WO2016091674A1 - Utilisation de cyclaniliprole sur des plantes cultivées - Google Patents

Utilisation de cyclaniliprole sur des plantes cultivées Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016091674A1
WO2016091674A1 PCT/EP2015/078325 EP2015078325W WO2016091674A1 WO 2016091674 A1 WO2016091674 A1 WO 2016091674A1 EP 2015078325 W EP2015078325 W EP 2015078325W WO 2016091674 A1 WO2016091674 A1 WO 2016091674A1
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spp
plant
plants
soybean
resistance
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PCT/EP2015/078325
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English (en)
Inventor
Matthias Pohlman
Karsten KÖRBER
Steffen Schlehuber
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Basf Se
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Publication of WO2016091674A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016091674A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/56—1,2-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2-diazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
    • A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
    • A01N47/10—Carbamic acid derivatives, i.e. containing the group —O—CO—N<; Thio analogues thereof
    • A01N47/24—Carbamic acid derivatives, i.e. containing the group —O—CO—N<; Thio analogues thereof containing the groups, or; Thio analogues thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
    • A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
    • A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
    • A01N47/34—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N< containing the groups, e.g. biuret; Thio analogues thereof; Urea-aldehyde condensation products

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant with at least one modification (hereinafter abbreviated as "cultivated plant”) as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, comprising the application of a pesti- cidally active compound of formula I
  • plant health comprises various sorts of improvements of plants that are not connected to the control of pests and which do not embrace the reduction of negative consequences of harmful insects.
  • plant health is to be understood to denote a condition of the plant and/or its products which is determined by several indicators alone or in combination with each other such as yield (e.g.
  • plant vigor e.g. improved plant growth and/or greener leaves ("greening effect")
  • quality e.g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients
  • tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress e.g. improved biomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients
  • plant vigor e.g. improved plant growth and/or greener leaves ("greening effect")
  • quality e.g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients
  • tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress e.g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients
  • cultivated plants are plants that have at least one insecticidal trait. It is a wide-spread problem that insects, that are combatted with insectides, develop resistance, i.e. they become less or not all anymore susceptible to the insecticidal effect. Surprisingly, it has now been found that the compound of formula (I) are useful in methods of controlling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth, wherein the plant has at least one insecticidal trait, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to an insecticidal trait of the plant.
  • cultivated plants are specific plants that have at least one herbicidal and at least one insecticidal trait, preferably soybeans, more preferably the soybeans known as"lntacta RR2 PRO" soybean (Monsanto).
  • soybeans more preferably the soybeans known as"lntacta RR2 PRO" soybean (Monsanto).
  • cultivated plants are plants that have at least one trait or trait combination which has not yet been described in connection with the use of the compound of formula (I) on cultivated plants, e.g. as listed in Table A1.
  • the compound of formula (I) are also useful in methods of controlling harmful insects by treating those mentioned cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth.
  • the compound of formula (I) is described in WO2005/077934 and is known under the ISO name "cyclaniliprole”. It can be prepared according to standard methods of organic chemistry, or by the processes as described in WO2005/077934 or WO2008072743, without being limited to the routes given therein.
  • the preparation of the compound of formula I above may lead to isomer mixtures. If desired, these can be resolved by the methods customary for this purpose, such as crystallization or chromatography, also on optically active adsorbate, to give the pure isomers.
  • Agronomically acceptable salts of the compound of formula (I) can be formed in a customary manner, e.g. by reaction with an acid of the anion in question.
  • the compound of formula (I) has been described in WO2014/128188 in methods and uses for controlling harmful pests on certain cultivated plants, there are further cultivated plants on which the compound of formula (I) is surprisingly effective.
  • the invention relates to certain mixtures of the com- pound of formula (I), and to the use of said mixture in the methods according to the invention as mentioned herein.
  • the invention relates to the mixture of the compound of formula (I) with pyra- clostrobin P, and furthermore to the use of said mixture in the methods according to the invention as mentioned herein.
  • the invention relates to the mixture of the compound of formula (I) with thi- ophanatemethyl T, and furthermore to the use of said mixture in the methods according to the invention as mentioned herein.
  • the invention relates to the mixture of the compound of formula (I) with fipronil F, and furthermore to the use of said mixture in the methods according to the invention as mentioned herein.
  • the invention relates to the mixture of the compound of formula (I) with thi- ophanatemethyl T and pyraclostrobin P, and furthermore to the use of said mixture in the methods according to the invention as mentioned herein.
  • the invention relates to the mixture of the compound of formula (I) with thi- ophanatemethyl T and fipronil F, and furthermore to the use of said mixture in the methods according to the invention as mentioned herein.
  • the invention relates to the mixture of the compound of formula (I) with pyraclostrobin P and fipronil F, and furthermore to the use of said mixture in the methods according to the invention as mentioned herein.
  • the invention relates to the mixture of the compound of formula (I) with pyraclostrobin P and fipronil F and thiophanatemethyl T, and furthermore to the use of said mixture in the methods according to the invention as mentioned herein.
  • mixtures in these aspects of the invention are mixtures selected from the following mixtures:
  • the term "compound(s) of the present invention” or “compound(s) according to the invention” refers to the compound(s) of formula (I) as defined above, which are also referred to as “compound(s) of formula I” or “compound(s) I” or “formula I compound(s)”, and includes their salts, tautomers, stereoisomers, and N-oxides.
  • composition(s) according to the invention or “composition(s) of the present invention” encompasses composition(s) comprising at least one compound of formula (I) or mixtures of the the compound of formula (I) with other pesticidally active compound(s) II for being used and/or applied in methods according to the invention as defined above.
  • the compound of formula (I) has at least one center of chirality, therefore is present as mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers, in any case as a pair of two enantiomers. Both enantiomers are said to contribute to the pesticidal effect.
  • the invention provides both the pure enantiomers or pure diastereomers of the the compound of formula (I), and its mixtures and the use according to the invention of the pure enantiomers or pure diastereomers of the compound of formula (I) or its mixtures.
  • a suitable compound of the formula (I) also includes all possible geometrical stereoisomers (cis/trans isomers) and mixtures thereof.
  • Cis/trans isomers may be present with respect to an alkene, carbon-nitrogen double-bond, nitrogen-sulfur double bond or amide group.
  • stereoisomer(s) encompasses both optical isomers, such as enantiomers or dia- stereomers, the latter existing due to more than one center of chirality in the molecule, as well as geometrical isomers (cis/trans isomers).
  • Salts of the compounds of the present invention are preferably agriculturally and veterinarily acceptable salts. They can be formed in a customary method, e.g. by reacting the compound with an acid if the compound of the present invention has a basic functionality or by reacting the compound with a suitable base if the compound of the present invention has an acidic functionality.
  • suitable "agriculturally useful salts” or “agriculturally acceptable salts” are especially the salts of those cations or the acid addition salts of those acids whose cations and anions, respectively, do not have any adverse effect on the action of the compounds according to the present invention.
  • Suitable cations are in particular the ions of the alkali metals, preferably lithium, sodium and potassium, of the alkaline earth metals, preferably calcium, magnesium and barium, and of the transition metals, preferably manganese, copper, zinc and iron, and also ammonium (NhV) and substituted ammonium in which one to four of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by Ci-C4-alkyl, Ci-C4-hydroxyalkyl, Ci-C4-alkoxy, Ci-C4-alkoxy-Ci-C4-alkyl, hydroxy-Ci- C4-alkoxy-Ci-C4-alkyl, phenyl or benzyl.
  • substituted ammonium ions comprise me- thylammonium, isopropylammonium, dimethylammonium, diisopropylammonium, trime- thylammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, 2- hydroxyethylammonium, 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl-ammonium, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium, benzyltrimethylammonium and benzyltriethylammonium, furthermore phosphonium ions, sul- fonium ions, preferably tri(Ci-C4-alkyl)sulfonium, and sulfoxonium ions, preferably tri(Ci-C4- alkyl)sulfoxonium.
  • Anions of useful acid addition salts are primarily chloride, bromide, fluoride, hydrogen sulfate, sulfate, dihydrogen phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, phosphate, nitrate, hydrogen carbonate, carbonate, hexafluorosilicate, hexafluorophosphate, benzoate, and the anions of Ci-C4-alkanoic acids, preferably formate, acetate, propionate and butyrate. They can be formed by reacting the compound of the formulae I with an acid of the corresponding anion, preferably of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid or nitric acid.
  • the compound of the formula (I) may be present in the form of its N-oxides.
  • N-oxide includes any compound of the present invention which has at least one tertiary nitrogen atom that is oxidized to an N-oxide moiety.
  • N-oxides of compounds (I) can in particular be prepared by oxidizing the ring nitrogen atom(s) of the pyridine ring and/or the pyrazole ring with a suitable oxidizing agent, such as peroxo carboxylic acids or other peroxides.
  • a suitable oxidizing agent such as peroxo carboxylic acids or other peroxides.
  • the preparation of the compound of formula I above may lead to them being obtained as isomer mixtures. If desired, these can be resolved by the methods customary for this purpose, such as crystallization or chromatography, also on optically active adsorbate, to give the pure isomers.
  • Agronomically acceptable salts of the compounds I can be formed in a customary manner, e.g. by reaction with an acid of the anion in question. Mixtures
  • the present invention also relates to a mixture of at least one compound of the present invention with at least one mixing partner as defined herein after.
  • Preferred weight ratios for such binary mixtures are from 5000:1 to 1 :5000, preferably from 1000:1 to 1 :1000, more preferably from 100:1 to 1 :100, particularly preferably from 10:1 to 1 :10.
  • components I and II may be used in equal amounts, or an excess of component I, or an excess of component II may be used.
  • the invention also relates to agrochemical compositions comprising an auxiliary and at least one compound of the present invention or a mixture thereof.
  • An agrochemical composition comprises a pesticidally effective amount of a cormpound of the present invention or a mixture thereof.
  • the term "pesticidally effective amount” is defined below.
  • the compounds of the present invention or the mixtures thereof can be converted into customary types of agro-chemical compositions, e. g. solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes, granules, pressings, capsules, and mixtures thereof.
  • agro-chemical compositions e. g. solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes, granules, pressings, capsules, and mixtures thereof.
  • composi- tion types are suspensions (e.g. SC, OD, FS), emulsifiable concentrates (e.g. EC), emulsions (e.g. EW, EO, ES, ME), capsules (e.g. CS, ZC), pastes, pastilles, wettable powders or dusts (e.g. WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), pressings (e.g.
  • compositions types are defined in the "Catalogue of pesticide formulation types and international coding system", Technical Monograph No. 2, 6th Ed. May 2008, CropLife International.
  • compositions are prepared in a known manner, such as described by Mollet and Grube- mann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001 ; or Knowles, New developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005.
  • auxiliaries are solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers or fillers, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, wetters, adjuvants, solubilizers, penetration enhancers, protective colloids, adhesion agents, thickeners, humectants, repellents, attractants, feeding stimulants, compatibilizers, bactericides, anti-freezing agents, anti-foaming agents, colorants, tackifi- ers and binders.
  • Suitable solvents and liquid carriers are water and organic solvents, such as mineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point, e.g. kerosene, diesel oil; oils of vegetable or animal origin; aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e. g.
  • toluene paraffin, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes; alcohols, e.g. ethanol, propanol, butanol, benzylalcohol, cyclo ⁇ hexanol; glycols; DMSO; ketones, e.g. cyclohexanone; esters, e.g. lactates, carbonates, fatty acid esters, gamma-butyrolactone; fatty acids; phosphonates; amines; amides, e.g. N-methylpyrrolidone, fatty acid dimethylamides; and mixtures thereof.
  • alcohols e.g. ethanol, propanol, butanol, benzylalcohol, cyclo ⁇ hexanol
  • glycols DMSO
  • ketones e.g. cyclohexanone
  • esters e.g. lactates, carbonates, fatty acid esters
  • Suitable solid carriers or fillers are mineral earths, e.g. silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide; polysaccharide powders, e.g. cellulose, starch; fertilizers, e.g. ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas; products of vegetable origin, e.g. cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal, nutshell meal, and mixtures thereof.
  • mineral earths e.g. silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide
  • polysaccharide powders e.g. cellulose, starch
  • Suitable surfactants are surface-active compounds, such as anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, block polymers, polyelectrolytes, and mixtures thereof. Such surfactants can be used as emusifier, dispersant, solubilizer, wetter, penetration enhancer, protective colloid, or adjuvant. Examples of surfactants are listed in McCutcheon's, Vol.1 : Emulsifiers & Detergents, McCutcheon's Directories, Glen Rock, USA, 2008 (International Ed. or North American Ed.).
  • Suitable anionic surfactants are alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium salts of sulfonates, sul- fates, phosphates, carboxylates, and mixtures thereof.
  • sulfonates are alkylaryl- sulfonates, diphenylsulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, lignine sulfonates, sulfonates of fatty acids and oils, sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols, sulfonates of alkoxylated arylphenols, sulfonates of condensed naphthalenes, sulfonates of dodecyl- and tridecylbenzenes, sulfonates of naphthalenes and alkyhnaphthalenes, sulfosuccinates or sulfosuccinamates.
  • Examples of sulfates are sulfates of fatty acids and oils, of ethoxylated alkylphenols, of alcohols, of ethoxylated alcohols, or of fatty acid esters.
