WO2014114721A1 - Dérivés de 4-n-aminopipéridine (disubstituée) comme additifs pour des masses de moulage de polyamide et leur utilisation - Google Patents
Dérivés de 4-n-aminopipéridine (disubstituée) comme additifs pour des masses de moulage de polyamide et leur utilisation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014114721A1 WO2014114721A1 PCT/EP2014/051343 EP2014051343W WO2014114721A1 WO 2014114721 A1 WO2014114721 A1 WO 2014114721A1 EP 2014051343 W EP2014051343 W EP 2014051343W WO 2014114721 A1 WO2014114721 A1 WO 2014114721A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- independently
- alkyl
- additive
- alcohol
- polyamide molding
- Prior art date
Links
- GBHTVWBAOCYFGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(C)(C1)NC(C)(C)CC1N(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O Chemical compound CC(C)(C1)NC(C)(C)CC1N(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O GBHTVWBAOCYFGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G69/02—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
- C08G69/26—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
- C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D211/56—Nitrogen atoms
- C07D211/58—Nitrogen atoms attached in position 4
Definitions
- the invention relates to an additive having at least two condensable functionalities in combination with a Tetraalkyi-piperidinyl radical and a tertiary amine functionality.
- a universal additive can be provided, which on the one hand allows a narrower molecular weight distribution and at the same time improves the performance for spun polymers.
- likewise corresponding additized polyamide molding compositions and an additive solution are provided.
- the additives according to the invention are used in particular in the production of polyamide for textile applications.
- the threads must be well dyeable.
- Additives to achieve the desired performance must be available and applicable at an economic cost-benefit ratio.
- the use of multifunctional stabilizers has proven to have a narrowing effect on the molecular weight distribution.
- multifunctional carboxylic acids are used which at the same time keep the content of primary amine groups in the condensation equilibrium low and are thus favorable for a low monomer recovery during remelting.
- Examples of the use of multifunctional acids as additives for the production of polyamides are EP 0 818 491 A1 and EP 0 759 953 Al mentioned.
- the narrowing influence on the molecular weight distribution is e.g. the article by Z.-L Tang et al.
- Chain length regulator acting, but the molecular weight distribution non-modifying compounds possible, such. with said 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine.
- it is important to minimize the number of reactive chain ends. This reduces the rate of postcondensation and monomer recovery, e.g. when remelting polyamide 6.
- the quantitative use of chain length controllers is limited by the process engineering possibilities and the consideration of economic factors.
- amino end groups are important for good staining, such as e.g. described in EP 0 818 491 AI, tertiary amines introduced into the polymer. These can not undergo amide bond and therefore remain for the
- R 1 independently of one another are H or C 1 -C 2 -alkyl
- R 2 H or CC 12 alkyl
- X and Y independently represent an aliphatic or unsaturated or aromatic carbon skeleton, linear or branched, having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, wherein X and Y each have at least one carboxy, an amine or an alcohol functionality.
- the additive according to the invention provides for a narrower molecular weight distribution compared to a partial or complete stabilization with monofunctional chain length regulators.
- the HALS compound as well as the tertiary amine are not bound to the chain end as usual, but are incorporated into the chain and, assuming the same process conditions, no longer reduce the potential for lowering the polydispersity. A performance gain in the field of high-speed spinning is therefore expected.
- the additive according to the invention makes it possible for the first time to be able to serve the stated requirements for textile polyamide with a single compound. This reduces dosing distances and storage tanks to a minimum and at the same time reduces the number of suppliers on which production depends.
- the structures are based on existing mass Chemicals can be produced and there are no additional costs to existing, comparable multi-component formulations expected.
- the structures mentioned make it possible for the first time to incorporate the HALS compound or the tertiary amine into the polymer chain. So far, only binding to the chain end is possible via quasi-monofunctional compounds, which limits the possibilities of modifying the molecular weight distribution. By gaining the potential to make the molecular weight distribution narrower, increases in performance in the area of high-speed spinning are possible because the melt strength is reduced, but the strength increases in the solidified state.
