WO2013161835A1 - Layered-body detachment-testing method and detachment-testing device - Google Patents
Layered-body detachment-testing method and detachment-testing device Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013161835A1 WO2013161835A1 PCT/JP2013/061956 JP2013061956W WO2013161835A1 WO 2013161835 A1 WO2013161835 A1 WO 2013161835A1 JP 2013061956 W JP2013061956 W JP 2013061956W WO 2013161835 A1 WO2013161835 A1 WO 2013161835A1
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- laminate
- reflected wave
- reflections
- peeling
- echo height
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/07—Analysing solids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B17/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
- G01B17/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations for measuring thickness
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
- G01N29/48—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor by amplitude comparison
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/023—Solids
- G01N2291/0231—Composite or layered materials
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/044—Internal reflections (echoes), e.g. on walls or defects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/26—Scanned objects
- G01N2291/269—Various geometry objects
- G01N2291/2695—Bottles, containers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a laminate peel inspection method and a peel inspection apparatus.
- the present invention relates to an inspection method and a peeling inspection apparatus.
- Patent Document 1 as an example of a laminated body, a method for inspecting the peeling of the lining without stopping the operation has been proposed.
- an ultrasonic pulse is incident from the outside of the pipe, the attenuation rate of each reflection echo between the inner circumferential surface of the lining inside the pipe and the pipe body is calculated, and the presence or absence of peeling is investigated.
- the conventional method does not refer to a lining having a multilayer structure composed of a lining material and an adhesive layer, but when the adhesive layer and the lining material are both peeled from the plate material, the above method is used to estimate the peeling. May be possible.
- the lining material may peel off, and the adhesive layer may remain on the plate body.
- the difference between the portion where only the adhesive layer remains and the healthy portion is not clear, and it is difficult to detect the separation of only the lining material.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a laminate peel inspection method and a peel inspection apparatus that can easily detect delamination of a laminate while being simple.
- the laminate peel inspection method is characterized in that an ultrasonic wave is incident from a probe disposed on one side of a laminate in which a plurality of members are laminated and multiple reflected waves are received.
- the multiple reflected waves are received in advance in the sound part and the simulated peel part of the laminate, respectively,
- the number of reflections of the reflected wave with which the difference between the echo height of the echo and the echo height of the multiple reflected wave at the simulated peeling part is a predetermined value or more is obtained, and the multiple reflected wave is received at the inspection part of the laminate,
- the presence or absence of the delamination is inspected.
- the echo height (signal intensity) of the reflected wave reflected at the interface of the laminate to be inspected is, for example, the presence or absence of a coating film, its thickness, the contact state of the probe with the flaw detection surface, the flaw detection surface and the interface. It fluctuates depending on factors such as surface roughness and material in the peeled part. Therefore, if attention is paid only to the attenuation factor and attenuation curve of the entire multiple reflected wave, it may be difficult to clearly distinguish the signal from the healthy part and the signal from the separation part due to the fluctuation due to the above factors.
- the echo height of the reflected wave includes fluctuation (variation) due to the above various factors.
- the multiple reflected waves are received in the healthy part and the simulated peeling part of the laminate, respectively, and the difference between the echo height of the multiple reflected wave in the healthy part and the echo height of the multiple reflected wave in the simulated peeling part is a predetermined value or more. Find the number of reflections of the reflected wave.
- the number of reflections of the reflected wave with the echo height difference equal to or greater than a predetermined value is obtained, and the echo height of the reflected wave of the inspection unit having the same number of reflections as the echo height of the reflected wave of the healthy part with the obtained number of reflections. And the variation due to the above factors can be eliminated, and the presence or absence of peeling can be detected with high accuracy.
- the laminate may include a coating film on the one side, and the predetermined value may be a value obtained by subtracting a fluctuation value of the echo height due to a film thickness of the coating film from the difference in the echo height.
- the echo height of the reflected wave includes a variation due to the film thickness of the coating film. Therefore, if the echo height of the reflected wave of the healthy part with the number of reflections obtained in advance is compared with the echo height of the reflected wave of the inspection part with the same number of reflections, the fluctuation of the echo height due to the coating film thickness is eliminated. Even if the film thickness varies, the presence or absence of peeling can be detected with high accuracy.
- the predetermined value may be a value obtained by excluding a fluctuation value of the echo height due to a contact state of the probe with the stacked body from the difference in the echo height.
- the echo height of the reflected wave includes a variation due to the contact state of the probe. Therefore, if the echo height of the reflected wave of the healthy part with the number of reflections obtained in advance is compared with the echo height of the reflected wave of the inspection part with the same number of reflections, the fluctuation of the echo height due to the contact state of the touch element is eliminated. Even if the contact state varies, the presence or absence of peeling can be detected with high accuracy.
- the plurality of members include at least a first member located on the one side and a second member provided on the first member, and the first member is an acoustic impedance of the second member. It is made of a smaller material, and in advance, the phase of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the healthy part is obtained, the phase of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the inspection part is obtained, and the delamination is performed by comparing these phases. You may make it test
- the first member is made of a material that is smaller than the acoustic impedance of the second member.
- part of the ultrasonic waves that reach the interface between the first member and the second member is reflected at the interface due to the difference in acoustic impedance.
- FIG. 5B when a peeling portion exists, the ultrasonic wave that reaches the interface is substantially reflected by the peeling portion and does not pass through the first member.
- the acoustic impedance of the first member is smaller than the acoustic impedance of the second member, and the acoustic impedance of the air constituting the peeling portion is even smaller. Therefore, phase inversion occurs due to the presence of the peeling portion. Therefore, it is possible to detect peeling at the interface by paying attention to the phase inversion between the healthy part and the inspection part.
- the plurality of members include at least a first member located on the one side, a second member provided on the first member, and an adhesive layer that closely contacts these members, You may make it test
- peeling exists at the interface between the first member and the adhesive layer for example, as shown in FIG. 6, the echo heights of these reflected waves are greatly different. Therefore, if the echo height of the reflected wave of the healthy part with the number of reflections obtained in advance is compared with the echo height of the reflected wave of the inspection part with the same number of reflections, the separation of the interface at the interface is detected due to the difference in echo height. It becomes possible.
- the propagation time of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the healthy part is obtained in advance
- the propagation time of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the inspection part is obtained
- the adhesive layer and the The presence or absence of delamination at the interface with the second member may be inspected.
- peeling exists at the interface between the second member and the adhesive layer, it has been found that, for example, as shown in FIG. Therefore, if the propagation time of the reflected wave of the healthy part with the number of reflections obtained in advance is compared with the propagation time of the reflected wave of the inspection part with the same number of reflections, it is possible to detect separation at the interface due to the deviation of the propagation time. It becomes.
- the first member may be a steel material
- the second member may be made of a fluororesin lining material.
- the adhesive layer may be configured with an adhesive and a glass cloth that adheres the fluororesin lining material to the steel material.
- the laminate is, for example, a liquid container tank.
- the laminate may have a curved surface.
- the ultrasonic wave is scattered and reflected on the curved surface, it is greatly attenuated. Since attention is paid to the echo height of the reflected wave having the preset number of reflections, the attenuation of the ultrasonic wave according to the curvature of the curved surface is canceled out. Therefore, even if the laminate is a curved surface, a result equivalent to the peel inspection on a flat surface can be obtained.
- the echo height of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the inspection part is smaller than the echo height of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the sound part, it is determined that corrosion exists in a part of the delamination. Also good.