  • Examples of phosphates are phosphate esters.
  • Examples of carboxylates are alkyl carboxylates, and carboxylated alcohol or alkylphenol eth- oxylates.
  • Suitable nonionic surfactants are alkoxylates, N-subsituted fatty acid amides, amine oxides, esters, sugar-based surfactants, polymeric surfactants, and mixtures thereof.
  • alkoxylates are compounds such as alcohols, alkylphenols, amines, amides, arylphenols, fatty acids or fatty acid esters which have been alkoxylated with 1 to 50 equivalents.
  • Ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide may be employed for the alkoxylation, preferably ethylene oxide.
  • N-subsititued fatty acid amides are fatty acid glucamides or fatty acid alkanolamides.
  • esters are fatty acid esters, glycerol esters or monoglycerides.
  • sugar- based surfactants are sorbitans, ethoxylated sorbitans, sucrose and glucose esters or al- kylpolyglucosides.
  • polymeric surfactants are homo- or copolymers of vinylpyrroli- done, vinylalcohols, or vinylacetate.
  • Suitable cationic surfactants are quaternary surfactants, for example quaternary ammonium compounds with one or two hydrophobic groups, or salts of long-chain primary amines.
  • Suitable amphoteric surfactants are alkylbetains and imidazolines.
  • Suitable block polymers are block polymers of the A-B or A-B-A type comprising blocks of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, or of the A-B-C type comprising alkanol, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide.
  • Suitable polyelectrolytes are polyacids or polybases. Examples of polyacids are alkali salts of polyacrylic acid or polyacid comb polymers. Examples of polybases are polyvinylamines or pol- yethyleneamines.
  • Suitable adjuvants are compounds, which have a neglectable or even no pesticidal activity themselves, and which improve the biological performance of the compounds of the present invention on the target.
  • examples are surfactants, mineral or vegetable oils, and other auxi- laries. Further examples are listed by Knowles, Adjuvants and additives, Agrow Reports DS256, T&F Informa UK, 2006, chapter 5.
  • Suitable thickeners are polysaccharides (e.g. xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose), anorganic clays (organically modified or unmodified), polycarboxylates, and silicates.
  • Suitable bactericides are bronopol and isothiazolinone derivatives such as alkylisothiazoli- nones and benzisothiazolinones.
  • Suitable anti-freezing agents are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea and glycerin.
  • Suitable anti-foaming agents are silicones, long chain alcohols, and salts of fatty acids.
  • Suitable colorants are pigments of low water solubility and water- soluble dyes.
  • examples are inorganic colorants (e.g. iron oxide, titan oxide, iron hexacyanofer- rate) and organic colorants (e.g. alizarin-, azo- and phthalocyanine colorants).
  • Suitable tackifiers or binders are polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylates, biological or synthetic waxes, and cellulose ethers.
  • the agrochemical compositions generally comprise between 0.01 and 95%, preferably be- tween 0.1 and 90%, and most preferably between 0.5 and 75%, by weight of active sub-stance.
  • the active substances are employed in a purity of from 90% to 100%, preferably from 95% to 100% (according to NMR spectrum).
  • oils, wetters, adjuvants, fertilizer, or micronutrients, and other pesticides may be added to the active substances or the compositions cormprising them as premix or, if appropriate not until immediately prior to use (tank mix).
  • pesticides e.g. herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, growth regulators, safeners
  • These agents can be admixed with the compositions according to the invention in a weight ratio of 1 :100 to 100:1 , preferably 1 :10 to 10:1.
  • the user applies the composition according to the invention usually from a predosage de-vice, a knapsack sprayer, a spray tank, a spray plane, or an irrigation system.
  • the agrochem- ical composition is made up with water, buffer, and/or further auxiliaries to the desired application concentration and the ready-to-use spray liquor or the agrochemical composition according to the invention is thus obtained.
  • 20 to 2000 liters, preferably 50 to 400 liters, of the ready-to-use spray liquor are applied per hectare of agricultural useful area.
  • composition according to the in- vention such as parts of a kit or parts of a binary or ternary mixture may be mixed by the user himself in a spray tank and further auxiliaries may be added, if appropriate.
  • either individual components of the composition according to the invention or partially premixed components e. g. components comprising compound I of the present invention and/or mixing partners as defined above, may be mixed by the user in a spray tank and further auxiliaries and additives may be added, if appropriate.
  • either individual components of the composition according to the invention or partially premixed components, e. g. components comprising compound I of the present invention and/or mixing partners as defined above, can be applied jointly (e.g. after tank mix) or consecutively.
  • the compounds of the present invention are suitable for use in protecting crops, plants, plant propagation materials, such as seeds, or soil or water, in which the plants are growing, from attack or infestation by animal pests. Therefore, the present invention also relates to a plant protection method, which comprises contacting crops, plants, plant propagation materials, such as seeds, or soil or water, in which the plants are growing, to be protected from attack or infestation by animal pests, with a pesticidally effective amount of a compound of the present invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention are also suitable for use in combating or controlling animal pests. Therefore, the present invention also relates to a method of combating or control- ling animal pests, which comprises contacting the animal pests, their habitat, breeding ground, or food supply, or the crops, plants, plant propagation materials, such as seeds, or soil, or the area, material or environment in which the animal pests are growing or may grow, with a pesticidally effective amount of a compound of the present invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention are effective through both contact and ingestion.
  • Fur- thermore the compounds of the present invention can be applied to any and all developmental stages, such as egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be applied as such or in form of compositions comprising them as defined above. Furthermore, the compounds of the present invention can be applied together with a mixing partner as defined above or in form of compositions compris- ing said mixtures as defined above.
  • the components of said mixture can be applied simultaneously, jointly or separately, or in succession, that is immediately one after another and thereby creating the mixture "in situ" on the desired location, e.g. the plant, the sequence, in the case of separate application, generally not having any effect on the result of the control measures.
  • the application can be carried out both before and after the infestation of the crops, plants, plant propagation materials, such as seeds, soil, or the area, material or environment by the pests.
  • Suitable application methods include inter alia soil treatment, seed treatment, in furrow application, and foliar application.
  • Soil treatment methods include drenching the soil, drip irrigation (drip application onto the soil), dipping roots, tubers or bulbs, or soil injection.
  • Seed treatment techniques include seed dressing, seed coating, seed dusting, seed soaking, and seed pelleting.
  • furrow applications typically include the steps of making a furrow in cultivated land, seeding the furrow with seeds, applying the pesticidally active compound to the furrow, and closing the furrow.
  • Foliar application refers to the application of the pesticidally active compound to plant foliage, e.g. through spray equipment.
  • pheromones for specific crops and pests are known to a skilled person and publicly available from databases of pheromones and semiochemicals, such as http://www.pherobase.com.
  • the term "contacting” includes both direct contact (applying the com- pounds/compositions directly on the animal pest or plant - typically to the foliage, stem or roots of the plant) and indirect contact (applying the compounds/compositions to the locus, i.e. habitat, breeding ground, plant, seed, soil, area, material or environment in which a pest is growing or may grow, of the animal pest or plant).
  • animal pest includes arthropods, gastropods, and nematodes.
  • Preferred animal pests according to the invention are arthropods, preferably insects and arachnids, in particular insects.
  • Insects, which are of particular relevance for crops, are typically referred to as crop insect pests.
  • crop refers to both, growing and harvested crops.
  • plant includes in particular cultivated plants, such as cereal, root crops, oil crops, vegetables, spices, ornamentals, fruit trees, citrus crop and nuts for example seed of durum and other wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize (fodder maize and sugar maize / sweet and field corn), soybeans, oil crops, crucifers, cotton, sunflowers, bananas, rice, oilseed rape, turnip rape, sug- arbeet, fodder beet, eggplants, potatoes, grass, lawn, turf, fodder grass, tomatoes, leeks, pumpkin/squash, cabbage, iceberg lettuce, tea, pepper, cucumbers, melons, Brassica species, beans, peas, garlic, onions, carrots, tuberous plants such as potatoes, sugar cane, tobacco, grapes, apple, pear, peach, nectarine, oranges, mandarins, lemons, almonds, walnuts, pistachios, petunias, geranium/pelargon
  • cultiva plant is to be understood as including plants, which have been modified by either conventional breeding, or mutagenesis or genetic engineering, or by a combination thereof.
  • Plants, which have been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, and are of particular commercial importance include alfalfa, rapeseed (e.g. oilseed rape), bean, carnation, chicory, cotton, eggplant, eucalyptus, flax, lentil, maize, melon, papaya, petunia, plum, poplar, potato, rice, soybean, squash, sugarbeet, sugarcane, sunflower, sweet pepper, tobacco, tomato, and cereals (e.g. wheat), in particular maize, soybean, cotton, wheat, and rice.
  • one or more genes have been mutagenized or integrated in the genetic material of the plant.
  • the one or more mutagenized or integrated genes are preferably selected from pat, epsps, crylAb, bar, cry1 Fa2, cry1 Ac, cry34Ab1 , cry35AB1 , cry3A, cryF, cry1 F, mcry3a, cry2Ab2, cry3Bb1 , cry1A.105, dfr, barnase, vip3Aa20, barstar, als, bxn, bp40, asnl , and ppo5.
  • the mutagenesis or integration of the one or more genes is performed in order to improve certain properties of the plant. Such properties, also known as traits, include abiotic stress tolerance, altered
  • herbicide tolerance e.g. imidazolinone tolerance, glyphosate tolerance, or glufosinate tolerance
  • mutagenesis for example Clearfield® oilseed rape being tolerant to imidazolinones, e.g. imazamox.
  • genetic engineering methods have been used to render plants, such as soybean, cotton, corn, beets and oil seed rape, tolerant to herbicides, such as glyphosate and glufosinate, some of which are commercially available under the trade names RoundupReady® (glyphosate) and LibertyLink® (glufosinate).
  • herbicides such as glyphosate and glufosinate, some of which are commercially available under the trade names RoundupReady® (glyphosate) and LibertyLink® (glufosinate).
  • herbicides such as glyphosate and glufosinate
  • RoundupReady® glyphosate
  • LibertyLink® glufosinate
  • insect resistance is of importance, in particular lepidopteran insect resistance and coleop- teran insect resistance.
  • Insect resistance is typically achieved by modifying plants by integrating cry and/or vip genes, which were isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), and code for the re-
  • Plants may be modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering either in terms of one property (singular traits) or in terms of a combination of properties (stacked traits). Stacked traits, e.g. the combination of herbicide tolerance and insect resistance, are of increas- ing importance.
  • plant propagation material refers to all the generative parts of the plant such as seeds and vegetative plant material such as cuttings and tubers (e. g. potatoes), which can be used for the multiplication of the plant. This includes seeds, roots, fruits, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, shoots, sprouts and other parts of plants. Seedlings and young plants, which are to be transplanted after germination or after emergence from soil, may also be included. These plant propagation materials may be treated prophylactically with a plant protection compound either at or before planting or transplanting.
  • seed embraces seeds and plant propagules of all kinds including but not limited to true seeds, seed pieces, suckers, corms, bulbs, fruit, tubers, grains, cuttings, cut shoots and the like, and means in a preferred embodiment true seeds.
  • pesticidally effective amount means the amount of active ingredient needed to achieve an observable effect on growth, including the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, and removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of the target organism.
  • the pesticidally effective amount can vary for the various com- pounds/compositions used in the invention.
  • a pesticidally effective amount of the compositions will also vary according to the prevailing conditions such as desired pesticidal effect and duration, weather, target species, locus, mode of application, and the like.
  • the quantity of active ingredient ranges from 0.0001 to 500 g per 100 m 2 , preferably from 0.001 to 20 g per 100 m 2 .
  • the rate of application of the active ingredients of this invention may be in the range of 0.0001 g to 4000 g per hectare, e.g. from 1 g to 2 kg per hectare or from 1 g to 750 g per hectare, desirably from 1 g to 100 g per hectare, more desirably from 10 g to 50 g per hectare, e.g., 10 to 20 g per hectare, 20 to 30 g per hec- tare, 30 to 40 g per hectare, or 40 to 50 g per hectare.
  • the compounds of the present invention are particularly suitable for use in the treatment of seeds in order to protect the seeds from insect pests, in particular from soil-living insect pests, and the resulting seedling's roots and shoots against soil pests and foliar insects.
  • the present invention therefore also relates to a method for the protection of seeds from insects, in particular from soil insects, and of the seedling's roots and shoots from insects, in particular from soil and foliar insects, said method comprising treating the seeds before sowing and/or after pregermina- tion with a compound of the present invention.
  • the protection of the seedling's roots and shoots is preferred. More preferred is the protection of seedling's shoots from piercing and sucking insects, chewing insects and nematodes.
  • seed treatment comprises all suitable seed treatment techniques known in the art, such as seed dressing, seed coating, seed dusting, seed soaking, seed pelleting, and in-furrow application methods.
  • the seed treatment application of the active compound is carried out by spraying or by dusting the seeds before sowing of the plants and before emergence of the plants.
  • the present invention also comprises seeds coated with or containing the active compound.
  • coated with and/or containing generally signifies that the active ingredient is for the most part on the surface of the propagation product at the time of application, although a greater or lesser part of the ingredient may penetrate into the propagation product, depending on the method of application. When the said propagation product is (re)planted, it may absorb the active ingredient.
