WO2014173060A1 - 不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法 - Google Patents

不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014173060A1
WO2014173060A1 PCT/CN2013/082851 CN2013082851W WO2014173060A1 WO 2014173060 A1 WO2014173060 A1 WO 2014173060A1 CN 2013082851 W CN2013082851 W CN 2013082851W WO 2014173060 A1 WO2014173060 A1 WO 2014173060A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
welding
weldments
stainless steel
copper
weld
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PCT/CN2013/082851
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
夏节文
黄庆平
陈家林
苏玉贤
李文蔚
庞利阳
吴燕
Original Assignee
中国化学工程第三建设有限公司
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Application filed by 中国化学工程第三建设有限公司 filed Critical 中国化学工程第三建设有限公司
Priority to US14/408,447 priority Critical patent/US9808876B2/en
Publication of WO2014173060A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014173060A1/zh

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/02—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts
    • B23K9/035—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts with backing means disposed under the seam
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K31/00—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups
    • B23K31/02—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups relating to soldering or welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K37/00—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted to a procedure covered by only one of the preceding main groups
    • B23K37/04—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted to a procedure covered by only one of the preceding main groups for holding or positioning work
    • B23K37/0408—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted to a procedure covered by only one of the preceding main groups for holding or positioning work for planar work
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/02—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts
    • B23K9/035—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts with backing means disposed under the seam
    • B23K9/0352—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts with backing means disposed under the seam the backing means being movable during the welding operation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/16—Arc welding or cutting making use of shielding gas
    • B23K9/167—Arc welding or cutting making use of shielding gas and of a non-consumable electrode
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/02—Iron or ferrous alloys
    • B23K2103/04—Steel or steel alloys
    • B23K2103/05—Stainless steel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/02—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts
    • B23K9/0213—Narrow gap welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/02—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts
    • B23K9/025—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts for rectilinear seams
    • B23K9/0253—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts for rectilinear seams for the longitudinal seam of tubes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of stainless steel welding, in particular to a butt welding process for stainless steel equipment or pipes, which is suitable for forming welding of root bead.
  • the molten pool metal in the welding process is poor in fluidity, and it is easy to produce a variety of welding defects, especially the root weld of stainless steel equipment or pipes, when the root can not be processed.
  • the root weld is prone to defects such as incomplete penetration, unfusion, and oxidation of the back side of the weld.
  • the welding arc welding and the tungsten argon arc welding method can solve the problem of oxidation on the back side of the weld, but the welding of the welding arc of the welding arc is difficult, and the current is large, which causes the molten pool to be low, and the weldment is easily penetrated. Or forming a tumor on the back of the weld, the current is small, and it is easy to cause defects such as shallow penetration, incomplete penetration, and no fusion; although tungsten argon arc welding can better achieve double-sided forming of single-sided welding, the back of the weld should be filled.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a combined welding method for the welding of stainless steel weldments, avoiding the back oxidation problem occurring when the tungsten argon arc welding method is used, eliminating the argon-filling protection process of the inner wall of the weldment, and saving argon. Gas, reduce welding costs, and improve the welding environment, which is conducive to the health of the welder.
  • the combined welding method for the stainless steel weldment and the gasket of the invention comprises the following steps:
  • the combined welding method for the stainless steel weldment and the gasket of the present invention wherein the root bead welding described in the step c is welded by a manual tungsten argon arc welding method, and the welding torch nozzle is first welded on the side of the "V" shape.
  • the arc is formed on the groove to form a molten pool
  • the welding wire is added to form a droplet and the side weldment is melted
  • the torch nozzle is arc-shapedly swung to the weld bevel on the other side of the "V" shape, and the molten wire is formed at the same time.
