WO2014176222A1

WO2014176222A1 - Nutritional supplement for weight management

Info

Publication number: WO2014176222A1
Application number: PCT/US2014/034923
Authority: WO
Inventors: Maria Grant
Original assignee: University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc.
Priority date: 2013-04-22
Filing date: 2014-04-22
Publication date: 2014-10-30

Abstract

According to one embodiment, a nutritional supplement for suppressing an appetite while maintaining muscle mass of a subject during weight loss is provided. The nutritional supplement includes chromium, arginyl-glutamine dipeptide, and Caralluma fimbriata.

Description

NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT FOR WEIGHT MANAGEMENT

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[001] This application is related to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/814573 filed April 22, 2013, priority to which is claimed under 35 USC 119. The disclosure of such application is incorporated herein by reference.

INTRODUCTION

[002] Obesity has been recognized as a public health problem in the United States and throughout the world. Overweight or obese individuals are at a higher risk for developing diseases such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, type-2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or NIDDM), coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder diseases, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, and respiratory problems. Obesity is also associated with a higher prevalence of endometrial, breast, prostate and colon cancers. It is therefore not surprising that obesity is also associated with increased mortality and premature death. The pharmaceutical industry has developed drugs to help people lose weight. However, no drug has been discovered that allows individuals to eat all they desire and retain a sedentary lifestyle while simultaneously losing weight. Furthermore, the drug products available to the general public, whether by prescription or as over-the-counter preparations, are not free of risk. Known risks include valvular heart disease arising out of the use of the combination of fenfluramine and phentermine (Fen-Phen), and irregular heart beat (arrhythmia) that is associated with the use of phenylpropanolamine (PPA). These risks have resulted in bans on the use of these drugs in weight loss products and programs in some countries. Health risks of anti-obesity preparations are not limited to prescription and/or over-the-counter medications. The use of ephedra in nutritional products employed for weight loss has been associated with arrhythmia and even sudden death in susceptible individuals. A great concern regarding weight loss and the use of nutritional supplements and compositions, therefore, is a health risk concern. Another concern in weight loss is the breakdown of muscles. [003] Prevention or inhibition of muscle breakdown and the facilitation of efficient muscle repair is of great interest to athletes, the elderly, and those with muscle-wasting conditions. A wide range of products and methods have been proposed for enhancing healthy muscle tissues and enhancing athletic performance. Existing compositions and methods which are available for these purposes suffer from a variety of shortcomings. These shortcomings range from potentially dangerous side effects to a lack of bioavailability and difficulty in formulation or administration.

[004] It is well known that proteins are converted to amino acids in the digestive system and that the resulting amino acids are used by the body for growth and development. In certain medical situations a patient may be unable to receive proteins. In these situations patients have been given free amino acids. Free amino acids, however, are sometimes not tolerated well by patients and may cause diarrhea and dehydration. Also, the free amino acids may be unstable and/or difficult to formulate. It has been observed that the body can more effectively absorb certain small molecules called dipeptides or tripeptides. These molecules consist of, for example, two to three amino acids. It has been observed, for example, that peptides containing the amino acid residue glycine in the N-terminal position are readily assimilable. See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,592.

[005] Regulation of the intake of calories as well as body composition during the weight loss process can provide positive results. However, food cravings are very common and a weight loss program or diet including a reduced caloric intake usually induces cravings for food that reduce adherence to weight loss regimens. These cravings are caused by both psychological and physiological mechanisms. For example, ingested carbohydrates are absorbed from the digestive tract into the bloodstream to increase blood glucose levels. In response to the increase in blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to aid in the transport of glucose into the cells of the body where glucose is employed as an energy source.

However, if the amount of insulin released is greater than the amount of glucose present (which is often the case in overweight individuals), then the body reacts by signaling the brain to ingest more carbohydrates in order to balance the amount of insulin in the bloodstream. This insulin-induced craving for carbohydrates is very common during periods of caloric restriction. In spite of extensive prior research, there is still a need for a weight- loss product that helps promote a sensation of satiety to assist with a reduction in caloric intake, while substantially preserving lean body mass as weight loss occurs. Although many researchers have contributed to the complex body of knowledge about physiologic energy utilization under conditions of caloric restriction, existing nutritional supplements and regimens still result in an undesired loss of lean body mass.