- the peeled portion is corroded, the ultrasonic wave is scattered and reflected on the corroded surface, and is greatly attenuated. Therefore, if the echo height of the reflected wave of the healthy part with the number of reflections obtained in advance is compared with the echo height of the reflected wave of the inspection part with the same number of reflections, in addition to the presence or absence of peeling due to the difference in echo height, It becomes possible to detect the presence or absence of corrosion of the part.
- the probe may be a split type probe.
- the focal point By adjusting the focal point to an appropriate distance, the attenuation due to the roughness of the interface can be increased, and the signal from the healthy part and the signal from the corroded part can be more clearly distinguished. In this case, the focal point does not have to be aligned with the interface.
- the laminate peel inspection apparatus is characterized by a probe that receives ultrasonic waves from one side of a laminate in which a plurality of members are laminated and receives multiple reflected waves;
- the signal processing device preliminarily includes a sound part and a simulation of the laminate.
- Each of the multiple reflected waves is received at the peeling unit, and the number of reflections of the reflected wave at which the difference between the echo height of the multiple reflected waves at the healthy portion and the echo height of the multiple reflected waves at the simulated peeling unit is a predetermined value or more is obtained.
- the multi-reflection wave is received by the inspection unit of the laminate, and the echo height of the reflection wave of the number of reflections in the inspection unit is compared with the echo height of the reflection wave of the number of reflections in the healthy part. It is to inspect the presence or absence of the delamination by.
- the signal processing device may generate a scanned image by multiple reflected waves received by scanning the probe.
- Examples of the scanned image include a B-scan image and a C-scan image.
- the probe may be a single-element probe or a two-element probe.
- the laminate peel inspection method and peel inspection apparatus According to the characteristics of the laminate peel inspection method and peel inspection apparatus according to the present invention, it is possible to detect the delamination of the laminate clearly while being simple.
- FIG. 9 is a view corresponding to FIG. 3 in each test body of the laminate shown in FIG. 8.
- FIG. 9 is a view corresponding to FIG. 4 in each test body of the laminate shown in FIG. 8.
- FIG. 9 is a view corresponding to FIG. 5 in each test body of the laminate shown in FIG. 8.
- FIG. 9 is a view corresponding to FIG. 7 in each test body of the laminate shown in FIG. 8.
- FIG. 3 is a view corresponding to FIG. 2 according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a view corresponding to FIG. 3 according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a view corresponding to FIG. 4 according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5A is a diagram corresponding to FIG.
- FIG. 5A is a view corresponding to FIG. 6 according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a view corresponding to FIG. 2 according to a third embodiment of the present invention. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the film thickness of a coating film, and echo height. It is a figure which shows the fluctuation
- FIG. 23 is a view corresponding to FIG. 22 showing a modified example of the present invention.
- a first member 20 and a second member 30 as a plurality of members are roughly stacked via a thin layer 40.
- a probe 2 that receives ultrasonic waves from one side 11 (surface 21) of the laminate 10 and receives multiple reflected waves, and a signal processing device 3 that processes and evaluates the received multiple reflected waves are provided.
- the signal processing device 3 is constituted by a personal computer, for example.
- a position detector 2 a such as an encoder for detecting a scanning position is attached to the probe 2 and is connected to the signal processing device 3.
- a coating film 50 is formed on one side 11 of the laminate 10 (the surface 21 of the first member 20).
- the signal processing device 3 controls the pulsar 4a to generate an ultrasonic pulse from the probe 2.
- the transmitted ultrasonic pulse passes through (or is transmitted through) the first and second members 20 and 30 and the thin layer 40, is reflected by the interfaces F 1 and F 2, and is received by the probe 2.
- the received multiple reflected waves are amplified by the receiver 4b and the preamplifier 5, and converted into a digital signal by the A / D converter 7 with the noise removed by the filter 6.
- signal processing is performed by the signal processing device 3 and displayed on the monitor 8. For example, as shown in FIGS. 3, 4, and 6, the monitor 8 displays a graph in which the horizontal axis is a time axis representing the propagation distance and the vertical axis is the intensity of the reflected wave.
- the signal processing device 3 processes the received signal together with the scanning position data of the probe 2 detected by the position detector 2 a, generates a scanning image such as a B-scan image or a C-scan image, and displays it on the monitor 8.
- the signal processing device 3 further includes warning means 3a that warns of the presence of peeling.
- the warning means 3a is used when the propagation time in the inspection unit is a predetermined time or more with respect to the propagation time (reference propagation time) in the healthy portion, or the peak value in the inspection portion is the peak value in the healthy portion (reference peak). Warning is given when the value is equal to or greater than a predetermined value. This warning is performed by, for example, a warning sound or a display on the monitor 8.
- the laminate 10 to be inspected in the present embodiment is, for example, a wall portion of a liquid container tank that stores liquid.
- This tank is, for example, a container tank according to the ISO standard.
- the laminate 10 includes a plate material as the first member 20 and a fluororesin lining material as the second member 30 for preventing the plate material 20 from being eroded from the contents. And this fluororesin lining material 30 is adhere
- the plate 20 is made of, for example, a stainless steel plate (SUS plate) having a thickness of 5 mm.
- SUS plate stainless steel plate
- fluororesin lining material 30 for example, a fluororesin lining (PTFE) having a thickness of 3.5 mm is used.
- the adhesive layer 40 in the present embodiment is constituted by an adhesive that adheres a fluororesin lining material 30 (hereinafter simply referred to as “lining material 30”) such as an epoxy resin adhesive to the plate material 20, for example. .
- the thickness is, for example, 0.1 mm or less, and is sufficiently thin with respect to the plate material 20 and the lining material 30.
- the sound velocity of the adhesive layer 40 is 1800 m / s and the frequency of the ultrasonic wave is 5 MHz, the wavelength is 0.36 mm, which is larger than the thickness of the adhesive layer 40.
- the present invention is advantageous for detection of peeling on the upper and lower surfaces 41 and 42 of the adhesive layer 40 having a thickness shorter (thin) than the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave.
- the film thickness of the coating film 50 may have an error (variation) of, for example, about 100 to 500 ⁇ m depending on the construction state and aging.
- FIG. 19 shows an example of the relative variation of the echo height with respect to the coating film thickness.
- the vertical axis represents the relative echo height (dB), and the horizontal axis represents the film thickness ( ⁇ m).
- dB relative echo height
- ⁇ m film thickness
- the echo height is ⁇ about 0.9 dB (90% to 111%, M1 in the figure) for one reflection (B1), 10 times
- the reflection (B10) varies ⁇ about 1.1 dB (88% to 114%)
- the 20th reflection (B20) varies ⁇ about 1.5 dB (84% to 119%, M2 in the figure).
- the echo height varies greatly. For this reason, the signals of the peeled portion and the healthy portion overlap each other, and it may be difficult to distinguish between the two.
- This figure is an example of an epoxy resin, but is not limited to the material of the coating film, and the echo height varies as described above.
- FIG. 20 shows an example of measurement results obtained by changing the thickness of the coating film 50 between 150 ⁇ m and 300 ⁇ m in the sound test specimen E0 simulating the sound part and the simulated peel test specimen E1 simulating the peel part.
- the vertical axis represents the relative echo height (dB), and the horizontal axis represents the number of reflections.
- the echo height fluctuates (varies) at each reflection frequency depending on the film thickness.
- the number of reflections is 8 or less, the fluctuation range r0 of the healthy part and the fluctuation range r1 of the peeling part overlap, so that it is difficult to distinguish the signals of the healthy part and the peeling part.
- the difference between the fluctuation ranges r0 and r1 increases as the number of reflections increases.
- the factor that causes fluctuations in the echo height of the reflected wave is not limited to the thickness of the coating film 50.
- the contact state of the probe 2 with respect to the laminated body 10 is also a factor that varies the echo height.