  • Suitable seed is seed of cereals, root crops, oil crops, vegetables, spices, ornamentals, for example seed of durum and other wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize (fodder maize and sugar maize / sweet and field corn), soybeans, oil crops, crucifers, cotton, sunflowers, bananas, rice, oilseed rape, turnip rape, sugarbeet, fodder beet, eggplants, potatoes, grass, lawn, turf, fodder grass, tomatoes, leeks, pumpkin/squash, cabbage, iceberg lettuce, pepper, cucumbers, melons, Bras- sica species, melons, beans, peas, garlic, onions, carrots, tuberous plants such as potatoes, sugar cane, tobacco, grapes, petunias, geranium/pelargoniums, pansies and impatiens.
  • the active compound may also be used for the treatment of seeds from genetically modified plants, which e.g. tolerate the action of herbicides or fungicides or insecticides owing to breeding, including genetic engineering methods.
  • genetically modified plants have been described in detail above.
  • Conventional seed treatment formulations include for example flowable concentrates FS, solutions LS, suspoemulsions (SE), powders for dry treatment DS, water dispersible powders for slurry treatment WS, water-soluble powders SS and emulsion ES and EC and gel formulation GF. These formulations can be applied to the seed diluted or undiluted. Application to the seeds is carried out before sowing, either directly on the seeds or after having pregerminated the latter. Preferably, the formulations are applied such that germination is not included.
  • the active substance concentrations in ready-to-use formulations are preferably from 0.01 to 60% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 40 % by weight.
  • a FS formulation is used for seed treatment.
  • a FS formulation may comprise 1 -800 g/l of active ingredient, 1 -200 g/l Surfactant, 0 to 200 g/l antifreezing agent, 0 to 400 g/l of binder, 0 to 200 g/l of a pigment and up to 1 liter of a solvent, preferably water.
  • Especially preferred FS formulations of the compounds of the present invention for seed treatment usually comprise from 0.1 to 80% by weight (1 to 800 g/l) of the active ingredient, from 0.1 to 20 % by weight (1 to 200 g/l) of at least one surfactant, e.g. 0.05 to 5 % by weight of a wetter and from 0.5 to 15 % by weight of a dispersing agent, up to 20 % by weight, e.g. from 5 to 20 % of an anti-freeze agent, from 0 to 15 % by weight, e.g. 1 to 15 % by weight of a pigment and/or a dye, from 0 to 40 % by weight, e.g.
  • a binder (sticker /adhesion agent), optionally up to 5 % by weight, e.g. from 0.1 to 5 % by weight of a thickener, optionally from 0.1 to 2 % of an anti-foam agent, and optionally a preservative such as a biocide, antioxidant or the like, e.g. in an amount from 0.01 to 1 % by weight and a filler/vehicle up to 100 % by weight.
  • a binder sticker /adhesion agent
  • a preservative such as a biocide, antioxidant or the like
  • the application rates of the compounds of the invention are generally from 0.1 g to 10 kg per 100 kg of seed, preferably from 1 g to 5 kg per 100 kg of seed, more preferably from 1 g to 1000 g per 100 kg of seed and in particular from 1 g to 200 g per 100 kg of seed, e.g. from 1 g to 100 g or from 5 g to 100 g per 100 kg of seed.
  • the invention therefore also relates to seed comprising a compound of the present invention, or an agriculturally useful salt thereof, as defined herein.
  • the amount of the compound of the present invention or the agriculturally useful salt thereof will in general vary from 0.1 g to 10 kg per 100 kg of seed, preferably from 1 g to 5 kg per 100 kg of seed, in particular from 1 g to 1000 g per 100 kg of seed. For specific crops such as lettuce the rate can be higher.
  • the compounds of the present invention may also be used for improving the health of a plant. Therefore, the present invention also relates to a method for improving plant health by treating a plant, plant propagation material and/or the locus where the plant is growing or is to grow with an effective and non-phytotoxic amount of a compound of the present invention.
  • an effective and non-phytotoxic amount means that the compound is used in a quantity which allows to obtain the desired effect but which does not give rise to any phytotox- ic symptom on the treated plant or on the plant grown from the treated propagule or treated soil.
  • plant and “plant propagation material” are defined above.
  • Plant health is defined as a condition of the plant and/or its products which is determined by several aspects alone or in combination with each other such as yield (for example increased biomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients), quality (for example improved content or composition of certain ingredients or shelf life), plant vigour (for example improved plant growth and/or greener leaves ("greening effect"), tolerance to abiotic (for example drought) and/or biotic stress (for example disease) and production efficiency (for example, harvesting efficiency, processability).
  • yield for example increased biomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients
  • quality for example improved content or composition of certain ingredients or shelf life
  • plant vigour for example improved plant growth and/or greener leaves ("greening effect")
  • tolerance to abiotic for example drought
  • biotic stress for example disease
  • production efficiency for example, harvesting efficiency, processability
  • the above identified indicators for the health condition of a plant may be interdependent and may result from each other.
  • Each indicator is defined in the art and can be determined by methods known to a skilled person.
  • the compounds of the present invention are especially suitable for efficiently combating animal pests such as arthropods, gastropods and nematodes including but not limited to:
  • insects from the order of Lepidoptera for example Achroia grisella, Acleris spp. such as A. fimbriana, A. gloverana, A. variana; Acrolepiopsis assectella, Acronicta major, Adoxophyes spp. such as A. cyrtosema, A. orana; Aedia leucomelas, Agrotis spp. such as A. exclamationis, A. fucosa, A. ipsilon, A. orthogoma, A. segetum, A.
  • Argyresthia conjugel- la Argyroploce spp., Argyrotaenia spp.
  • A. velutinana Athetis mindara, Austroasca vi- ridigrisea, Autographa gamma, Autographa nigrisigna, Barathra brassicae, Bedellia spp., Bon- agota salubricola, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Bupalus piniarius, Busseola spp., Cacoecia spp. such as C. murinana, C.
  • Cactoblastis cactorum Cadra cautella, Calingo braziliensis, Caloptilis theivora, Capua reticulana, Carposina spp. such as C. niponensis, C. sasakii; Cephus spp., Chaetocnema aridula, Cheimatobia brumata, Chilo spp. such as C. Indi- cus, C. suppressalis, C. partellus; Choreutis pariana, Choristoneura spp. such as C. conflictana, C. fumiferana, C. longicellana, C. murinana, C. occidentalis, C.
  • kuehniella kuehniella; Epinotia aporema, Epiphyas postvittana, Erannis tiliaria, Erionota thrax, Etiella spp., Eulia spp., Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, Euxoa spp., Evetria bouliana, Faronta albilinea, Feltia spp. such as F. subterranean; Galleria mellonella, Gracillaria spp., Grapholita spp. such as G. funebrana, G. molesta, G.
  • H. armigera Heliothis armigera
  • H. zea Heliothis zea
  • Heliothis spp. such as H. assulta, H. subflexa, H. virescens
  • Hellula spp. such as H. undalis, H.
  • Mamestra spp. such as M. brassicae, M. configurata; Mamstra brassicae, Manduca spp. such as M. quin- quemaculata, M. sexta; Marasmia spp, Marmara spp., Maruca testulalis, Megalopyge lanata, Melanchra picta, Melanitis leda, Mods spp. such as M. lapites, M.
  • operculella Phyllocnistis citrella, Phyllonorycter spp. such as P. blancardella, P. crataegella, P. issikii, P. ringoniella; Pieris spp. such as P. brassicae, P. rapae, P. napi; Pilocrocis tripunctata, Plathy- pena scabra, Platynota spp. such as P. flavedana, P. idaeusalis, P.
  • insects from the order of Coleoptera for example Acalymma vittatum, Acanthoscehdes obtectus, Adoretus spp., Agelastica alni, Agrilus spp. such as A. anxius, A. planipennis, A. sinuatus; Agriotes spp. such as A. fuscicollis, A. lineatus, A. obscurus; Alphitobius diaperinus, Amphimal- lus solstitialis, Anisandrus dispar, Anisoplia austriaca, Anobium punctatum, Anomala diveren- ta, Anomala rufocuprea, Anoplophora spp. such as A.
  • Anthonomus spp. such as A. eugenii, A. grandis, A. pomorum; Anthrenus spp., Aphthona euphoridae, Apion spp., Apogo- nia spp., Athous haemorrhoidalis, Atomaria spp. such as A. linearis; Attagenus spp., Aula- cophora femoralis, Blastophagus piniperda, Blitophaga undata, Bruchidius obtectus, Bruchus spp. such as B. lentis, B. pisorum, B.
  • vespertinus Conotrachelus nenuphar, Cosmopolites spp., Costelytra zealandica, Crioceris asparagi, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryp- torhynchus lapathi, Ctenicera spp. such as C. destructor; Curculio spp., Cylindrocopturus spp., Cyclocephala spp., Dactylispa balyi, Dectes texanus, Dermestes spp., Diabrotica spp. such as D. undecimpunctata, D. speciosa, D. longicornis, D. semipunctata, D.
  • Diaprepes abbreviates, Dichocrocis spp., Dicladispa armigera, Diloboderus abderus, Diocalandra frumenti (Diocalandra stigmaticollis), Enaphalodes rufulus, Epilachna spp. such as E. varivestis, E. vigintioctomaculata; Epitrix spp. such as E. hirtipennis, E.
  • hypomeces squamosus Hypothenemus spp., Ips typographus, Lachnosterna consanguinea, Lasioderma serricorne, Latheticus oryzae, Lath- ridius spp., Lema spp. such as L. bilineata, L. melanopus; Leptinotarsa spp. such as L. decem- lineata; Leptispa pygmaea, Limonius californicus, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lixus spp., Lu- perodes spp., Lyctus spp. such as L.
  • Saperda Candida Scolytus schevyrewi, Scyphophorus acupunctatus, Sitona lineatus, Sitophilus spp. such as S. granaria, S. oryzae, S. zeamais; Sphenophorus spp. such as S. levis; Stegobium paniceum, Stemechus spp. such as S. subsignatus; Strophomorphus ctenotus, Symphyletes spp., Tanymecus spp., Tenebrio molitor, Tenebrioides mauretanicus, Tribolium spp. such as T.
  • Trogoderma spp. Tychius spp.
  • Xylotrechus spp. such as X. pyrrhoderus
  • Za- brus spp. such as Z. tenebrioides
  • insects from the order of Diptera for example Aedes spp. such as A. aegypti, A. albopictus, A. vexans; Anastrepha ludens, Anopheles spp. such as A. albimanus, A. crucians, A. freeborni, A. gambiae, A. leucosphyrus, A. maculipennis, A. minimus, A. quadrimaculatus, A. sinensis; Bac- trocera invadens, Bibio hortulanus, Calliphora erythrocephala, Calliphora vicina, Ceratitis capi- tata, Chrysomyia spp. such as C.
  • Aedes spp. such as A. aegypti, A. albopictus, A. vexans
  • Anastrepha ludens Anopheles spp.
  • A. albimanus such as A.
  • insects from the order of Thysanoptera for example, Basothrips biformis, Dichromothrips cor- betti, Dichromothrips ssp., Echinothrips americanus, Enneothrips flavens, Frankliniella spp. such as F. fusca, F. occidentalis, F. tritici; Heliothrips spp., Hercinothrips femoralis, Kakothrips spp., Microcephalothrips abdominalis, Neohydatothrips samayunkur, Pezothrips kellyanus, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips spp. such as S.
  • insects from the order of Hemiptera for example, Acizzia jamatonica, Acrosternum spp. such as A. hilare; Acyrthosipon spp. such as A. onobrychis, A. pisum; Adelges lands, Adelges tsu- gae, Adelphocoris spp., such as A. rapidus, A.
  • Diaspis spp. such as D. bromeliae; Dichelops eatus, Diconoco- ris hewetti, Doralis spp., Dreyfusia nordmannianae, Dreyfusia piceae, Drosicha spp., Dysaphis spp. such as D. plantaginea, D. pyri, D. radicola; Dysaulacorthum pseudosolani, Dysdercus spp. such as D. cingulatus, D. intermedius; Dysmicoccus spp., Edessa spp., Geocoris spp., Empoasca spp. such as E.
  • Idiocerus spp. Idioscopus spp., Laodelphax striatellus, Lecani- urn spp., Lecanoideus floccissimus, Lepidosaphes spp. such as L. ulmi; Leptocorisa spp., Lep- toglossus phyllopus, Lipaphis erysimi, Lygus spp. such as L. hesperus, L. lineolaris, L.
  • Nasonovia ribis-nigri Nasonovia ribis-nigri, Neotoxoptera formosana, Neomegalotomus spp, Nephotettix spp. such as N. malayanus, N. nigropictus, N. parvus, N. virescens; Nezara spp. such as N. viridula; Nilaparvata lugens, Nysius huttoni, Oebalus spp. such as O.
  • Pteromalus spp. Pulvinaria amygdali, Pyrilla spp., Quadraspidiotus spp., such as Q. pemiciosus; Quesada gigas, Rastro- coccus spp., Reduvius senilis, Rhizoecus americanus, Rhodnius spp., Rhopalomyzus ascaloni- cus, Rhopalosiphum spp. such as R. pseudobrassicas, R. insertum, R. maidis, R.