- a preferred additive according to the invention has the general formula II:
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently H or C 1 -C 2 -alkyl
- R 3 is independently H or an aliphatic or unsaturated or aromatic carbon skeleton, linear or branched, having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and
- n are each independently 0 to 10.
- At least one of R 3 has a carboxy functionality.
- at least one of R 3 is CH 2 COOH.
- an additive solution which contains the above-described additive together with caprolactam.
- Other additives may be included in this solution.
- the additive solution may additionally contain bifunctional carboxylic acids, such as terephthalic acid and / or adipic acid.
- bifunctional carboxylic acids such as terephthalic acid and / or adipic acid.
- a polyamide molding composition which has an additive, wherein the additive is covalently bound via at least two condensable functionalities in the polymer chain.
- units of general formula IV are incorporated into the polymer chain:
- Ri and 2 are each independently H or Ci- Ci2 alkyl
- R 3 is independently H or an aliphatic or unsaturated or aromatic carbon skeleton, linear or branched, having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and
- S and T are independently 0, NH or COO and
- n are each independently 0 to 10.
- R 2 are each independently H or CC i2 alkyl
- R 3 is independently H or an aliphatic or unsaturated or aromatic carbon skeleton, iinear or branched, having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and
- n are each independently 0 to 10.
- the polyamide molding compound has a polydispersity in the range in the range of 1.3 to 2.5, in particular 1.5 to 2.0.
- the additive according to the invention is used in the production of polycondensates, in particular of
- Caprolactam is polymerized at a constant water content of 300 mmol / kg (0.54 w%) at 245 ° C until the polycondensation equilibrium is reached. Subsequently, the polymer is granulated and hot
- Caprolactam and 41.7 mmol / kg of acetic acid are polymerized at a constant water content of 125 mmol / kg (0.225 w%) at 245 ° C until reaching the Poikkondensations Dermatheses.
- the further processing is analogous to Comparative Example 1.
- Triacetonediamine be at a constant water content of
- Caprolactam, 19.03 mmol / kg terephthalic acid and 17.5 mmol / kg compound II I are polymerized at a constant water content of 125 mmol / kg (0.225 w-%) at 245 ° C until the polycondensation equilibrium is reached.
- the further processing is analogous to Comparative Example 1.
- Table 1 compares the properties of the synthesized polymers of Comparative Beisptele 1 to 3 and Example 1 of the invention. All have the same relative viscosity, which can be used as a measure of processability in the molten state.
- Table 1 compares the properties of the synthesized polymers of Comparative Beisptele 1 to 3 and Example 1 of the invention. All have the same relative viscosity, which can be used as a measure of processability in the molten state.
Abstract
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201480006196.3A CN105143184B (zh) | 2013-01-25 | 2014-01-23 | 作为用于聚酰胺模塑化合物的添加剂的4‑n‑(二取代)‑氨基哌啶衍生物及其用途 |
EA201591060A EA029652B1 (ru) | 2013-01-25 | 2014-01-23 | Добавка к полиамидным формовочным массам и ее применение |
US14/763,086 US9908973B2 (en) | 2013-01-25 | 2014-01-23 | Additive for polyamide moulding compounds and use thereof |
KR1020157019718A KR20150125645A (ko) | 2013-01-25 | 2014-01-23 | 폴리아미드 성형 재료용 첨가제로서의 4-n-(이치환된)-아미노피페리딘 유도체 및 이의 용도 |
JP2015554146A JP6496249B2 (ja) | 2013-01-25 | 2014-01-23 | ポリアミドモールディングコンパウンド用添加剤およびその使用 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP13152696.4 | 2013-01-25 | ||
EP13152696.4A EP2759534B1 (fr) | 2013-01-25 | 2013-01-25 | Derivés de 4-N-(disubstitués)-aminopipéridine comme additifs pour masses de formage en polyamide et leur utilisation |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2014114721A1 true WO2014114721A1 (fr) | 2014-07-31 |