- FIG. 21 shows an example of measurement results obtained by varying the contact state of the probe 2 for a plurality of different objects (A to E).
- the vertical axis represents the relative echo height (dB).
- the average variation with respect to the contact state was ⁇ 2.5 dB.
- the contact state is a concept including the inclination and pressing force of the probe with respect to the object, the thickness and type of the contact medium, and the like.
- FIG. 22 schematically shows the fluctuation of the echo height including the above fluctuation factors in various specimens.
- the reflected wave signal includes the fluctuation ranges R0 to R2 due to the above various factors.
- the difference between the fluctuation range R0 of the healthy portion and the fluctuation range R1 of the peel portion increases as the number of reflections increases. This is because the sound pressure reflectance of the air present in the peeled portion is almost 1 and does not change so much.
- the sound pressure reflectance at the interface is smaller than 1 in the healthy portion, the difference in the sound pressure reflectance repeats the reflection. This is because it is accumulated and becomes larger. Then, the fluctuation due to the above factors is excluded from the difference in the fluctuation range.
- the peeled portion is corroded.
- the ultrasonic waves are scattered on the corroded surface, the more the corrosion progresses (the larger the surface roughness), the greater the attenuation, and the echo height becomes smaller than that of the healthy part.
- the signal of the simulated peeling test body E2 simulating the corroded portion includes the variation due to the above factors.
- the simulated peel test specimen 2 also obtains the number of reflections that have a difference of a predetermined value or more in advance, and pays attention to the echo height of the reflected wave having a large number of reflections, thereby eliminating the influence of the fluctuation factors.
- the number of reflections in which the echo height of the reflected wave is a difference of a predetermined value or more is obtained, and by comparing the echo height of the reflected wave in the number of times, It is possible to inspect the presence / absence of peeling with high accuracy by eliminating the influence of the fluctuation factors.
- the number of reflections and the predetermined value are not particularly limited as long as various fluctuation factors are eliminated and the signal can be clearly identified.
- the number of reflections may be set to 20 for peeling detection, and the number of reflections may be set to 10 for Z '' greater than a predetermined value Z ′ of 20 for detection of corrosion.
- FIG. 2A shows the behavior of reflection at a healthy portion where the plate material 20, the lining material 30, and the adhesive layer 40 are in close contact with each other and no separation exists.
- a part of the ultrasonic wave incident from the upper surface (front surface) 21 (the container outer surface 11) into the plate material 20 from the probe 2 is an interface between the lower surface (back surface 22) of the plate material 20 and the upper surface 41 of the adhesive layer 40. Reflected at the second interface F2 as shown by reference numeral P2.
- the ultrasonic wave transmitted through the second interface F2 propagates through the adhesive layer 40 and reaches the first interface F1 that is an interface between the lower surface 42 of the adhesive layer 40 and the upper surface 31 of the lining material 30.
- the reflection at the first interface F1 hardly occurs. Therefore, the reflected wave indicated by reference sign P1 is hardly received. Therefore, the reception waveform due to the multiple reflection at the healthy part is mainly formed by the reflected wave P2 from the second interface F2.
- FIG. 2B shows the reflection behavior when peeling occurs at the first interface F1. Since the peeling portion D1 is irrelevant to the reflection of the second interface F2, the peeling portion D1 is reflected at the second interface F2 as indicated by reference numeral P2, similarly to the healthy portion. On the other hand, at the peeling portion D1, an interface between the adhesive layer 40 and the air A is formed. Therefore, unlike the sound part, most of the ultrasonic wave transmitted through the second interface F2 is reflected at the interface between the adhesive layer 40 and the air A as indicated by reference numeral P1 '. Therefore, the reception waveform due to multiple reflection when the peeling portion D1 is present is a waveform obtained by adding the reflected wave P1 'from the peeling portion D1 and the reflected wave P2 from the second interface F2.
- FIG. 2 (c) shows the behavior of reflection when peeling occurs at the second interface F2.
- plate material 20 and the air A is formed. Therefore, most of the ultrasonic waves reaching the second interface F2 are reflected at the interface between the plate member 20 and the air A as indicated by reference numeral P2 ', and no reflected wave is generated at the first interface F1. Therefore, the reception waveform due to multiple reflection in the presence of the peeling portion D2 is formed substantially by the reflected wave P2 'from the peeling portion D2.
- the sound pressure reflectance of the air A of the plate member 20 and the peeling portion D2 is almost 1, and it does not change much even if reflection is repeated.
- the reflected wave P2 of the healthy part is attenuated by reflection at the second interface F2 because the sound pressure reflectance between the plate member 20 and the adhesive layer 40 constituting the second interface F2 is smaller than 1.
- FIG. 23 shows fluctuations in sound pressure reflectance of various materials.
- the vertical axis represents the relative echo height (dB), and the horizontal axis represents the number of reflections.
- dB relative echo height
- the sound pressure reflectivity varies depending on the material, it is smaller than the sound pressure reflectivity 1 of air, and the difference increases as the number of reflections increases. That is, if the material is smaller than the sound pressure reflectance of air, the presence or absence of peeling can be detected.
- a represents air
- b represents water
- c represents a fluororesin
- d represents a hard rubber
- e represents an epoxy resin
- FIG. 3 shows an example of an RF waveform generated by applying a band-pass filter (center frequency 5 MHz) to a signal received by the sound specimen TP0, the first and second peel specimens TP1, TP2.
- FIG. 4 shows a detection waveform corresponding to FIG.
- the sound test body TP0 imitated a sound portion in which the plate material 20, the lining material 30, and the adhesive layer 40 were in close contact with each other.
- the first peel test body TP1 was formed by adhering the plate material 20 and the adhesive layer 40 to simulate the peel portion D1 of the first interface F1.
- the second peel test body TP2 is composed only of the plate material 20 and simulates the peel portion D2 of the second interface F2.
- the vertical axis represents echo height (%)
- the horizontal axis represents propagation time ( ⁇ sec).
- the inventors measured the tendency of attenuation in each of the test specimens. As shown in FIGS. 5A and 5C, it was found that the tendency of attenuation (attenuation coefficient) was larger in the order of the second peel test specimen TP2, the first peel test specimen TP1, and the healthy test specimen TP0. Further, as shown in FIG. 5B, when the attenuation tendency of the healthy specimen TP0 is used as a reference, the sensitivity difference is larger in the second peeling specimen TP2 than in the first peeling specimen TP1, and the damping tendency is larger. I understood that. In FIG. 5A, the vertical axis represents the echo height (dB), and the horizontal axis represents the propagation time ( ⁇ seconds). In FIG. 5B, the vertical axis represents the sensitivity difference (dB), and the horizontal axis represents the number of reflections. The vertical axis
- shaft of FIG.5 (c) shows an attenuation coefficient (dB / mm).
- the mechanism of the above phenomenon is assumed as follows.
- the reflected wave P2 of the sound specimen TP0 is attenuated by reflection at the second interface F2 and transmission to the adhesive layer 40.
- the reflected wave P2 ′ of the second peel test specimen TP2 is less attenuated by reflection than the sound test specimen TP0 because it is reflected by the air A of the peel portion D2.
- the second peel test body TP2 does not transmit to the adhesive layer 40, it is not affected by the attenuation by the adhesive layer 40. Therefore, the attenuation of the second peel test specimen TP2 (peeling part D2) is smaller than that of the healthy test specimen TP0. Therefore, the peeling portion D2 can be detected by comparing the peak values (echo heights) of the reflected waves reflected a plurality of times.