  • T. accerra, T. perditor Tibraca spp., Tomaspis spp., Toxoptera spp. such as T. aurantii; Trialeurodes spp. such as T. abutilonea, T. ricini, T. vaporariorum; Triatoma spp., Trioza spp., Typhlocyba spp., Unaspis spp. such as U. citri, U. yanonensis; and Viteus vitifolii, Insects from the order Hymenoptera for example Acanthomyops interjectus, Athalia rosae, At- ta spp. such as A. capiguara, A.
  • cephalotes such as C. florida- nus, C. pennsylvanicus, C. modoc; Cardiocondyla nuda, Chalibion sp, Crematogaster spp., Dasymutilla occidentalis, Diprion spp., Dolichovespula maculata, Dorymyrmex spp., Dryocos- mus kuriphilus, Formica spp., Hoplocampa spp. such as H.
  • Insects from the order Orthoptera for example Acheta domesticus, Calliptamus italicus, Chor- toicetes terminifera, Ceuthophilus spp., Diastrammena asynamora, Dociostaurus maroccanus, Gryllotalpa spp. such as G. africana, G. gryllotalpa; Gryllus spp., Hieroglyphus daganensis, Kraussaria angulifera, Locusta spp. such as L. migratoria, L. pardalina; Melanoplus spp. such as M. bivittatus, M. femurrubrum, M. mexicanus, M. sanguinipes, M.
  • Pests from the Class Arachnida for example Acari,e.g. of the families Argasidae, Ixodidae and Sarcoptidae, such as Amblyomma spp. (e.g. A. americanum, A. variegatum, A. maculatum), Argas spp. such as A. persicu), Boophilus spp. such as B. annulatus, B. decoloratus, B. mi- croplus, Dermacentor spp. such as D.silvarum, D. andersoni, D. variabilis, Hyalomma spp. such as H. truncatum, Ixodes spp. such as /. ricinus, I.
  • Amblyomma spp. e.g. A. americanum, A. variegatum, A. maculatum
  • Argas spp. such as A. persicu
  • Boophilus spp. such as B
  • rubicundus I. scapularis, I. holocyclus, I. pacificus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Ornithodorus spp. such as O. moubata, O. hermsi, O. turicata, Ornithonyssus bacoti, Otobius megnini, Dermanyssus gallinae, Psoroptes spp. such as P. ovis, Rhipicephalus spp. such as R. sanguineus, R. appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, Rhizoglyphus spp., Sarcoptes spp. such asS.
  • Aceria spp. such as A. sheldoni, A. anthocoptes, Acallitus spp., Aculops spp. such as A. lycopersici, A. pelekassi; Aculus spp. such as A.
  • Colomerus vitis Epitrimerus pyri, Phyllo- coptruta oleivora
  • Halotydeus destructor Family Demodicidae with species such as Demodex spp.; Family Trombicidea including Trombicula spp.; Family Macro- nyssidae including Ornothonyssus spp.; Family Pyemotidae including Pyemotes tritici; Tyropha- gus putrescentiae; Family Acaridae including Acarus siro; Family Araneida including Latrodec- tus mactans, Tegenaria agrestis, Chiracanthium sp, Lycosa sp Achaearanea tepidariorum and Loxosceles reclusa;
  • Pests from the Phylum Nematoda for example, plant parasitic nematodes such as root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. such as M. hapla, M. incognita, M. javanica; cyst-forming nema- todes, Globodera spp. such as G. rostochiensis; Heterodera spp. such as H. avenae, H. glycines, H. schachtii, H. trifolii; Seed gall nematodes, Anguina spp.; Stem and foliar nematodes, Aphelenchoides spp. such as A.
  • plant parasitic nematodes such as root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. such as M. hapla, M. incognita, M. javanica; cyst-forming nema- todes, Globodera spp. such as G.
  • Awl nematodes Dolichodorus spp.
  • Spiral nematodes Heliocotylenchus multicinctus
  • Sheath and sheathoid nematodes Hem- icycliophora spp. and Hemicriconemoides spp.
  • Hirshmanniella spp. Lance nematodes, Hop- loaimus spp.
  • False rootknot nematodes Nacobbus spp.
  • Needle nematodes Longidorus spp. such as L. elongatus
  • Lesion nematodes Pratylenchus spp. such as P.
  • brachyurus P. neglec- tus, P. penetrans, P. curvitatus, P. goodeyi; Burrowing nematodes, Radopholus spp. such as R. similis; Rhadopholus spp.; Rhodopholus spp.; Reniform nematodes, Rotylenchus spp. such as R. robustus, R. reniformis; Scutellonema spp.; Stubby-root nematode, Trichodorus spp. such as T. obtusus, T. primitivus; Paratrichodorus spp. such as P.
  • Stunt nematodes Tylencho- rhynchus spp. such as T. claytoni, T. dubius
  • Citrus nematodes Tylenchulus spp. such as T. semipenetrans
  • Dagger nematodes Xiphinema spp.
  • other plant parasitic nematode species such as T. claytoni, T. dubius
  • Neotermes spp. Procornitermes spp., Zootermopsis spp. such as Z. angusticollis, Z. nevadensis, Reticulitermes spp. such as R. hesperus, R. tibialis, R. speratus, R. flavipes, R. grassei, R. lucifugus, R. santonensis, R. virginicus; Termes natalensis,
  • Insects from the order Siphonoptera for example Cediopsylla simples, Ceratophyllus spp., Ctenocephalides spp. such as C. felis, C. can is, Xenopsylla cheopis, Pulex irritans, Tricho- dectes canis, Tunga penetrans, and Nosopsyllus fasciatus,
  • Thysanura for example Lepisma saccharina , Ctenolepisma urbana, and Thermobia domestica
  • Pests from the class Chilopoda for example Geophilus spp., Scutigera spp. such as Scutigera coleoptrata;
  • Pests from the class Diplopoda for example Blaniulus guttulatus, Julus spp., Narceus spp.
  • Pests from the class Symphyla for example Scutigerella immaculata
  • Insects from the order Collembola for example Onychiurus spp., such as Onychiurus armatus, Pests from the order Isopoda for example, Armadillidium vulgare, Oniscus asellus, Porcellio scaber,
  • Insects from the order Phthiraptera for example Damalinia spp., Pediculus spp. such as Pe- diculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus corporis, Pediculus humanus humanus; Pthirus pubis, Haematopinus spp. such as Haematopinus eurysternus, Haematopinus suis; Linognathus spp. such as Linognathus vituli; Bovicola bovis, Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus stramineus and Solenopotes capillatus, Trichodectes spp.,
  • Examples of further pest species which may be controlled by compounds of fomula (I) include: from the Phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia, for example, Dreissena spp.; class Gastropoda, for example, Arion spp., Biomphalaria spp., Bulinus spp., Deroceras spp., Galba spp., Lymnaea spp., Oncomelania spp., Pomacea canaliclata, Succinea spp.; from the class of the helminths, for example, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Acylostoma braziliensis, Ancy- lostoma spp., Ascaris lubricoides, Ascaris spp., Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Bunostomum spp., Chabertia spp., Clonorchis s
  • Haemonchus contortus such as Haemonchus contortus; Heterakis spp., Hymenolepis nana, Hyostrongulus spp., Loa Loa, Nematodirus spp., Oesoph- agostomum spp., Opisthorchis spp., Onchocerca volvulus, Ostertagia spp., Paragonimus spp., Schistosomen spp., Strongyloides fuelleborni, Strongyloides stercora lis, Stronyloides spp.,
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of a cultivated plant, in particular the yield of a cultivated plant, by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with the compound of formula I and its mixtures.
  • the present invention also comprises plant propagation material, preferably seed, of a cultivat- ed plant treated with the compound of formula I and its mixtures.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of a cultivated plant, in particular the yield of a cultivated plant by treating the cultivated plant, part(s) of such plant or at its locus of growth with the com- pound of formula I and its mixtures.
  • cultivar plant(s) includes "modified plant(s)" and "transgenic plant(s)".
  • the term “cultivated plants” refers to “modified plants”. In one embodiment of the invention, the term “cultivated plants” refers to “transgenic plants”. "Mod- ified plants” are those which have been modified by conventional breeding techniques.
  • the term “modification” means in relation to modified plants a change in the genome, epigenome, tran- scriptome or proteome of the modified plant, as compared to the control, wild type, mother or parent plant whereby the modification confers a trait (or more than one trait) or confers the increase of a trait (or more than one trait) as listed below.
  • the modification may result in the modified plant to be a different, for example a new plant variety than the parental plant.
  • Transgenic plants are those, which genetic material has been modified by the use of recombinant DNA techniques that under natural circumstances can not readily be obtained by cross breeding, mutations or natural recombination, whereby the modification confers a trait (or more than one trait) or confers the increase of a trait (or more than one trait) as listed below as compared to the wild-type plant.
  • one or more genes have been integrated into the genetic material of a genetically modified plant in order to improve certain properties of the plant, preferably increase a trait as listed below as compared to the wild-type plant.
  • Such genetic modifications also include but are not limited to targeted post-translational modification of protein(s), or to post- transcriptional modifications of oligo- or polypeptides e.g. by glycosylation or polymer additions such as prenylated, acetylated, phosphorylated or farnesylated moieties or PEG moieties.
  • modification when referring to a transgenic plant or parts thereof is understood that the activity, expression level or amount of a gene product or the metabolite content is changed, e.g. increased or decreased, in a specific volume relative to a corresponding volume of a control, reference or wild-type plant or plant cell, including the de novo creation of the activity or expression.
  • the activity of a polypeptide is increased or generated by expression or overexpresion of the gene coding for said polypeptide which confers a trait or confers the increase of a trait as listed below as compared to the control plant.
  • expression or “gene expression” means the transcription of a specific gene or specific genes or specific genetic construct.
  • expression or “gene expression” in particular means the transcription of a gene or genes or genetic construct into structural RNA (rRNA, tRNA), regulatory RNA (e.g. miRNA, RNAi, RNAa) or mRNA with or without subsequent translation of the latter into a protein.
  • expression in particular means the transcription of a gene or genes or genetic construct into structural RNA (rRNA, tRNA) or mRNA with or without subsequent translation of the latter into a protein. In yet another embodiment it means the transcription of a gene or genes or genetic construct into mRNA.
  • the process includes transcription of DNA and processing of the resulting mRNA product.
  • increased expression or “overexpression” as used herein means any form of expression that is additional to the original wild-type expression level.
  • polypeptide expression of a polypeptide is understood in one embodiment to mean the level of said protein or polypeptide, preferably in an active form, in a cell or organism.
  • the activity of a polypeptide is decreased by decreased expression of the gene coding for said polypeptide which confers a trait or confers the increase of a trait as listed below as compared to the control plant.
  • Reference herein to "decreased expression” or “reduc- tion or substantial elimination” of expression is taken to mean a decrease in endogenous gene expression and/or polypeptide levels and/or polypeptide activity relative to control plants. It comprises further reducing, repressing, decreasing or deleting of an expression product of a nucleic acid molecule.
  • reduction relate to a corresponding change of a property in an organism, a part of an organism such as a tissue, seed, root, tuber, fruit, leave, flower etc. or in a cell.
  • change of a property it is understood that the activity, expression level or amount of a gene product or the metabolite content is changed in a specific volume or in a specific amount of protein relative to a corresponding volume or amount of protein of a control, reference or wild type.
  • the overall activity in the volume is reduced, decreased or deleted in cases if the reduction, decrease or deletion is related to the reduction, decrease or deletion of an activity of a gene product, independent whether the amount of gene product or the specific activity of the gene product or both is reduced, decreased or deleted or whether the amount, stability or translation efficacy of the nucleic acid sequence or gene encoding for the gene product is reduced, decreased or deleted.
  • the terms "reduction”, “repression”, “decrease” or “deletion” include the change of said property in only parts of the subject of the present invention, for example, the modification can be found in compartment of a cell, like an organelle, or in a part of a plant, like tissue, seed, root, leave, tuber, fruit, flower etc.
  • the "reduction”, “repression”, “decrease” or “deletion” is found cellular, thus the term “reduction, decrease or deletion of an activity” or “reduction, decrease or deletion of a metabolite content” relates to the cellular reduction, decrease or deletion compared to the wild type cell.
  • the terms “reduction”, “repression”, “decrease” or “deletion” include the change of said property only during different growth phases of the organism used in the inventive process, for example the reduction, repression, decrease or deletion takes place only during the seed growth or during blooming.
  • the terms include a transitional reduction, decrease or deletion for example because the used method, e.g. the antisense, RNAi, snRNA, dsRNA, siRNA, miRNA, ta-siRNA, cosuppression molecule, or ribozyme, is not stable integrated in the genome of the organism or the reduction, decrease, repression or deletion is under control of a regulatory or inducible element, e.g. a chemical or otherwise inducible pro- moter, and has therefore only a transient effect.
  • a regulatory or inducible element e.g. a chemical or otherwise inducible pro- moter
  • Reducing, repressing, decreasing or deleting of an expression product of a nucleic acid molecule in modified plants is known.
  • Examples are canola i.e. double nill oilseed rape with reduced amounts of erucic acid and sinapins.
  • Such a decrease can also be achieved for example by the use of recombinant DNA technology, such as antisense or regulatory RNA (e.g. miRNA, RNAi, RNAa) or siRNA approaches.