SUMMARY

[006] The subject invention is based on the inventors surprising discovery that

administration of a composition or nutritional supplement containing a particular combination of metabolites, vitamins, plant extracts, anti-oxidants, chemicals, minerals, and natural compounds reduces insulin sensitivity, maintains lean muscle mass during weight loss, and provides a key appetite suppressant in animals. The composition is administered between meals, in one embodiment, as a snack alternative to suppress hunger and minimize overeating at meal time.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION [007] Explanation of Terms

[008] "Administering" or "administration" as used herein includes self-administration by the subject, administration by another to the subject, and providing advice for administration to the subject (as in instructions provided in a tangible medium, such as printed instructions or advice on a computer readable medium). Administration by another to the subject can include, for example, administration by a physician, nurse or other health care provider or dietary consultant. Administration also includes providing an end product (such as a mixed beverage) that is consumed, or precursors that contain the end product (such as a powdered mix to be dispensed in a beverage) that another (such as the subject) may prepare for consumption.

[009] Administration includes but is not limited to oral or intravenous administration by liquid, capsule, tablet, or spray. Administration may be by injection, whether intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal or by any parenteral route. Parenteral administration can be by bolus injection or by continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, for example, in ampoules or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative. The compositions may take the form of suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively the compositions may be in powder form (e.g., lyophilized) for constitution with a suitable vehicle, for example sterile pyrogen- free water, before use. Compositions may be delivered to a subject by inhalation by any presently known suitable technique including a pressurized aerosol spray, where the dosage unit may be controlled using a valve to deliver a metered amount.

[0010] Administration by capsule and cartridges containing powder mix of the composition can be used in an inhaler or insufflator to deliver the particles to the subject.

[0011] Amounts expressed herein as percentages are percentages by weight unless indicated otherwise.

[0012] As used herein, the terms "individual" or "subject" refer to an animal, such as a mammal, for example a human.

[0013] A "shake mix" or "drink mix" or "beverage mix" or "powder" refers to a mixture, such as a powdered mixture, that is suitable for mixing in a liquid base (such as water or milk) to provide a beverage in which the mixture is dispensed to a subject. The shake mixture increases the thickness of the liquid base.

[0014] According to one embodiment, a nutritional supplement for suppressing an appetite while maintaining muscle mass of a subject during weight loss is provided. According to this embodiment, the nutritional supplement includes beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid (HMB), chromium, and Caralluma fimbriata. These components work together in an additive, or synergistic way, to suppress appetite which maintaining muscle mass. HMB is a metabolite of leucine, and promotes lean muscle mass. The branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine, and valine make up more than one third of muscle protein. Harper AE, Miller RH, Block KP: Branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 1984, 4:409-454.

[0015] Of these, the most investigated BCAA is leucine see Hider RC, Fern EB, London DR: Relationship between intracellular amino acids and protein synthesis in the extensor digitorum longus muscle of rats. Biochem J 1960, 114(2): 171-178. Under normal bodily conditions, approximately 5% of leucine is metabolized into HMB. Van Kovering M, Nissen SL: Oxidation of leucine and alpha-ketoisocaproate to b-hydroxy-b-methlbutyrate in vivo. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1992, 262:27. Caralluma fimbriata is a medicinal plant from the family Asclepiadacea. Caralluma provides a suppressant of hunger and appetite and enhances stamina. It is a genus of edible cacti, and grows across India. See: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/95s0316/95s-0316-rpt0252-08-exhibit-02- voll84.pdf.

[0016] According to a further embodiment, the nutritional supplement formulation described above (paragraph 014) further includes magnesium oxide, alpha lipoic acid, Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), vitamin C, vitamin E, and/or cinnamon. Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that these compounds work together, synergistically, to reduce insulin sensitivity by optimizing mitochondrial ATP generation with the use of critical co-factors and anti-oxidant combinations. Additionally, the nutritional supplement provides benefits including the aforementioned appetite suppressant as well as the improvement of pancreatic function. In particular embodiments, the nutritional supplement includes at least 100 meg chromium, at least 400 mg Caralluma fimbriata, at least 30 mg magnesium oxide, at least 50 mg alpha lipoic acid, and at least 15 mg of CoQ10, and optionally at least 1200 mg HMB.