- both the reflected wave P1 'from the peeling portion D1 and the reflected wave P2 from the second interface F2 are added together. Since the reflected wave P1 ′ of the first peel test specimen TP1 is reflected by the air A of the peel part D1, there is little influence of attenuation due to reflection. As shown in FIG. 5, the attenuation of the first peel test specimen TP1 is a healthy test specimen. Less than TP0. Therefore, when the reflection is repeated a plurality of times, the reflected wave P2 is further attenuated and the reflected wave P1 'becomes relatively large.
- the reflected wave P1 ' affects the waveform formation, resulting in a waveform that is shifted in time from the waveform of the healthy specimen TP0.
- This time lag is the thickness of the adhesive layer 40.
- the waveform of the healthy specimen TP0 is formed by the reflected wave P2 from the second interface F2, and does not include the reflected wave P1 from the first interface F1 corresponding to the reflected wave P1 '. Therefore, the peeling part D1 can be detected by comparing the propagation times of the reflected waves reflected a plurality of times.
- the number of reflections with a difference greater than or equal to a predetermined value is obtained in advance, and by paying attention to the echo height and propagation time of the reflected wave of the number of reflections, It has been found that the influence can be eliminated, the waveform distinguishability (visibility) with respect to the healthy portion can be improved, and the separation at the interfaces F1 and F2 can be detected.
- the peak time T1 of the reflected wave that has been reflected a predetermined number of times in the signal waveform S1 is the peak time of the reflected wave that has been repeated the same number of times in the signal waveform S0 of the healthy portion. Appearing later than T0, a time difference ⁇ T occurs. This is because the attenuation of the healthy part is larger than that of the peeling part D1, and when the reflection is repeated a plurality of times, the reflected wave from the peeling part D1 becomes relatively large, and the waveform is shifted in time with respect to the waveform of the healthy part. It is to become.
- the peak time T2 in the signal waveform S2 is substantially the same as the peak time T0 of the healthy portion. This is because any reflected wave is reflected at the second interface F2.
- the echo height H1 as the peak value of the reflected wave obtained by repeating a predetermined number of reflections in the signal waveform S1 is the same number of reflections in the signal waveform S0 of the healthy portion. Although it is slightly larger than the echo height H0 of the repeated reflected wave, there is no great difference.
- the echo height H2 in the signal waveform S2 is clearly protruding and large compared to the echo height H0 of the signal waveform S0 of the healthy portion. This is because in the case of the peeled portion D2 of the second interface F2, the attenuation is less because it is hardly reflected and transmitted by the air A having a higher reflectance than the healthy portion.
- the simulated peeling portion includes a corroded portion in which the peeling portion corrodes.
- a portion corresponding to the healthy portion and a portion corresponding to the peeling portion in the laminate 10 are selected.
- the sound test specimen TP0, the first peel test specimen TP1, and the second peel test specimen TP2 can be used, or other devices and other members corresponding to these test specimens can be used.
- a comparison between a simulated peel test body (contrast test piece) produced by simulating a peeled portion and a location selected as a location corresponding to a healthy portion in the laminate may be used.
- both the “sound part” and the “simulated peeling part” are “parts”, these are “any part of the laminate 10 to be inspected” and “separate from the laminate 10”. Both “test body (piece) and other devices and members corresponding thereto” are included.
- a correction value of an echo height corresponding to the curvature may be obtained to correct the sensitivity.
- the probe 2 is scanned at an appropriate interval along the surface 21 of the plate member 20, and an ultrasonic wave is incident to receive a multiple reflected wave.
- a peak time T and an echo height H are obtained as a propagation time of a reflected wave that has been reflected the same number of times as the number of reflections obtained in advance in the wave. Then, by comparing these peak times and echo heights, the presence or absence of peeling at the first interface F1 between the lining material 30 and the adhesive layer 40 and the peeling at the second interface F2 between the plate material 20 and the adhesive layer 40 are respectively determined. evaluate.
- a predetermined threshold time
- a predetermined threshold value amplitude
- the warning means 3a may warn when the peak value exceeds a predetermined value.
- the multiple reflected waves are processed together with the scanning position data of the probe 2 of the position detector 2a, and for example, a scanning image such as a B-scan image or a C-scan image is generated together with a graph as shown in FIG. May be. The presence or absence of peeling may be displayed on these images.
- the multiplexed signal changes as the probe moves, so that it is difficult to distinguish the signals of the healthy part and the peeled part. Further, in the method of analyzing data after scanning, the analysis processing is enormous, and various factors affect the signal, so that the accuracy is also lowered. On the other hand, according to the present invention, since the number of reflections with a difference of a predetermined value or more is obtained in advance and attention is paid to the echo height of the reflected wave of the number of reflections, signal processing can be easily and easily generated.
- the above-mentioned predetermined number of times is the number of times that the peak time T and the echo height H can be compared with respect to the waveform in the healthy part in consideration of the attenuation coefficient.
- the attenuation tendency in the healthy part is different from the attenuation tendency in the case where the peeling part D exists.
- the echo height of the reflected wave in the sound part such as a test piece is displayed so as to be displayed with an intensity of about 20% of 100% amplitude display.
- inspection part E becomes distinguishable with respect to a healthy part.
- FIGS. 3A and 4A when the number of reflections is small, a clear difference does not appear in the received signal, and it is difficult to identify the signal (identification of sound or peeling).
- the difference in propagation time (distance) of multiple reflected waves increases, the time lag increases, and the signal from the peeled portion of the second interface F2 becomes clear.
- the difference in attenuation is increased and the difference in echo height is also increased, so that the signal from the peeled portion of the first interface F1 becomes clear.
- it is set to about 20 times.
- the sensitivity may be adjusted as appropriate.
- the inventors conducted an experiment to verify the usefulness of the peel inspection method and the peel inspection apparatus according to the present invention. Using each of the test specimens described above, multiple reflected waves were received a plurality of times by the single transducer probe 2 having a center frequency of 5 MHz. FIG. 7 shows a graph comparing the results.
- FIG. 7 (a) is a graph showing the peak time difference of each test specimen based on the earliest peak time in the healthy part.
- the vertical axis represents the peak time difference ( ⁇ seconds).
- ⁇ seconds the peak time difference
- FIG. 7 (b) is a graph comparing the echo height (%) of each specimen.
- the vertical axis represents the echo height (%).
- the second peel test specimen TP2 a clear difference appeared in the peak value.
- the presence or absence of peeling at the second interface F2 can be detected by comparing the peak value of the healthy part and the peak value of the inspection part.
- the inventors also conducted the above test on a test body in which a fluororesin lining (PFA) was used as the lining material 30 ′ and the adhesive layer 40 ′ was composed of an adhesive 33 and a glass cloth 34.
- the experiment was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1.
- FIGS. 12 (a) and 12 (b) the same results as in Example 1 were obtained, and it was found that detection was possible.
- FIGS. 9 to 11 show examples of the RF waveform and the detection waveform and the attenuation coefficient in this specimen. The same results as described above were obtained with this lining material 30 '.
- the laminated body 10 in which the fluororesin lining material 30 (second member) is bonded to the plate material 20 (first member) via the adhesive layer 40 has been described as an example.
- the laminated body 10 as an inspection target is not limited to the one in which the plurality of members 20 and 30 are laminated via the adhesive layer 40.
- delamination can be detected even in the laminated body 10 ′ in which the first member 20 ′ is directly provided with the second member 30 ′.
- the first and second members 20 ′ and 30 ′ are not limited to the materials of the first embodiment.
- the laminated body 10 ′ in the second embodiment includes a first member 20 ′ that constitutes one side 11 ′ of the laminated body 10 ′ serving as an ultrasonic wave incident position, and the first member. It has a two-layer structure consisting of a second member 30 'provided directly on the other side 22' of 20 '.