  • the combined welding method for the stainless steel weldment and the gasket of the invention wherein the welding gun and the center line of the "V" shaped mouth are at an angle of 40 to 50 ° during the welding process, and the welding arc is facing the weldment on both sides of the "V" shaped opening
  • the groove is kept in a gap with the copper pad, the welding wire is placed at the center line of the "V" shaped port, the welding current is 90 ⁇ 120A, the welding voltage is 12 ⁇ 15V, the welding speed is 70 ⁇ 90mm/min, the welding gun nozzle
  • the argon flow rate is 10 ⁇ 16L/min, and the temperature of the "V"-shaped weldments and copper pads on the sides of the molten pool is about ⁇ 60 °C.
  • the invention relates to a combined welding method for a stainless steel weldment and a gasket, wherein the copper gasket is installed along the entire weld seam or the entire weld circumference, and the copper gasket has a thickness of 2 mm, a width of 20-30 mm, a length and a weld seam or The weld bead is of equal length, and the copper pad is fixed to the inner wall of the two weldments by a clamp.
  • the invention relates to a combined welding method for a stainless steel weldment and a gasket, wherein the copper gasket has a thickness of 2 mm, a width of 20-30, and a length of 100-200, and the copper gasket is manually from the outside of the two weldments. Through the gap at the bottom of the groove, the inner side of the weldment is attached to the inner wall of the two weldments, and the copper pad is manually gripped to move synchronously with the welding arc.
  • the combination welding method of the stainless steel weldment and the gasket of the present invention is different from the prior art in that the combined welding method of the stainless steel weldment and the gasket of the invention utilizes the characteristics that the copper and the stainless steel cannot be welded and mutually melted, and is made of a copper plate (strip).
  • the gasket is installed on the inner wall of the weldment at the gap L of the bottom of the two weldments as a welding support, and the "V" shaped mouth is welded on the copper liner, using tungsten argon arc welding, and the copper gasket can be Close the back of the weld, so that the weld does not need to be protected by argon and will not be oxidized, which reduces the cost, improves the welding environment and helps the welder's health.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view showing a fixed installation of a copper gasket in a combined welding method for a stainless steel weldment according to the present invention, and a sectional view taken along a section perpendicular to the weld;
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic view showing the movable structure of the copper gasket in the combined welding method of the stainless steel weldment of the present invention, and is a cross-sectional view taken along the weld seam.
  • Example 1 A, B weldment base material: TP316L, size ⁇ 88. 9 X 5. 49mm
  • Welding material Welding wire H03Crl9Ni l2Mo2Si (YB/T5092-2005), Specifications ⁇ 2. 4mm
  • Copper pad specifications thickness 2 let, width 20 let
  • a "V" shaped port with an angle of ⁇ , an angle ⁇ of 60 °, and a gap L of 2 to 4 mm at the bottom of the beak of the ⁇ and ⁇ weldments;
  • the "V" shaped joint is welded to form the root weld 14 It is welded by manual tungsten argon arc welding method.
  • the welding current is 90A
  • the welding voltage is 12V
  • the welding speed is 70 ⁇ 80mm/min
  • the argon flow rate is 10L/min
  • the welding gun and the "V" shape center line are 40 °. Angle, the welding arc is facing the weld bevel on both sides of the "V" shape and maintains a gap with the copper pad.
  • the wire is placed at the center line of the "V" shape, and the torch nozzle is first on the "V” shape side.
  • the arc of the A weldment is arc-forming to form a molten pool
  • the welding wire is added to form a droplet and the A weldment is melted
  • the torch nozzle is arc-shapedly swung to the B weld bead on the other side of the "V" shape, and the welding wire is simultaneously
  • the formed droplets are quickly drawn to the B-weld and melted together, and thus reciprocally oscillated to form the entire root bead, and the formed bead is deposited to a thickness of 3.0 mm, wherein the sides of the "V"-shaped mouth of the molten pool are about 100 mm.