[0017] According to a specific embodiment, a composition including an appetite suppressing and lean muscle mass augmentation and/or preservation amount of a synergistic composition is provided, the composition includes: Caralluma fimbriata and chromium, and one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more or seven or more of the following adjunct components: magnesium containing compound (such as magnesium oxide, or a magnesium salt), cinnamon, vitamin C, vitamin E, alpha lipoic acid, CoQ10, argininyl- glutamine dipeptide as described herein, or creatine monohydrate.

[0018] The terms "synergy" or "synergistic" or "synergistically" as used herein refers to an effect achieved when individual components are combined, wherein the total effect achieved by their combination is greater than the effect of the sum of the two or more components. In particular embodiments, synergy as used herein means that appetite suppression, reduction of insulin sensitivity, or lean muscle preservation is greater than that obtained by increasing the dose of either constituent administered alone. Thus, for example, the effect of adding components together to produce a first supplement of a certain amount is greater than the effect achieved by producing a second supplement of the same amount with only one component or fewer components than that in the first supplement.

[0019] The synergistic composition provided by the subject invention combining Caralluma fimbriata, chromium, magnesium oxide, cinnamon, vitamin C, vitamin E, alpha lipoic acid, and CoQ10 results in a never heretofore discovered synergistic effect. This synergistic effect results in simultaneously suppressing appetite and achieving lean muscle mass augmentation and/or preservation in a way that has never been accomplished before, and never been accomplished, particularly, with the use of only one composition or nutritional supplement.

[0020] According to another embodiment, the invention pertains to a method of providing a synergistic appetite suppressing activity to a subject. The method includes administering to the subject a food item comprising HMB, chromium, Caralluma fimbriata, magnesium oxide, alpha lipoic acid, CoQ10, cinnamon, vitamin E, and vitamin C.

[0021] In a further embodiment, the method is provided wherein the food item includes an admixture of at least 1200 mg of HMB, at least 100 meg chromium, at least 400 mg of Caralluma fimbriata, at least 300 mg of magnesium oxide, at least 50 mg of alpha lipoic acid, at least 15 mg of CoQ10, at least 300 mg cinnamon, and 300 IU each of vitamins E and C disposed in a capsule or within a tablet. In a specific embodiment, the capsule or tablet includes 250 mg of the admixture. However the capsule or tablet may be, but is not limited to, from 10 to 500 mg total weight. In other specific embodiments, the capsules are 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, or 500 mg, total individual weight.

[0022] In another embodiment, a nutritional supplement for suppressing an appetite while maintaining muscle mass of a subject during weight loss is provided. This nutritional supplement includes between 100-200 meg chromium, 400-600 mg Caralluma fimbriata, 30- 70 mg magnesium oxide, 50-150 mg alpha lipoic acid, 15-45 mg Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), 300-500 IU vitamin C, 300-500 IU vitamin E, 300-700 mg cinnamon; and a flavoring. The amount of flavoring may vary based on the weight and size of the nutritional supplement. The nutritional supplement may be provided in various forms including but not limited to a nutritional bar, a shake, a powder form, tablet, capsule, gum, candy, and/or an orally or parenterally administrable liquid. [0023] The embodiments described herein may also include an effective amount of a peptide to inhibit breakdown of muscle loss. Examples of such peptides include a dipeptide and other peptides described in U.S. Patent Nos. 8,133,868 and 7,855,181. In specific examples the dipeptide pertains to an arginyl-glutamine dipeptide, wherein the arginine residue is the amino terminus of said dipeptide and the glutamine residue is the carboxy terminus of said dipeptide.