- FIG. 13 (a) shows the behavior of reflection at a healthy part where the first member 20 'and the second member 30' are in close contact with each other and no separation exists.
- the light is reflected as indicated by reference numeral P3 at the interface F3 which is the interface with the “upper surface 31”.
- the ultrasonic wave transmitted through the interface F3 propagates through the second member 30 ', reaches the lower surface 32' of the second member 30 ', and is reflected as indicated by reference numeral P4. Therefore, the reception waveform due to the multiple reflection at the healthy part is a waveform obtained by adding the reflected wave P3 from the interface F3 and the reflected wave P4 from the lower surface 32 'of the second member 30'.
- FIG. 13B shows the behavior of reflection when peeling occurs at the interface F3.
- the peeling portion D3 an interface between the first member 20 'and the air A is formed. Therefore, most of the ultrasonic waves that reach the interface F3 are reflected at the interface between the first member 20 ′ and the air A as indicated by reference numeral P3 ′, and are reflected on the lower surface 32 ′ of the second member 30 ′. Does not occur. Therefore, the reception waveform due to multiple reflection in the presence of the peeling portion D3 is substantially formed by the reflected wave P3 'from the peeling portion D3.
- FIG. 14 shows an example of an RF waveform generated by applying a band-pass filter (center frequency 5 MHz) to signals received by the healthy test specimen TP0 and the third peel test specimen TP3.
- FIG. 15 shows a detection waveform corresponding to FIG.
- the healthy test body TP0 imitated a healthy part in which the first member 20 ′ and the second member 30 ′ were in close contact with each other.
- the third peel test body TP3 is composed of only the first member 20 ′ and simulates the peel portion D3 of the interface F3.
- the tendency of attenuation is measured in each of the test specimens, as shown in FIG. 16, the tendency of attenuation (attenuation coefficient) is the third peel test for the healthy specimen TP0. It was found to be larger than the body TP3.
- the reflected wave P3 of the sound specimen TP0 is attenuated by reflection at the interface F3 and transmission to the second member 30 '.
- the reflected wave P3 'of the third peel test specimen TP3 is less attenuated by reflection than the sound test specimen TP0 due to reflection by the air A of the peel portion D3.
- the attenuation of the third peel test specimen TP3 (peeling part D3) is smaller than that of the healthy test specimen TP0. Therefore, it is possible to detect the peeling portion D3 by comparing the peak values of the reflected waves that are reflected in the number of reflections obtained in advance.
- the waveform of the healthy specimen TP0 is obtained by adding both the reflected wave P3 from the interface F3 and the reflected wave P4 from the lower surface 32 'of the second member 30'.
- the waveform of the third peel test body TP3 is formed by the reflected wave P3 'from the interface F3, and does not include the reflected wave P4 from the lower surface 32' of the second member 30 '.
- the reflected wave P3 ′ of the third peel test specimen TP3 is reflected by the air A of the peel part D3, so that the influence of attenuation due to the reflection is small. As shown in FIG. 16, the attenuation of the third peel test specimen TP3 is healthy. Less than TP0.
- the reflected wave P3 is further attenuated and the reflected wave P4 becomes relatively large.
- the reflected wave P4 affects the waveform formation, and the waveform of the third peel test specimen TP3 becomes a waveform that is shifted (fastened) with respect to the waveform of the healthy test specimen TP0.
- This time lag is the thickness of the second member 30 '. Therefore, it is possible to detect the peeling portion D3 by comparing the propagation times of the reflected waves reflected after the number of reflections obtained in advance.
- the peak time T3 of the reflected wave that has been reflected a predetermined number of times in the signal waveform S3 is the peak time T0 of the reflected wave that has been repeated the same number of times in the signal waveform S0 ′ of the healthy portion.
- the echo height H3 as the peak value of the reflected wave that has been reflected a predetermined number of times in the signal waveform S3 is the echo height H0 ′ of the reflected wave that has been repeated the same number of times in the signal waveform S0 ′ of the healthy part. Compared to large. This is because in the case of the peeled portion D3, since the light is reflected and hardly transmitted by the air A having a higher reflectance than the healthy portion, the attenuation is small.
- the laminated body 10 ′ composed of the two members 20 ′ and 30 ′
- a difference occurs in the reception signal waveforms (reflected waves) of the healthy part and the peeled part as in the first embodiment. Therefore, by detecting the peak times T and / or echo heights H of the reflected waves reflected in the number of reflections obtained in advance, detection of the peeling portion D3 at the interface between the first member 20 ′ and the second member 30 ′ is performed. Is possible.
- the peak time T is used as a comparison target.
- the phase of the reflected wave is used together with the peak time T or instead of the peak time T. Specifically, the phase of the reflected wave that has been reflected a predetermined number of times in the healthy portion is obtained in advance as a reference phase. And the phase of the reflected wave which repeated the same number of reflections in an inspection part is calculated
- the adhesive layer 40 is made of a material that is smaller than the acoustic impedance of the second member 30.
- a part of the ultrasonic wave incident from the surface 2 (one side 11 of the laminate 10) of the first member 20 from the probe 2 is the same as in the previous embodiment. Reflected at the second interface F2 as indicated by reference numeral P2. The ultrasonic wave transmitted through the second interface F2 is also reflected at the first interface F1 as indicated by reference numeral P1 ′′ due to the difference in acoustic impedance between the adhesive layer 40 and the second member 30.
- the acoustic impedance of air is extremely small and smaller than the acoustic impedance of the adhesive layer 40. Therefore, when the acoustic impedance of the adhesive layer 40 is smaller than the acoustic impedance of the second member 30, the phase is inverted with respect to the signal of the healthy part. That is, since the phase is inverted depending on the presence or absence of the peeling portion D1, it is possible to detect the peeling of the first interface F1 by detecting the presence or absence of the phase inversion. Thus, this embodiment is advantageous when a reflected echo is detected regardless of the presence or absence of peeling at the first interface F1.
- the signal processing device 3 may be provided with warning means 3a that warns when the phase at the inspection unit is reversed with respect to the healthy part.
- the separation at each interface can be detected.
- the peak time T and the echo height H can be compared independently.
- the phase comparison shown in the third embodiment can be performed alone or in combination with the peak time T and / or the echo height H.
- the peak time of the reflected wave is used as the propagation time.
- the propagation time is not limited to the peak time, and for example, a rising (falling) time of the reflected wave or a time exceeding (falling) a predetermined amplitude may be used. That is, the propagation time only needs to be a time at which a time lag can be compared (identified) in each waveform of the healthy part and the inspection part.
- the single-element type probe that is also used for transmission and reception is used as the probe 2.
- a dual element probe in which transmission / reception is a separate unit may be used.
- a 5 MHz probe is used as the probe 2.
- the present invention is not limited to this frequency. However, if the frequency is large, the attenuation is large and the signal is small, and if the frequency is small, the waveform cannot be separated. Therefore, the material and thickness of the adhesive layer 40 may be set in consideration.
- the ultrasonic wave when the ultrasonic wave exceeds the near field limit distance L expressed by the following equation, the ultrasonic wave spreads at a constant directivity angle ⁇ .
- Near field limit distance L (diameter of transducer) squared / (4 ⁇ wavelength) (1)
- Directional angle ⁇ (70 ⁇ wavelength) / (vibrator diameter) (2)
- the ultrasonic wave is less attenuated by spreading. For this reason, it is preferable to use a frequency with a short near field limit distance L and a small directivity angle ⁇ .