  • Weldment and copper gasket temperature should be ⁇ 60 °C, when it exceeds 60 °C, stop welding or take cooling measures The cooling water subjected to a damp cloth or the like;
  • the copper liner 11 is installed along the entire weld or the entire weld circumference, length and weld or weld
  • the copper pads 11 are fixed to the inner walls of the A, B weldments 12, 13 by clamps 16.
  • the length of the copper liner 21 is 100-200 mm, and the copper liner 21 is manually from 4, B.
  • the outer side of the weldment extends into the inner side of the weldment through the gap L at the bottom of the groove, and the copper gasket 21 is kept in close contact with the inner wall of the A weldment 22 and the B weldment (not shown) when the welder is lined with a copper gasket.
  • the welding arc is continuously moved forward, and the other person holds the copper pad 21 synchronously to move forward, near the end of the weld or the weld.
  • the arc is stopped, leaving a gap for facilitating the removal of the copper gasket 21, taking out the copper gasket 21 from the gap, and then using the electrode arc welding method or the special underlayer welding wire for preventing oxidation of the back side of the weld.
  • the argon arc welding method is used for sealing welding, and the root bead of all the welds is completed. The quality of the weld thus formed has been tested and all indicators are excellent:
  • X-ray inspection The film is rated Grade II of JB4730-2005, without cracks, incomplete penetration, unfused, etc., and the internal quality of the weld is qualified;
  • tensile test The tensile base material has a tensile strength value of 620 MPa, which is greater than the lower limit value specified by the parent metal standard;
  • Bending test The sample is subjected to a bending core diameter of 4 times the thickness of the base metal, and the bending angle is reached. 180°, no cracks were found, and the test results were satisfactory;
  • the copper content of the root bead is determined: the copper content is 0.55%, 0.40%, 0.60%, respectively, no more than 0.75%, which proves that the copper liner has substantially no melt penetration during the welding process. Into the weld;
  • the metallographic structure is austenite + ferrite, and the ferrite content is 5.6%;
  • Brinell hardness values are 150HB, 155HB, 165HB.
  • A, B weldment base material 0Crl8Ni9, specifications ⁇ 159 X 6mm
  • Welding material welding wire H08Cr21Ni l0Si (YB/T5092-2005), specifications ⁇ 2. 5mm
  • Copper gasket specifications thickness 2mm, width 25mm
  • the step of the combined welding method of the stainless steel weldment of the present embodiment is different from that of the first embodiment in that the welding current 105A, the welding voltage is 15V, the welding speed is 75 to 85 mm/min, and the welding is performed by the manual tungsten argon arc welding method. 5 ⁇
  • the thickness of the welded bead is 2. 5mm.
  • the thickness of the welded bead is 2. 5mm.
  • X-ray inspection The film is rated Grade II of JB4730-2005, without cracks, incomplete penetration, unfused, etc., and the internal quality of the weld is qualified;
  • the weld impact value is 36 J/cm 2 , 28 J/cm 2 , 30 J/cm 2 , and the heat-affected zone impact value is 70 J/cm 2 , 38 J/cm 2 , 44 J/cm2 ;
  • the metallographic structure is austenite + ferrite, and the ferrite content is 5. 0%;
  • Brinell hardness values are 156 HB, 162 HB, 170 HB.
  • A, B weldment base material 00Crl9Ni l0, specifications ⁇ 159 X 6mm
  • Welding material Welding wire H00Cr21Ni l0 (YB/T5092-2005), Specifications ⁇ 2. 5mm
  • Copper gasket specifications thickness 2mm, width 30mm
  • the step of the combined welding method of the stainless steel weldment of this embodiment differs from that of the first embodiment in that the welding current is 120 A, the welding voltage is 15 V, and the welding speed is 80 to 90 mm/min when the root bead welding is performed by the manual tungsten argon arc welding method. 0 ⁇ The argon flow of the thickness of the weld is 2. 0mm.