[0024] According to another embodiment, a food item is provided, the food item for suppressing appetite while maintaining muscle mass in a subject. The food item including a at least a 40 gram food item which includes at least 0.00025% by weight chromium, at least 1% by weight Caralluma fimbriata, at least 0.075% by weight magnesium oxide, at least 0.125% by weight alpha lipoic acid, at least 0.375% by weight Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), at least 0.5% by weight vitamin C, at least 0.5% by weight vitamin E, at least 0.75% by weight cinnamon, between 1 % and 94% by weight flavoring, and a peptide composition comprising an arginyl-glutamine dipeptide formulated as a nutrient formulation, wherein the arginine residue is the amino terminus of said dipeptide and the glutamine residue is the carboxy terminus of said dipeptide. In a further embodiment, the food item is provided in which it includes a nutritional bar, shake, powder, tablet, capsule, gum, candy, and/or an orally or parenterally administrable liquid.

[0025] According to another embodiment, a food item is provided which includes an amount effective to reduce or suppress apptite in a subject while maintaining muscle mass in the subject. The food item may be provided as detailed in the chart below, including example sources for each ingredient listed. Each food item may contain, in one embodiment, two or more of the following:

[0026] Caralluma powder is commercially available, and can be obtained from caralluma fimbriata chips. Caralluma powder conforms to Califonria' s Proposition 65 which relgulates toxic substances according to the Federal Laboratories Corp. Details of a sample of caralluma powder include a green to brownish powder appearance, between 68-80 mesh particle size, characteristic taste and odor, <7% moisture (one specific example includes 4.5%), <11% ash (one specific example includes 8.3%) , 5-7 pH (one specific example include 5.2 pH), <0.01ppm lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic, 0.350-0.450g/cc bulk density (one particular example contains 0.386 g/cc), and 0.550-0.750 g/cc tap density (one particular example contains 0.560 g/cc). Further details include <1000 CFU/G, negative results for salmonella, e.coli, staphylococcus aureus, and <100 CFR/G yeast /molds. The specific example described includes caralluma powder derived from caralluma fimbriata chips, manufactured in Buffalo, New York, (sample ID# C-082806).

[0027] In certain embodiments, the compositions, nutritional supplements, and food items described herein will generally be used in an amount effective to achieve the intended purpose. For use to treat or prevent the abovementioned diseases or disorders or for use in suppressing appetite, increasing protein synthesis and inhibiting muscle proteolysis, reducing insulin sensitivity, and maintaining muscle mass during weight and fat loss, the compositions, supplements and food items will be administered or applied in a therapeutically effective amount.

[0028] Dosage may be delivered in a single administration by multiple applications or controlled release. In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention are delivered by oral sustained release administration. Prefereably, in this embodiment, the compositions are administered twice per day (more porefereably, once per day). Dosing may be repeated intermittently, may be provided alone or in combination with other compositions and or supplements and/or food items and may continue as long as required for effective treatment of the disease state or disorder, or to achieve one of the benefits mentioned above.

[0029] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described.

[0030] Those skilled in the art of medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical formulations will appreciate that other formulations can be devised for appropriate oral, parenteral or other administration. U.S. Patent Nos. 6,821,532 and 7,157,493 are cited for general background of pharmaceutical formulations.

Auxiliary Food Components

[0031] In addition to the formulations for supplements, compositions and food items (e.g. nutrition bar or nutrition drink) described above, the formulation may contain auxiliary components. For example, the formulation may contain a protein-source component, such as soy or non-soy protein. Preferred sources for the non-soy protein used in embodiments include sources of whey protein such as whey protein isolate and whey protein concentrate, sources of rice protein such as rice flour and rice protein concentrate, and sources of pea protein. Additional protein sources which may be present in the formulation include one or more of dairy protein source, such as whole milk, skim milk, condensed milk, evaporated milk, whey, milk solids non-fat, etc. The dairy source may contribute dairy fat and/or non-fat milk solids such as lactose and milk proteins, e.g. whey proteins and caseins. Especially preferred, to minimize the caloric impact, is the addition of protein as such rather than as one component of a food ingredient such as whole milk. Preferred in this respect are protein concentrates such as one or more of whey protein concentrate, milk protein concentrate, caseinates such as sodium and/or calcium caseinate, isolated soy protein and soy protein concentrate. Total protein levels within the formulation of the invention, are preferably within the range of 3 wt % to 40 wt %, especially from 3 wt % to 20 wt %.

