径5μm、粒子径分布指数1.1、真球度96、ガラス転移温度55℃)
・粒子5(“TORLON”(登録商標)4000TF、ポリアミドイミド、ソルベイアドバンストポリマーズ社製、平均粒子径15μmに分級、粒子径分布指数1.5、真球度91、ガラス転移温度53℃)
・粒子6(4,4’-ジアミノ-3,3’ジメチルジシクロヘキシルメタンを必須構成成分として含有するポリアミド(エムザベルケ(株)社製“グリルアミド”(登録商標) TR55をハンマーミルにて凍結粉砕・分級して作製した、平均粒子径45μm、粒子径分布指数3.2、真球度65、ガラス転移温度167℃:TR55微粉砕品(1)と記すこともある)
・粒子7(4,4’-ジアミノ-3,3’ジメチルジシクロヘキシルメタンを必須構成成分として含有するポリアミド(エムザベルケ(株)社製“グリルアミド”(登録商標) TR55をハンマーミルにて凍結粉砕・分級して作製した、平均粒子径55μm、粒子径分布指数2.4、真球度76、ガラス転移温度167℃:TR55微粉砕品(2)と記すこともある)
2.炭素繊維織物
実施例で用いた強化繊維織物は以下のように作製した。炭素繊維束“トレカ”(登録商標)T800S-24K-10E(東レ(株)製、PAN系炭素繊維、フィラメント数:24,000本、繊度:1,033tex、引張弾性率:294GPa)を経糸として1.8本/cmの密度で引き揃え、これに平行、かつ交互に配列された補助経糸としてガラス繊維束ECDE-75-1/0-1.0Z(日東紡(株)製、フィラメント数:800本、繊度:67.5tex)を1.8本/cmの密度で引き揃えて一方向性シート状強化繊維束群を形成した。緯糸としてガラス繊維束E-glassヤーンECE-225-1/0-1.0Z(日東紡(株)製、フィラメント数:200本、繊度:22.5tex)を用い、前記一方向性シート状強化繊維束群に直交する方向に3本/cmの密度で配列し、織機を用いて該補助経糸と該緯糸が互いに交差するように織り込み、実質的に炭素繊維が一方向に配列されクリンプがない、一方向性ノンクリンプ織物を作製した。なお、得られた強化繊維織物の炭素繊維束繊度に対する緯糸の繊度割合は2.2%、補助経糸の繊度割合は6.5%であり、炭素繊維の目付は192g/m2、強化繊維織物の充填率は0.45であった。
実施例で用いたマトリックス樹脂は、二液型のアミン硬化型エポキシ樹脂であり、以下のように調製した。
スペーサー粒子の個々の粒子径は、走査型電子顕微鏡(日本電子株式会社製走査型電子顕微鏡JSM-6301NF)にて、粒子を1000倍で観察し、径が100nmを超えるものを測長した。尚、粒子の投影形状が真円でない場合は長径をその粒子径として測定した。
表1に記載した原料(エポキシ樹脂、エポキシ樹脂に可溶な熱可塑性樹脂、エポキシ樹脂に不溶なポリマー粒子)と配合比で180℃の温度条件にて小型二軸押出機(S1KRCニーダー、(株)栗本鐵工所)を使用して混練を行ってバインダー樹脂組成物を調製した。
調製したバインダー樹脂組成物をハンマーミル(PULVERIZER、ホソカワミクロン(株)製)にて、孔サイズ1mmのスクリーンを使用し、液体窒素を用いて凍結粉砕してバインダー粒子を得た。かかる粒子を目開きサイズ150μmと75μmの篩いに通し、目開きサイズ75μmの篩いに残ったバインダー粒子を評価に使用した。
レーザー解析・散乱式粒子径・粒度分布測定装置MT3300II(日機装(株)製)を用い、取り込み回数500回で測定したメディアン径をバインダー粒子の平均粒子径とした。
スペーサー粒子、バインダー樹脂に可溶な熱可塑性樹脂またはバインダー粒子を試料として、JIS K 7121:1987に従って、示差走査熱量計(DSC)を用いて中間点ガラス転移温度を測定した。測定装置にはPyris1 DSC(Perkin Elmer製)を使用した。アルミニウム製サンプルパンに5~10mgの試料を採取し、窒素雰囲気下で-30~300℃の温度範囲、40℃/minの昇温速度で測定を行い、DSC曲線が吸熱側に階段状変化を示す部分において、各ベースラインの延長した直線から縦軸方向に等距離にある直線と、ガラス転移の階段状変化部分の曲線とが交わる点の温度をガラス転移温度とした。