- the frequency which is easy to receive to the influence of surface roughness is preferable. From the above points, it is preferable to use a vertical probe having a vibrator diameter of 20 mm and a frequency of 5 MHz. When detecting a corroded portion, a split probe can be used to increase the influence of attenuation due to the roughness of the corroded surface.
- the probe 2 is directly pressed against the surface 21 of the first member 20 to transmit / receive ultrasonic waves.
- the present invention can also be applied to a water immersion method.
- a steel material is used as the first member 20 constituting a part of the laminate 10 to be inspected.
- the first member is not limited to a steel material, and may be an ultrasonic transmission material such as another metal, glass, or resin.
- the laminated body 10 to be inspected is not limited to the container tank as in the first embodiment, and may be a constituent part of a pipe in addition to containers such as other tanks and containers.
- the second member 30 is not particularly limited to a fluororesin as long as it is an ultrasonic transmission material.
- the second member 30 can be various lining materials such as hard rubber and epoxy resin. Applicable. Of course, it is not limited to lining materials. The same applies to the first and second members 20 (20 ') and 30 (30') in the second and third embodiments. That is, the plurality of members may be any combination of different materials and the same materials.
- the laminate 10 is laminated with the first and second members 20 and 30 through the adhesive layer 40.
- the number of members to be laminated is not particularly limited, and may be three or more.
- the adhesive layer 40 only needs to be interposed between at least a part of the plurality of members constituting the laminated body 10, for example, a brazing agent for brazing or one surface layer portion of one adjacent member. It may be an altered part obtained by altering the part. It is possible to detect peeling on the upper and lower surfaces 41 and 42 of the adhesive layer 40.
- a material that approximates the acoustic impedance of a member that is adjacent to the adhesive layer 40 and is located on the side separated from the incident position of the ultrasonic wave can be selected.
- the reflected wave P1 from the interface F1 between the member and the adhesive layer 40 is approximated to be difficult to detect, it is possible to detect the presence or absence of peeling by comparing the propagation time with the healthy part. Because it becomes.
- the case where air is present in the peeling portion has been described as an example, but it is also possible to detect the case where liquid is present in the peeling portion (corrosion portion).
- the difference in sound pressure reflectivity results in a difference in the echo height of the reflected wave as the number of reflections increases. It is possible to distinguish between a healthy part and a peeled part.
- the presence or absence of liquid can also be determined by comparing with the echo height of the simulated peeling portion having air inside.
- the member constituting the target interface for detecting peeling (corrosion) and the material of the liquid it can be detected by the difference in the propagation time of the reflected wave.
- a substantially flat flaw detection surface has been described as an example, but the present invention is also applicable to a laminate having a curved surface.
- the attenuation increases as the number of reflections increases.
- the sound part and the inspection part are both curved surfaces having the same curvature, the influence of the curvature is offset. Therefore, it is possible to detect the presence or absence of peeling in a member having a curved surface such as a pipe.
- the signals of one reflected wave having the number of reflections obtained in advance are compared.
- a plurality of reflected waves may be compared.
- signals before and after the number of reflections obtained in advance may be compared.
- the waveform of the received multiple reflected waves may be displayed.
- the number of reflections having an echo height equal to the echo height of the healthy part at the number of reflections determined in advance is more than a predetermined number of times Y1, Y2 with respect to the number of reflections determined in advance. If it is, peeling (in the case of Y1) or corrosion (in the case of Y2) may be determined.
- the number of reflections of the reflected wave in which the difference between the echo height of the multiple reflected wave in the healthy part and the echo height of the multiple reflected wave in the simulated peeling part is equal to or greater than a predetermined value is obtained in advance.
- the horizontal axis is the number of reflections, but it can be replaced with time.
- the waveform display may be either the entire waveform or a waveform within a predetermined number of times (time).
- the laminated body 10 having the coating film 50 has been described as an example.
- the variation in the film thickness of the coating film 50 is merely an example of the variation factor of the echo height of the reflected wave. Therefore, the laminated body 10 to be inspected is not limited to the one having the coating film 50, and even the laminated body 10 having no coating film 50 can be similarly inspected.
- the present invention is used, for example, as a peeling inspection method and a peeling inspection apparatus for a laminate that inspects peeling at each interface of a thin layer interposed between members in a storage container or piping as a laminate in which a plurality of members are laminated. can do.
- the present invention can be applied to detection of delamination in a dissimilar material laminate such as adhesion between a CFRP material and aluminum and adhesion between aluminum and copper.
- it can be applied to brazing of aluminum and steel, brazing of turbine blades and stellite (heat-resistant alloy), soldering of aluminum.
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Abstract
Description
図1に示すように、本発明の第一実施形態に係る剥離検査装置1は、大略、複数の部材としての第一の部材20、第二の部材30が薄層40を介して積層された積層体10の一側11(表面21)から超音波を入射すると共に多重反射波を受信する探触子2と、受信した多重反射波を処理し評価する信号処理装置3とを備える。この信号処理装置3は、例えば、パーソナルコンピューターにより構成される。また、探触子2には、走査位置を検出するエンコーダ等の位置検出器2aが取り付けると共に、信号処理装置3に接続されている。本実施形態において、積層体10の一側11(第一の部材20の表面21)には、塗装膜50が形成されている。 [Inspection equipment configuration]
As shown in FIG. 1, in the peeling
ここで、本実施形態における検査対象となる積層体10は、例えば液体を保存する液体用コンテナタンクの壁部である。このタンクは、例えばISO規格に準ずるコンテナタンクである。図2に示すように、積層体10は、第一の部材20としての板材と、この板材20を内容物からの侵食を防ぐための第二の部材30としてのフッ素樹脂ライニング材とを有する。そして、このフッ素樹脂ライニング材30が薄層40としての接着剤よりなる接着層により板材20に接着されている。 [Laminate structure]
Here, the laminate 10 to be inspected in the present embodiment is, for example, a wall portion of a liquid container tank that stores liquid. This tank is, for example, a container tank according to the ISO standard. As shown in FIG. 2, the laminate 10 includes a plate material as the
ここで、超音波の挙動と反射波形との関係について説明する。
図2(a)は、板材20、ライニング材30及び接着層40が互いに密着し剥離が存在しない健全部での反射の挙動を示す。探触子2から板材20内部へその上面(表面)21(容器外面11)から入射した超音波は、その一部が板材20の下面(裏面22)と接着層40の上面41との界面となる第二界面F2で符号P2に示す如く反射する。 [Behavior of multiple reflected waves]
Here, the relationship between the behavior of ultrasonic waves and the reflected waveform will be described.
FIG. 2A shows the behavior of reflection at a healthy portion where the
ここで、健全部、剥離部D1及び剥離部D2における受信波形の相違について、図3~5を参照しながら説明する。
図3に健全試験体TP0、第一、第二剥離試験体TP1,TP2にて受信した信号にバンドパスフィルター(中心周波数5MHz)を施して生成したRF波形の一例を示す。また、図4は、図3に対応する検波波形を示す。ここで、健全試験体TP0は、板材20、ライニング材30及び接着層40が互いに密着した健全部を模した。第一剥離試験体TP1は、板材20及び接着層40を接着させ第一界面F1の剥離部D1を模した。第二剥離試験体TP2は、板材20のみで構成し第二界面F2の剥離部D2を模した。図3,4の縦軸はエコー高さ(%)、横軸は伝搬時間(μ秒)を示す。 [Difference in received waveform]
Here, the difference in the received waveform between the healthy part, the peeling part D1, and the peeling part D2 will be described with reference to FIGS.