[0032] The source for any fat used in the formulation is preferably vegetable fat, such as for example, cocoa butter, illipe, shea, palm, palm kernal, sal, soybean, safflower, cottonseed, coconut, rapeseed, canola, corn and sunflower oils, or mixtures thereof. However, animal fats such as butter fat may also be used if consistent with the desired nutritional profile of the product. Preferably the amount of fat in the formulation is not more than 45 wt %, especially not more than 35 wt %, preferably from 0.5 to 10 wt %, still preferably from 0.5 to 5 wt %.

[0033] Carbohydrates can be used in the formulation at levels of from 1% to 49%. In addition to sweeteners mentioned below, examples of suitable carbohydrates include starches such as are contained in rice flour, flour, tapioca flour, tapioca starch, and whole wheat flour and mixtures thereof. Levels of carbohydrates in the bar as a whole will typically comprise from 5 wt % to 90 wt %, especially from 20% to 65 wt %.

[0034] If it is desired to include a bulking agent in the formulation, a preferred bulking agent is inert polydextrose. Other conventional bulking agents which may be used alone or in combination include maltodextrin, sugar alcohols, corn syrup solids, sugars or starches. Total bulking agent levels in the formulation s, if used, will preferably be from about 0% to 20 wt %, preferably 0.5% to 16%. Polydextrose may be obtained under the brand name Litesse.

[0035] Flavorings are preferably added to the formulation in amounts that will impart a mild, pleasant flavor. The flavoring may be any of the commercial flavors employed in nutrition bars, such as varying types of cocoa, pure vanilla or artificial flavor, such as vanillin, ethyl vanillin, chocolate, malt, mint, yogurt powder, extracts, spices, such as nutmeg and ginger, mixtures thereof, and the like. It will be appreciated that many flavor variations may be obtained by combinations of the basic flavors. The nutrition bars are flavored to taste.

Suitable flavorants may also include seasoning, such as salt, and imitation fruit or chocolate flavors either singly or in any suitable combination. Flavorings which mask off-tastes from vitamins and/or minerals and other ingredients are preferably included in the formulation.

[0036] The formulation may include colorants, if desired, such as caramel colorant.

If desired, the formulation may include processing aids such as calcium chloride.

The formulation may also include emulsifiers. Typical emulsifying agents may be phospholipids and proteins or esters of long chain fatty acids and a polyhydric alcohol.

Lecithin is an example. Fatty acid esters of glycerol, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, sorbitan esters of fatty acids and polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene esters of fatty acids may be used but organoleptic properties, or course, must be considered. Mono- and di- glycerides are preferred. Emulsifiers may also be present in the formulation, preferably at levels of about 0.03% to 0.3%, preferably 0.05% to 0.1%. Emulsifiers may be used in combination, as appropriate. Among fiber sources which may be included in the

compositions of the invention are fructose oligosaccharides such as inulin, guar gum, gum arabic, gum acacia, oat fiber, cellulose and mixtures thereof. The compositions preferably contain at least 2 grams of fiber per 56 g serving, especially at least 5 grams of fiber per serving. As indicated above, additional bulking agents such as maltodextrin, sugar alcohols, corn syrup solids, sugars, starches and mixtures thereof may also be used. Total bulking agent levels in the products of the invention, including fibers and other bulking agents, will preferably be from about 0% to 20%, especially from 1 to 15 wt %. The fiber and the bulking agent may be present in the formulation provided that processing is not impaired.

[0037] Carrageenan may be included in the formulation s of the invention, eg, as a thickening and/or stabilizing agent. Cellulose gel and pectin are other thickeners which may be used alone or in combination. A sweetener may be included in the formulation provided that it does not interfere with the processing of the item (eg, sweetener will not be used in the formulation if it is unstable at the moderate temperatures, where the moderate temperature extrusion process is used). Natural sources of sweetness include sucrose (liquid or solids), glucose, fructose, and corn syrup (liquid or solids), including high fructose corn syrup and high maltose corn syrup and mixtures thereof. Other sweeteners include lactose, maltose, glycerine, brown sugar and galactose and mixtures thereof. Levels of sugars and sugar sources preferably result in sugar solids levels of up to 50 wt %, preferably from 5 to 18 wt %, especially from 10 to 17 wt % of the nutrition bar. [0038] If it is desired to use artificial sweeteners, these may likewise be present in the formulation, provided that it does not interfere with processing. Any of the artificial sweeteners well known in the art may be used, such as aspartame, saccharine, Alitame® (obtainable from Pfizer), acesulfame K (obtainable from Hoechst), cyclamates, neotame, sucralbse, mixtures thereof and the like. The sweeteners are used in varying amounts of about 0.005% to 1 wt % on the bar, preferably 0.007% to 0.73% depending on the sweetener, for example. Aspartame may be used at a level of 0.05% to 0.15%, preferably at a level of 0.07% to 0.11%. Acesulfame K is preferred at a level of 0.09% to 0.15%.

