WO2015133019A1 - セルロース繊維ナノ分散液圧入装置およびそれを用いたセルロース繊維ナノ分散液圧入方法、並びに炭化水素生産方法 - Google Patents
セルロース繊維ナノ分散液圧入装置およびそれを用いたセルロース繊維ナノ分散液圧入方法、並びに炭化水素生産方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015133019A1 WO2015133019A1 PCT/JP2014/081112 JP2014081112W WO2015133019A1 WO 2015133019 A1 WO2015133019 A1 WO 2015133019A1 JP 2014081112 W JP2014081112 W JP 2014081112W WO 2015133019 A1 WO2015133019 A1 WO 2015133019A1
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- cellulose fiber
- dispersion
- press
- well
- cellulose
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Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/50—Compositions for plastering borehole walls, i.e. compositions for temporary consolidation of borehole walls
- C09K8/516—Compositions for plastering borehole walls, i.e. compositions for temporary consolidation of borehole walls characterised by their form or by the form of their components, e.g. encapsulated material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/03—Specific additives for general use in well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/035—Organic additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/50—Compositions for plastering borehole walls, i.e. compositions for temporary consolidation of borehole walls
- C09K8/504—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/506—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
- C09K8/508—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds
- C09K8/512—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds containing cross-linking agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/50—Compositions for plastering borehole walls, i.e. compositions for temporary consolidation of borehole walls
- C09K8/504—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/506—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
- C09K8/508—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds
- C09K8/514—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds of natural origin, e.g. polysaccharides, cellulose
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/58—Compositions for enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons, i.e. for improving the mobility of the oil, e.g. displacing fluids
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices or the like
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/17—Interconnecting two or more wells by fracturing or otherwise attacking the formation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2208/00—Aspects relating to compositions of drilling or well treatment fluids
- C09K2208/08—Fiber-containing well treatment fluids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2208/00—Aspects relating to compositions of drilling or well treatment fluids
- C09K2208/10—Nanoparticle-containing well treatment fluids
Definitions
- the present invention mainly relates to a cellulose fiber nano-dispersed liquid press-in apparatus and a cellulose fiber nano-dispersed liquid press-in method using the same, which are applied in the process of producing hydrocarbons such as crude oil and gas, and in water-stopping work in civil engineering work. And a hydrocarbon production method.
- a large amount of groundwater production from a well often becomes a problem in crude oil recovery, gas recovery work, or civil engineering work. That is, for example, in the recovery of hydrocarbons such as crude oil and gas stored in the oil reservoir, accompanying water is produced together with hydrocarbons, but the accompanying water contains a large amount of crude oil components in an emulsion state, The organic acid, heavy metal ions, and the like are included, and the processing requires a great deal of cost. In particular, in oil fields where time has elapsed since the start of hydrocarbon production and secondary or tertiary recovery of crude oil is required, a large amount of associated water is produced through a highly permeable area in the oil reservoir. This processing is a big problem.
- the permeability of the injected fluid in the highly permeable area in the rock reservoir is reduced to reduce the oil from the low permeability area.
- a gelable composition For the purpose of increasing the recovery rate of crude oil, it has been studied to use a gelable composition.
- natural polymers such as xanthan gum and carboxymethyl cellulose, or water-soluble polymers such as polyacrylamide are used.
- the thing using the composition containing an ionic crosslinking agent etc. is known (patent document 2).
- Patent Document 3 a technique for reducing the permeability of the injected fluid in the highly permeable area in the oil layer of the rock mass by cross-linking cellulose nanocrystals derived from bacteria with guar gum has been studied.
- the gel composition proposed in Patent Document 1 has a problem that polyacrylamide, which is a synthetic polymer, and chromium contained in the cross-linking agent remain in the ground or flow into groundwater.
- the environmental impact is large, and there is a risk of health damage to the surrounding residents.
- the crosslinking reaction proceeds by mixing the polymer solution and the metal ion crosslinking agent, the polymer solution and the metal ion crosslinking agent must be injected separately. Concerns remain in the reliability of curing other than in the vicinity of the interface.
- xanthan gum used in the gel composition of Patent Document 2 described above is a microorganism-derived biopolymer, so the environmental load is small, but chromium and boron contained in the cross-linking agent can be problematic in terms of environmental load. . Moreover, since such a biopolymer may be biodegraded before gelation in the ground where various microorganisms exist, there is a concern that a sufficient water-stopping effect cannot be obtained. In addition, the technique disclosed in Patent Document 2 is not intended to obtain a water stop effect in the first place.
- the gel composition proposed above when the gel composition proposed above is injected into a well in the ground, it is liable to cause viscosity deterioration due to the influence of geothermal (120 ° C. or higher) and the mechanical shearing by a pump or a drill, etc. There is a concern that the water-stopping effect at the time of gelation tends to be adversely affected.
- the biopolymers exemplified above cannot be denied the possibility of introducing foreign microorganisms brought from other areas that are of biological origin and are not intended underground.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and can be applied to improve the recovery rate in the course of water stoppage work in civil engineering work and production business of hydrocarbons such as crude oil and gas, It is an object of the present invention to provide a cellulose fiber nanodispersion press-fitting device, a cellulose fiber nanodispersion press-in method using the same, and a hydrocarbon production method.
- the present invention is a press-fitting device for press-fitting a liquid in which cellulose fibers of coniferous pulp are nano-dispersed into a formation, a crushing means for crushing coniferous pulp in water, Cellulose fibers comprising: a diluting means for diluting the cellulose fiber-containing liquid obtained by the crushing means; and a press-fitting means for pressing the nano-dispersion of the cellulose fiber obtained by the diluting means into the well.
- a nano-dispersed liquid press-fitting device is a first gist.
- the present invention provides a cellulose fiber nano-dispersion, wherein the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion is pressed into a water-permeable layer in the vicinity of an underground well using the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion press-fitting device of the first aspect.
- the press-fitting method is the second gist.
- the present invention is a hydrocarbon production method in which the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion liquid press-fitting device according to the first aspect is preferably used, which is obtained by crushing coniferous pulp in water and dispersing it in a liquid.
- a third gist is a hydrocarbon production method characterized by having a cellulose fiber nano-dispersion press-fitting step of press-fitting cellulose fiber nano-dispersion from a well into an underground water permeable layer.
- a crushing means for crushing coniferous pulp in water a dilution means for diluting the cellulose fiber-containing liquid obtained by the crushing means, and a nano-dispersion of cellulose fibers obtained by the dilution means are pressed into the well
- a cellulose fiber nano-dispersion press-fitting device provided with a press-fitting means for carrying out, it has been found that stable water-stopping work can be performed without imposing a load on the environment, and the present invention has been achieved.
- a dispersion in which cellulose fibers derived from conifer pulp are nano-dispersed is pressed from a well into an underground permeable layer.
- the gel can block the oil reservoir water production site near the well and the highly permeable area (dominant flow path) in the oil reservoir rock, providing a stable water stop effect without placing a burden on the environment,
- the inventors have found that the hydrocarbon recovery rate from the well can be increased.
- the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion press-fitting device of the present invention comprises a crushing means for crushing coniferous pulp in water, a dilution means for diluting the cellulose fiber-containing liquid obtained by the crushing means, and the dilution means. And a press-fitting means for press-fitting the obtained nano-dispersion of cellulose fibers into a well, and a stable water stop operation can be performed without imposing a load on the environment.
- the crushing means is provided in the vicinity of a well on the surface, it is possible to prepare a cellulose fiber nano-dispersion for well injection at the mining site and directly inject it into the well. Contamination and problems with deterioration of the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion over time can be solved.
- the cellulose fiber derived from the softwood pulp used as the gelling agent has a small environmental load due to the property of forming a non-flowable gel by crosslinking with a crosslinking agent or heat. It is possible to block nearby oil reservoir water production sites and highly permeable areas (dominant channels) in the oil reservoir rock, and improve the recovery rate of hydrocarbons such as crude oil and gas.
- the crosslinking reaction progresses before the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion reaches the water permeable layer near the well.
- various problems caused by the crosslinking agent can be solved.
- the cellulose fiber of the softwood-origin pulp is a cellulose fiber whose surface is chemically modified, and a polyvalent metal salt as the crosslinking agent.
- both the cellulose fiber and the polyvalent metal salt have a small environmental impact, and are firmly crosslinked starting from the chemically modified portion. As a result, the hydrocarbon recovery rate from the well can be increased more effectively.
- the cellulose fiber of the coniferous pulp is used as a so-called thickener without using a crosslinking agent, Liquid carbonization such as improving the recovery rate of liquid hydrocarbons by injecting nano-dispersion liquid from wells and pushing liquid hydrocarbons in the target oil layer of the wells to other wells connected through the oil layer. It can also be used for hydrogen enhanced recovery process (EOR).
- EOR hydrogen enhanced recovery process
- the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion press-fitting device of the present invention includes a crushing means for crushing conifer-derived pulp in water, a dilution means for diluting the cellulose fiber-containing liquid obtained by the crushing means, and the above A press-fitting means for press-fitting the nano-dispersed cellulose fiber obtained by the diluting means into the well.
- nano-dispersion means that the cellulose fibers are dispersed at the nano level so that the maximum fiber diameter of the cellulose fibers by the measurement method described below is 1000 nm or less, preferably 500 nm or less. Therefore, the crushing means requires the ability to crush softwood-derived pulp at the nano level as described above.
- each of the above means may be integrated as a device. However, if the equipments responsible for each of these means are organically linked, they are divided into individual equipment as necessary. It may be.
- the crushing means crushes the conifer-derived pulp in water
- the cellulose-containing liquid obtained by the crushing means contains a large amount of water.