  • X-ray inspection The film is rated Grade II of JB4730-2005, without cracks, incomplete penetration, unfused, etc., and the internal quality of the weld is qualified;
  • the combined welding method for the stainless steel weldment and the gasket of the invention is used for the butt welding of the stainless steel equipment or the pipeline, is suitable for the forming welding of the root bead, solves the problem of forming the root of the stainless steel weld, and reduces the incomplete penetration, unfusion, etc.
  • the probability of occurrence of defects avoids the back oxidation problem that occurs when the tungsten argon arc welding method is used, the argon-filling protection process of the inner wall of the weldment is omitted, the argon gas is saved, the welding cost is reduced, and the welding environment is improved, which is beneficial to the health of the welder.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Arc Welding In General (AREA)
  • Butt Welding And Welding Of Specific Article (AREA)

Abstract

一种不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法，包括以下步骤：a、对两焊件的待焊部位分别进行坡口加工、组对，其中组对时，保持两焊件内壁齐平，两焊件坡口相对组成夹角为α的"V"形口，两焊件坡口底部保持2〜4mm的间隙L；b、在两焊件坡口底部间隙L处安装铜衬垫（11），所述铜衬垫（11）与两焊件内壁紧密贴合；c、对"V"形口进行焊接形成根部焊道；d、拆除铜衬垫（11），在根部焊道上进行填充焊接形成盖面焊道。该方法能够解决不锈钢焊缝根部成形困难问题，减少未焊透、未熔合等缺陷出现的机率，避免采用钨极氩弧焊方法时出现的背面氧化问题，省去焊件内壁的充氩保护工序，降低焊接成本，改善焊接作业环境。

Description

不锈钢悍件加衬垫的组合悍接方法
技术领域
本发明涉及不锈钢焊接领域， 特别是涉及一种用于不锈钢设备或管道的对接焊工艺 方法， 适用于根部焊道的成形焊接。
背景技术
不锈钢焊件在焊接时， 由于其高的合金成分使得焊接过程中的熔池金属流动性差， 易产生多种焊接缺陷， 特别是不锈钢设备或管道的根部焊缝焊接， 当不能进行清根处理 时， 根部焊缝易产生未焊透、 未熔合等缺陷以及焊缝背面被氧化的问题。