  • antisense or regulatory RNA e.g. miRNA, RNAi, RNAa
  • siRNA approaches e.g. RNAi, snRNA, dsRNA, siRNA, miRNA, ta-siRNA, cosuppression molecule, ribozyme, or antisense nucleic acid molecule
  • a nucleic acid molecule conferring the expression of a dominant-negative mutant of a protein or a nucleic acid construct capable to recombine with and silence, inactivate, repress or reduces the activity of an endogenous gene may be used to decrease the activity of a polypeptide in a transgenic plant or parts thereof or a plant cell thereof used in one embodiment of the methods of the invention.
  • transgenic plants with reduced, repressed, decreased or deleted expression product of a nucleic acid molecule are Carica papaya (Papaya plants) with the event name X17-2 of the University of Florida, Prunus domestica (Plum) with the event name C5 of the United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, or those listed in rows T9-48 and T9-49 of table 9 below. Also known are plants with increased resistance to nematodes for example by reducing, repressing, decreasing or deleting of an expression product of a nucleic acid molecule, e.g. from the PCT publication WO 2008/095886.
  • the reduction or substantial elimination is in increasing order of preference at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more reduced compared to that of control plants.
  • Reference herein to an "endogenous" gene not only refers to the gene in question as found in a plant in its natural form (i.e., without there being any human intervention), but also refers to that same gene (or a substantially homologous nucleic ac- id/gene) in an isolated form subsequently (re)introduced into a plant (a transgene).
  • a transgenic plant containing such a transgene may encounter a substantial reduction of the transgene expression and/or substantial reduction of expression of the endogenous gene.
  • control or “reference” are exchangeable and can be a cell or a part of a plant such as an organelle like a chloroplast or a tissue, in particular a plant, which was not modified or treated according to the herein described process according to the invention. Accordingly, the plant used as control or reference corresponds to the plant as much as possible and is as identical to the subject matter of the invention as possible. Thus, the control or reference is treated identically or as identical as possible, saying that only conditions or properties might be different which do not influence the quality of the tested property other than the treatment of the present invention.
  • control or reference plants are wild-type plants.
  • control or reference plants may refer to plants carrying at least one genetic modification, when the plants employed in the process of the present invention carry at least one genetic modification more than said control or reference plants.
  • control or reference plants may be transgenic but differ from transgenic plants employed in the process of the present invention only by said modification contained in the transgenic plants employed in the process of the present invention.
  • wild type or wild-type plants refers to a plant without said genetic modification.
  • a cell or a part of a plant such as an organelle like a chloroplast or a tissue, in particular a plant, which lacks said genetic modification but is otherwise as identical as possible to the plants with at least one genetic modification employed in the present invention.
  • the "wild-type" plant is not transgenic.
  • the wild type is identically treated according to the herein described process according to the invention.
  • the person skilled in the art will recognize if wild-type plants will not require certain treatments in advance to the process of the present invention, e.g. non-transgenic wild- type plants will not need selection for transgenic plants for example by treatment with a select- ing agent such as a herbicide.
  • the control plant may also be a nullizygote of the plant to be assessed.
  • nullizygote refers to a plant that has undergone the same production process as a transgenic, yet has lost the once aquired genetic modification (e.g. due to mendelian segregation)as the corresponding transgenic. If the starting material of said production process is transgenic, then nullizygotes are also transgenic but lack the additional genetic modification introduced by the production process.
  • the purpose of wild-type and nullizygotes is the same as the one for control and reference or parts thereof. All of these serve as controls in any comparison to provide evidence of the advantageous effect of the present invention.
  • any comparison is carried out under analogous conditions.
  • analogous conditions means that all conditions such as, for example, culture or growing conditions, soil, nutrient, water content of the soil, temperature, humidity or surrounding air or soil, assay conditions (such as buffer composition, temperature, substrates, pathogen strain, concentrations and the like) are kept identical between the experiments to be compared.
  • assay conditions such as buffer composition, temperature, substrates, pathogen strain, concentrations and the like.
  • results can be normalized or standardized based on the control.
  • the "reference”, “control”, or “wild type” is preferably a plant, which was not modified or treated according to the herein described process of the invention and is in any other property as similar to a plant, employed in the process of the present invention of the invention as possible.
  • the reference, control or wild type is in its genome, transcriptome, proteome or metabolome as similar as possible to a plant, employed in the process of the present invention of the present invention.
  • the term “reference-" "control-” or “wild-type-” plant relates to a plant, which is nearly genetically identical to the organelle, cell, tissue or organism, in particular plant, of the present invention or a part thereof preferably 90% or more, e.g.
  • the "reference”, “control”, or “wild type” is a plant, which is genetically identical to the plant, cell, a tissue or organelle used according to the pro- cess of the invention except that the responsible or activity conferring nucleic acid molecules or the gene product encoded by them have been amended, manipulated, exchanged or introduced in the organelle, cell, tissue, plant, employed in the process of the present invention.
  • the reference and the subject matter of the invention are compared after standardization and normalization, e.g. to the amount of total RNA, DNA, or protein or activity or expression of reference genes, like housekeeping genes, such as ubiquitin, actin or ribosomal proteins.
  • the genetic modification carried in the organelle, cell, tissue, in particular plant used in the process of the present invention is in one embodiment stable e.g. due to a stable transgenic integration or to a stable mutation in the corresponding endogenous gene or to a modulation of the expression or of the behaviour of a gene, or transient, e.g. due to an transient transformation or temporary addition of a modulator such as an agonist or antagonist or inducible, e.g. after trans- formation with a inducible construct carrying a nucleic acid molecule under control of a inducible promoter and adding the inducer, e.g. tetracycline.
  • a modulator such as an agonist or antagonist or inducible
  • the invention relates to methods and uses, wherein a compound of fomula IA as defined herein, is applied in an application type which corresponds in each case to one row of Table AP-T.
  • the invention relates to methods and uses, wherein a compound selected from the compounds of Table A, A' or A", is applied in an application type which corresponds in each case to one row of Table AP-T.
  • the application of the compounds and mixtures according to the invention es- pecially the compounds as individualized herein, e.g. in Table A, A', or A", on specialty crops like fruits and vegetables.
  • the application is on fruiting vegetables, and especially on tomato, on pepper or on eggplant.
  • the application is on leafy vegetables, and especially on cabbage or on lettuce.
  • the application is on tubers (tuber vegetables), and especially on potato or on on- ion.
  • SPC specialty crops
  • SPC-FV fruiting vegetable
  • SPC-LV leafy vegetable
  • SPC-T tubers
  • ST seed treatment
  • the cultivated plants are plants, which comprise at least one trait.
  • the term "trait” refers to a property, which is present in the plant either by genetic engineering or by conventional breeding techniques. Each trait has to be assessed in relation to its respective control. Examples of traits are:
  • modified nutrient uptake preferably an increased nutrient use efficiency and/or resistance to conditions of nutrient deficiency
  • cultiva plants may also comprise combinations of the aforementioned traits, e.g. they may be tolerant to the action of herbicides and express bacterial toxins.
  • all cultivated plants may also provide combinations of the aforementioned properties, e.g. they may be tolerant to the action of herbicides and express bacterial toxins.
  • plant refers to a cultivated plant.
  • Tolerance to herbicides can be obtained by creating insensitivity at the site of action of the herb- icide by expression of a target enzyme which is resistant to herbicide; rapid metabolism (conjugation or degradation) of the herbicide by expression of enzymes which inactivate herbicide; or poor uptake and translocation of the herbicide.
  • Examples are the expression of enzymes which are tolerant to the herbicide in comparison to wild type enzymes, such as the expression of 5- enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), which is tolerant to glyphosate (see e.g. Heck et.al, Crop Sci.
  • EPSPS 5- enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase
  • Gene constructs can be obtained, for example, from micro-organism or plants, which are tolerant to said herbicides, such as the Agrobacterium strain CP4 EPSPS which is resistant to glyphosate; Streptomyces bacteria which are resistance to glufosinate; Arabidopsis, Daucus carota, Pseu- domonoas spp. or Zea grass with chimeric gene sequences coding for HDDP (see e.g. WO 1996/38567, WO 2004/55191 ); Arabidopsis thaliana which is resistant to protox inhibitors (see e.g. US 2002/0073443).
  • said herbicides such as the Agrobacterium strain CP4 EPSPS which is resistant to glyphosate; Streptomyces bacteria which are resistance to glufosinate; Arabidopsis, Daucus carota, Pseu- domonoas spp. or Zea grass with chimeric gene sequences
  • Tolerance to glyphosate can also be achieved by any one of the genes 2mepsps, epsps, gat4601 , goxv247 or mepsps.
  • Tolerance to glufosinate can be achieved by any one of the genes bar, pat or pat(syn).
  • the herbicide tolerant plant can be selected from cereals such as wheat, barley, rye, oat; canola, sorghum, soybean, rice, oil seed rape, sugar beet, sugarcane, grapes, lentils, sun- flowers, alfalfa, pome fruits; stone fruits; peanuts; coffee; tea; strawberries; turf; vegetables, such as tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits and lettuce, more preferably, the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape in particular canola, tomatoes, potatoes, sugarcane, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
  • cereals such as wheat, barley, rye, oat
  • canola, sorghum soybean
  • rice oil seed rape
  • sugar beet sugarcane
  • grapes lentils
  • sun- flowers alfalfa
  • pome fruits stone fruits
  • stone fruits peanuts
  • coffee coffee
  • the cultivated plant is selected from the group consisting of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Zea mays L. (maize), Glycine max L. (soybean), Triticum aestivum (wheat), and Oryza sativa L. (rice), preferably from the group consisting of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Zea mays L. (maize) and Glycine max L. (soybean).
  • the cultivated plant is Glycine max L. (soybean).
  • Examples of commercial available transgenic plants with tolerance to herbicides are the corn varieties “Roundup Ready Corn”, “Roundup Ready 2” (Monsanto), “Agrisure GT”, “Agrisure GT/CB/LL”, “Agrisure GT/RW”, practiceAgrisure 3000GT” (Syngenta), “YieldGard VT Rootworm/RR2” and “YieldGard VT Triple” (Monsanto) with tolerance to glyphosate; the corn varieties “Liberty Link” (Bayer), “Herculex I”, “Herculex RW”, “Herculex Xtra”(Dow, Pioneer), “Agrisure GT/CB/LL” and “Agrisure CB/LL/RW” (Syngenta) with tolerance to glufosinate; the soybean varieties “Roundup Ready Corn”, “Roundup Ready 2" (Monsanto), “Agrisure GT”, “Agrisure GT/CB/LL”, “Agrisure GT/RW”,
  • transgenic plants with herbicide tolerance are commonly known, for instance alfalfa, apple, eucalyptus, flax, grape, lentils, oil seed rape, peas, potato, rice, sugar beet, sunflower, tobacco, tomatom turf grass and wheat with tolerance to glyphosate (see e.g. US 5188642, US 4940835, US 5633435, US 5804425, US 5627061 ); beans, soybean, cotton, peas, potato, sunflower, tomato, tobacco, corn, sorghum and sugarcane with tolerance to dicamba (see e.g.
  • Plants which are capable of synthesising one or more selectively acting bacterial toxins, comprise for example at least one toxin from toxin-producing bacteria, especially those of the genus Bacillus, in particular plants capable of synthesising one or more insecticidal proteins from Bacillus cereus or Bacillus popliae; or insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as del- ta.-endotoxins, e.g. CrylA(b), CrylA(c), CrylF, CrylF(a2), CryllA(b), CrylllA, CrylllB(bl ) or Cry9c, or vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), e.g.
  • VIP vegetative insecticidal proteins
  • VIP1 , VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A insecticidal proteins of bacteria colonising nematodes, for example Photorhabdus spp. or Xenorhabdus spp., such as Photorhabdus luminescens, Xenorhabdus nematophilus; toxins produced by animals, such as scorpion toxins, arachnid toxins, wasp toxins and other insect-specific neurotoxins; toxins produced by fungi, such as Streptomycetes toxins, plant lectins, such as pea lectins, barley lectins or snowdrop lectins; agglutinins; proteinase inhibitors, such as trypsine inhibitors, serine protease inhibitors, patatin, cystatin, papain inhibitors; ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP), such as ricin, maize-RIP, abrin, luffin, saporin or bryodin; steroid metabolism enzymes, such as 3-hydroxy
  • a plant is capable of producing a toxin, lectin or inhibitor if it contains at least one cell comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding said toxin, lectin, inhibitor or inhibitor producing enzyme, and said nucleic acid sequence is transcribed and translated and if appropriate the resulting protein processed and/or secreted in a constitutive manner or subject to developmental, inducible or tissue-specific regulation.
  • a nucleic acid sequence encoding said toxin, lectin, inhibitor or inhibitor producing enzyme
  • -endotoxins for example CrylA(b), CrylA(c), CrylF, CrylF(a2), CryllA(b), CrylllA, CrylllB(bl ) or Cry9c, or vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), for example VIP1 , VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A, expressly also hybrid toxins, truncated toxins and modified toxins.
  • Hybrid toxins are produced recombinantly by a new combination of different domains of those proteins (see, for example, WO 02/15701 ).
  • a truncated toxin is a truncated CrylA(b), which is expressed in the Bt1 1 maize from Syngen- ta Seed SAS, as described below.
  • modified toxins one or more amino acids of the naturally occurring toxin are replaced.