- the crushing means is provided in the vicinity of the well in consideration of transportation costs and the like.
- the vicinity of the well is substantially synonymous with so-called on-site, and means that it is installed in an oil / gas production plant and transported to each well by a pipeline or the like.
- the crushing means is provided near the well on the surface, it is possible to prepare a cellulose fiber nano-dispersion for well injection at the mining site and press it directly into the well. Since the sterilized material is directly injected into the well, problems such as microbial contamination of the well and deterioration with time of the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion can be solved.
- the cellulose fiber-containing solution is suddenly added with a large amount of water.
- the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion can be efficiently obtained by stirring and dispersing with less power than by diluting.
- the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion press-fitting method of the present invention is characterized in that the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion press-fitting device is used to press-fit the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion into the water permeable layer near the underground well.
- the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion press-fitting device is used to press-fit the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion into the water permeable layer near the underground well.
- the hydrocarbon production method of the present invention is carried out in the course of the production business of hydrocarbons such as crude oil and gas, and as described above, the cellulose fiber nano-dispersed liquid press-fitting device of the present invention is preferably used. It is done. That is, the hydrocarbon production method of the present invention is carried out by pressing a cellulose fiber nano-dispersed liquid obtained by crushing a conifer-derived pulp in water and dispersing it in a liquid from a well into an underground permeable layer. .
- the press-fitting route is shut off and left standing for a predetermined time (approximately 24 hours or more). Since the cellulose fiber is gelled well (approximately 120 ° C. or higher), the gel can block the oil reservoir water production site near the well and the highly permeable area (dominant channel) in the oil reservoir rock. It is possible to obtain a stable water stop effect without imposing a burden on the environment, and to increase the hydrocarbon recovery rate from the well.
- the crosslinking reaction does not progress before the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion reaches the water permeable layer near the well, and it is not necessary to individually inject the crosslinking agent. Therefore, various problems caused by the crosslinking agent (environmental problems, costs, injection work, cross-linking control work, etc.) can be solved.
- the cellulose fiber of the softwood-derived pulp is obtained by chemically modifying the hydroxyl group on the fiber surface, and when the polyvalent metal salt is used as the crosslinking agent, the cellulose fiber
- the polyvalent metal salt is preferable from the viewpoint of environmental pollution because it has a small environmental load, and further, since solid crosslinking is performed starting from the chemically modified portion, even a small amount is sufficient. The water stop effect is obtained, and the hydrocarbon recovery rate from the well can be increased more effectively.
- the hydrocarbon production method of the present invention when the well (injection well) for injecting the cellulose fiber nanodispersion and the well (production well) for recovering hydrocarbons are the same well, The yield of water (associated water) from the well reservoir is reduced, and as a result, the hydrocarbon recovery rate can be improved. Also, if the injection well and the production well are different wells, the cellulose fiber gel will block the dominant flow path of the injection fluid, so further water and gas injection from the injection well The flow path of the press-fit fluid is changed, and the hydrocarbons remaining in the oil reservoir are driven to the production well, and the hydrocarbon recovery rate can be improved.
- the cellulose has a shut-off step that shuts off the press-fitting route and a production step that recovers hydrocarbons from the well after opening the shut-off of the press-fitting route. It is preferable because the fiber gelation is performed well, a good water stop effect is obtained, and the hydrocarbon recovery rate from the well can be increased more effectively.
- the polyvalent metal salt-containing aqueous solution press-fitting step of press-fitting the polyvalent metal salt-containing aqueous solution into the well before the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion press-fitting step and / or after the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion liquid press-fitting step. It is preferable because good cross-linking is performed at a point where the desired gel is formed, and a good water-stopping effect can be obtained and the hydrocarbon recovery rate from the well can be increased more effectively. Moreover, you may make it contain the polyvalent metal salt in the said cellulose fiber nano dispersion liquid suitably.
- a cellulose fiber-free aqueous solution is press-fitted, and then the blocking step is performed, whereby the cellulose fiber is gelled at a position where a water-stop effect is desired. Since it becomes easy, it is preferable from a viewpoint of raising a hydrocarbon recovery rate more effectively.
- the fresh water means water having a sodium ion concentration of less than 1% in terms of sodium chloride and a calcium ion concentration of less than 0.3% in terms of calcium chloride.
- the well that performs the above injection (injection well) and the well that recovers hydrocarbons such as hydrocarbons (the production well) are the same well, and by opening the well sealed after the above injection And a recovery method of recovering hydrocarbons from the oil reservoir.
- this recovery method it is preferable to press-fit the cellulose fiber nano-dispersed liquid into the well and then press-fit the polyvalent metal salt aqueous solution into the well from the viewpoint of the water stop effect.
- the casing 2 and the tubing 1 are buried toward the underground oil layer, and a packer (closing portion) 8 is provided between the casing 2 and the tubing 1.
- the well usually has such a configuration, and after the first self-injection of hydrocarbons is finished and the pumping of hydrocarbons by the pump (primary recovery) is finished, carbonization using the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion liquid injection device of the present invention is performed.
- a hydrogen production method is applied.
- the valves a4, b3, and b5 are first opened (all other valves are closed), and fresh water is injected into the well from the tubing 1 in the casing 2 by the pump p1, in the oil reservoir. Reduce the salt ion concentration around the well.
- valve a5 is opened, and the softwood-derived pulp is crushed in water with a high-pressure homogenizer 3 (Starburst manufactured by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd.) or the like, and the cellulose fibers are dispersed at high pressure.
- the valves a2 and a3 are opened, and other additives are added as necessary, the cellulose fiber-containing liquid is diluted, and the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion liquid is prepared by the stirrer 4.
- bulb b1, b5 is open
- bulb a1 is open
- FIG. And after making the said cellulose fiber nano dispersion liquid spread to the water layer side in the oil layer of a well, valve
- bulb b1, b2, b3, b6 is closed, b4 is open
- bulb b5 is open
- the produced hydrocarbon / water passes through the tubing 1 in the casing 2 and is pumped up using the pump p4 as necessary, and then separated in the separation tank 6. In this way, the hydrocarbons are recovered, and the water is desalted by, for example, the desalter 7 and then transferred to the water tank 9 for reuse.
- the injection well and the production well are different wells.
- the press-fit fluid 12 obtained by press-fitting the nano-dispersion of cellulose fibers and the polyvalent metal salt-containing aqueous solution is sent to the dominant flow path 13 between the press-fit well and the production well.
- the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion and the polyvalent metal salt-containing aqueous solution are gently agitated before being injected into the injection well, and if necessary, a friction reducing agent, a surfactant, an emulsification inhibitor, a bactericidal agent.
- An agent or the like may be added and gently stirred, and the resulting press-fit fluid (slag) 12 may be press-fit into the press-fit well.
- the said slag 12 may be conveyed to the dominant flow path 13 by the boosting water 14 etc. as shown in figure as needed.
- FIG. 2 (iii) after the dominant flow path 13 is closed with the slag gel 15, water and gas are further injected from the injection well, thereby FIG. 2 (iv).
- the flow path of the press-fitted fluid is changed, and hydrocarbons in the unsweeped portion remaining in the oil reservoir are driven to the production well, and the hydrocarbon recovery rate can be improved.
- the cellulose fiber of the softwood-derived pulp used in the hydrocarbon production method of the present invention is used as a so-called thickener, the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion is injected from the well, and the The liquid hydrocarbon recovery rate can be improved by extruding the liquid hydrocarbon in the target oil layer of the well to another well connected via the oil layer.
- a liquid hydrocarbon enhanced recovery method EOR
- EOR liquid hydrocarbon enhanced recovery method
- the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion press-fitting device of the present invention is preferably used.
- the pressure when the cellulose fiber nanodispersion or the polyvalent metal salt aqueous solution is pressed into the well is 0.1% lower than the oil layer pressure from the viewpoint of recovery efficiency and the like. It is preferable to set the pressure so as to be higher by 100 atm, and more preferably, the press-fitting pressure is adjusted so as to be 1 to 30 atm higher than the oil layer pressure.
- the solid content of the cellulose fiber is usually in the range of 0.01 to 10% by weight of the whole dispersion, preferably 0.1 to 1 of the whole dispersion. It is in the range of wt%, and more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 wt% of the total dispersion. That is, even if the amount of cellulose fibers is small as described above, good pseudoplastic fluidity can be expressed and a sufficient water stop effect can be obtained.
- the content of the hardly soluble polyvalent metal salt in the polyvalent metal salt aqueous solution is preferably in the range of 0.001 to 1% by weight of the total aqueous solution.
- the cellulose fiber has a number average fiber diameter of usually 2 to 500 nm, and preferably 2 to 150 nm from the viewpoint of dispersion stability, water stopping performance and the like. More preferably, it is 2 to 100 nm, and particularly preferably 3 to 80 nm. That is, if the number average fiber diameter is too small, it is essentially dissolved in the dispersion medium. Conversely, if the number average fiber diameter is too large, the cellulose fibers are precipitated, and the cellulose fibers are blended. This is because the functionality due to this cannot be expressed.
- the maximum fiber diameter of the said cellulose fiber is 1000 nm or less, Preferably it is 500 nm or less. That is, if the maximum fiber diameter of the cellulose fiber is too large, the cellulose fiber will settle, and the functional expression of the cellulose fiber tends to be reduced.