现有技术中， 采用焊条电弧焊和钨极氩弧焊方法可解决焊缝背面氧化问题， 但焊条 电弧焊的焊缝背面成形困难， 电流大， 会导致熔池低， 容易将焊件焊透或在焊缝背面形 成突瘤， 电流小， 容易导致熔深浅， 未焊透、 未熔合等缺陷； 钨极氩弧焊虽然能够较好 地实现单面焊双面成形， 但焊缝背面要充氩保护， 否则焊缝就会被氧化， 使焊缝的强度 降低， 耐腐蚀性减低， 还会使外观变黑， 采用钨极氩弧焊方法和焊缝背面充氩保护都会 大大增加焊接成本， 特别是在细长管道的对接焊中尤其高， 且也会对焊工的健康安全和 工作环境产生较大影响。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法， 避免采用 钨极氩弧焊方法时出现的背面氧化问题， 省去焊件内壁的充氩保护工序， 节约氩气， 降 低焊接成本， 同时改善焊接作业环境， 利于焊工身体健康。
本发明不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法， 包括以下步骤：
a、 对两焊件的待焊部位分别进行坡口加工、 组对， 其中组对时， 保持两焊件内壁齐 平， 两焊件坡口相对组成夹角为 α的 " V"形口， 两焊件坡口底部保持 2〜4mm的间隙 L; b、 在两焊件坡口底部间隙 L处安装铜衬垫， 所述铜衬垫与两焊件内壁紧密贴合； c、 对 "V"形口进行焊接形成根部焊道；
d、 拆除铜衬垫， 在根部焊道上进行填充焊接形成盖面焊道。
本发明不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法， 其中步骤 c所述的根部焊道焊接采用手 工钨极氩弧焊方法焊接， 焊接时， 焊枪喷嘴先在 "V"形口一侧的焊件坡口上引弧形成熔 池， 添加焊丝形成熔滴与该侧焊件相熔， 然后将焊枪喷嘴弧形摆动到 "V"形口另一侧的 焊件坡口上， 同时将焊丝形成的熔滴快速牵引到该另一侧焊件与其相熔， 如此往复摆动 形成整个根部焊道。
本发明不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法， 其中焊接过程中， 焊枪与 "V"形口的中 心线呈 40〜50 ° 夹角，焊接电弧正对 "V"形口两侧的焊件坡口并与所述铜衬垫保持间隙， 焊丝置于 " V"形口的中心线处， 焊接电流为 90〜120A， 焊接电压为 12〜15V， 焊接速度 为 70〜90mm/min， 焊枪喷嘴的氩气流量为 10〜16L/min， 距离熔池约 100mm的 "V"形口 两侧焊件和铜衬垫的温度≤ 60°C。
本发明不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法， 其中所述铜衬垫沿整条焊缝或整个焊口 圆周安装， 铜衬垫的厚度为 2mm， 宽度为 20-30mm， 长度与焊缝或焊口等长， 所述铜衬垫 通过夹具固定在两焊件内壁上。
本发明不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法， 其中所述铜衬垫的厚度为 2mm， 宽度为 20-30讓， 长度为 100-200讓， 所述铜衬垫由人工从两焊件外侧穿过坡口底部间隙伸入焊 件内侧贴紧在两焊件内壁上， 人工把持铜衬垫随着焊接电弧同步移动。
本发明不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法， 其中整条焊缝或整个焊口的最终收弧处 留有豁口， 所述豁口的大小适于取出铜衬垫。
本发明不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法， 其中所述根部焊道厚度为 2〜3mm。
本发明不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法与现有技术不同之处在于本发明不锈钢焊 件加衬垫的组合焊接方法利用铜与不锈钢不能焊接互熔的特性， 用铜板 （条） 制作成衬 垫，安装在两焊件坡口底部间隙 L处紧贴在焊件内壁上作为焊接衬托，在铜衬垫上对 "V" 形口进行焊接， 采用钨极氩弧焊， 铜衬垫可封闭焊缝背面， 使得焊缝不需要进行充氩保 护也不会被氧化， 降低了成本， 改善了焊接作业环境， 有利于焊工身体健康。 附图说明
图 1 为本发明不锈钢焊件的组合焊接方法中铜衬垫固定安装的结构示意图， 图为沿 垂直于焊缝剖开的剖视图；