FIG. 3 shows an example of an RF waveform generated by applying a band-pass filter (
健全試験体TP0の反射波P2は、第二界面F2での反射及び接着層40への透過によって減衰する。一方、第二剥離試験体TP2の反射波P2’は、剥離部D2の空気Aでの反射のため、健全試験体TP0に比べ反射による減衰は小さい。また、第二剥離試験体TP2では接着層40への透過が生じないため、接着層40による減衰の影響を受けない。よって、第二剥離試験体TP2(剥離部D2)の減衰は、健全試験体TP0に比べ小さくなる。従って、複数回反射した反射波のピーク値(エコー高さ)を比較することで剥離部D2の検出が可能となる。 The mechanism of the above phenomenon is assumed as follows.
The reflected wave P2 of the sound specimen TP0 is attenuated by reflection at the second interface F2 and transmission to the
次に、第一、第二界面F1,F2における剥離の検出について、図6を参照しながら説明する。なお、本実施形態において、伝搬時間として、反射波のピーク時間を例に以下説明する。 [Peak time and echo height]
Next, detection of peeling at the first and second interfaces F1 and F2 will be described with reference to FIG. In the present embodiment, the propagation time will be described below by taking the peak time of the reflected wave as an example.
このように、以下の積層体の剥離検査方法により、第一、第二界面F1,F2における剥離の有無を検査することが可能となる。
予め、板材20、ライニング材30及び接着層40が密着した健全部及び模擬剥離部において板材20の表面21から超音波を入射すると共に多重反射波を受信し、図22に示す如く、健全部における多重反射波のエコー高さと模擬剥離部における多重反射波のエコー高さとの差が所定値以上となる反射波の反射回数を求める。そして、その反射回数の反射を繰り返した反射波のピーク時間及びエコー高さを基準伝搬時間としての基準ピーク時間T0及び基準エコー高さとしての基準ピーク値H0として求めておく。なお、模擬剥離部には、剥離の他、剥離部が腐食した腐食部も含まれる。 [Evaluation methods]
Thus, it becomes possible to inspect the presence or absence of peeling at the first and second interfaces F1 and F2 by the following peeling inspection method of the laminate.
In advance, the ultrasonic wave is incident from the
上記第一実施形態において、接着層40を介して板材20(第一の部材)にフッ素樹脂ライニング材30(第二の部材)を接着させた積層体10を例に説明した。しかし、検査対象としての積層体10は、接着層40を介して複数の部材20,30が積層されたものに限られるものではない。例えば、図13に示す第二実施形態の如く、第一の部材20’に第二の部材30’が直接設けられた積層体10’においても、層間剥離の検出が可能である。なお、この第一、第二の部材20’,30’は、上記第一実施形態の材料に限られるものではない。 Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. In the following embodiments, similar members are denoted by the same reference numerals.
In the first embodiment, the
図14に健全試験体TP0、第三剥離試験体TP3にて受信した信号にバンドパスフィルター(中心周波数5MHz)を施して生成したRF波形の一例を示す。また、図15は、図14に対応する検波波形を示す。ここで、健全試験体TP0は、第一の部材20’及び第二の部材30’が互いに密着した健全部を模した。第三剥離試験体TP3は、第一の部材20’のみで構成し界面F3の剥離部D3を模した。 Here, the difference in the received waveform between the healthy part and the peeling part D3 will be described with reference to FIGS.
FIG. 14 shows an example of an RF waveform generated by applying a band-pass filter (
界面F3の剥離部D3の場合、その信号波形S3における所定回数の反射を繰り返した反射波のピーク時間T3は、健全部の信号波形S0’における同回数の反射を繰り返した反射波のピーク時間T0’よりも早く出現し、時間ずれΔT’が生じる。これは、健全部の減衰が剥離部D3よりも大きいため、複数回の反射を繰り返すと、剥離部D3からの反射波が相対的に大きくなり、健全部の波形に対し時間がずれた波形となるためである。 Next, detection of peeling at the interface F3 will be described with reference to FIG.
In the case of the peeling portion D3 of the interface F3, the peak time T3 of the reflected wave that has been reflected a predetermined number of times in the signal waveform S3 is the peak time T0 of the reflected wave that has been repeated the same number of times in the signal waveform S0 ′ of the healthy portion. Appears earlier than ', resulting in a time shift ΔT'. This is because the attenuation of the healthy part is larger than that of the peeling part D3, and when the reflection is repeated a plurality of times, the reflected wave from the peeling part D3 becomes relatively large, and the waveform is shifted in time with respect to the waveform of the healthy part. It is to become.
上記第一、第二実施形態において、比較対象としてピーク時間Tを用いた。しかし、第三実施形態では、ピーク時間Tと共に、又は、ピーク時間Tに代えて反射波の位相を用いる。具体的には、予め、健全部において所定回数の反射を繰り返した反射波の位相を基準位相として求めておく。そして、検査部において同回数の反射を繰り返した反射波の位相を求め、これら位相を比較する。ここで、接着層40は、第二の部材30の音響インピーダンスより小となる材料よりなる。 Finally, the possibilities of yet another embodiment of the present invention will be described.
In the first and second embodiments, the peak time T is used as a comparison target. However, in the third embodiment, the phase of the reflected wave is used together with the peak time T or instead of the peak time T. Specifically, the phase of the reflected wave that has been reflected a predetermined number of times in the healthy portion is obtained in advance as a reference phase. And the phase of the reflected wave which repeated the same number of reflections in an inspection part is calculated | required, and these phases are compared. Here, the
近距離音場限界距離L=(振動子の直径)の2乗/(4×波長)・・・(1)
指向角α=(70×波長)/(振動子の直径)・・・(2)
本発明は、予め求めた反射回数反射した反射波に着目するため、超音波は広がりによる減衰が少ないものが好ましい。そのため、近距離音場限界距離Lが大きく、また指向角αの小さい周波数のものが好ましい。また、腐食部を検出する場合、腐食面の面粗さにより大きく減衰するため、面粗さの影響を受けやすい周波数が好ましい。上記の点から、振動子の直径が20mm、周波数5MHzの垂直探触子を用いるとよい。なお、腐食部を検出する場合、腐食面の面粗さによる減衰の影響を大きくするべく、分割型探触子を用いることもできる。 In general, when the ultrasonic wave exceeds the near field limit distance L expressed by the following equation, the ultrasonic wave spreads at a constant directivity angle α.
Near field limit distance L = (diameter of transducer) squared / (4 × wavelength) (1)
Directional angle α = (70 × wavelength) / (vibrator diameter) (2)
In the present invention, since attention is paid to the reflected wave that has been obtained in advance by the number of reflections, it is preferable that the ultrasonic wave is less attenuated by spreading. For this reason, it is preferable to use a frequency with a short near field limit distance L and a small directivity angle α. Moreover, when detecting a corroded part, since it attenuate | damps largely with the surface roughness of a corroded surface, the frequency which is easy to receive to the influence of surface roughness is preferable. From the above points, it is preferable to use a vertical probe having a vibrator diameter of 20 mm and a frequency of 5 MHz. When detecting a corroded portion, a split probe can be used to increase the influence of attenuation due to the roughness of the corroded surface.