Family
ID=47605400
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2014/051343 WO2014114721A1 (fr) | 2013-01-25 | 2014-01-23 | Dérivés de 4-n-aminopipéridine (disubstituée) comme additifs pour des masses de moulage de polyamide et leur utilisation |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US9908973B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2759534B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP6496249B2 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20150125645A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN105143184B (fr) |
EA (1) | EA029652B1 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2538802T3 (fr) |
PL (1) | PL2759534T3 (fr) |
TW (1) | TWI602877B (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2014114721A1 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2023242597A1 (fr) | 2022-06-16 | 2023-12-21 | Amphista Therapeutics Limited | Molécules bifonctionnelles pour la dégradation ciblée de protéines |
WO2024057021A1 (fr) | 2022-09-13 | 2024-03-21 | Amphista Therapeutics Limited | Composés pour la dégradation ciblée d'une protéine |
Citations (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2719132A1 (de) * | 1976-05-11 | 1977-12-01 | Ciba Geigy Ag | Modifizierte polyurethane mit erhoehter lichtbestaendigkeit |
US4145512A (en) * | 1976-09-21 | 1979-03-20 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Permanently stabilized polyurethanes |
EP0047967A1 (fr) * | 1980-09-10 | 1982-03-24 | The B.F. GOODRICH Company | Dérivés de pipéridine à haut poids moléculaire, utilisables comme stabilisants |
EP0488502A1 (fr) * | 1990-11-29 | 1992-06-03 | Texaco Chemical Company | Tert-amino-4 tétraalkyl-2,2,6,6 pipéridines |
WO1997005189A1 (fr) * | 1995-07-27 | 1997-02-13 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Substrat polyamide photostabilise et procede de fabrication |
EP0759953A1 (fr) | 1994-04-15 | 1997-03-05 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Polyamides intrinsequement stables a la lumiere et a la chaleur |
EP0818491A2 (fr) | 1996-07-09 | 1998-01-14 | Ems-Inventa Ag | Polaymides résistant aux imtempéries et leur méthode de préparation |
EP0839854A1 (fr) * | 1996-05-16 | 1998-05-06 | Toray Industries, Inc. | Film polyester etire bi-axialement et destine au moulage de contenants et procede de fabrication associe |
DE19804980A1 (de) * | 1998-02-07 | 1999-08-12 | Huels Chemische Werke Ag | Hydroxyl- und uretdiongruppenhaltige Polyisocyanate mit eingebautem HALS-Stabilisator, ein Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und deren Verwendung |
DE19812135A1 (de) * | 1998-03-20 | 1999-09-23 | Basf Ag | Inhärent licht- und hitzestabilisierte Polyamide mit verbesserter Naßechtheit |
DE19854421A1 (de) | 1998-11-25 | 2000-05-31 | Inventa Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polyamid-6 für Spinnzwecke |
US20020169181A1 (en) * | 2001-03-08 | 2002-11-14 | Michel Pairet | Pharmaceutical compositions based on anticholinergics and NK1-receptor antagonists |
DE102008026075A1 (de) | 2008-05-30 | 2009-12-03 | Lurgi Zimmer Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polyamiden unter Verwendung von Carbonsäuren und Amiden |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4191683A (en) * | 1975-05-28 | 1980-03-04 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Derivatives of 4-aminopiperidine as stabilizers for polymers |
DE2545647C3 (de) * | 1975-10-11 | 1982-03-11 | Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen | Stabilisierung synthetischer Polymerer |
DE2642374A1 (de) * | 1976-09-21 | 1978-03-23 | Bayer Ag | Permanent stabilisierte polyurethane |
US4348524A (en) * | 1980-03-28 | 1982-09-07 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Amide derivatives of polyalkylpiperidines |