得られたバインダー粒子を、前記の炭素繊維織物の片面に25g/m2の目付で散布した。その後、遠赤外線ヒーターを使用して加熱し、バインダー粒子を融着させ、片側表面にバインダー粒子が付与されたバインダー樹脂組成物付き強化繊維基材を得た。
得られたバインダー樹脂組成物付き強化繊維基材を所定の大きさにカットした後、4層のバインダー樹脂組成物付き強化繊維基材を、炭素繊維の長手方向が、[+45°/0°/-45°/90°]と積層し合計4層の積層体を得た。次に該4層の積層体2つを90度層同士が向かい合うように対称に積層し、合計8層の積層体を得た。得られた積層体をアルミニウム製の平面状成形型の面上に配置し、その上をバッグ材(ポリアミドフィルム)とシーラントにて密閉した。成形型とバッグ材により形成されたキャビティを真空にした後、成形型を熱風乾燥機に移し、室温から90℃の温度まで、1分間に3℃ずつ昇温した後、90℃の温度下で2時間加熱した。その後、キャビティの真空状態を保ちながら大気中にて60℃以下に冷却した後、キャビティを大気解放してプリフォームを得た。
作製したプリフォームを、バインダー樹脂が溶解しない条件でエポキシ樹脂に包埋し、中央の層間を挟む2層(90°層)に含まれる炭素繊維に交差する方向から研磨した後、その断面を光学顕微鏡で400倍に拡大し写真撮影した。写真上の無作為に選んだ繊維層間領域について、繊維層領域と繊維層間領域の境界ラインを引き、その境界ライン間に存在するバインダー樹脂組成物全体に対するスペーサー粒子の面積の割合をスペーサー粒子占有率測定とした。同様の操作を、任意の100箇所の繊維層間領域について実施し、その平均値を採用した。
作製したプリフォームを中央の90°層に含まれる炭素繊維に直交する方向から切断し、その断面を研磨後、光学顕微鏡で400倍に拡大し写真撮影した。写真上の無作為に選んだ繊維層間領域のバインダー樹脂組成物の存在する部分について、繊維層領域と繊維層間領域の境界ラインを引き、その境界ライン間の距離を層間厚みとした。同様の操作を、任意の100箇所の繊維層間領域について実施し、その平均値を採用した。
得られたプリフォームをアルミニウム製の平面状成形型の面上に配置し、その上にピールプライとして離型処理を施したポリエステル布帛、樹脂拡散媒体としてポリプロピレン製ニットを順に配置し、その上をバッグ材とシーラントを用いて、樹脂注入口と減圧吸引口を設けた以外は密閉してキャビティを形成した。そして、減圧吸引口から真空ポンプによってキャビティ内を吸引して、真空度を-90kPa以下になるよう調整した後、成形型およびプリフォームを70℃に温度調節した。温度調整には熱風乾燥機を使用した。
成形条件1:1分間に1.5℃ずつ140℃の温度まで昇温した後、140℃の温度下で2時間硬化した。型から取り出した後に、熱風乾燥機中で1分間に1.5℃ずつ、180℃の温度まで昇温した後、180℃の温度下で2時間硬化して繊維強化複合材料を得た。
成形条件2:1分間に1.5℃ずつ180℃の温度まで昇温した後、180℃の温度下で2時間硬化して繊維強化複合材料を得た。
得られた繊維強化複合材料の繊維体積含有率Vfは、いずれの条件においても55%~60%の間となった。
作製した繊維強化複合材料を中央の90°層に含まれる炭素繊維に直交する方向から切断し、その断面を研磨後、光学顕微鏡で400倍に拡大し写真撮影した。写真上の無作為に選んだ繊維層間領域について、繊維層領域と繊維層間領域の境界ラインを引き、その境界ライン間の距離を層間厚みとした。同様の操作を、任意の100箇所の繊維層間領域について実施し、その平均値を採用した。
得られた繊維強化複合材料の断面を観察し、ボイド量が1%未満と、ボイドが実質的に存在しないものをgood、繊維強化複合材料の外観に樹脂未含浸部分は認められないが、繊維強化複合材料中のボイド量が1%以上3%未満であるものをfair、繊維強化複合材料の外観に樹脂未含浸部分が認められる、または繊維強化複合材料中のボイド量が3%以上であるものをbadとした。
得られた繊維強化複合材料から、試験片の長手方向を炭素繊維配向角0度として縦150mm、横100mmの矩形試験片を切り出し、その矩形試験片の中心に、JIS K 7089:1996に従って、試験片の厚さ1mmあたり6.76Jの落錘衝撃を与えた後、JIS K 7089:1996に従い衝撃付与後の残存圧縮強度(CAI)を測定した。サンプル数は5とし、平均値を求めた。