[0039] Calcium is preferably present in the nutrition bars at from 10 to 30% RDA, especially about 25% RDA. The calcium source is preferably dicalcium phosphate. For example wt. % levels of dicalcium phosphate may range from 0.5 to 1.5%. In a preferred embodiment, the product is fortified with one or more vitamins and/or minerals and/or fiber sources, in addition to the calcium source. These may include any or all of the following:

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), Tocopheryl Acetate (Vitamin E), Biotin (Vitamin H), Vitamin A Palmitate, Niacinamide (Vitamin B3), Potassium Iodide, d-Calcium Pantothenate (Vitamin B5), Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B 12), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Thiamine Mononitrate (Vitamin B 1), Molybdenum, Chromium, Selenium, Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Lactate, Manganese (as Manganese Sulfate), Magnesium (e.g., as magnesium phosphate) Iron (as Ferric Orthophosphate) and Zinc (as Zinc Oxide). The vitamins and minerals are preferably present at from 5 to 45% RDI, especially 5 to 20% RDI, most especially from about 15% RDI. Preferably, fiber sources are present in the product at greater than 0.5 wt. % and do not exceed 6 wt. %, especially 5 wt. %. The vitamins and/or minerals may be included in the formulation provided that processing and human absorption are not impaired.

[0040] Other ingredients in the formulation may include, but is not limited to, rolled oats, chocolate chips or other chocolate pieces, cookie and/or cookie dough pieces, such as oatmeal cookie pieces, brownie pieces, fruit pieces, such as dried cranberry, apple, etc., vegetable pieces such as rice, honey and acidulants such as malic and citric acids, leavening agents such as sodium bicarbonate and peanut butter.

[0041] While the principles of the invention have been made clear in illustrative

embodiments, there will be immediately apparent to those skilled in the art, in view of the teachings herein, many modifications of structure, arrangement, proportions, the elements, materials, and components used in the practice of the invention, and otherwise, which are particularly adapted to specific environments and operative requirements without departing from those principles. The appended claims are intended to cover and embrace any and all such modifications, with the limits only of the true purview, spirit and scope of the invention.

[0042] The references referred to herein are incorporated herein in their entirety to the extent they are not inconsistent with the teachings herein.

Claims

CLAIMS We claim:

1. A nutritional composition for suppressing an appetite while maintaining muscle mass of a subject during weight loss, comprising:

chromium; and Caralluma fimbriata; and one or more of the following adjunct components:

magnesium containing compound; alpha lipoic acid; Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10); vitamin C; vitamin E; cinnamon; arginyl-glutamine dipeptide; creatine monohydrate; or a flavoring.

2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein said magnesium containing compound comprises a magnesium salt, such as magnesium citrate, maleate, succinate, etc, or comprises magnesium oxide.

3. A nutritional composition for suppressing an appetite while maintaining muscle mass of a subject during weight loss, comprising:

chromium; arginyl-glutamine dipeptide; and Caralluma fimbriata; and one or more of the following adjunct components:

magnesium; alpha lipoic acid; Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10); vitamin C; vitamin E; cinnamon; creatine monohydrate; or a flavoring.

4. The nutritional composition of claim 1 comprising at least 100mcg of chromium.

5. The nutritional composition of claim 1 comprising at least 400mg of Caralluma fimbriata.

6. The nutritional composition of claim 2 comprising at least 30mg of magnesium oxide.

7. The nutritional s composition of claim 2 comprising at least 50mg of alpha lipoic acid.

8. The nutritional composition of claim 2, comprising at least 15mg of CoQ10.

9. A composition comprising an appetite suppressing and lean muscle mass

augmentation and/or preservation amount of a synergistic composition comprising:

Caralluma fimbriata, chromium, and arginyl-glutamine dipeptide.