CA1266272A (fr) * | 1983-05-27 | 1990-02-27 | Masakatsu Yoshimura | Derive de 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine; methode de preparation; stabilisateur a base de ce derive pour les resines synthetiques |
JPS59219346A (ja) | 1983-05-27 | 1984-12-10 | Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd | 合成樹脂用安定剤 |
DE3328134C2 (de) * | 1983-08-04 | 1986-08-07 | Hüls AG, 4370 Marl | EP-Pulverlacke und Verfahren zur Herstellung matter Überzüge |
DE19645166A1 (de) * | 1996-11-02 | 1998-05-07 | Huels Chemische Werke Ag | Blockierte Polyisocyanate mit eingebautem HALS-Stabilisator |
US7998886B2 (en) * | 2005-10-24 | 2011-08-16 | Milliken & Company | Hindered amine treated textiles |
DE102008002607A1 (de) | 2008-06-24 | 2009-12-31 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Schweißvorrichtung |
-
2013
- 2013-01-25 EP EP13152696.4A patent/EP2759534B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
- 2013-01-25 PL PL13152696T patent/PL2759534T3/pl unknown
- 2013-01-25 ES ES13152696.4T patent/ES2538802T3/es active Active
-
2014
- 2014-01-22 TW TW103102197A patent/TWI602877B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2014-01-23 CN CN201480006196.3A patent/CN105143184B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-01-23 KR KR1020157019718A patent/KR20150125645A/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2014-01-23 US US14/763,086 patent/US9908973B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-01-23 WO PCT/EP2014/051343 patent/WO2014114721A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2014-01-23 JP JP2015554146A patent/JP6496249B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-01-23 EA EA201591060A patent/EA029652B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2719132A1 (de) * | 1976-05-11 | 1977-12-01 | Ciba Geigy Ag | Modifizierte polyurethane mit erhoehter lichtbestaendigkeit |
US4145512A (en) * | 1976-09-21 | 1979-03-20 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Permanently stabilized polyurethanes |
EP0047967A1 (fr) * | 1980-09-10 | 1982-03-24 | The B.F. GOODRICH Company | Dérivés de pipéridine à haut poids moléculaire, utilisables comme stabilisants |
EP0488502A1 (fr) * | 1990-11-29 | 1992-06-03 | Texaco Chemical Company | Tert-amino-4 tétraalkyl-2,2,6,6 pipéridines |
EP0759953A1 (fr) | 1994-04-15 | 1997-03-05 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Polyamides intrinsequement stables a la lumiere et a la chaleur |
WO1997005189A1 (fr) * | 1995-07-27 | 1997-02-13 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Substrat polyamide photostabilise et procede de fabrication |
EP0839854A1 (fr) * | 1996-05-16 | 1998-05-06 | Toray Industries, Inc. | Film polyester etire bi-axialement et destine au moulage de contenants et procede de fabrication associe |
EP0818491A2 (fr) | 1996-07-09 | 1998-01-14 | Ems-Inventa Ag | Polaymides résistant aux imtempéries et leur méthode de préparation |
DE19804980A1 (de) * | 1998-02-07 | 1999-08-12 | Huels Chemische Werke Ag | Hydroxyl- und uretdiongruppenhaltige Polyisocyanate mit eingebautem HALS-Stabilisator, ein Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und deren Verwendung |
DE19812135A1 (de) * | 1998-03-20 | 1999-09-23 | Basf Ag | Inhärent licht- und hitzestabilisierte Polyamide mit verbesserter Naßechtheit |
DE19854421A1 (de) | 1998-11-25 | 2000-05-31 | Inventa Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polyamid-6 für Spinnzwecke |
US20020169181A1 (en) * | 2001-03-08 | 2002-11-14 | Michel Pairet | Pharmaceutical compositions based on anticholinergics and NK1-receptor antagonists |
DE102008026075A1 (de) | 2008-05-30 | 2009-12-03 | Lurgi Zimmer Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polyamiden unter Verwendung von Carbonsäuren und Amiden |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
F. P. LA MANTIA ET AL., POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, vol. 16, 2005, pages 357 - 361 |
S. S. RAJE ET AL., MAN-MADE TEXTILES IN INDIA, 1996, pages 173 - 178 |