- the number average fiber diameter and the maximum fiber diameter of the cellulose fiber can be measured, for example, as follows. That is, an aqueous dispersion of fine cellulose having a solid content of 0.05 to 0.1% by weight was prepared, and the dispersion was cast on a carbon film-coated grid that had been subjected to a hydrophilization treatment. (TEM) observation sample. In addition, when the fiber of a big fiber diameter is included, you may observe the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the surface cast on glass. Then, observation with an electron microscope image is performed at a magnification of 5,000 times, 10,000 times, or 50,000 times depending on the size of the constituent fibers.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the aspect ratio of the cellulose fiber is usually 50 or more, preferably 100 or more, more preferably 200 or more. That is, if the aspect ratio is too small, sufficient pseudoplastic fluidity may not be obtained.
- the aspect ratio of the cellulose fiber can be measured, for example, by the following method. That is, from the TEM image (magnification: 10000 times) which was negatively stained with 2% uranyl acetate after the cellulose fibers were cast on a carbon film-coated grid that had been subjected to hydrophilic treatment, the number of cellulose fibers was determined according to the method described above. The average fiber diameter and fiber length are calculated, and the aspect ratio can be calculated using these values according to the following equation (1).
- the cellulose fiber is a fiber obtained by refining a naturally-derived cellulose solid raw material having an I-type crystal structure. That is, in conifer-derived pulp, nanofibers called microfibrils are first formed, and these form a multi-bundle to form a higher-order solid structure.
- the cellulose fiber has a hydroxyl group chemically modified on the surface of the cellulose fiber as necessary.
- the chemically modified cellulose include oxidized cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvalent carboxymethyl cellulose, long chain carboxycellulose, primary amino cellulose, cationized cellulose, secondary amino cellulose, methyl cellulose, and long chain alkyl cellulose.
- oxidized cellulose is preferred because of excellent hydroxyl group selectivity on the fiber surface and mild reaction conditions.
- those having a content of carboxymethyl group, carboxyl group or the like of less than 0.1 mmol / g are regarded as not satisfying the condition that “the hydroxyl group on the surface of the cellulose fiber is chemically modified”. .
- the oxidized cellulose is made from a coniferous pulp as a raw material, an oxidation reaction step for obtaining a reaction product fiber by oxidizing the coniferous pulp by reacting with an N-oxyl compound as an oxidation catalyst in water and acting a co-oxidant. It can be obtained by a production method including a purification step of removing the reaction fiber impregnated with water and a dispersion step of dispersing the reaction fiber impregnated with water in a solvent.
- the hydroxyl group at the C6 position of each glucose unit in the cellulose molecule is selectively oxidized and modified to become one of an aldehyde group, a ketone group, and a carboxyl group.
- the carboxyl group content is preferably in the range of 1.2 to 2.5 mmol / g, more preferably in the range of 1.5 to 2.0 mmol / g. This is because if the amount of carboxyl groups is too small, cellulose fibers may precipitate or aggregate, and if the amount of carboxyl groups is too large, the water solubility may become too strong.
- the amount of carboxyl groups of the cellulose fiber for example, 60 ml of a 0.5 to 1% by weight slurry is prepared from a cellulose sample obtained by accurately weighing the dry weight, and the pH is adjusted to about 2.5 with a 0.1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. Then, 0.05M sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is dripped and electrical conductivity measurement is performed. The measurement is continued until the pH is about 11.
- the amount of carboxyl groups can be determined from the amount of sodium hydroxide consumed in the neutralization step of the weak acid with a gentle change in electrical conductivity (V) according to the following formula (2).
- adjustment of the amount of carboxyl groups can be performed by controlling the addition amount and reaction time of a co-oxidant used in the oxidation step of cellulose fibers, as will be described later.
- the cellulose fiber is preferably reduced with a reducing agent after the oxidation modification. As a result, part or all of the aldehyde group and the ketone group are reduced to return to the hydroxyl group. Note that the carboxyl group is not reduced. Then, by the reduction, the total content of aldehyde groups and ketone groups as measured by the semicarbazide method of the cellulose fiber is preferably 0.3 mmol / g or less, particularly preferably 0 to 0.1 mmol / g. Range, most preferably substantially 0 mmol / g. As a result, the dispersion stability is higher than that obtained by simply oxidative modification, and the dispersion stability is excellent over a long period of time regardless of the temperature.
- the cellulose fiber was oxidized using a co-oxidant in the presence of an N-oxyl compound such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMPO) and produced by the oxidation reaction.
- an N-oxyl compound such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMPO)
- TEMPO 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine
- the aldehyde group and the ketone group are reduced by a reducing agent from the viewpoint of easily obtaining the characteristics required for the hydrocarbon production method of the present invention.
- reduction with the reducing agent it is due to hydrogenation sodium borohydride (NaBH 4), from the viewpoint, more preferable.
- the amount of carbonyl groups (total content of aldehyde groups and ketone groups) can be determined.
- Semicarbazide reacts with an aldehyde group or a ketone group to form a Schiff base (imine), but does not react with a carboxyl group. Therefore, it is considered that only the aldehyde group and the ketone group can be quantified by the above measurement.
- the cellulose fiber used in the present invention has an aldehyde group, a ketone group, and a carboxyl group by selectively oxidizing and modifying only the hydroxyl group at the C6 position of each glucose unit in the cellulose molecule on the fiber surface.
- it is preferable that it is any of the groups, whether or not only the hydroxyl group at the C6 position of the glucose unit on the cellulose fiber surface is selectively oxidized can be confirmed by, for example, a 13 C-NMR chart. .
- a 62 ppm peak corresponding to the C6 position of the primary hydroxyl group of the glucose unit which can be confirmed by a 13 C-NMR chart of cellulose before oxidation, disappears after the oxidation reaction, and instead a peak derived from a carboxyl group or the like (178 ppm)
- the peak of is a peak derived from a carboxyl group). In this way, it can be confirmed that only the C6 hydroxyl group of the glucose unit is oxidized to a carboxyl group or the like.
- the detection of the aldehyde group in the cellulose fiber can also be performed using, for example, a Fehring reagent. That is, for example, after adding a Fering reagent (a mixed solution of sodium potassium tartrate and sodium hydroxide and an aqueous solution of copper sulfate pentahydrate) to a dried sample, the supernatant is obtained when heated at 80 ° C. for 1 hour. When blue and cellulose fiber parts are amber, it can be determined that aldehyde groups have not been detected, and when the supernatant is yellow and cellulose fiber parts are red, it can be determined that aldehyde groups have been detected. .
- a Fering reagent a mixed solution of sodium potassium tartrate and sodium hydroxide and an aqueous solution of copper sulfate pentahydrate
- the cellulose fiber nano-dispersed liquid used in the present invention is made from softwood-derived pulp, and the cellulose fiber nano-dispersed liquid press-fitting device of the present invention is used to carry out the following (4) dispersion step (refining treatment step) and the like. It can be obtained by doing. Preferably, after carrying out (1) oxidation reaction step, (2) reduction step, and (3) purification step described later, it can be obtained by carrying out a dispersion step (fine refinement treatment step) of (4).
- a dispersion step fine refinement treatment step
- (1) Oxidation reaction step After conifer pulp and N-oxyl compound are dispersed in water (dispersion medium), a co-oxidant is added to start the reaction. During the reaction, a 0.5 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is added dropwise to maintain the pH at 10 to 11, and the reaction is regarded as complete when no change in pH is observed.
- the co-oxidant is not a substance that directly oxidizes the cellulose hydroxyl group of softwood-derived pulp, but a substance that oxidizes an N-oxyl compound used as an oxidation catalyst.
- the above-mentioned conifer-derived pulp is preferably subjected to a treatment for increasing the surface area such as beating, because the reaction efficiency can be increased and the productivity can be increased.
- a treatment for increasing the surface area such as beating
- the above-mentioned conifer-derived pulp that has been stored without being dried after isolation or the like (never dry) is used, the aggregated microfibrils are likely to swell, so that the reaction efficiency is increased and the finer This is preferable because the number average fiber diameter after the crystallization treatment can be reduced.
- the dispersion medium of the coniferous pulp in the above reaction is water, and the concentration of the coniferous pulp in the reaction aqueous solution is arbitrary as long as the reagent (coniferous pulp) can sufficiently diffuse. Usually, it is about 5% or less based on the weight of the reaction aqueous solution, but the reaction concentration can be increased by using a device having a strong mechanical stirring force.
- examples of the N-oxyl compound include compounds having a nitroxy radical generally used as an oxidation catalyst.
- the N-oxyl compound is preferably a water-soluble compound, more preferably a piperidine nitroxyoxy radical, particularly 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxy radical (TEMPO) or 4-acetamido-TEMPO. preferable.
- the N-oxyl compound is added in a catalytic amount, preferably 0.1 to 4 mmol / l, more preferably 0.2 to 2 mmol / l.
- co-oxidant examples include hypohalous acid or a salt thereof, halous acid or a salt thereof, perhalogen acid or a salt thereof, hydrogen peroxide, a perorganic acid, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Of these, alkali metal hypohalites such as sodium hypochlorite and sodium hypobromite are preferable. And when using the said sodium hypochlorite, it is preferable to advance reaction in presence of alkali metal bromides, such as sodium bromide, from the point of reaction rate. The addition amount of the alkali metal bromide is about 1 to 40 times mol, preferably about 10 to 20 times mol for the N-oxyl compound.
- the pH of the aqueous reaction solution is preferably maintained in the range of about 8-11.
- the temperature of the aqueous solution is arbitrary at about 4 to 40 ° C., but the reaction can be performed at room temperature (25 ° C.), and the temperature is not particularly required to be controlled.
- the degree of oxidation is controlled by the amount of co-oxidant added and the reaction time. Usually, the reaction time is about 5-120 minutes and is completed within 240 minutes at the most.
- the cellulose fiber is preferably further subjected to a reduction reaction after the oxidation reaction.