表1の配合比に従って、前記したようにして調製したバインダー粒子を用いた基材で、前記のようにして繊維強化複合材料を作製した。作製したそれぞれの繊維強化複合材料について、層間厚み測定を行った。
実施例8、9では、エポキシ樹脂に可溶な熱可塑性樹脂としてそれぞれポリエーテルイミド、フェノキシ樹脂を使用した以外は実施例1と同様にして、バインダー粒子および繊維強化複合材料を作製した。いずれのバインダー粒子を使用して作製した繊維強化複合材料においても、成形条件1と2とを比較した時に層間厚みに大きな差はなく、CAIも同等であった。
実施例10は、バインダー樹脂の組成を固形ビスフェノール型エポキシ樹脂85質量部、アラルキル型エポキシ樹脂15部とし、エポキシ樹脂に可溶な熱可塑性樹脂を含まないこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、バインダー粒子および繊維強化複合材料を作製した。このバインダー粒子を使用して作製した繊維強化複合材料は、成形条件1と2とを比較した時に層間厚みに大きな差はなく、CAIも同等であった。
実施例11は、バインダー樹脂成分としてアラルキル型エポキシ樹脂をクレゾールノボラック型エポキシ樹脂に置き換えた以外は実施例1と同様にして、バインダー粒子および繊維強化複合材料を作製した。このバインダー粒子を使用して作製した繊維強化複合材料は、成形条件1と2とを比較した時に層間厚みに大きな差はなく、CAIも同等であった。
実施例12は、バインダー樹脂成分としてエポキシ樹脂を全て液状ビスフェノール型エポキシ樹脂に置き換えた以外は実施例1と同様にして、バインダー粒子および繊維強化複合材料を作製した。このバインダー粒子を使用して作製した繊維強化複合材料は、成形条件1と2とを比較した時に層間厚みに大きな差はなく、CAIも同等であった。
実施例13は、スペーサー粒子の配合量を10質量部とした以外は実施例1と同様にして、バインダー粒子および繊維強化複合材料を作製した。このバインダー粒子を使用して作製した繊維強化複合材料は、層間厚みがやや薄くなるものの成形条件1と2とを比較した時に層間厚みに大きな差はなく、CAIも同等であった。
実施例11、12は、実施例1と同様の組成で作製したバインダー粒子の平均粒子径を30μm、300μmとしたものを使用した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、バインダー粒子および繊維強化複合材料を作製した。これらのバインダー粒子を使用して作製した繊維強化複合材料は、成形条件1と2とを比較した時に層間厚みに大きな差はなく、CAIも同等であった。
実施例16では、スペーサー粒子として粒子1(TR-55)と粒子4(SP-500)をそれぞれ30質量部、10質量部を併せて使用した以外は実施例1と同様にして、バインダー粒子および繊維強化複合材料を作製した。このバインダー粒子を使用して作製した繊維強化複合材料では、成形条件1と2とを比較した時に層間厚みに大きな差はなく、CAIも同等であった。
比較例1はスペーサー粒子を含まない以外は、実施例1と同様にして、バインダー粒子および繊維強化複合材料を作製した。バインダー粒子中にスペーサー粒子を含まないため、より高温での成形を行った成形条件2を適用したものは成形条件1を適用したものに比較して、層間厚みが薄く、CAI強度が大幅に低いものであった。
比較例2では、スペーサー粒子の配合量を3質量部とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして、バインダー粒子および繊維強化複合材料を作製した。バインダー粒子中のスペーサー粒子が少ないため、より高温での成形を行った成形条件2を適用したものは成形条件1を適用したものに比較して、層間厚みが薄く、CAI強度が大幅に低いものであった。
比較例3では、スペーサー粒子の配合量を75質量部とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして、バインダー粒子および繊維強化複合材料を作製した。バインダー粒子中のスペーサー粒子が多すぎるため、マトリックス樹脂の含浸性が低下し、CAI強度が大幅に低いものであった。