图 2为本发明不锈钢焊件的组合焊接方法中铜衬垫可移动的结构示意图， 图为沿焊 缝剖开的剖视图。
下面结合附图对本发明的不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法作进一步说明。 具体实施方式
实施例 1 : A、 B焊件母材： TP316L, 规格 Φ 88. 9 X 5. 49mm
焊接材料： 焊丝 H03Crl9Ni l2Mo2Si (YB/T5092-2005)， 规格 Φ 2. 4mm
铜衬垫规格： 厚度 2讓， 宽度 20讓
本实施例不锈钢焊件的组合焊接方法包括以下步骤：
a、 对 A焊件 12和 B焊件 13的待焊部位分别进行坡口加工、 组对， 其中组对时， 保 持 、 B两焊件内壁齐平， A、 B焊件坡口相对组成夹角为 α的 " V"形口， α角为 60 ° ， Α、 Β焊件坡口底部保持 2〜4mm的间隙 L;
b、在4、 B焊件坡口底部间隙 L处安装铜衬垫 11， 铜衬垫 11与4、 B焊件内壁紧密贴 合. c、 对 " V"形口进行焊接形成根部焊道 14， 采用手工钨极氩弧焊方法焊接， 焊接时， 焊接电流 90A， 焊接电压 12V， 焊接速度 70〜80mm/min， 氩气流量 10L/min， 焊枪与 "V" 形口中心线呈 40 ° 夹角， 焊接电弧正对 "V"形口两侧的焊件坡口并与铜衬垫保持间隙， 焊丝置于 "V"形口的中心线处， 焊枪喷嘴先在 "V"形口一侧的 A焊件坡口上引弧形成熔 池， 添加焊丝形成熔滴与 A焊件相熔， 然后将焊枪喷嘴弧形摆动到 "V"形口另一侧的 B 焊件坡口上， 同时将焊丝形成的熔滴快速牵引到 B焊件与其相熔， 如此往复摆动形成整个 根部焊道， 形成的焊道熔敷厚度为 3. 0mm， 其中， 距离熔池约 100mm的 " V"形口两侧焊件 和铜衬垫的温度需≤60°C， 当超过 60°C时， 要停止焊接或采取冷却措施， 如施以湿布或冷 却水等；
d、 拆除铜衬垫， 在根部焊道上 14进行填充焊接形成盖面焊道 15。
对于焊后方便拆除铜衬垫的焊缝或焊口 （如转动焊口）， 如图 1所示， 铜衬垫 11沿整 条焊缝或整个焊口圆周安装， 长度与焊缝或焊口等长， 铜衬垫 11通过夹具 16固定在 A、 B 焊件 12、 13内壁上。
对于焊后不方便拆除铜衬垫的焊缝或焊口 （如现场固定焊口）， 如图 2所示， 铜衬垫 21的长度为 100-200mm， 铜衬垫 21由人工从4、 B焊件外侧穿过坡口底部间隙 L伸入焊件 内侧， 保持铜衬垫 21贴紧在 A焊件 22和 B焊件（图中未示出） 内壁上， 当焊工在衬有铜 衬垫 21的 "V"形口内焊接时， 随着根部焊道 24的形成， 焊接电弧不断向前移动， 另一 人手持铜衬垫 21 同步向前移动， 在将近该条焊缝或焊口的最终收弧处停止， 留下大小方 便于取出铜衬垫 21的豁口， 将铜衬垫 21从该豁口处取出， 然后将该豁口采用焊条电弧焊 方法或采用防止焊缝背面氧化的专用打底焊丝钨极氩弧焊接方法进行封口焊， 完成全部焊 缝的根部焊道。 如此形成的焊缝质量经检验， 各项指标均优良：
外观检查： 焊缝内、 外表面成型良好， 根部焊道无氧化现象， 无气孔、 裂纹、 未焊透 等缺陷， 铜衬垫拆除容易， 表面光滑平整， 无熔化现象；
X射线检验： 底片评定等级为 JB4730-2005标准的 II级， 无裂纹、 未焊透、 未熔合等 缺陷， 焊缝内在质量合格；
焊接接头性能检验：
——拉伸试验： 塑断母材， 其抗拉强度值为 620MPa， 大于母材标准规定的下限值； ——弯曲试验： 试样经过 4倍母材厚度的弯芯直径， 弯曲角度达到 180° ， 未见裂纹， 检验结果合格；
——根部焊道晶间腐蚀试验： 经硫酸-硫酸铜腐蚀试验后， 弯曲 180° ， 放大 10 X观 察， 未发现晶间腐蚀倾向；
——根部焊道含铜量测定： 含铜量分别为 0. 55%、 0. 40%、 0. 60%, 均不超过 0. 75%, 证明在焊接过程中铜衬垫基本没有熔融渗透到焊缝中；
——根部焊道的金相检验： 金相组织为奥氏体 +铁素体， 铁素体含量为 5. 6%;