- the oxidized cellulose after the oxidation reaction is dispersed in purified water, the pH of the aqueous dispersion is adjusted to about 10, and the reduction reaction is performed with various reducing agents.
- a general reducing agent can be used, and preferred examples include LiBH 4 , NaBH 3 CN, NaBH 4 and the like. Among these, NaBH 4 is preferable from the viewpoint of cost and availability.
- the amount of the reducing agent is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 4% by weight, particularly preferably in the range of 1 to 3% by weight, based on the oxidized cellulose.
- the reaction is usually carried out at room temperature or slightly higher than room temperature, usually for 10 minutes to 10 hours, preferably 30 minutes to 2 hours.
- the pH of the reaction mixture is adjusted to about 2 with various acids, and solid-liquid separation is performed with a centrifuge while sprinkling purified water to obtain cake-like oxidized cellulose. Solid-liquid separation is performed until the electric conductivity of the filtrate is 5 mS / m or less.
- Purification step purification is performed for the purpose of removing unreacted co-oxidant (such as hypochlorous acid) and various by-products.
- the reactant fibers are usually not dispersed evenly to the nanofiber unit. Therefore, by repeating the usual purification method, that is, washing with water and filtration, the reactant fibers are highly purified (99% by weight or more). Use water dispersion.
- the purification method in the purification step may be any device as long as it can achieve the above-described purpose, such as a method using centrifugal dehydration (for example, a continuous decanter).
- the aqueous dispersion of reactant fibers thus obtained is in the range of approximately 10 wt% to 50 wt% as the solid content (cellulose) concentration in the squeezed state.
- the solid content concentration is higher than 50% by weight, it is not preferable because extremely high energy is required for dispersion.
- the reaction fiber (water dispersion) impregnated with water obtained in the purification step is dispersed in a dispersion medium and subjected to a dispersion treatment. With the treatment, the viscosity increases, and a dispersion of finely pulverized cellulose fibers can be obtained. Then, you may dry the said cellulose fiber as needed.
- a drying method of the cellulose fiber dispersion for example, when the dispersion medium is water, spray drying, freeze drying, vacuum drying, or the like is used, and the dispersion medium is a mixed solution of water and an organic solvent. In this case, a drying method using a drum dryer, a spray drying method using a spray dryer, or the like is used. Note that the cellulose fiber dispersion may be used in the hydrocarbon production method of the present invention in the state of dispersion without drying.
- Dispersers used in the above dispersion process include homomixers under high-speed rotation, high-pressure homogenizers, ultra-high pressure homogenizers, ultrasonic dispersion processors, beaters, disc type refiners, conical type refiners, double disc type refiners, grinders, etc.
- Use of a powerful and beating-capable device is preferable in that it enables more efficient and advanced downsizing and further sterilizes microorganisms such as bacteria attached to cellulose fibers.
- the disperser include a screw mixer, paddle mixer, disper mixer, turbine mixer, disper, propeller mixer, kneader, blender, homogenizer, ultrasonic homogenizer, colloid mill, pebble mill, and bead mill grinder. It can be used. Further, two or more types of dispersers may be used in combination.
- polyvalent metal salt used as necessary in the hydrocarbon production method of the present invention include a sparingly soluble polyvalent metal salt having a polyvalent metal ion such as an aluminum ion, a magnesium ion, or a calcium ion. Used. By using such a hardly soluble polyvalent metal salt, it is possible to eliminate the problem of environmental burden. Of these, basic aluminum acetate, anhydrous potassium aluminum sulfate (potassium alum), calcium carbonate, and aluminum stearate are preferred from the viewpoints of solubility in water and uniform dispersibility during dissolution.
- Examples of other additives added to the cellulose fiber nanodispersion as necessary include surfactants [surfactants described in US Pat. No. 4,331,447, such as polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether, dioctylsulfosuccinate.
- the oil layer suitable for performing the hydrocarbon production method of the present invention is a sandstone layer, a conglomerate layer, a limestone layer, a granite layer, and a shale layer to which hydraulic fracturing technology is applied.
- the permeability is 10 millidarcy or more, preferably 50 millidalcy or more.
- the hydrocarbon production method of the present invention is applied to a well in which the proportion of water in the production fluid has increased, thereby reducing labor and cost for treatment of the accompanying water and at the same time improving the recovery rate of crude oil and gas. be able to.
- the hydrocarbon production method of the present invention is extremely effective in that the oil scavenging efficiency by water / gas injection can be improved.
- cellulose fiber A1 was prepared by processing once at a pressure of 100 MPa using a high-pressure homogenizer (manufactured by Sugino Machine, Starburst).
- 0.1N hydrochloric acid was added for neutralization, followed by purification by repeated filtration and washing to obtain cellulose fibers having oxidized fiber surfaces.
- pure water was added to the cellulose fiber to dilute it to 2%, and the cellulose fiber A2 was prepared by processing once at a pressure of 100 MPa using a high-pressure homogenizer (manufactured by Sugino Machine, Starburst).
- Cellulose fiber A3 was prepared according to the preparation method of cellulose fiber A2, except that the amount of sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution added was 6.5 mmol / g with respect to 1.0 g of the pulp.
- Cellulose fiber A4 was prepared according to the preparation method of cellulose fiber A2, except that the amount of sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution added was 12.0 mmol / g with respect to 1.0 g of the pulp.
- cellulose fiber A5 was prepared by processing once at a pressure of 100 MPa using a high-pressure homogenizer (manufactured by Sugino Machine, Starburst).
- the hydroxyl group on the fiber surface is not chemically modified, and the cellulose fiber A′2 does not have a cellulose I-type crystal structure.
- the cellulose fibers A2 to A7 whether or not only the hydroxyl group at the C6 position of the glucose unit on the cellulose fiber surface was selectively oxidized to a carboxyl group or the like was confirmed by a 13 C-NMR chart.
- a 62 ppm peak corresponding to the C6 position of the primary hydroxyl group of the glucose unit which can be confirmed by a 13 C-NMR chart of cellulose, disappeared after the oxidation reaction, and instead a peak derived from the carboxyl group appeared at 178 ppm. From this, it was confirmed that in each of the cellulose fibers A2 to A7, only the C6 hydroxyl group of the glucose unit was oxidized to an aldehyde group or the like.
- Example 1 The cellulose fiber A1 obtained as described above was evaluated for viscosity deterioration due to mechanical shearing as follows. That is, pure water is added to cellulose fiber A1, diluted to a solid content concentration of 0.5%, and stirred at 4,000 rpm for 5 minutes using a homomixer MARKII2.5 type (manufactured by PRIMIX) Got. Next, after the said measurement liquid was left still at 25 degreeC for 1 day, the viscosity was measured using the B-type viscosity meter (BROOKFIELD company make, rotor No. 4, 6 rpm, 3 minutes, 25 degreeC). Thereafter, the mixture was heated to 60 ° C.
- BROOKFIELD company make BROOKFIELD company make, rotor No. 4, 6 rpm, 3 minutes, 25 degreeC.
- Viscosity retention (%) [viscosity after shearing treatment (mPa ⁇ s) / viscosity before shearing treatment (mPa ⁇ s)] ⁇ 100 (4) A: Viscosity retention is 85% or more B: Viscosity retention is 70% or more and less than 85% ⁇ : Viscosity retention is 55% or more and less than 70% X: Viscosity retention is less than 55%
- TI viscosity at 6 rpm (mPa ⁇ s) / viscosity at 60 rpm (mPa ⁇ s) (5) ⁇ : TI is 6 or more ⁇ : TI is 4 or more and less than 6 ⁇ : TI is 3 or more and less than 4 ⁇ : TI is less than 3
- Example 2 [Examples 2 to 7, Reference Example, Comparative Examples 1 to 3]
- Table 2 instead of cellulose fiber A1, cellulose fibers A2 to A7, A′1, A′2 obtained as described above, commercially available polyacrylamide (Telcoat DP, manufactured by Ternite Co., Ltd.) Any of commercially available xanthan gum (XCD polymer, manufactured by Ternite) was used. The other characteristics were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are also shown in Table 2 below.
- the measurement liquids of the examples do not cause viscosity deterioration and have good gelation with basic aluminum acetate, so that the water-stopping effect is high, and good results are also obtained in terms of environmental load. It was.
- the measurement solution of the reference example did not cause viscosity deterioration but did not gel with basic aluminum acetate.
- the measurement liquid of Comparative Example 1 since the cellulose fiber A′2 was not derived from conifers, it did not have a cellulose I-type crystal structure and was inferior in terms of viscosity deterioration.
- the polyacrylamide of Comparative Example 2 and the xanthan gum of Comparative Example 3 were also inferior in terms of viscosity deterioration and were not gelled with basic aluminum acetate. Furthermore, Comparative Example 2 using polyacrylamide was inferior in terms of environmental load.
- liquid hydrocarbon enhanced recovery method that is, an aqueous solution containing a thickener is injected into a well (injection well), and the liquid hydrocarbon in the target oil layer of the well is passed through the oil layer.
- the measurement liquids of Examples and Reference Examples are used as thickeners in the technique of pushing out to other wells (production wells) connected to each other and recovering liquid hydrocarbons from the other wells, the above characteristics From this, it is recognized that the remaining crude oil has a higher push-out effect than when the measurement liquid of the comparative example is used as a thickener. Therefore, in the liquid hydrocarbon enhanced recovery method using the measurement liquids of Examples and Reference Examples as a thickener, the recovery efficiency of liquid hydrocarbons can be improved. In addition, since the measurement liquid of the example has a high TI, it is recognized that it is easy to press-fit into the well. As a result, the liquid hydrocarbon enhanced recovery method using this measurement liquid as a thickener is used for many other oil enhancements. Compared to the recovery method, it can be carried out easily.