10. A method of providing a synergistic appetite suppressing activity to a subject, comprising administering to said subject a food item comprising chromium; and Caralluma fimbriata; and one or more of the following adjunct components:

magnesium containing compound; alpha lipoic acid; Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10); vitamin C; vitamin E; cinnamon; arginyl-glutamine dipeptide; creatine monohydrate; and

a flavoring.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein said food item comprises an admixture of at least at least 100 meg chromium, at least 400 mg of Caralluma fimbriata, at least 300 mg of magnesium oxide, at least 50 mg of alpha lipoic acid, at least 15 mg of CoQ10, at least 300 mg cinnamon, and 300IU each of vitamins E and C disposed in a capsule or within a tablet.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein said capsule or tablet comprises 250 mg of said admixture.

13. A nutritional composition for suppressing an appetite while maintaining muscle mass of a subject during weight loss, comprising:

100-200 meg chromium;

400-600 mg Caralluma fimbriata ;

30-70 mg magnesium oxide;

50-150 mg alpha lipoic acid;

15-45 mg Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10);

300-500 IU vitamin C;

300-500 IU vitamin E;

300-700 mg cinnamon; and

a flavoring.

14. The nutritional composition of claim 13, wherein the composition comprises a nutritional bar, shake, powder, tablet, capsule, gum, candy, and/or orally or parenterally administrable liquid.

15. A food item for suppressing appetite while maintaining muscle mass in a subject, comprising:

a 10-1000 gram food item, comprising:

at least 0.00025% by weight chromium;

at least 1% by weight Caralluma fimbriata;

at least 0.075% by weight magnesium oxide;

at least 0.125% by weight alpha lipoic acid;

at least 0.375% by weight Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10);

at least 0.5% by weight vitamin C;

at least 0.5% by weight vitamin E;

at least 0.75% by weight cinnamon;

between 1 % and 94% by weight flavoring; and optionally,

a peptide composition comprising an arginyl-glutamine dipeptide formulated as a nutrient formulation, wherein the arginine residue is the amino terminus of said dipeptide and the glutamine residue is the carboxy terminus of said dipeptide.

16. The food item of claim 15, wherein said food item comprises a nutritional bar, shake, powder, tablet, capsule, gum, candy, and/or orally or parenterally administrable liquid.

17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the supplement comprises a peptide composition comprising an arginyl-glutamine dipeptide, wherein the peptide is provided in an effective amount to reduce muscle breakdown or loss.

18. The composition of claim 9, wherein the composition comprises a peptide composition comprising an arginyl-glutamine dipeptide, wherein the peptide is provided in an effective amount to reduce muscle breakdown or loss.

19. The method of claim 10, wherein the food item comprises a peptide composition comprising an arginyl-glutamine dipeptide, wherein the peptide is provided in an effective amount to reduce muscle breakdown or loss.

20. The composition of claim 13, wherein the composition further comprises a peptide composition comprising an arginyl-glutamine dipeptide, wherein the peptide is provided in an effective amount to reduce muscle breakdown or loss.

21. A food item for suppressing an appetite while maintaining muscle mass of a subject during weight loss, comprising:

300-499 mg or 501-600 mg Caralluma fimbriata;

100-199 meg or 201-300 meg chromium picolinate plus;

20-49 mg or 51-70 mg magnesium citrate;

300-499 mg or 501-700 mg cinnamon;

300-499 mg or 501-700 mg vitamin C;

10-29 mg or 31-50 mg Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10);

200-399 IU or 401-600 IU vitamin E;

50-99 mg or 101-200 mg Alpha- lipoic acid;

0.5-2.9 gm or 3.1-5 gm creatine monohydrate.

22. The food item of claim 21, further comprising a flavoring.

23. The composition of claim 1, wherein the supplement comprises two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, or seven or more of the adjunct components.

24. The composition of claim 1 , where in the supplement is in the form of a food item.

25. The composition of claim 24, further comprising one or more auxiliary food components.

25. The composition of claim 13, further comprising one or more auxiliary food components.