  • non- naturally present protease recognition sequences are inserted into the toxin, such as, for exam- pie, in the case of CrylllA055, a cathepsin-D-recognition sequence is inserted into a CrylllA toxin (see WO 2003/018810).
  • Examples of such toxins or transgenic plants capable of synthesising such toxins are disclosed, for example, in EP-A-0 374 753, WO 93/07278, WO 95/34656, EP-A-0 427 529, EP-A-451 878 and WO 2003/052073.
  • genes conferring resistance to coleopteran insects include cry34Ab1 , cry35 Ab1 , cry3A, cry3Bb1 , dvsnf7, and mcry3A.
  • genes conferring resistance to lepidopteran insects include cry1A, cry1A.105, crylAb, cry1Ab-Ac, crylAc, cryl C, cryl F, cry1 Fa2, cry2Ab2, cry2Ae, cry9c, mocryl F, pinll, vip3A(a), and vip3Aa20.
  • Cryl-type deoxyribonucleic acids and their preparation are known, for example, from WO 95/34656, EP-A- 0 367 474, EP-A-0 401 979 and WO 1990/13651.
  • the toxin contained in the transgenic plants imparts to the plants tolerance to harmful insects.
  • insects can occur in any taxonomic group of insects, but are especially commonly found in the beetles (Coleoptera), two-winged insects (Diptera) and butterflies (Lepidoptera).
  • the plant capable of expression of bacterial toxins is selected from cereals such as wheat, barley, rye, oat; canola, cotton, eggplant, lettuce, sorghum, soybean, rice, oil seed rape, sugar beet, sugarcane, grapes, lentils, sunflowers, alfalfa, pome fruits; stone fruits; peanuts; coffee; tea; strawberries; turf; vegetables, such as tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits and lettuce, more preferably, the plant is selected from cotton, soybean, maize (corn), rice, tomatoes, potatoes, oilseed rape and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from cotton, soybean, maize, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
  • cereals such as wheat, barley, rye, oat
  • canola cotton, eggplant, lettuce, sorghum, soybean, rice, oil seed rape, sugar beet, sugarcane,
  • the cultivated plant is selected from the group consisting of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Zea mays L. (maize), Glycine max L. (soybean), Triticum aestivum (wheat), and Oryza sativa L. (rice), preferably from the group consisting of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Zea mays L. (maize) and Glycine max L. (soybean).
  • the cultivated plant is Glycine max L. (soybean).
  • Examples of commercial available transgenic plants capable of expression of bacterial toxins are the corn varieties “YieldGard corn rootworm” (Monsanto), “YieldGard VT” (Monsanto), “Her- culex RW” (Dow, Pioneer), “Herculex Rootworm” (Dow, Pioneer) and “Agrisure CRW” (Syngen- ta) with resistance against corn rootworm; the corn varieties “YieldGard corn borer” (Monsanto), precedeYieldGard VT Pro" (Monsanto), “Agrisure CB/LL” (Syngenta), “Agrisure 3000GT” (Syngenta), "Hercules I", “Hercules II” (Dow, Pioneer), “KnockOut” (Novartis), thoroughNatureGard” (Mycogen) and consequentStarl_ink” (Aventis) with resistance against corn borer, the corn varieties complicatHerculex I” (Dow, Pi- oneer) and whereHer
  • transgenic plants with insect resistance are commonly known, such as yellow stemborer resistant rice (see e.g. Molecular Breeding, Volume 18, 2006, Number 1 ), lep- idopteran resistant lettuce (see e.g. US 5349124), resistant soybean (see e.g. US 7432421 ) and rice with resistance against Lepidopterans, such as rice stemborer, rice skipper, rice cutworm, rice caseworm, rice leaffolder and rice armyworm (see e.g. WO 2001021821 ).
  • the methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above.
  • plants which are capable of synthesising antipathogenic substances are selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, tomatoes, potato, banana, papaya, tobacco, grape, plum and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, tomatoes, potato, banana, papaya, oil seed rape, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
  • Plants which are capable of synthesising antipathogenic substances having a selective action are for example plants expressing the so-called "pathogenesis-related proteins” (PRPs, see e.g. EP-A-0 392 225) or so-called “antifungal proteins” (AFPs, see e.g. US 6864068).
  • PRPs pathogenesis-related proteins
  • AFPs antifungal proteins
  • a wide range of antifungal proteins with activity against plant pathogenic fungi have been isolated from certain plant species and are common knowledge. Examples of such antipathogenic substances and transgenic plants capable of synthesising such antipathogenic substances are known, for ex- ample, from EP-A-0 392 225, WO 93/05153, WO 95/33818, and EP-A-0 353 191.
  • Transgenic plants which are resistant against fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens are produced by introducing plant resistance genes.
  • Numerous resistant genes have been identified, isolated and were used to improve plant resistant, such as the N gene which was introduced into tobacco lines that are susceptible to Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in order to produce TMV-resistant tobacco plants (see e.g. US 5571706), the Prf gene, which was introduced into plants to obtain enhanced pathogen resistance (see e.g. WO 199802545) and the Rps2 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, which was used to create resistance to bacterial pathogens including Pseudomonas syringae (see e.g. WO 199528423).
  • TMV Tobacco Mosaic Virus
  • Plants exhibiting systemic acquired resistance response were obtained by introducing a nucleic acid molecule encoding the TIR domain of the N gene (see e.g. US 6630618).
  • Further examples of known resistance genes are the Xa21 gene, which has been introduced into a number of rice cultivars (see e.g. US 5952485, US 5977434, WO 1999/09151 , WO 1996/22375), the Rcg1 gene for colletotrichum resistance (see e.g. US 2006/225152), the prpl gene (see e.g. US 5859332, WO 2008/017706), the ppv-cp gene to introduce resistance against plum pox virus (see e.g.
  • the P1 gene for potato virus Y resistance see e.g. US 5968828
  • the HA5-1 gene see e.g. US5877403 and US6046384
  • the PIP gene to indroduce a broad resistant to viruses such as potato virus X (PVX), potato virus Y (PVY), potato leafroll virus (PLRV) (see e.g. EP 0707069) and genes such as Arabidopsis NI16, ScaM4 and ScaM5 genes to obtain fungal resistance (see e.g. US 6706952 and EP 1018553).
  • the methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above.
  • Antipathogenic substances which can be expressed by such transgenic plants include, for example, ion channel blockers, such as blockers for sodium and calcium channels, for example the viral KP1 , KP4 or KP6 toxins; stilbene synthases; bibenzyl synthases; chitinases; glu- canases; the so-called "pathogenesis-related proteins" (PRPs; see e.g. EP-A-0 392 225); anti- pathogenic substances produced by microorganisms, for example peptide antibiotics or heterocyclic antibiotics (see e.g. WO 1995/33818) or protein or polypeptide factors involved in plant pathogen defense (so-called "plant disease resistance genes", as described in WO
  • Antipathogenic substances produced by the plants are able to protect the plants against a variety of pathogens, such as fungi, viruses and bacteria.
  • Useful plants of elevated interest in connection with present invention are cereals, such as wheat, barley, rye and oat; soybean; maize; rice; alfalfa, cotton, sugar beet, sugarcane, tobacco , potato, banana, oil seed rape; pome fruits; stone fruits; peanuts; coffee; tea; strawberries; turf; vines and vegetables, such as tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits, papaya, melon, lenses and lettuce, more preferably selected from soybean, maize (corn), alfalfa, cotton, potato, banana, papaya, rice, tomatoes and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, potato, tomato, oilseed rape, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and
  • Transgenic plants with resistance against fungal pathogens are, for examples, soybeans with resistance against Asian soybean rust (see e.g. WO 2008/017706); plants such as alfalfa, corn, cotton, sugar beet, oileed, rape, tomato, soybean, wheat, potato and tobacco with resistance against Phytophtora infestans (see e.g. US5859332, US 7148397, EP 1334979); corn with resistance against leaf blights, ear rots and stalk rots (such as anthracnose leaf bligh, anthrac- nose stalk rot, diplodia ear rot, Fusarium verticilioides, Gibberella zeae and top dieback, see e.g.
  • plants such as corn, soybean, cereals (in particular wheat, rye, barley, oats, rye, rice), tobacco, sorghum, sugarcane and potatoes with broad fungal resistance (see e.g. US 5689046, US 6706952, EP 1018553 and US 6020129).
  • Transgenic plants with resistance against bacterial pathogens are, for examples, rice with resistance against Xylella fastidiosa (see e.g. US 6232528); plants, such as rice, cotton, soybean, potato, sorghum, corn, wheat, balrey, sugarcane, tomato and pepper, with resistance against bacterial blight (see e.g. WO 2006/42145, US 5952485, US 5977434, WO 1999/09151 , WO 1996/22375); tomato with resistance against Pseudomonas syringae (see e.g. Can. J. Plant Path., 1983, 5: 251 -255).
  • Transgenic plants with resistance against viral pathogens are, for examples, stone fruits, such as plum, almond, apricot, cherry, peach, nectarine, with resistance against plum pox virus (PPV, see e.g. US PP15,154Ps, EP 0626449); potatoes with resistance against potato virus Y (see e.g. US 5968828); plants such as potato, tomato, cucumber and leguminosaes which are resistant against tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV, see e.g. EP 0626449, US 5973135); corn with resistance against maize streak virus (see e.g. US 6040496); papaya with resistance against papaya ring spot virus (PRSV, see e.g.
  • PRSV papaya with resistance against papaya ring spot virus
  • cucurbitaceae such as cucumber, melon, watermelon and pumpkin, and solanaceae, such as potato, tobacco, tomato, eggplant, paprika and pepper, with resistance against cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, see e.g. US 6849780); cucurbitaceae, such as cucumber, melon, watermelon and pumkin, with resistance against watermelon mosaic virus and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (see e.g. US 6015942); potatoes with resistance against potato leafroll virus (PLRV, see e.g. US 5576202); potatoes with a broad resistance to viruses, such as potato virus X (PVX), potato virus Y (PVY), potato leafroll virus (PLRV) (see e.g. EP 0707069).
  • CMV cucumber mosaic virus
  • PLAV zucchini yellow mosaic virus
  • PVX potato virus X
  • PVY potato virus Y
  • PLRV potato leafroll virus
  • deregulated orcommercially available transgenic plants with modified genetic material capable of expression of antipathogenic substances are the following plants: Carica papaya (papaya), Event: 55-1/63-1 ; Georgia University, Carica papaya (Papaya); Event: (X17-2); University of Florida, Cucurbita pepo (Squash); Event: (CZW-3); Asgrow (USA); Semi- nis Vegetable Inc. (Canada), Cucurbita pepo (Squash); Event: (ZW20); Upjohn (USA); Seminis Vegetable Inc. (Canada), Prunus domestica (Plum); Event: (C5); United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Solanum tuberosum L.
  • Transgenic plants with resistance against nematodes and which may be used in the methods of the present invention are, for examples, soybean plants with resistance to soybean cyst nematodes.
  • U.S. Patent Nos. 5,589,622 and 5,824,876 are directed to the identification of plant genes expressed specifically in or adjacent to the feeding site of the plant after attachment by the nematode.
  • transgenic plants with reduced feeding structures for parasitic nematodes e.g. plants resistant to herbicides except of those parts or those cells that are nematode feeding sites and treating such plant with a herbicide to prevent, reduce or limit nematode feeding by damaging or destroying feeding sites (e.g. US 5866777).
  • RNAi to target essential nematode genes has been proposed, for example, in PCT Publication WO 2001/96584, WO 2001/17654, US 2004/0098761 , US 2005/0091713, US
  • Transgenic nematode resistant plants have been disclosed, for example in the PCT publications WO 2008/095886 and WO 2008/095889. Plants wich are resistant to antibiotics, such as kanamycin, neomycin and ampicillin.
  • the naturally occurring bacterial nptll gene expresses the enzyme that blocks the effects of the antibiotics kanamycin and neomycin.
  • the ampicillin resistance gene ampR also known as blaTEMI
  • Transgenic plants with resistance against antibiotics are, for examples potato, tomato, flax, canola, oilseed rape and corn (see e.g. Plant Cell Reports, 20, 2001 , 610-615. Trends in Plant Science, 1 1 , 2006, 317-319. Plant Molecular Biology, 37, 1998, 287-296. Mol Gen Genet., 257, 1998, 606- 13.). Plant Cell Reports, 6, 1987, 333-336. Federal Register (USA), Vol.60, No.1 13, 1995, page 31 139. Federal Register (USA), Vol.67, No.226, 2002, page 70392. Federal Register (USA), Vol.63, No.88, 1998, page 25194. Federal Register (USA), Vol.60, No.141 , 1995, page 37870.
  • the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape, potato, sugarcane, alfalfa, tomatoes and cereals, such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape, tomato, potato, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
  • Plants which are tolerant to stress conditions are plants, which show increased tolerance to abiotic stress conditions such as drought, high salinity, high light intensities, high UV irradiation, chemical pollution (such as high heavy metal concentration), low or high temperatures, limitied supply of nutrients (i.e. nitrogen, phosphorous) and population stress.
  • abiotic stress conditions such as drought, high salinity, high light intensities, high UV irradiation, chemical pollution (such as high heavy metal concentration), low or high temperatures, limitied supply of nutrients (i.e. nitrogen, phosphorous) and population stress.
  • transgenic plants with resistance to stress conditions are selected from rice, corn, soybean, sugarcane, alfalfa, wheat, tomato, potato, barley, rapeseed, beans, oats, sorghum and cotton with tolerance to drought (see e.g.