- the above-described effects can be obtained by press-fitting into a well a solution obtained by nano-dispersing and diluting cellulose fibers of softwood-derived pulp.
- the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion liquid press-fitting device of the present invention specialized in this is useful for obtaining the above-described effects. That is, the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion press-fitting device of the present invention is obtained by a crushing means for crushing softwood-derived pulp in water, a dilution means for diluting the cellulose fiber-containing liquid obtained by the crushing means, and the dilution means.
- a press-fitting means for press-fitting the nano-dispersed cellulose fiber into the well is provided in the vicinity of the well.
- a cellulose fiber nano-dispersion for well press-fitting is prepared at the mining site and is directly press-fitted into the well. Therefore, it is possible to eliminate the microbial contamination of the wells and the problem of deterioration with time of the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion, which is very useful in obtaining the effects of the above-described embodiments.
- Examples 8 to 12, Comparative Examples 4 and 5 As shown in Table 3 below, as a gelling agent, instead of cellulose fiber A1, cellulose fiber A7 obtained as described above, commercially available polyacrylamide (Telcoat DP, manufactured by Ternite), commercially available xanthan gum ( XCD polymer, manufactured by Ternite Co., Ltd., and the type of cross-linking agent ⁇ basic aluminum acetate (Al acetate), potassium aluminum sulfate anhydrate (potassium alum), sodium dichromate (Na heavy crate) Borax, and the blending amounts of the gelling agent and the crosslinking agent are as shown in Table 3 below. Other than that was carried out similarly to Example 1, and evaluated "gelation” and "environmental load”. The results are also shown in Table 3 below.
- the comparative example Compared to the case where the gelling agent and the crosslinking agent are used, it is recognized that the environmental load is small and the water-stopping effect is high, and therefore, it can be applied to the hydrocarbon production method as shown in FIG. Further, in the situation where water or gas is injected into the oil reservoir through the well for improving the crude oil recovery rate as shown in FIG. By stopping the intrusion of fluid by forming a gel in the dominant flow path of the fluid and changing the flow path of the press-fit fluid, more oil remaining in the oil layer can be recovered from other wells, It is recognized that this leads to an enhanced recovery of hydrocarbons.
- the above-described effects can be obtained by press-fitting into a well a solution obtained by nano-dispersing cellulose fibers of softwood-derived pulp. Therefore, it turns out that the cellulose fiber nano dispersion liquid press-fitting device of the present invention specialized in this is useful in obtaining the above-mentioned effects. That is, the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion press-fitting device of the present invention is obtained by a crushing means for crushing softwood-derived pulp in water, a dilution means for diluting the cellulose fiber-containing liquid obtained by the crushing means, and the dilution means.
- a press-fitting means for press-fitting the nano-dispersed cellulose fiber into the well is provided in the vicinity of the well.
- a cellulose fiber nano-dispersion for well press-fitting is prepared at the mining site and is directly press-fitted into the well. Therefore, it is possible to eliminate the microbial contamination of the wells and the problem of deterioration with time of the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion, which is very useful in obtaining the effects of the above-described embodiments.
- 0.1N hydrochloric acid was added for neutralization, followed by purification by repeated filtration and washing to obtain cellulose fibers having oxidized fiber surfaces.
- pure water was added to the cellulose fiber to dilute it to 2%, and the cellulose fiber B3 was prepared by processing once at a pressure of 100 MPa using a high-pressure homogenizer (manufactured by Sanwa Engineering Co., Ltd., H11).
- the cellulose fibers B1 to B3 for the examples all had a cellulose I type crystal structure within the range of the number average fiber diameter of 2 to 500 nm.
- the number average fiber diameter of the cellulose fiber B′1 for the comparative example exceeded the nano level.
- Cellulose fiber B′2 did not have a cellulose type I crystal structure, and the number average fiber diameter was too small to be measured (1 nm or less).
- Example 13 Gelation of Cellulose Fiber B1 by Heating
- the cellulose fiber B1 was diluted to 0.6% solids with distilled water and dispersed with a homomixer at 8,000 rpm for 10 minutes. This was transferred to a PTFE crucible (inner diameter 45 mm, height 60 mm) to a depth of 50 mm, and sealed with a stainless steel pressure vessel. After sealing, it was gelled by heating at 130 ° C. for 24 hours using a thermostatic bath. After 24 hours, it was removed from the thermostat and allowed to stand at room temperature for 5 hours. Whether the gel is acceptable was determined by the following method. As a result of the determination, the cellulose fiber B1 was gelled under the above conditions.
- the PTFE container was covered with a plastic petri dish and gently inverted. Thereafter, the PTFE crucible was gently pulled up, and the contents were taken out on a plastic petri dish. 1 minute after taking out, the height of the contents on the petri dish is measured, and by gelation, the original shape (height 50 mm) is maintained as shown in the sample photograph shown in FIG. The case was judged as “gelation”, and the case below it was judged as “no gelation”.
- Example 14 and 15 Gelation of cellulose fibers B2 and B3 by heating Tests were conducted in the same manner as in Example 13 except that cellulose fibers B2 and B3 were used instead of cellulose fibers B1. As a result of the determination, the cellulose fibers B2 and B3 were both gelled.
- Example 20 Polymer EOR test using simulated oil layer ⁇ Preparation of simulated oil layer> A third tube with a length of 50 mm so that two fluororesin tubes (with an inner diameter of 15 mm) with a length of 400 mm can be connected to the same side with a Y-shaped connector and liquid can be press-fitted from the syringe to the opposite side. A fluororesin tube was attached. One side of a 400 mm long fluororesin tube is filled with sea sand (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque), finally filled with absorbent cotton, the tip is pressed with a pinch cock, the gap is about 5 mm, and the sea sand inside is enclosed did.
- sea sand manufactured by Nacalai Tesque
- the side where the two tubes of the Y-shaped connector are connected was a simulated oil layer
- the side where sea sand was sealed was the low permeability simulated oil layer
- the other was the high permeability simulated oil layer.
- the opposite side of the Y-shaped connector was the press-fitting side.
- ⁇ Polymer EOR test with cellulose nanofibers in simulated oil layer> Distilled water was added to cellulose fiber B3 having a solid content concentration of 2.0%, and the mixture was stirred at 8,000 rpm ⁇ 10 min with a homomixer. Thereby, a 0.2% cellulose fiber B3 aqueous dispersion was prepared. This 0.2% cellulose fiber B3 aqueous dispersion was press-fitted using a syringe pump from the pressure-fitting side of the simulated oil layer.
- Example 21 Water stop test with heated gel ⁇ Sealing of simulated oil layer and gelation by heating> After filling the simulated oil layer with silicon oil in the same manner as in Example 20, 10 ml of 0.2% cellulose fiber B3 aqueous dispersion was press-fitted from the end of the highly permeable simulated oil layer using a syringe pump. The fluororesin tube was bent and sealed. Next, the sealed simulated oil layer was submerged in a glass container filled with distilled water, which was heated in an autoclave at 130 ° C. and 3 atm for 24 hours, and then gradually cooled over 5 hours.
- Example 12 The same test as in Example 21 was performed except that B′2 was used instead of the cellulose fiber B3. However, the cellulose fiber B′2 was not gelled, and silicon oil and brine flowed out from the highly permeable simulated oil layer side.
- Example 22 Water stop test with cross-linked gel (1) ⁇ Liquid preparation> Distilled water was added to cellulose fiber B3 having a solid content concentration of 2.0%, and the mixture was stirred at 8,000 rpm ⁇ 10 min with a homomixer. Further, 0.1% of basic aluminum acetate was added to the total amount, and further stirred at 8,000 rpm ⁇ 10 min with a homomixer. This was designated as a crosslinked gelled cellulose aqueous dispersion.
- Example 13 A test was performed in the same manner as in Example 22 except that B′2 was used instead of the cellulose fiber B3. However, the cellulose fiber B′2 was not gelled, and silicon oil and brine flowed out from the highly permeable simulated oil layer side.
- Example 23 Water stop test with cross-linked gel (2) ⁇ Liquid preparation> Distilled water was added to cellulose fiber B3 having a solid content concentration of 2.0%, and stirred at 8,000 rpm ⁇ 10 min with a homomixer to prepare a 0.2% cellulose fiber aqueous dispersion.
- Example 14 The same test as in Example 23 was performed except that B′2 was used in place of the cellulose fiber B3. However, the cellulose fiber B′2 was not gelled, and silicon oil and brine flowed out from the highly permeable simulated oil layer side.
- the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion press-fitting device of the present invention can perform a stable water stop operation without imposing a load on the environment.
- the cellulose fiber nano-dispersion press-fitting device of the present invention can be suitably used in a method for producing hydrocarbons such as crude oil and gas.
- the hydrocarbon production method of the present invention is applied to wells in which the proportion of water in the production fluid has increased, thereby reducing labor and cost for the treatment of accompanying water, and at the same time increasing the recovery rate of crude oil and gas. Can be improved.
- the hydrocarbon production method of the present invention is extremely effective in that the oil scavenging efficiency by water / gas injection can be improved.