Claims (16)
- 複数の部材が積層した積層体の一側に配置した探触子から超音波を入射すると共に多重反射波を受信し、受信した多重反射波を評価することにより層間剥離の有無を検査する積層体の剥離検査方法であって、
予め、前記積層体の健全部及び模擬剥離部において多重反射波をそれぞれ受信し、前記健全部における多重反射波のエコー高さと前記模擬剥離部における多重反射波のエコー高さとの差が所定値以上となる反射波の反射回数を求め、前記積層体の検査部において多重反射波を受信し、前記検査部における前記反射回数の反射波のエコー高さと前記健全部における前記反射回数の反射波のエコー高さを比較することにより前記層間剥離の有無を検査する積層体の剥離検査方法。 A laminate in which ultrasonic waves are incident from a probe arranged on one side of a laminate in which a plurality of members are laminated, multiple reflected waves are received, and the presence of delamination is evaluated by evaluating the received multiple reflected waves. The peeling inspection method of
In advance, the multiple reflected waves are received in the healthy part and the simulated peeling part of the laminate, respectively, and the difference between the echo height of the multiple reflected wave in the healthy part and the echo height of the multiple reflected wave in the simulated peeling part is a predetermined value or more. The number of reflections of the reflected wave is obtained, the multiple reflected waves are received by the inspection unit of the laminate, and the echo height of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the inspection unit and the echo of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the healthy unit A laminate peeling inspection method for inspecting the presence or absence of the delamination by comparing heights. - 前記積層体は前記一側に塗装膜を備え、前記所定値は、前記エコー高さの差から前記塗装膜の膜厚による前記エコー高さの変動値を除いたものである請求項1記載の積層体の剥離検査方法。 The laminated body includes a coating film on the one side, and the predetermined value is obtained by subtracting a fluctuation value of the echo height due to a film thickness of the coating film from a difference in the echo height. Lamination inspection method.
- 前記所定値は、前記エコー高さの差から前記探触子の前記積層体に対する接触状態による前記エコー高さの変動値を除いたものである請求項1又は2記載の積層体の剥離検査方法。 The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the predetermined value is obtained by excluding a fluctuation value of the echo height due to a contact state of the probe with the laminate from the difference in echo height. .
- 予め、前記健全部における前記反射回数の反射波の伝搬時間を求め、前記検査部における前記反射回数の反射波の伝搬時間を求め、これら伝搬時間を比較することで前記層間剥離の有無を検査する請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の積層体の剥離検査方法。 In advance, the propagation time of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the healthy part is obtained, the propagation time of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the inspection part is obtained, and the presence or absence of the delamination is inspected by comparing these propagation times. The peeling inspection method for a laminate according to any one of claims 1 to 3.
- 前記複数の部材は、前記一側に位置する第一の部材と、この第一の部材に設けられる第二の部材とを少なくとも含み、前記第一の部材は、前記第二の部材の音響インピーダンスより小となる材料よりなり、予め、前記健全部における前記反射回数の反射波の位相を求め、前記検査部における前記反射回数の反射波の位相を求め、これら位相を比較することで前記層間剥離の有無を検査する請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の積層体の剥離検査方法。 The plurality of members include at least a first member located on the one side and a second member provided on the first member, and the first member is an acoustic impedance of the second member. It is made of a smaller material, and in advance, the phase of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the healthy part is obtained, the phase of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the inspection part is obtained, and the delamination is performed by comparing these phases. The laminate peeling inspection method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the presence or absence of the laminate is inspected.
- 前記複数の部材は、前記一側に位置する第一の部材と、この第一の部材に設けられる第二の部材と、これら部材を密着させる接着層とを少なくとも含み、前記第一の部材と前記接着層との界面における層間剥離を検査する請求項1記載の積層体の剥離検査方法。 The plurality of members include at least a first member located on the one side, a second member provided on the first member, and an adhesive layer that closely contacts these members, The delamination inspection method for a laminate according to claim 1, wherein delamination at the interface with the adhesive layer is inspected.
- 予め、前記健全部における前記反射回数の反射波の伝搬時間を求め、前記検査部における前記反射回数の反射波の伝搬時間を求め、これら伝搬時間を比較することで前記接着層と前記第二の部材との界面における層間剥離の有無を検査する請求項6記載の積層体の剥離検査方法。 In advance, the propagation time of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the healthy part is obtained, the propagation time of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the inspection part is obtained, and by comparing these propagation times, the adhesive layer and the second The peel inspection method for a laminate according to claim 6, wherein the presence or absence of delamination at the interface with the member is inspected.
- 前記第一の部材は鋼材であり、前記第二の部材はフッ素樹脂ライニング材である請求項6又は7記載の積層体の剥離検査方法。 The laminate peel inspection method according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the first member is a steel material, and the second member is a fluororesin lining material.
- 前記接着層は、前記鋼材に前記フッ素樹脂ライニング材を接着させる接着剤とガラスクロスとよりなる請求項8記載の積層体の剥離検査方法。 The laminate peel inspection method according to claim 8, wherein the adhesive layer includes an adhesive that bonds the fluororesin lining material to the steel material and a glass cloth.
- 前記積層体は、液体用コンテナタンクである請求項8又は9記載の積層体の剥離検査方法。 The method for inspecting a peel-off of a laminate according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the laminate is a liquid container tank.
- 前記積層体は、曲面を有する請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の積層体の剥離検査方法。 The laminate peel inspection method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the laminate has a curved surface.
- 前記探触子を前記一側に沿って走査すると共に、前記検査部における前記反射回数の反射波のエコー高さに基づいて走査画像を生成する請求項1~11のいずれかに記載の積層体の剥離検査方法。 The laminate according to claim 1, wherein the probe is scanned along the one side and a scanned image is generated based on an echo height of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the inspection unit. Peeling test method.
- 前記検査部における前記反射回数の反射波のエコー高さが、前記健全部における前記反射回数の反射波のエコー高さより小さい場合に、前記層間剥離の一部に腐食が存在すると判定する請求項1~12のいずれかに記載の積層体の剥離検査方法。 2. When the echo height of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the inspection part is smaller than the echo height of the reflected wave of the number of reflections in the healthy part, it is determined that corrosion exists in a part of the delamination. A method for inspecting a peel-off of a laminate according to any one of 12 to 12.
- 前記探触子は、分割型探触子である請求項13記載の積層体の剥離検査方法。 The method according to claim 13, wherein the probe is a split-type probe.
- 複数の部材が積層した積層体の一側から超音波を入射すると共に多重反射波を受信する探触子と、受信した多重反射波を評価する信号処理装置を備え、受信した多重反射波を評価することにより層間剥離の有無を検査する積層体の剥離検査装置であって、
前記信号処理装置は、予め、前記積層体の健全部及び模擬剥離部において多重反射波をそれぞれ受信し、前記健全部における多重反射波のエコー高さと前記模擬剥離部における多重反射波のエコー高さとの差が所定値以上となる反射波の反射回数を求め、前記積層体の検査部において多重反射波を受信し、前記検査部における前記反射回数の反射波のエコー高さと前記健全部における前記反射回数の反射波のエコー高さを比較することにより前記層間剥離の有無を検査する積層体の剥離検査装置。 Equipped with a probe that receives ultrasonic waves and receives multiple reflected waves from one side of a stack of multiple members, and a signal processing device that evaluates the received multiple reflected waves, and evaluates the received multiple reflected waves A laminate peeling inspection device for inspecting the presence or absence of delamination by
The signal processing device previously receives multiple reflected waves at the sound portion and the simulated peeling portion of the laminate, and the echo height of the multiple reflected waves at the healthy portion and the echo height of the multiple reflected waves at the simulated peeling portion. The number of reflections of the reflected wave with a difference of not less than a predetermined value is obtained, the multiple reflected waves are received at the inspection unit of the laminate, and the echo height of the reflected wave at the number of reflections at the inspection unit and the reflection at the sound part A delamination inspection apparatus for a laminate that inspects for the presence or absence of delamination by comparing the echo heights of reflected waves. - 前記信号処理装置は、前記探触子を走査して受信した多重反射波により走査画像を生成する請求項15記載の積層体の剥離検査装置。 16. The laminate peeling inspection apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the signal processing device generates a scanned image by using multiple reflected waves received by scanning the probe.
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