——根部焊道的硬度检验： 布氏硬度值分别为 150HB、 155HB、 165HB。
实施例 2:
A、 B焊件母材： 0Crl8Ni9， 规格 Φ 159 X 6mm
焊接材料： 焊丝 H08Cr21Ni l0Si (YB/T5092-2005)， 规格 Φ 2. 5mm
铜衬垫规格： 厚度 2mm， 宽度 25mm
本实施例不锈钢焊件的组合焊接方法的步骤与实施例 1的区别在于采用手工钨极氩弧 焊方法进行根部焊道焊接时， 焊接电流 105A, 焊接电压 15V， 焊接速度 75〜85mm/min， 氩 气流量 13L/min， 焊枪与 "V"形口中心线呈 45° 夹角， 形成的焊道熔敷厚度为 2. 5mm。
如此形成的焊缝质量经检验， 各项指标均优良：
外观检查： 焊缝内、 外表面成型良好， 根部焊道无氧化现象， 无气孔、 裂纹、 未焊透 等缺陷， 铜衬垫拆除容易， 表面光滑平整， 无熔化现象；
X射线检验： 底片评定等级为 JB4730-2005标准的 II级， 无裂纹、 未焊透、 未熔合等 缺陷， 焊缝内在质量合格；
焊接接头性能检验：
——拉伸试验： 塑断母材， 其抗拉强度值为 640MPa， 大于母材标准规定的下限值； ——弯曲试验： 试样经过 4倍母材厚度的弯芯直径， 弯曲角度达到 180° ， 未见裂纹， 检验结果合格；
——焊缝 -196°C低温冲击试验： 验焊缝冲击值是 36 J/cm2、 28 J/cm2、 30J/cm2， 热 影响区冲击值是 70 J/cm2、 38 J/cm2、 44 J/cm2;
—根部焊道晶间腐蚀试验： 经硫酸-硫酸铜腐蚀试验后， 弯曲 180° ， 放大 10 X观 察， 未发现晶间腐蚀倾向；
——根部焊道含铜量测定： 含铜量分别为 0. 35%、 0. 45%、 0. 50%, 均不超过 0. 75%, 证明在焊接过程中铜衬垫基本没有熔融渗透到焊缝中；
——根部焊道的金相检验： 金相组织为奥氏体 +铁素体， 铁素体含量为 5. 0%;
——根部焊道的硬度检验： 布氏硬度值分别为 156 HB、 162 HB、 170HB。
实施例 3:
A、 B焊件母材： 00Crl9Ni l0， 规格 Φ 159 X 6mm
焊接材料： 焊丝 H00Cr21Ni l0 (YB/T5092-2005)， 规格 Φ 2. 5mm
铜衬垫规格： 厚度 2mm， 宽度 30mm
本实施例不锈钢焊件的组合焊接方法的步骤与实施例 1的区别在于采用手工钨极氩弧 焊方法进行根部焊道焊接时， 焊接电流 120A, 焊接电压 15V， 焊接速度 80〜90mm/min， 氩 气流量 16L/min， 焊枪与 "V"形口中心线呈 50° 夹角， 形成的焊道熔敷厚度为 2. 0mm。
如此形成的焊缝质量经检验， 各项指标均优良：
外观检查： 焊缝内、 外表面成型良好， 根部焊道无氧化现象， 无气孔、 裂纹、 未焊透 等缺陷， 铜衬垫拆除容易， 表面光滑平整， 无熔化现象；
X射线检验： 底片评定等级为 JB4730-2005标准的 II级， 无裂纹、 未焊透、 未熔合等 缺陷， 焊缝内在质量合格；
焊接接头性能检验：
——拉伸试验： 塑断母材， 其抗拉强度值为 630MPa， 大于母材标准规定的下限值； ——弯曲试验： 试样经过 4倍母材厚度的弯芯直径， 弯曲角度达到 180° ， 未见裂纹， 检验结果合格；
——根部焊道晶间腐蚀试验： 经硫酸-硫酸铜腐蚀试验后， 弯曲 180° ， 放大 10 X观 察， 未发现晶间腐蚀倾向；
——根部焊道含铜量测定： 含铜量分别为 0. 50%、 0. 45%、 0. 60%, 均不超过 0. 75%, 证明在焊接过程中铜衬垫基本没有熔融渗透到焊缝中；
——根部焊道的金相检验： 金相组织为奥氏体 +铁素体， 铁素体含量为 6%。 ——根部焊道的硬度检验： 布氏硬度值分别为 172HB、 155HB、 179HBW。 以上所述的实施例仅仅是对本发明的优选实施方式进行描述， 并非对本发明的范围进 行限定， 在不脱离本发明设计精神的前提下， 本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案作 出的各种变形和改进， 均应落入本发明权利要求书确定的保护范围内。 工业实用性