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Abstract
Description
アスペクト比=数平均繊維長(nm)/数平均繊維径(nm)……(1)
カルボキシル基量(mmol/g)=V(ml)×〔0.05/セルロース重量〕……(2)
カルボニル基量(mmol/g)=(D-B)×f×〔0.125/w〕……(3)
D:サンプルの滴定量(ml)
B:空試験の滴定量(ml)
f:0.1Nチオ硫酸ナトリウム溶液のファクター(-)
w:試料量(g)
針葉樹起源パルプとN-オキシル化合物とを水(分散媒体)に分散させた後、共酸化剤を添加して、反応を開始する。反応中は0.5Mの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を滴下してpHを10~11に保ち、pHに変化が見られなくなった時点で反応終了と見なす。ここで、共酸化剤とは、直接的に針葉樹起源パルプのセルロース水酸基を酸化する物質ではなく、酸化触媒として用いられるN-オキシル化合物を酸化する物質のことである。
上記セルロース繊維は、上記酸化反応後に、さらに還元反応を行うことが好ましい。具体的には、酸化反応後の酸化セルロースを精製水に分散し、水分散体のpHを約10に調整し、各種還元剤により還元反応を行う。本発明に使用する還元剤としては、一般的なものを使用することが可能であるが、好ましくは、LiBH4、NaBH3CN、NaBH4等があげられる。なかでも、コストや利用可能性の点から、NaBH4が好ましい。
つぎに、未反応の共酸化剤(次亜塩素酸等)や、各種副生成物等を除く目的で精製を行う。反応物繊維は通常、この段階ではナノファイバー単位までばらばらに分散しているわけではないため、通常の精製法、すなわち水洗とろ過を繰り返すことで高純度(99重量%以上)の反応物繊維と水の分散体とする。
上記精製工程にて得られる水を含浸した反応物繊維(水分散体)を、分散媒体中に分散させ分散処理を行う。処理に伴って粘度が上昇し、微細化処理されたセルロース繊維の分散体を得ることができる。その後、必要に応じて上記セルロース繊維を乾燥してもよい。上記セルロース繊維の分散体の乾燥法としては、例えば、分散媒体が水である場合は、スプレードライ、凍結乾燥法、真空乾燥法等が用いられ、分散媒体が水と有機溶媒の混合溶液である場合は、ドラムドライヤーによる乾燥法、スプレードライヤーによる噴霧乾燥法等が用いられる。なお、上記セルロース繊維の分散体を乾燥することなく、分散体の状態で本発明の炭化水素生産方法に用いても差し支えない。
針葉樹パルプ100gを、イソプロパノール(IPA)435gと水65gとNaOH9.9gの混合液中にいれ、30℃で1時間撹拌した。このスラリー系に50%モノクロル酢酸のIPA溶液23.0gを加え、70℃に昇温し1.5時間反応させた。得られた反応物を80%メタノールで洗浄し、その後メタノールで置換し乾燥させ、カルボキシメチル化セルロース繊維を調製した。つぎに、上記セルロース繊維に純水を加えて2%に希釈し、高圧ホモジナイザー(スギノマシン社製、スターバースト)を用いて圧力100MPaで1回処理することにより、セルロース繊維A1を調製した。
針葉樹パルプ2gに、水150ml、臭化ナトリウム0.25g、TEMPO0.025gを加え、充分撹拌して分散させた後、13重量%次亜塩素酸ナトリウム水溶液(共酸化剤)を、上記パルプ1.0gに対して次亜塩素酸ナトリウム量が5.2mmol/gとなるように加え、反応を開始した。反応の進行に伴いpHが低下するため、pHを10~11に保持するように0.5N水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を滴下しながら、pHの変化が見られなくなるまで反応させた(反応時間:120分)。反応終了後、0.1N塩酸を添加して中和した後、ろ過と水洗を繰り返して精製し、繊維表面が酸化されたセルロース繊維を得た。つぎに、上記セルロース繊維に純水を加えて2%に希釈し、高圧ホモジナイザー(スギノマシン社製、スターバースト)を用いて圧力100MPaで1回処理することにより、セルロース繊維A2を調製した。
次亜塩素酸ナトリウム水溶液の添加量を、上記パルプ1.0gに対して6.5mmol/gとした以外は、セルロース繊維A2の調製法に準じて、セルロース繊維A3を調製した。
次亜塩素酸ナトリウム水溶液の添加量を、上記パルプ1.0gに対して12.0mmol/gとした以外は、セルロース繊維A2の調製法に準じて、セルロース繊維A4を調製した。
セルロース繊維A2の調製法と同様の手法で針葉樹パルプを酸化させた後、遠心分離機で固液分離し、純水を加えて固形分濃度4%に調整した。その後、24%NaOH水溶液にてスラリーのpHを10に調整した。スラリーの温度を30℃として水素化ホウ素ナトリウムをセルロース繊維に対して0.2mmol/g加え、2時間反応させることで還元処理した。反応後、0.1N塩酸を添加して中和した後、ろ過と水洗を繰り返して精製し、セルロース繊維を得た。つぎに、上記セルロース繊維に純水を加えて2%に希釈し、高圧ホモジナイザー(スギノマシン社製、スターバースト)を用いて圧力100MPaで1回処理することにより、セルロース繊維A5を調製した。
セルロース繊維A3の調製法と同様の手法で針葉樹パルプを酸化させた後、セルロース繊維A5の調製法と同様の手法で還元、精製した。つぎに、上記セルロース繊維に純水を加えて2%に希釈し、高圧ホモジナイザー(スギノマシン社製、スターバースト)を用いて圧力100MPaで1回処理することにより、セルロース繊維A6を調製した。
セルロース繊維A4の調製法と同様の手法で針葉樹パルプを酸化させた後、セルロース繊維A5の調製法と同様の手法で還元、精製した。つぎに、上記セルロース繊維に純水を加えて2%に希釈し、高圧ホモジナイザー(スギノマシン社製、スターバースト)を用いて圧力100MPaで1回処理することにより、セルロース繊維A7を調製した。
針葉樹漂白クラフトパルプ(NBKP)50gを水4950gに分散させ、パルプ濃度1重量%の分散液を調製した。この分散液をセレンディピターMKCA6-3(増幸産業社製)で30回処理し、セルロース繊維A′1を得た。
原料の針葉樹パルプに替えて再生セルロースを使用するとともに、次亜塩素酸ナトリウム水溶液の添加量を、再生セルロース1.0gに対して27.0mmol/gとした以外は、セルロース繊維A2の調製法に準じて、セルロース繊維A′2を調製した。
X線回折装置(リガク社製、RINT-Ultima3)を用いて、セルロース繊維の回折プロファイルを測定し、2シータ=14~17°付近と、2シータ=22~23°付近の2つの位置に典型的なピークが見られる場合は結晶構造(I型結晶構造)が「あり」と評価し、ピークが見られない場合は「なし」と評価した。
セルロース繊維の数平均繊維径、および繊維長を、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)(日本電子社製、JEM-1400)を用いて観察した。すなわち、各セルロース繊維を親水化処理済みのカーボン膜被覆グリッド上にキャストした後、2%ウラニルアセテートでネガティブ染色したTEM像(倍率:10000倍)から、先に述べた方法に従い、数平均繊維径、および繊維長を算出した。さらに、これらの値を用いてアスペクト比を下記の式(1)に従い算出した。
[数4]
アスペクト比=数平均繊維長(nm)/数平均繊維径(nm)……(1)
セルロース繊維0.25gを水に分散させたセルロース水分散体60mlを調製し、0.1Mの塩酸水溶液によってpHを約2.5とした後、0.05Mの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を滴下して、電気伝導度測定を行った。測定はpHが11になるまで続けた。電気伝導度の変化が緩やかな弱酸の中和段階において、消費された水酸化ナトリウム量(V)から、下記の式(2)に従いカルボキシル基量(セルロース繊維A1のみ、カルボキシメチル基量)を求めた。
[数5]
カルボキシル基量(またはカルボキシル基量)(mmol/g)=V(ml)×〔0.05/セルロース重量〕……(2)
セルロース繊維を約0.2g精秤し、これに、リン酸緩衝液によりpH=5に調整したセミカルバジド塩酸塩3g/l水溶液を正確に50ml加え、密栓し、二日間振とうした。つぎに、この溶液10mlを正確に100mlビーカーに採取し、5N硫酸25ml、0.05Nヨウ素酸カリウム水溶液5mlを加え、10分間撹拌した。その後、5%ヨウ化カリウム水溶液10mlを加え、直ちに自動滴定装置を用いて、0.1Nチオ硫酸ナトリウム溶液にて滴定し、その滴定量等から、下記の式(3)に従い、試料中のカルボニル基量(アルデヒド基とケトン基との合計含量)を求めた。
[数6]
カルボニル基量(mmol/g)=(D-B)×f×〔0.125/w〕……(3)
D:サンプルの滴定量(ml)
B:空試験の滴定量(ml)
f:0.1Nチオ硫酸ナトリウム溶液のファクター(-)
w:試料量(g)
セルロース繊維を0.4g精秤し、日本薬局方に従って調製したフェーリング試薬(酒石酸ナトリウムカリウムと水酸化ナトリウムとの混合溶液5mlと、硫酸銅五水和物水溶液5ml)を加えた後、80℃で1時間加熱した。そして、上澄みが青色、セルロース繊維部分が紺色を呈するものはアルデヒド基が検出されなかったと判断し、「なし」と評価した。また、上澄みが黄色、セルロース繊維部分が赤色を呈するものは、アルデヒド基が検出されたと判断し、「あり」と評価した。