比較例4はバインダー樹脂であるエポキシ樹脂を含まず、スペーサー粒子のみを使用して、実施例1と同様の条件でプリフォームを得ようとしたが、プリフォーム層間が接着せず、プリフォームおよび繊維強化複合材料の作製が不可能であった。
Claims (17)
- 複数の強化繊維層の層間がバインダー樹脂で連結され、かかるバインダー樹脂内に、バインダー樹脂に不溶なスペーサー粒子が存在するプリフォームであり、強化繊維層の層間に存在するバインダー樹脂内におけるスペーサー粒子の占有率が10%~80%であるプリフォーム。
- スペーサー粒子の真球度が75~100の範囲にあり、粒子径分布指数が1~5の範囲にある、請求項1に記載のプリフォーム。
- スペーサー粒子の平均粒子径が1~50μmである、請求項1または2に記載のプリフォーム。
- 強化繊維層の層間におけるスペーサー粒子の含有量が1層間当たり2~9g/m2である、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のプリフォーム。
- スペーサー粒子は、ガラス転移温度が80℃以上のポリマー粒子である、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載のプリフォーム。
- スペーサー粒子が、ポリアミド、ポリアミドイミド、ポリイミド、ポリカーボネート、ポリフェニレンスルフィド、ポリフェニレンエーテル、ポリエーテルエーテルケトンおよびそれらの共重合体からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つの樹脂からなる、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載のプリフォーム。
- バインダー樹脂が熱硬化性樹脂を含む、請求項1~6のいずれかに記載のプリフォーム。
- 熱硬化性樹脂がエポキシ樹脂である、請求項7に記載のプリフォーム。
- エポキシ樹脂として固形エポキシ樹脂を含む、請求項8に記載のプリフォーム。
- エポキシ樹脂としてビスフェノール型エポキシ樹脂、ノボラック型エポキシ樹脂およびアラルキル型エポキシ樹脂からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つのエポキシ樹脂を含む、請求項8または9に記載のプリフォーム。
- バインダー樹脂が、バインダー樹脂に含まれる熱硬化性樹脂に可溶な熱可塑性樹脂を含む、請求項7~10のいずれかに記載のプリフォーム。
- 前記熱可塑性樹脂が、ポリエーテルスルホン、ポリスルホン、ポリエーテルイミド、ポリビニルアセタール、ポリメチルメタクリレートおよびフェノキシ樹脂からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つである、請求項11に記載のプリフォーム。
- 前記熱可塑性樹脂は、ガラス転移温度が150℃以上である、請求項11または12に記載のプリフォーム。
- 請求項1~13のいずれかに記載のプリフォームに、マトリックス樹脂を含浸、硬化させてなる繊維強化複合材料。
- 層間厚みがスペーサー粒子の平均粒子径の1~3倍である、請求項14に記載の繊維強化複合材料。
- 層間厚みが1~150μmである、請求項14または15に記載の繊維強化複合材料。
- 請求項1~13のいずれかに記載のプリフォームにマトリックス樹脂を含浸、硬化させる繊維強化複合材料の製造方法であって、マトリックス樹脂の含浸、硬化の過程で、バインダー樹脂がマトリックス樹脂に溶解する一方、スペーサー粒子はマトリックス樹脂に溶解せず、層間に配置され、かかる層間厚みがスペーサー粒子の平均粒子径の1~3倍となる繊維強化複合材料の製造方法。
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TWI754045B (zh) * | 2017-05-10 | 2022-02-01 | 日商東麗股份有限公司 | 纖維強化複合材料的製造方法 |
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