  • the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, sugarcane, alfalfa, sugar beet, potato, oilseed rape, tomatoes and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape, tomato, potato, sugarcane, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
  • Altered maturation properties are for example delayed ripening, delayed softening and early maturity.
  • transgenic plants with modified maturation properties are, selected from tomato, melon, raspberry, strawberry, muskmelon, pepper and papaya with delayed ripening (see e.g. US 5767376, US 7084321 , US 6107548, US 5981831 , WO 1995035387, US 5952546, US 5512466, WO 1997001952, WO 1992/008798, Plant Cell. 1989, 53-63. Plant Molecular Biology, 50, 2002).
  • the methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above.
  • the plant is selected from fruits, such as tomato, vine, melon, papaya, banana, pepper, raspberry and strawberry; stone fruits, such as cherry, apricot and peach; pome fruits, such as apple and pear; and citrus fruits, such as citron, lime, orange, pomelo, grapefruit, and mandarin T more preferably from tomato, vine, apple, banana, orange and strawberry, most preferably tomatoes.
  • fruits such as tomato, vine, melon, papaya, banana, pepper, raspberry and strawberry
  • stone fruits such as cherry, apricot and peach
  • pome fruits such as apple and pear
  • citrus fruits such as citron, lime, orange, pomelo, grapefruit, and mandarin T more preferably from tomato, vine, apple, banana, orange and strawberry, most preferably tomatoes.
  • Content modification is synthesis of modified chemical compounds (if compared to the corre- sponding control plant) or synthesis of enhanced amounts of chemical (if compounds compared to the corresponding control plant) and corresponds to an increased or reduced amount of vitamins, amino acids, proteins and starch, different oils and a reduced amount of nicotine.
  • Further transgenic plants with altered content are, for example, potato and corn with modified amylopectin content (see e.g. US 6784338, US 20070261 136); canola, corn, cotton, grape, catalpa, cattail, rice, soybean, wheat, sunflower, balsam pear and vernonia with a modified oil content (see e.g.
  • the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, sugarcane, potato, tomato, oilseed rape, flax and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably soybean, maize (corn), rice, oilseed rape, potato, tomato, cotton, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
  • soybean, maize (corn) rice, cotton, sugarcane, potato, tomato, oilseed rape, flax and cereals
  • wheat, barley, rye and oat most preferably soybean, maize (corn), rice, oilseed rape, potato, tomato, cotton, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
  • Enhanced nutrient utilization is e.g. assimilation or metabolism of nitrogen or phosphorous.
  • transgenic plants with enhanced nitrogen assimilatory and utilization capacities are selected from for example, canola, corn, wheat, sunflower, rice, tobacco, soybean, cotton, alfalfa, tomato, wheat, potato, sugar beet, sugar cane and rapeseed (see e.g. WO 1995/00991 1 , WO 1997/030163, US 6084153, US 5955651 and US 6864405).
  • Plants with improved phospho- rous uptake are, for example, tomato and potato (see e.g. US 7417181 ).
  • the methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above.
  • the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, sugarcane, alfalfa, potato, oilseed rape and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape, tomato, potato, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley.
  • Transgenic plants with male steriliy are preferably selected from canola, corn, tomato, rice, Indian mustard, wheat, soybean and sunflower (see e.g. US 6720481 , US 6281348, US 5659124, US 6399856, US 7345222, US 7230168, US 6072102, EP1 135982, WO 2001/092544 and WO 1996/040949).
  • the methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above.
  • the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape, tomato, potato, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley.
  • Plants, which produce higher quality fiber are e.g. transgenic cotton plants.
  • the such improved quality of the fiber is related to improved micronaire of the fiber, increased strength, improved staple length, improved length unifomity and color of the fibers (see e.g. WO 1996/26639, US 7329802, US 6472588 and WO 2001/17333).
  • the methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above.
  • cultiva plants may comprise one or more traits, e.g. selected from the group consisting of herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, fungal resistance, viral resistance, bacterial resistance, stress tolerance, maturation alteration, content modification, modified nutrient uptake and male sterility (see e.g. WO 2005033319 and US 6376754).
  • traits e.g. selected from the group consisting of herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, fungal resistance, viral resistance, bacterial resistance, stress tolerance, maturation alteration, content modification, modified nutrient uptake and male sterility (see e.g. WO 2005033319 and US 6376754).
  • Examples of commercial available transgenic plants with two combined properties are the corn varieties “YieldGard Roundup Ready” and YieldGard Roundup Ready 2" (Monsanto) with glyphosate tolerance and resistance to corn borer; the corn variety “Agrisure CB/LL” (Syntenta) with glufosinate tolerance and corn borer resistance; the corn variety “Yield Gard VT Root- worm/RR2” with glyphosate tolerance and corn rootworm resistance; the corn variety “Yield Gard VT Triple” with glyphosate tolerance and resistance against corn rootworm and corn borer; the corn variety "Herculex I” with glufosinate tolerance and lepidopteran resistance (Cry1 F), i.e.
  • Examples of commercial available transgenic plants with three traits are the corn variety "Herculex I / Roundup Ready 2" with glyphosate tolerance, gluphosinate tolerance and lepidopteran resistance (Cry1 F), i.e. against western bean cutworm, corn borer, black cutworm and fall armyworm; the corn variety "YieldGard Plus / Roundup Ready 2" (Monsanto) with glyphosate tolerance, corn rootworm resistance and corn borer resistance; the corn variety “Agrisure GT/CB/LL” (Syngenta) with tolerance to glyphosate tolerance, tolerance to gluphosinate and corn borer resistance; the corn variety "Herculex Xtra” (Dow, Pioneer) with glufosinate tolerance and lepidopteran resistance (Cryl F + Cry34/35Ab1 ), i.e.
  • the commercial transgenic plant is a soybean variety with glyphosate tolerance and lepidopteran resistance, preferably with one trait of glyphosate tolerance and two traits of lepidopteran resistance.
  • the glyphosate tolerance is through expression of the EPSPS encoding gene from A. tumefaciens strain CP4, more preferably it is based on the transgenic event MON89788 (see A1 -14, T1 -100).
  • the lepidop- teran resistance is a resistance to lepidopteran pests of soybean, preferably through express- sion of the CrylAC encoding gene from B. thuringiensis, preferably against velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens), more preferably it is based on the transgenic event MON87701.
  • the glyphosate tolerance is based on the transgenic event MON89788 and the trait of lepidopteran resistance is achieved through expresssion of the CrylAC encoding gene from B. thuringiensis, preferably against velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens), more preferably based on the transgenic event
  • Pseudoplusia includens is a synonym for Chrysodeixis includens.
  • the commercial transgenic plant is "Intacta RR2 PRO" soybean (Monsanto) which claims to offer tolerance to glyphosate herbicide and protection against major soybean pests (velvetbean caterpilar, soybean looper, soybean budborer, bean shoot borer, bollworm, corn stalk borer, Helicoverpa, e.g. Helicoverpa armigera), along with increased yield potential.
  • "Intacta RR2 Pro” is used as a synonym for "IntactaTM Roundup ReadyTM 2 Pro” soybean variety.
  • the invention relates to methods according to the invention wherein the cultivated plant is a soybean variety with glyphosate tolerance and lepidopteran resistance.
  • the invention relates to methods according to the invention, wherein the glyphosate tolerance is through the expression of the cp4epsps gene, or wherein the lepidopteran resistance is through expresssion of the CrylAC encoding gene from B. thuringiensis, or wherein both the glyphosate tolerance is through the expression of the cp4epsps gene and the lepidopteran resistance is through expresssion of the CrylAC encoding gene from B. thu- ringiensis.
  • the invention relates to methods according to the invention, wherein the glyphosate tolerance is based on the transgenic event MON89788, or wherein the lepidopteran resistance is based on the transgenic event MON87701 , or wherein both the glyphosate tolerance is based on the transgenic event MON89788 and the lepidopteran resistance is based on the transgenic event MON87701 .
  • the invention relates to methods according to the invention, wherein the lepidopteran resistance is against a species selected from the group of velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens).
  • the invention relates to methods according to the invention, wherein the cultivated plant is "Intacta RR2 PRO" soybean (Monsanto), which claims to offer tolerance to glyphosate herbicide and protection against major soybean pests (velvetbean caterpilar, soybean looper, soybean budborer, bean shoot borer, bollworm, corn stalk borer, Helicoverpa, e.g. Helicoverpa armigera), along with increased yield potential.
  • the invention relates to such methods according to the invention, wherein the pest is selected from the group of stinkbug species (preferably Euschistus heros), Spodoptera frugiperda and Helicoverpa.
  • stinkbug species preferably Euschistus heros
  • Spodoptera frugiperda preferably Spodoptera frugiperda
  • Helicoverpa preferably Helicoverpa.
  • the commercial transgenic plant is a soybean variety selected from “Roundup Ready 2 Yield”, “Intacta RR2 Pro” and “Vistive Gold” (all Monsanto), or “Stearidonic Acid (SDA) Omega-3” (higher content of SDA in soybean, Monsanto).
  • the trait is Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A.105 and cry2Ab2 and Vector PV-GMIR13196, for Mon87751 soybean (Monsanto).
  • the commercial transgenic plant is a soybean variety with herbicide tolerance and lepidopteran resistance, wherein the control of Lepidopteran pest is based on Bt CrylAc and Cryl F toxins.
  • the insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant soybean is DAS81419 (see Table A1 , entry A1 -334).
  • the glyphosate tolerance is through expression of the EPSPS encoding gene from A. tumefaciens strain CP4, more preferably it is based on the transgenic event MON89788 (see A1 -14, T1 -100).
  • the lepidopteran resistance is a resistance to lepidopteran pests of soybean, preferably through expresssion of the Cry1 AC encoding gene from B. thurin- giensis, preferably against velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens), more preferably it is based on the transgenic event MON87701.
  • the glyphosate tolerance is based on the transgenic event MON89788 and the trait of lepidopteran resistance is achieved through expresssion of the CrylAC encoding gene from B. thuringiensis, preferably against velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens), more preferably based on the transgenic event
  • Pseudoplusia includens is a synonym for Chrysodeixis includens.
  • the commercial transgenic plant is "Intacta RR2 PRO" soybean (Monsanto) which claims to offer tolerance to glyphosate herbicide and protection against major soybean pests (velvetbean caterpilar, soybean looper, soybean budborer, bean shoot borer, bollworm, corn stalk borer, Helicoverpa, e.g. Helicoverpa armigera), along with increased yield potential.
  • the commercial transgenic plant is a corn variety which has above- ground insect protection from “Genuity VT Triple PRO” or “Herculex Xtra” or both of them, and herbicide tolerance from “Roundup Ready 2" and Liberty Link, preferably corn varieties selected from “Genuity SmartStax", “Genuity VT Triple PRO” and “Genuity VT Double PRO” (all Monsanto), optionally as RIB (refuge-in-bag) solution.
  • the commercial transgenic corn plant variety has a drought tolerance trait, preferably "Genuity DroughtGard”.
  • the trait is double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Bb1 protein and vector PV-ZMIR10871 for MON8741 1 corn.
  • the commercial transgenic plant is a cotton variety selected from “Boll- gard II” (insect protection), “Roundup Ready Flex” (herbicide tolerance) and “Bollgard II with Roundup Ready Flex” (both), all Monsanto.
  • the cultivated plants are plants, which comprise at least one trait of insect resistance (preferably by expression of bacterial toxins) and at least one trait selected from
  • the cultivated plants are plants, which are tolerant to the action of herbicides and plants, which express bacterial toxins, which provides resistance against animal pests (such as insects or arachnids or nematodes), wherein the bacterial toxin is preferably a toxin from Bacillus thuriginensis.
  • the plant is preferably selected from cotton, rice, maize, wheat, barley, rye, oat, soybean, potato, vine, apple, pear, citron and orange.
  • the plant is soybean.
  • the invention relates to a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant with at least one modification as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, wherein the plant is soybean, which method comprises applying a compound of formula I.
  • the cultivated plants are plants, which are tolerant to the action of herbicides. Further guidance for specific combinations within this utmost preferred embodiment can be found in Table 1 .
  • the compound of formula I and its mixtures may additionally comprise a herbicide III, to which the plant is tolerant.
  • the cultivated plant is a cultivated plant tolerant to glyphosate
  • the compound of formula I and its mixtures may additionally comprise glyphosate.
  • the compound of formula I and its mixtures may additionally comprise glufosinate.
  • the compound of formula I and its mixtures may additionally comprise at least one imidazolione- herbicide.
  • the imidazolionone-herbicide is selected from imazamox, imazethapyr, , ima- zapic, imazapyr, imazamethabenz or imazaquin.
  • the cultivated plant is a cultivated plant tolerant to dicamba
  • the compound of formula I and its mixtures may additionally comprise dicamba.
  • the compound of formula I and its mixtures may additionally comprise sethoxidim.
  • the present invention also relates to ternary mixtures, comprising a compound of formula I, an insecticide II and a herbicide III.
  • the present invention also relates to ternary mixtures comprising two insecticides and a fungicide.
  • the present invention also relates to ternary mixtures comprising two fungicides and one insecticide.