前記のようにして得られたセルロース繊維A1について、次のようにして、機械的せん断による粘性劣化の評価を行った。すなわち、セルロース繊維A1に、純水を加え、固形分濃度0.5%になるよう希釈し、ホモミキサーMARKII2.5型(PRIMIX社製)を用いて4,000rpmで5分間撹拌し、測定液を得た。つぎに、上記測定液を25℃で1日静置した後、B型粘度計(BROOKFIELD社製、ローターNo.4、6rpm、3分、25℃)を用いて粘度を測定した。その後、ウォーターバスを用いて60℃に加温し、測定液の温度を60℃に保持したままホモミキサーMARKII2.5型(PRIMIX社製)を用いて12,000rpmで60分間撹拌(せん断処理)した。その後、処理液をさらに25℃で1日静置した後、B型粘度計(BROOKFIELD社製、ローターNo.4、6rpm、3分、25℃)を用いて粘度を測定した。そして、上記せん断処理前後での粘度から、下記の式(4)より粘度保持率(%)を算出し、下記の基準に従い、粘性劣化の度合いを評価したところ、「◎」の評価が得られた。
[数7]
粘度保持率(%)=[せん断処理後の粘度(mPa・s)/せん断処理前の粘度(mPa・s)]×100……(4)
◎:粘度保持率が85%以上
○:粘度保持率が70%以上85%未満
△:粘度保持率が55%以上70%未満
×:粘度保持率が55%未満
ガラス瓶に移して1日静置後、ゲル化せず(もしくはゲル化が不充分で)、ガラス瓶を傾けた際に、容器から流動的に流れ出たものを「×」、ゲル化が良好になされ、容器から一つの塊となって出る、または容器から流れ出ないものを「○」と評価した。
ゲル化剤、架橋剤のいずれかに、環境負荷物質(地中に残存したり、地下水に流出したりすることにより、周辺住民に健康被害を及ぼすおそれのある物質)を使用しているものを「×」、ゲル化剤、架橋剤のいずれにも環境負荷物質を使用していないものを「○」と評価した。
前記のようにして得られた測定液のうち250gを25℃で1日静置した後、B型粘度計(BROOKFIELD社製、ローターNo.4、6rpm、3分、25℃)を用いて粘度を測定した。
つぎに、回転数を60rpmに変更した以外は、上記と同条件で粘度を測定し、下記の式(5)に従い、チクソトロピーインデックス(TI)を算出し、下記の基準に従い、TIの評価を行った。
[数8]
TI=回転数6rpmでの粘度(mPa・s)/回転数60rpmでの粘度(mPa・s)……(5)
◎:TIが6以上
○:TIが4以上6未満
△:TIが3以上4未満
×:TIが3未満
下記の表2に示すように、セルロース繊維A1に代えて、前記のようにして得られたセルロース繊維A2~A7,A′1,A′2、市販のポリアクリルアミド(テルコートDP、テルナイト社製)、市販のキサンタンガム(XCDポリマー、テルナイト社製)のいずれかを用いた。それ以外は、実施例1と同様にして、各特性の評価を行った。その結果を、下記の表2に併せて示す。
下記の表3に示すように、ゲル化剤として、セルロース繊維A1に代えて、前記のようにして得られたセルロース繊維A7、市販のポリアクリルアミド(テルコートDP、テルナイト社製)、市販のキサンタンガム(XCDポリマー、テルナイト社製)のいずれかを用い、さらに、架橋剤の種類《塩基性酢酸アルミニウム(酢酸Al)、硫酸カリウムアルミニウム無水和物(カリ明礬)、重クロム酸ナトリウム(重Cr酸Na)、ホウ砂》や、上記ゲル化剤および架橋剤の配合量を、下記の表3に示すようにした。それ以外は、実施例1と同様にして、「ゲル化」および「環境負荷」の評価を行った。その結果を、下記の表3に併せて示す。
針葉樹漂白クラフトパルプ(NBKP)50gを水4950gに分散させ、パルプ濃度1質量%の分散液を調整した。この分散液をセレンディピターMKCA6-3(増幸産業社製)で30回処理し、セルロース繊維B1を得た。
針葉樹パルプ100gを、イソプロパノール(IPA)435gと水65gとNaOH9.9gの混合液中にいれ、30℃で1時間撹拌した。このスラリー系に50%モノクロル酢酸のIPA溶液23.0gを加え、70℃に昇温し1.5時間反応させた。得られた反応物を80%メタノールで洗浄し、その後メタノールで置換し乾燥させ、カルボキシメチル化セルロース繊維を調製した。つぎに、上記セルロース繊維に純水を加えて2%に希釈し、高圧ホモジナイザー(三和エンジニアリング社製、H11)を用いて圧力100MPaで1回処理することにより、セルロース繊維B2を調製した。
針葉樹パルプ2gに、水150ml、臭化ナトリウム0.25g、TEMPO0.025gを加え、充分撹拌して分散させた後、13重量%次亜塩素酸ナトリウム水溶液(共酸化剤)を、上記パルプ1.0gに対して次亜塩素酸ナトリウム量が12mmol/gとなるように加え、反応を開始した。反応の進行に伴いpHが低下するため、pHを10~11に保持するように0.5N水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を滴下しながら、pHの変化が見られなくなるまで反応させた(反応時間:120分)。反応終了後、0.1N塩酸を添加して中和した後、ろ過と水洗を繰り返して精製し、繊維表面が酸化されたセルロース繊維を得た。つぎに、上記セルロース繊維に純水を加えて2%に希釈し、高圧ホモジナイザー(三和エンジニアリング社製、H11)を用いて圧力100MPaで1回処理することにより、セルロース繊維B3を調製した。
針葉樹漂白クラフトパルプ(NBKP)50gを水4950gに分散させ、パルプ濃度1質量%の分散液を調整した。この分散液をセレンディピターMKCA6-3(増幸産業社製)で10回処理し、セルロースB′1を得た。
原料の針葉樹パルプに替えて再生セルロースを使用するとともに、次亜塩素酸ナトリウム水溶液の添加量を、再生セルロース1.0gに対して27.0mmol/gとした以外は、セルロース繊維B3の調製に準じて、セルロースB′2を調製した。
上記のセルロース繊維B1を固形分0.6%に蒸留水で希釈し、ホモミキサーで8,000rpm、10分間分散した。これをPTFEるつぼ(内径45mm、高さ60mm)に深さ50mmとなるように移し、ステンレス製の耐圧容器で密閉した。密閉後、恒温槽を用いて130℃で24時間加熱し、ゲル化させた。24時間後、恒温槽から取り出して室温で5時間静置した。ゲルの可否は以下の方法で判定し、判定の結果、セルロース繊維B1は上記条件でゲル化していた。
PTFE容器にプラスチックシャーレを被せて、静かに反転させた。その後、PTFEるつぼを静かに引き上げて、内容物をプラスチックシャーレ上に取り出した。取り出してから1分後、シャーレ上の内容物の高さを測定し、ゲル化によって、図1に示すサンプル写真のように、元の形(高さ50mm)を保ち、高さが30mm以上の場合は「ゲル化」、それ未満の場合は「ゲル化せず」と判定した。
セルロース繊維B1に代えてセルロース繊維B2、B3を用いた以外は実施例13と同様の手法で試験を行った。判定の結果、セルロース繊維B2、B3はともにゲル化していた。
セルロース繊維B1に代えてセルロース繊維B′2、B′3を用いた以外は実施例13と同様の手法で試験を行った。判定の結果、セルロース繊維B′2、B′3はともにゲル化しておらず、PTFEるつぼから取り出す際に流動して元の形を保っていなかった。
上記のセルロース繊維B2、またはB3を固形分0.6%に蒸留水で希釈し、ホモミキサーで8,000rpm、10分間分散した。ここに塩基性酢酸アルミニウムを全量に対して0.2%添加し、ホモミキサーでさらに8,000rpm、10分間分散した。これを100mlビーカーに深さ50mmとなるように移し、ラップをした状態で24時間静置してゲル化した。24時間後、ゲルの可否は以下の方法で判定し、判定の結果、セルロース繊維B2、およびB3は上記条件でゲル化していた。
100mlビーカーにプラスチックシャーレを被せて、静かに反転させた。その後、ビーカーを静かに引き上げて、内容物をプラスチックシャーレ上に取り出した。取り出してから1分後、シャーレ上の内容物の高さを測定し、ゲル化によって元の形(高さ50mm)を保ち、高さが30mm以上の場合は「ゲル化」、それ未満の場合は「ゲル化せず」と判定した。
セルロース繊維B2に代えてセルロース繊維B′2、B′3を用いた以外は実施例16と同様の手法で試験をおこなった。判定の結果、セルロース繊維B′2、B′3はともにゲル化しておらず、ビーカーから取り出す際に流動して元の形を保っていなかった。
上記のセルロース繊維B2、またはB3を固形分0.6%に蒸留水で希釈し、ホモミキサーで8,000rpm、10分間分散した。これを100mlビーカーに深さ50mmとなるように移し、ここに静かに1.0M塩化アルミニウム水溶液を全量に対して2.0%添加した。その後、ラップをした状態で24時間静置してゲル化した。24時間後、ゲルの可否は以下の方法で判定し、判定の結果、セルロース繊維B2、およびB3は上記条件でゲル化していた。
100mlビーカーにプラスチックシャーレを被せて、静かに反転させた。その後、ビーカーを静かに引き上げて、内容物をプラスチックシャーレ上に取り出した。取り出してから1分後、シャーレ上の内容物の高さを測定し、ゲル化によって元の形(高さ50mm)を保ち、高さが30mm以上の場合は「ゲル化」、それ未満の場合は「ゲル化せず」と判定した。
セルロース繊維B2に代えてセルロース繊維B′2、B′3を用いた以外は実施例18と同様の手法で試験をおこなった。判定の結果、セルロース繊維B′2、B′3はともにゲル化しておらず、ビーカーから取り出す際に流動して元の形を保っていなかった。
<模擬油層の準備>
長さ400mmのフッ素樹脂製チューブ(内径15mm)2本をY字型コネクタで、それぞれを同じ側に接続し、さらに、反対側に、シリンジから液体を圧入できるように、長さ50mmの第3のフッ素樹脂チューブを取り付けた。長さ400mmのフッ素樹脂製チューブの一方には海砂(ナカライテスク社製)を詰め込み、最後に脱脂綿を詰め、その先をピンチコックで押圧して隙間を5mm程度とし、中の海砂を封入した。Y字型コネクタの2本のチューブが接続されている側を模擬油層とし、そのうち海砂が封入されている側を低浸透性模擬油層、もう一方を高浸透性模擬油層とした。また、Y字型コネクタの反対側を圧入側とした。