本发明的不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法，用于不锈钢设备或管道的对接焊，适用 于根部焊道的成型焊接， 解决不锈钢焊缝根部成形困难问题， 减少未焊透、 未熔合等缺陷 出现的机率， 避免采用钨极氩弧焊方法时出现的背面氧化问题， 省去焊件内壁的充氩保护 工序， 节约氩气， 降低焊接成本， 同时改善焊接作业环境， 利于焊工身体健康。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1、 不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法， 包括以下步骤：
a、对两焊件的待焊部位分别进行坡口加工、组对， 其中组对时， 保持两焊件内壁齐平， 两焊件坡口相对组成夹角为 α的 "V"形口， 两焊件坡口底部保持 2〜4mm的间隙 L;
b、 在两焊件坡口底部间隙 L处安装铜衬垫， 所述铜衬垫与两焊件内壁紧密贴合； c、 对 "V"形口进行焊接形成根部焊道；
d、 拆除铜衬垫， 在根部焊道上进行填充焊接形成盖面焊道。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法， 其特征在于： 步骤 c所 述的根部焊道焊接采用手工钨极氩弧焊方法焊接， 焊接时， 焊枪喷嘴先在 "V"形口一侧的 焊件坡口上引弧形成熔池， 添加焊丝形成熔滴与该侧焊件相熔， 然后将焊枪喷嘴弧形摆动 到 "V"形口另一侧的焊件坡口上， 同时将焊丝形成的熔滴快速牵引到该另一侧焊件与其相 熔， 如此往复摆动形成整个根部焊道。
3、 根据权利要求 2所述的不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法， 其特征在于： 焊接过程 中， 焊枪与 "V"形口的中心线呈 40〜50 ° 夹角， 焊接电弧正对 "V"形口两侧的焊件坡口 并与所述铜衬垫保持间隙， 焊丝置于" V"形口的中心线处， 焊接电流为 90〜120A， 焊接电 压为 12〜15V， 焊接速度为 70〜90mm/min， 焊枪喷嘴的氩气流量为 10〜16L/min， 距离熔池 约 100讓的 "V"形口两侧焊件和铜衬垫的温度≤60 。
4、根据权利要求 1至 3任一项所述的不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法，其特征在于: 所述铜衬垫沿整条焊缝或整个焊口圆周安装， 铜衬垫的厚度为 2mm， 宽度为 20-30mm， 长度 与焊缝或焊口等长， 所述铜衬垫通过夹具固定在两焊件内壁上。
5、根据权利要求 1至 3任一项所述的不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法，其特征在于: 所述铜衬垫的厚度为 2讓， 宽度为 20-30讓， 长度为 100-200讓， 所述铜衬垫由人工从两焊 件外侧穿过坡口底部间隙伸入焊件内侧贴紧在两焊件内壁上， 人工把持铜衬垫随着焊接电 弧同步移动。
6、 根据权利要求 5所述的不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法， 其特征在于： 整条焊缝 或整个焊口的最终收弧处留有豁口， 所述豁口的大小适于取出铜衬垫。
7、根据权利要求 1至 3任一项所述的不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法，其特征在于: 所述两焊件坡口相对组成的 α夹角为 60 ° 。
8、根据权利要求 1至 3任一项所述的不锈钢焊件加衬垫的组合焊接方法，其特征在于: 所述根部焊道厚度为 2
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