  • the present invention also relates to ternary mixtures comprising an insectide, a fungicide and a herbicide.
  • the cultivated plant is selected from the group of plants as mentioned in the paragraphs and tables of this disclosure, preferably as mentioned above.
  • the cultivated plants are plants, which comprise at least one trait selected from herbicide tolerance, insect resistance for example by expression of one or more bacterial toxins, fungal resistance or viral resistance or bacterial resistance by expression of one or more anti- pathogenic substances, stress tolerance, nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency, content modification of chemicals present in the cultivated plant compared to the corresponding control plant.
  • the cultivated plants are plants, which comprise at least one trait selected from herbicide tolerance, insect resistance by expression of one or more bacterial toxins, fungal resistance or viral resistance or bacterial resistance by expression of one or more antipathogenic substances, stress tolerance, content modification of one or more chemicals present in the cultivated plant compared to the corresponding control plant.
  • the cultivated plants are plants, which are tolerant to the action of herbicides and plants, which express one or more bacterial toxins, which provides resistance against one or more animal pests (such as insects or arachnids or nematodes), wherein the bacterial toxin is preferably a toxin from Bacillus thuriginensis.
  • the cultivated plant is preferably selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, sugarcane, alfalfa, potato, oilseed rape, tomatoes and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), cotton, rice and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
  • the cultivated plants are plants, which are given in table 1.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of cultivated plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants, plant propagation materials, or at their locus of growth with the compound of formula I and its mixtures, wherein the plant is a plant, which is rendered tolerant to herbicides, more preferably to herbicides such as glutamine synthetase inhibitors, 5-enol-pyrovyl- shikimate-3-phosphate-synthase inhibitors, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, protoporphy- rinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, auxine type herbicides, most preferably to herbicides such as glyphosate, glufosinate, imazapyr, imazapic, imazamox, imazethapyr, imazaquin, imaza- methabenz methyl, dicamba and 2,4-D.
  • herbicides such as glutamine synthetase inhibitors, 5-en
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful pests, especially insects, by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants, plant propagation materials, or at their locus of growth with the compound of formula I, wherein the plant corre- sponds to a row of table A1 .
  • the invention relates to a method for increasing the health of cultivated plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants, plant propagation materials, or at their locus of growth with the compound of formula I, wherein the plant corresponds to a row of table A1 .
  • Table A1 Table A1
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of cultivated plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants, plant propagation materials, or at their locus of growth with the compound of formula I and its mixtures, wherein the plant is a plant, which express at least one insecticidal toxin, pref- erably a toxin from Bacillus speicies, more preferably from Bacillus thuringiensis.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of cultivated plants by treating plant propagation materials, preferably seeds with the compound of formula I or its mixtures as defined above, prefera- bly wherein the plant corresponds to a row of table A2 or table 3.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of cultivated plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or at their locus of growth with the compound of formula I and its mixtures wherein the plant corresponds to a row of table A2 or table 3.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or at their locus of growth with the compound of formula I and its mixtures, wherein the plant corresponds to a row of table A2 or table 3.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation materials, preferably seeds of cultivated plants of cultivated crops with the compound of formula I and its mixtures, wherein the plant corresponds to a row of table A2 or table 3.
  • Lepidoptera re281 -24-236 Gossypium hirsu- available, DOW Agro-
  • Lepidoptera re281 -24-236 Gossypium hirsu- available, Dow Agro-
  • Lepidoptera reCOT102 Gossypium hirsu- available, Syngenta
  • a * refers to contestZhuxian B", WO2001021821 , Molecular Breeding, Volume 18, Number 1 / August 2006.
  • the cultivated plant has an arthropodicidal, preferably insecticidal, trait, it often occurs that the pest that should be combatted becomes resistant to that trait.
  • Resistance may be defined as 'a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species'.
  • IRAC Iron Resistance therefore means that the original activitiy of a pesticide against the target organisms (arthropods, insects) decreases or is even lost, due to genetic or metabolic adaptation of the target organism.
  • Resistant to an insecticide is understood to mean resistant to at least one insecticide or insecticidal trait, i.e. the insect may be resistant to only one, but also to several insecticides or insecticidal traits.
  • the resistance is against an insecticidal effect which is due to a genetic modification of a plant (modified or transgenic plant), which caused a resistance of the plant or crop to certain pests, especially insect pests, in susceptible insects.
  • insecticidal proteins especially those mentioned herein, es- pecially those known from the bacterial genus Bacillus, particularly from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as endotoxins, e. g. CrylA(b), CrylA(c), CrylF, CrylF(a2), CryllA(b), CrylllA, CrylllB(bl ) or Cry9c; vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), e. g. VIP1 , VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A; insecticidal proteins of bacteria colonizing nematodes, for example Photorhabdus spp.
  • VIP1 , VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A vegetative insecticidal proteins
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with a compound of formula (I) or a mixture thereof, wherein the plant has at least one insecticidal trait, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to that at least one insecticidal trait of the plant.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with a compound of formula (I) or a mixture thereof, wherein the plant has at least one lepidopteran or coleopteran trait, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to that lepidopteran or coleopteran insecticidal trait of the plant.
  • a compound of formula (I) or a mixture thereof wherein the plant has at least one lepidopteran or coleopteran trait, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to that lepidopteran or coleopteran insecticidal trait of the plant.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with a compound of formula (I) or a mixture thereof, wherein the plant having the insecticidal trait corresponds to a row of table A2 or Table 3 or Table A1 , and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to an insecticidal trait of the plant.
  • the invention relates to such methods according to the invention, wherein the pest is selected from the group of stinkbug species (preferably Euschistus heros), Spodoptera frugiperda and Helicoverpa. It is to be understood, that also in the mentioned methods of controlling resistant insects, the compound of formula (I) may optionally be mixed with one or more further pesticides.
  • stinkbug species preferably Euschistus heros
  • Spodoptera frugiperda preferably Helicoverpa.
  • Methods and uses of the invention as described herein may also involve a step of assessing whether insects are resistant to certain insecticides.
  • This step will in general involve collecting a sample of insects from the area (e.g. crop, field, habitat) to be treated, before actually applying a compound of formula (I), and testing (for example using any suitable phenotypic, biochemical or molecular biological technique applicable) for resistance/sensitivity.
  • the plants may have more traits and/or events, e.g. those described in Table A1.
  • the present invention therefore relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with c the compound of formula (I) and its mixtures, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean, which has been modified by introducing at least one gene or at least one gene combination, which corresponds to a row of table C.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, comprising the application of the compound of formula (I) and its mixtures, to a plant with at least one modi- fication, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth, wherein the cultivated plant is
  • Glycine max L. (soybean), Triticum aestivum (wheat) or Oryza sativa L. (rice) and comprises at least one gene selected from the group consisting of cry34Ab1 , cry35 Ab1 , cry3A, cry3Bb1 , dvsnf7, mcry3A, cry1A, cry1A.105, crylAb, cry1Ab-Ac, crylAc, cryl C, cry1 F, cry1 Fa2, cry2Ab2, cry2Ae, cry9c, mocryl F, pinll, vip3A(a), vip3Aa20.
  • Further preferred embodiments of the invention are those methods of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or at their locus of growth with the compound of formula I or its mixtures, wherein the plant expresses one or more genes selected from CP4 epsps, pat, bar, CrylAb, CrylAc, Cry3Bb1 , Cry2Ab, Cry1 F, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 .
  • the present invention relates to methods of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or at their locus of growth with the compound of formula I or its mixtures, wherein the mixing partner of the compound of formula I is fipronil and the plant expresses one or more genes selected from CP4 epsps, pat, bar, CrylAb, CrylAc, Cry3Bb1 , Cry2Ab, Cry1 F, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 .
  • the present invention relates to methods of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or at their locus of growth with the compound of formula I or its mixtures, wherein the mixing partner of the compound of formula I is ethiprole and the plant expresses one or more genes selected from CP4 epsps, pat, bar, CrylAb, CrylAc, Cry3Bb1 , Cry2Ab, Cry1 F, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 .
  • the present invention relates to methods of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or at their locus of growth with the compound of formula I or its mixtures, wherein the mixing partner of the compound of formula lcompound is chlorfenapyr and the plant expresses one or more genes selected from CP4 epsps, pat, bar, CrylAb, CrylAc, Cry3Bb1 , Cry2Ab, Cry1 F, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 .
  • further embodiments of the invention are those methods of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or at their locus of growth with a compound of formula (I) or a mixture thereof according to the invention, wherein the plant expresses one or more genes selected from aad, ACCase, ALS, AMY797E, APH4, bar, barnase, barstar, bla, bxn, cDHDPS, CP, cmv-cp, CrylAb, CrylAc, Cry1A.105, Cry1 F, Cry1 Fa2, Cry2Ab, Cry34Ab1 , Cry35Ab1 , Cry3A, Cry3Bb1 , Cry9C, dam, DHFR, fad2, fanl , FH, flcrylAb, GAT4601 , GAT4602, gmFAD2-1 , GM-HRA, goxv247, gus, hel,
  • the compound of formula (I) can be prepared according to standard meth- ods of organic chemistry, or by the processes as described in WO 2007/006670,
  • WO2013/024007 WO2013/024008, W02013/076092, and the unpublished applications PCT/EP2014/056164, EP13173044.2, PCT/EP2014/060082, and EP14166089.4 d, without being limited to the routes given therein.
  • the characterization can be done by coupled High Performance Liquid Chromatography / mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS), by NMR or by their melting points.
  • HPLC/MS High Performance Liquid Chromatography / mass spectrometry
  • Synergism can be described as an interaction where the combined effect of two or more com- pounds is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each of the compounds.
  • the presence of a synergistic effect in terms of percent control, between two mixing partners (X and Y) can be calculated using the Colby equation (Colby, S. R., 1967, Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses in Herbicide Combinations, Weeds, 15, 20-22):
  • the combined effect is synergistic.
  • E expected combined control effect
  • the following tests can demonstrate the control efficacy of compounds, mixtures or compositions of this invention on specific pests. However, the pest control protection afforded by the compounds, mixtures or compositions is not limited to the species described. In certain instances, combinations of a compound of this invention with other invertebrate pest control com- pounds or agents are found to exhibit synergistic effects against certain important invertebrate pests.
  • Trial is carried out under greenhouse conditions on soybean (GMO plant variety, e.g. roundup, growth stage 109). 12 treatments are compared in a complete randomized blocks (4 replications) with plot size of 1 m x 3 meters. Only selected plants are considered for artificial infesta- tion and evaluations.
  • Roundup Original ® (Glyfosate-sal isopropilamina @360g/L) is used in the rate of 867 g a.i./ha. Artificial infestation is done one day after the application.
  • the species used is Anticarsia gem- matalis (H ibner) [Thermesia elegantula (Herrich-Schaffer, 1869)], Noctuidae. 5 plants/plot are infested with 3 larvae (stage L2) using a entomological metallic tweezers, totaling 15 larvae per repetition.
  • Larvae used in this trial are e.g. provided by BASF rearing laboratory, Campinas, Brazil.
  • a second infestation is held seven days after application in the same plants and using the same larval numbers.
  • a third infestation might be done if necessary in order to observe residual activity.
  • the mortality (number) and eating damage (%) are evaluated with 01 , 02, 05, 07, 14 and 21 DAA (days after application), comparing to untreated control plants.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des procédés agricoles pour lutter contre des organismes nuisibles et/ou améliorer la santé de plante d'une plante cultivée, avec au moins une modification, à l'aide de cyclaniliprole ou d'un mélange de celui-ci. La présente invention concerne des procédés agricoles pour lutter contre des organismes nuisibles et/ou améliorer la santé de plante d'une plante cultivée, avec au moins une modification, à l'aide d'un composé de formule (I) ou de mélanges de celui-ci. En particulier, l'invention concerne des procédés de lutte contre des insectes nuisibles qui sont résistants à un caractère insecticide de la plante. En outre, l'invention concerne certains mélanges du composé de formule (I), et leur utilisation dans les procédés pour lutter contre des organismes nuisibles et/ou améliorer la santé de plante d'une plante cultivée, avec au moins une modification, et en particulier des procédés de lutte contre des insectes nuisibles qui sont résistants à un caractère insecticide de la plante.
PCT/EP2015/078325 2014-12-12 2015-12-02 Utilisation de cyclaniliprole sur des plantes cultivées WO2016091674A1 (fr)

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CN106386840A (zh) * 2016-09-13 2017-02-15 陕西上格之路生物科学有限公司 一种含有环溴虫酰胺的杀虫组合物
WO2018104392A1 (fr) * 2016-12-08 2018-06-14 Bayer Cropscience Aktiengesellschaft Utilisation d'insecticides pour lutter contre les vers fil de fer
US10526264B2 (en) 2016-07-07 2020-01-07 Basf Se Oxy-cope rearrangement for the manufacture of insecticidal cyclopentene compounds
CN112899392A (zh) * 2021-03-10 2021-06-04 浙江大学 用于转基因抗虫抗草甘膦棉花的特异性鉴定分子标记的引物组及其应用
US11297837B2 (en) 2016-02-19 2022-04-12 Basf Se Pesticidally activi mixtures comprising anthranilamide compounds

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WO2018104392A1 (fr) * 2016-12-08 2018-06-14 Bayer Cropscience Aktiengesellschaft Utilisation d'insecticides pour lutter contre les vers fil de fer
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