最初に、高浸透性模擬油層の先端を折り曲げ密封した状態で、圧入側からシリンジポンプを用いてシリコンオイルを圧入した。その次に、高浸透性模擬油層の先端を開放し、低浸透性模擬油層の先端を折り曲げ密封した状態で、圧入側からシリンジポンプを用いてシリコンオイルを圧入した。このようにして、どちらの模擬油層内もシリコンオイルで満たした。続いて、どちらの模擬油層も先端を開放した状態で、シリンジポンプを用いて圧入側からブライン(3%塩化ナトリウム水溶液)を圧入した。その結果、海砂を封入していない高浸透性模擬油層側からのみシリコンオイル、およびブラインが流出した。
固形分濃度2.0%のセルロース繊維B3に蒸留水を添加し、ホモミキサーで8,000rpm×10min撹拌した。これにより、0.2%セルロース繊維B3水分散液を調製した。この0.2%セルロース繊維B3水分散液を上記の模擬油層の圧入側からシリンジポンプを用いて圧入した。その結果、ブラインでは高浸透性模擬油層からのみシリコンオイル、およびブラインが流出しなかったのに対し、セルロース繊維水分散液の場合は海砂が封入されている低浸透性模擬油層側からもシリコンオイル、およびブラインの流出が確認できた。
<模擬油層の密閉と加熱によるゲル化>
実施例20と同様に模擬油層内をシリコンオイルで満たした後、高浸透性模擬油層の端から、シリンジポンプを用いて0.2%セルロース繊維B3水分散液を10ml圧入し、その後、全てのフッ素樹脂チューブを折り曲げて密閉した。次いで、密閉状態の模擬油層を蒸留水で満たしたガラス容器の中に沈め、これをオートクレーブで130℃、3気圧で24時間加熱後、5時間かけて徐冷した。
模擬油層の全てのフッ素樹脂チューブを解放した後、シリンジポンプを用いて圧入側からブライン(3%塩化ナトリウム水溶液)を圧入した。その結果、高浸透性模擬油層内ではセルロース繊維がゲル化し、ブラインの流出を妨げたため、低浸透性模擬油層からのみシリコンオイル、およびブラインが流出した。
セルロース繊維B3に代えてB′2を用いた以外は実施例21と同様の試験を行った。しかし、セルロース繊維B′2はゲル化しておらず、高浸透性模擬油層側からシリコンオイル、およびブラインが流出した。
<作液>
固形分濃度2.0%のセルロース繊維B3に蒸留水を添加し、ホモミキサーで8,000rpm×10min撹拌した。さらに塩基性酢酸アルミニウムを全量に対して0.1%添加し、さらにホモミキサーで8,000rpm×10min撹拌した。これを架橋ゲル化セルロース水分散液とした。
実施例20と同様に模擬油層内をシリコンオイルで満たした後、高浸透性模擬油層の端から、シリンジポンプを用いて架橋ゲル化セルロース水分散液を10ml圧入し、その後、全てのフッ素樹脂チューブを折り曲げて密閉した。この状態で24時間静置し、セルロース繊維を架橋ゲル化させた。
模擬油層の全てのフッ素樹脂チューブを解放した後、シリンジポンプを用いて圧入側からブライン(3%塩化ナトリウム水溶液)を圧入した。その結果、高浸透性模擬油層内ではセルロース繊維がゲル化し、ブラインの流出を妨げたため、低浸透性模擬油層からのみシリコンオイル、およびブラインが流出した。
セルロース繊維B3に代えてB′2を用いた以外は実施例22と同様の試験を行った。しかし、セルロース繊維B′2はゲル化しておらず、高浸透性模擬油層側からシリコンオイル、およびブラインが流出した。
<作液>
固形分濃度2.0%のセルロース繊維B3に蒸留水を添加し、ホモミキサーで8,000rpm×10min撹拌し、0.2%セルロース繊維水分散液を調製した。
実施例20と同様に模擬油層内をシリコンオイルで満たした後、高浸透性模擬油層の端から、シリンジポンプを用いて0.2%セルロース繊維水分散液を10ml圧入した。続いて、1.0M塩化アルミニウム水溶液を0.2ml圧入した。その後、全てのフッ素樹脂チューブを折り曲げて密閉した。この状態で24時間静置し、セルロース繊維を架橋ゲル化させた。
模擬油層の全てのフッ素樹脂チューブを解放した後、シリンジポンプを用いて圧入側からブライン(3%塩化ナトリウム水溶液)を圧入した。その結果、高浸透性模擬油層内ではセルロース繊維がゲル化し、ブラインの流出を妨げたため、低浸透性模擬油層からのみシリコンオイル、およびブラインが流出した。
セルロース繊維B3に代えてB′2を用いた以外は実施例23と同様の試験を行った。しかし、セルロース繊維B′2はゲル化しておらず、高浸透性模擬油層側からシリコンオイル、およびブラインが流出した。
2 ケーシング
3 高圧ホモジナイザー
4,5 撹拌機
6 分別タンク
7 脱塩機
8 パッカー
9 水タンク
p1~p4 ポンプ
a1~a5,b1~b6 バルブ
Claims (11)
- 針葉樹起源パルプのセルロース繊維がナノ分散された液体を地層に圧入するための圧入装置であって、針葉樹起源パルプを水中で破砕する破砕手段と、上記破砕手段で得られたセルロース繊維含有液を希釈する希釈手段と、上記希釈手段で得られたセルロース繊維のナノ分散液を井戸に圧入するための圧入手段とを備えたことを特徴とするセルロース繊維ナノ分散液圧入装置。
- 上記破砕手段が地表の井戸近傍に設けられている、請求項1記載のセルロース繊維ナノ分散液圧入装置。
- 請求項1または2記載のセルロース繊維ナノ分散液圧入装置を用い、地下の井戸近傍の透水層にセルロース繊維のナノ分散液を圧入することを特徴とする、セルロース繊維ナノ分散液圧入方法。
- 針葉樹起源パルプを水中で破砕し、それを液体に分散させて得られたセルロース繊維ナノ分散液を、井戸から地下の透水層に圧入するセルロース繊維ナノ分散液圧入工程を有することを特徴とする炭化水素生産方法。
- 上記セルロース繊維ナノ分散液圧入工程と、その圧入経路を遮断する遮断工程と、上記圧入経路の遮断を開放後に井戸から炭化水素を回収する生産工程とを有する、請求項4記載の炭化水素生産方法。
- 上記セルロース繊維ナノ分散液として、その分散液中のセルロース繊維表面の水酸基が化学修飾されたものを用いる、請求項4または5記載の炭化水素生産方法。
- 上記セルロース繊維ナノ分散液圧入工程よりも前に、および/または、上記セルロース繊維ナノ分散液圧入工程よりも後に、多価金属塩含有水溶液を井戸に圧入する多価金属塩含有水溶液圧入工程を有する、請求項6に記載の炭化水素生産方法。
- 上記セルロース繊維ナノ分散液に、多価金属塩を含有する、請求項6または7に記載の炭化水素生産方法。
- 上記セルロース繊維ナノ分散液圧入工程よりも後に、セルロース繊維不含の水溶液を圧入し、ついで上記遮断工程を行う、請求項5~8のいずれか一項に記載の炭化水素生産方法。
- 上記セルロース繊維ナノ分散液圧入工程を行う井戸(圧入井)と、炭化水素の回収を行う井戸(生産井)とが、異なる井戸である、請求項4~9のいずれか一項に記載の炭化水素生産方法。
- 上記セルロース繊維ナノ分散液圧入工程の前に、井戸に清水を圧入する、請求項4~10のいずれか一項に記載の炭化水素生産方法。
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US15/120,453 US20170073570A1 (en) | 2014-03-03 | 2014-11-25 | Device for pressing in cellulose fiber nano-dispersion, method for pressing in cellulose fiber nano-dispersion using same, and hydrocarbon production method |
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JPS59225733A (ja) * | 1983-06-03 | 1984-12-18 | Dai Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co Ltd | 安定な抱水性ゲルの調製方法 |
JPH02272191A (ja) * | 1989-03-31 | 1990-11-06 | Eniricerche Spa | ゲル化可能な水性組成物 |
JPH0790251A (ja) * | 1993-09-24 | 1995-04-04 | Nitto Chem Ind Co Ltd | 石油およびガスの回収用組成物および回収法 |
JP2012126787A (ja) * | 2010-12-14 | 2012-07-05 | Dai Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co Ltd | 水性ゲル組成物 |
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JPS59225733A (ja) * | 1983-06-03 | 1984-12-18 | Dai Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co Ltd | 安定な抱水性ゲルの調製方法 |
JPH02272191A (ja) * | 1989-03-31 | 1990-11-06 | Eniricerche Spa | ゲル化可能な水性組成物 |
JPH0790251A (ja) * | 1993-09-24 | 1995-04-04 | Nitto Chem Ind Co Ltd | 石油およびガスの回収用組成物および回収法 |
JP2012126787A (ja) * | 2010-12-14 | 2012-07-05 | Dai Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co Ltd | 水性ゲル組成物 |
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