TANG ET AL., DIE ANGEWANDTE MAKROMOLEKULARE CHEMIE, vol. 250, no. 4321, 1997, pages 1 - 14 |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2023242597A1 (fr) | 2022-06-16 | 2023-12-21 | Amphista Therapeutics Limited | Molécules bifonctionnelles pour la dégradation ciblée de protéines |
WO2024057021A1 (fr) | 2022-09-13 | 2024-03-21 | Amphista Therapeutics Limited | Composés pour la dégradation ciblée d'une protéine |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN105143184A (zh) | 2015-12-09 |
EP2759534A1 (fr) | 2014-07-30 |
JP2016511777A (ja) | 2016-04-21 |
TW201439206A (zh) | 2014-10-16 |
EP2759534B1 (fr) | 2015-03-11 |
KR20150125645A (ko) | 2015-11-09 |
CN105143184B (zh) | 2017-10-03 |
US20150329671A1 (en) | 2015-11-19 |
ES2538802T3 (es) | 2015-06-24 |
PL2759534T3 (pl) | 2015-08-31 |
JP6496249B2 (ja) | 2019-04-03 |
EA029652B1 (ru) | 2018-04-30 |
US9908973B2 (en) | 2018-03-06 |
EA201591060A1 (ru) | 2015-12-30 |
TWI602877B (zh) | 2017-10-21 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE102005023419B4 (de) | Polyamid-Oligomere und deren Verwendung | |
EP0818491B1 (fr) | Polaymides résistant aux imtempéries et leur méthode de préparation | |
WO2000066650A2 (fr) | Procede de condensation de polyamides | |
EP1563009A1 (fr) | Matiere moulable polyamide, pieces moulees pouvant etre fabriquees a partir de cette matiere et utilisation de ladite matiere | |
EP0327700A1 (fr) | Masses à mouler formées d'un polyamide aromatique thermoplastique façonnable | |
DE1720255A1 (de) | Polyimin/Polycarbonsaeureamid-Pfropfpolymerisate | |
EP2128198B1 (fr) | Procédé de préparation de polyamides en utilisant des acides carboxyliques et des amides | |
WO2014114721A1 (fr) | Dérivés de 4-n-aminopipéridine (disubstituée) comme additifs pour des masses de moulage de polyamide et leur utilisation | |
DE1273742B (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Faeden und Fasern aus Polyamiden | |
DE19854421B4 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polyamid-6 für Spinnzwecke | |
EP3328916B1 (fr) | Polyamide résistant au feu comme produit de réaction d'un lactame, procédé de sa fabrication et son utilisation | |
DE60112308T2 (de) | Copolyamide und zusammensetzungen auf basis dieser copolyamide | |
DE2311982C3 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung von homogenen modifizierten Polycaprolactamen und deren Verwendung für Fäden und Fasern | |
DE2449664A1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von polyamiden | |
DE19722135A1 (de) | Witterungsstabile Polyamide und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung | |
DE10238319B4 (de) | Verfahren zur Reduktion der Rückbildung von Caprolactam in Polycaprolactam | |
DE102009005967A1 (de) | Licht- und wärmestabilisierte Polyamide und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung | |
DD297173A5 (de) | Polyamidzusammensetzung | |
EP0409115A2 (fr) | Polymères greffés thermoplastiques transformables | |
DE3917926C2 (fr) | ||
DE2402930A1 (de) | Polyamidstoffzusammensetzung | |
EP1333049A2 (fr) | Procédé de préparation de polyamide 6 stabilisé | |
DE2642980A1 (de) | Tiefanfaerbende polycaprolactamfasern und -faeden | |
DE1570936A1 (de) | Faserbildende synthetische lineare Polycarbonamide und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung | |
DE1719226C3 (de) | Synthetische Harzmassen und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 201480006196.3 Country of ref document: CN |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 14701198 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 201591060 Country of ref document: EA |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 20157019718 Country of ref document: KR Kind code of ref document: A |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2015554146 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 14763086 Country of ref document: US |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 14701198 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |