WO2013049019A1 - Antenna ligands for dye-sensitized solar cells - Google Patents
Antenna ligands for dye-sensitized solar cells Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013049019A1 WO2013049019A1 PCT/US2012/057047 US2012057047W WO2013049019A1 WO 2013049019 A1 WO2013049019 A1 WO 2013049019A1 US 2012057047 W US2012057047 W US 2012057047W WO 2013049019 A1 WO2013049019 A1 WO 2013049019A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- group
- antenna
- alkyl
- dye
- ligand
- Prior art date
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- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000004417 unsaturated alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- -1 loweralkyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 34
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000002165 photosensitisation Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003504 photosensitizing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 7
- ROEOVWIEALGNLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5h-benzo[b]carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C4=CC=CC=C4NC3=CC2=C1 ROEOVWIEALGNLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003282 alkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001691 aryl alkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- FTMRMQALUDDFQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphtho[2,3-b][1]benzofuran Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C4=CC=CC=C4OC3=CC2=C1 FTMRMQALUDDFQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004103 aminoalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- QZKLZARWTJMZLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-indol-1-ylindole Chemical group C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2N1N1C2=CC=CC=C2C=C1 QZKLZARWTJMZLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000609 carbazolyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3NC12)* 0.000 claims description 3
- TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzofuran Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001041 indolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- UWMISBRPSJFHIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphtho[2,3-b][1]benzothiole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C4=CC=CC=C4SC3=CC2=C1 UWMISBRPSJFHIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- DCWQZPJHHVLHSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethoxypropanenitrile Chemical compound CCOCCC#N DCWQZPJHHVLHSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OOWFYDWAMOKVSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methoxypropanenitrile Chemical compound COCCC#N OOWFYDWAMOKVSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005599 alkyl carboxylate group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005600 alkyl phosphonate group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- KVNRLNFWIYMESJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyronitrile Chemical compound CCCC#N KVNRLNFWIYMESJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003495 polar organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001725 pyrenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002094 self assembled monolayer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013545 self-assembled monolayer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims 4
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 8
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 6
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)Cl IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000001316 cycloalkyl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000001188 haloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 0 *c1c(*)c(*)nc(-c2nc(*)c(*)c(*)c2*)c1* Chemical compound *c1c(*)c(*)nc(-c2nc(*)c(*)c(*)c2*)c1* 0.000 description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical group C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=CC2=C1 SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrolidine Chemical group C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzopyrazine Natural products N1=CC=NC2=CC=CC=C21 XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005281 excited state Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000000592 heterocycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Chemical group C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000434 metal complex dye Substances 0.000 description 3
- LAXRNWSASWOFOT-UHFFFAOYSA-J (cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ru+2].[Ru+2].CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1.CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 LAXRNWSASWOFOT-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 2
- UWYZHKAOTLEWKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CNCCC2=C1 UWYZHKAOTLEWKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LBUJPTNKIBCYBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCCNC2=C1 LBUJPTNKIBCYBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzothiophene Chemical group C1=CC=C2SC=CC2=C1 FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FXPLCAKVOYHAJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-carboxypyridin-2-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C=2)C(O)=O)=C1 FXPLCAKVOYHAJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBPGPQJFYXNFKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-2-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)pyridine Chemical compound CC1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C)C=2)=C1 NBPGPQJFYXNFKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDCGOANMDULRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7H-purine Chemical compound N1=CNC2=NC=NC2=C1 KDCGOANMDULRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical group N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Chemical group C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperazine Chemical group C1CNCCN1 GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperidine Chemical group C1CCNCC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical group C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical group C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical group C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical group C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical group C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004442 acylamino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004423 acyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000006323 alkenyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000003302 alkenyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000006319 alkynyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005133 alkynyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000002102 aryl alkyloxo group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000001769 aryl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzothiazole Chemical group C1=CC=C2SC=NC2=C1 IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000000 cycloalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000006310 cycloalkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005112 cycloalkylalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005283 ground state Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000004438 haloalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004476 heterocycloamino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004470 heterocyclooxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 238000005580 one pot reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- PXQLVRUNWNTZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanyl Chemical class [SH] PXQLVRUNWNTZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940124530 sulfonamide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000003456 sulfonamides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 239000005051 trimethylchlorosilane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XTJLXXCARCJVPJ-TWTPFVCWSA-N (2e,4e)-hepta-2,4-diene Chemical compound CC\C=C\C=C\C XTJLXXCARCJVPJ-TWTPFVCWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FNQJDLTXOVEEFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-benzothiadiazole Chemical group C1=CC=C2SN=NC2=C1 FNQJDLTXOVEEFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SLLFVLKNXABYGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-benzoxadiazole Chemical group C1=CC=C2ON=NC2=C1 SLLFVLKNXABYGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-triazine Chemical group C1=CN=NN=C1 JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVOMRRWJQOJMPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-trithiane Chemical group C1CSSSC1 BVOMRRWJQOJMPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LRANPJDWHYRCER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diazepine Chemical group N1C=CC=CC=N1 LRANPJDWHYRCER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CXWGKAYMVASWDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dithiane Chemical group C1CCSSC1 CXWGKAYMVASWDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CIISBYKBBMFLEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-oxazolidine Chemical group C1CNOC1 CIISBYKBBMFLEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CZSRXHJVZUBEGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-thiazolidine Chemical group C1CNSC1 CZSRXHJVZUBEGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FTNJQNQLEGKTGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzodioxole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OCOC2=C1 FTNJQNQLEGKTGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzoxazole Chemical group C1=CC=C2OC=NC2=C1 BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical group C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGYGFUAIIOPWQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-thiazolidine Chemical group C1CSCN1 OGYGFUAIIOPWQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical group C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HPARLNRMYDSBNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzodioxine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC=COC2=C1 HPARLNRMYDSBNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FLBAYUMRQUHISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,8-naphthyridine Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CN=C21 FLBAYUMRQUHISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BAXOFTOLAUCFNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=NNC2=C1 BAXOFTOLAUCFNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indene Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=CC2=C1 YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003562 2,2-dimethylpentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- RZQQXRVPPOOCQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole Chemical group C1NN=CO1 RZQQXRVPPOOCQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003660 2,3-dimethylpentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- CRAXKQYYMORDPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-carboxypyridin-2-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid;ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru].OC(=O)C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C=2)C(O)=O)=C1.OC(=O)C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C=2)C(O)=O)=C1 CRAXKQYYMORDPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IMSODMZESSGVBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Oxazoline Chemical group C1CN=CO1 IMSODMZESSGVBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXGVMFHEKMGWMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-benzofuran Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=COC=C21 UXGVMFHEKMGWMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LYTMVABTDYMBQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-benzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CSC=C21 LYTMVABTDYMBQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004974 2-butenyl group Chemical group C(C=CC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000069 2-butynyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C#CC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000006040 2-hexenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001494 2-propynyl group Chemical group [H]C#CC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- RSEBUVRVKCANEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-pyrroline Chemical group C1CC=CN1 RSEBUVRVKCANEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VHMICKWLTGFITH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2H-isoindole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CNC=C21 VHMICKWLTGFITH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MGADZUXDNSDTHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2H-pyran Chemical group C1OC=CC=C1 MGADZUXDNSDTHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEAVXMPFTQROEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-pyrano[3,2-b]pyridine Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C=CCOC2=C1 FEAVXMPFTQROEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ONJRTQUWKRDCTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-thiochromene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CCSC2=C1 ONJRTQUWKRDCTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004975 3-butenyl group Chemical group C(CC=C)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000474 3-butynyl group Chemical group [H]C#CC([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000006041 3-hexenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003469 3-methylhexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- WEQPBCSPRXFQQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazole Chemical group C1CC=NO1 WEQPBCSPRXFQQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUUULVAMQJLDSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-dihydro-1,2-thiazole Chemical group C1CC=NS1 GUUULVAMQJLDSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WEDKTMOIKOKBSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-dihydrothiadiazole Chemical group C1CN=NS1 WEDKTMOIKOKBSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDRVFDDBLLKWRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4H-quinolizine Chemical compound C1=CC=CN2CC=CC=C21 GDRVFDDBLLKWRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWGKIWSDEDZIQQ-WYMLVPIESA-N 9-ethyl-3-[(E)-2-(2-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-3-yl)ethenyl]carbazole Chemical compound C(C)N1C2=CC=CC=C2C=2C=C(C=CC12)/C=C/C=1C(=NC=CC1)C1=NC=CC=C1 GWGKIWSDEDZIQQ-WYMLVPIESA-N 0.000 description 1
- KUCPNYAXVMGUDK-WXUKJITCSA-N 9-ethyl-3-[(e)-2-[2-[4-[(e)-2-(9-ethylcarbazol-3-yl)ethenyl]pyridin-2-yl]pyridin-4-yl]ethenyl]carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC(/C=C/C=4C=C(N=CC=4)C=4N=CC=C(C=4)/C=C/C=4C=C5C6=CC=CC=C6N(C5=CC=4)CC)=CC=C3N(CC)C2=C1 KUCPNYAXVMGUDK-WXUKJITCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGJXVBICNCIWEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-ethylcarbazole-3-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=C2N(CC)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 QGJXVBICNCIWEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005964 Acibenzolar-S-methyl Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- NOWKCMXCCJGMRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aziridine Chemical group C1CN1 NOWKCMXCCJGMRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KYNSBQPICQTCGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzopyrane Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CCOC2=C1 KYNSBQPICQTCGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRYCSMQKUKOKBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Imidazolidine Chemical group C1CNCN1 WRYCSMQKUKOKBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003827 NRaRb Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxazole Chemical group C1=COC=N1 ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WYNCHZVNFNFDNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxazolidine Chemical group C1COCN1 WYNCHZVNFNFDNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Chemical group C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazole Chemical group C=1C=NNC=1 WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical group C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DPOPAJRDYZGTIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrazine Chemical group C1=CN=NN=N1 DPOPAJRDYZGTIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiazole Chemical group C1=CSC=N1 FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009102 absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005119 alkyl cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XYOVOXDWRFGKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N azepine Chemical group N1C=CC=CC=C1 XYOVOXDWRFGKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002393 azetidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003828 azulenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- RFRXIWQYSOIBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzarone Chemical group CCC=1OC2=CC=CC=C2C=1C(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RFRXIWQYSOIBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003785 benzimidazolyl group Chemical group N1=C(NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002527 bicyclic carbocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WCZVZNOTHYJIEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cinnoline Chemical compound N1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 WCZVZNOTHYJIEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001995 cyclobutyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000582 cycloheptyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000640 cyclooctyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001559 cyclopropyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229930007927 cymene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- LOZWAPSEEHRYPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dithiane Chemical group C1CSCCS1 LOZWAPSEEHRYPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004992 haloalkylamino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazoline Chemical group C1CN=CN1 MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003392 indanyl group Chemical group C1(CCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003454 indenyl group Chemical group C1(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N indole Natural products CC1=CC=CC2=C1C=CN2 PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolenine Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=NC2=C1 RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HOBCFUWDNJPFHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolizine Chemical compound C1=CC=CN2C=CC=C21 HOBCFUWDNJPFHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWVMLCQWXVFZCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoindoline Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CNCC2=C1 GWVMLCQWXVFZCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- ZLTPDFXIESTBQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N isothiazole Chemical group C=1C=NSC=1 ZLTPDFXIESTBQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CTAPFRYPJLPFDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoxazole Chemical group C=1C=NOC=1 CTAPFRYPJLPFDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004768 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003136 n-heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001971 neopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxadiazole Chemical group C1=CON=N1 WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DTHHUAXKOMWYBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxadiazolidine Chemical group C1CONN1 DTHHUAXKOMWYBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001820 oxy group Chemical group [*:1]O[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- LFSXCDWNBUNEEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalazine Chemical compound C1=NN=CC2=CC=CC=C21 LFSXCDWNBUNEEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- USPWKWBDZOARPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazolidine Chemical group C1CNNC1 USPWKWBDZOARPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DNXIASIHZYFFRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazoline Chemical group C1CN=NC1 DNXIASIHZYFFRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical group C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Chemical group COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZVJHJDDKYZXRJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrroline Chemical group C1CC=NC1 ZVJHJDDKYZXRJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinazoline Chemical compound N1=CN=CC2=CC=CC=C21 JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001712 tetrahydronaphthyl group Chemical group C1(CCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- RAOIDOHSFRTOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrothiophene Chemical group C1CCSC1 RAOIDOHSFRTOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazole Chemical group C1=CSN=N1.C1=CSN=N1 VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RLTPJVKHGBFGQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazolidine Chemical group C1CSNN1 RLTPJVKHGBFGQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBDKQYKMCICBOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiazoline Chemical group C1CN=CS1 CBDKQYKMCICBOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BRNULMACUQOKMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiomorpholine Chemical group C1CSCCN1 BRNULMACUQOKMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- IBBLKSWSCDAPIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiopyran Chemical group S1C=CC=C=C1 IBBLKSWSCDAPIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000001429 visible spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B57/00—Other synthetic dyes of known constitution
- C09B57/10—Metal complexes of organic compounds not being dyes in uncomplexed form
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
- C07F15/0046—Ruthenium compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B23/00—Methine or polymethine dyes, e.g. cyanine dyes
- C09B23/10—The polymethine chain containing an even number of >CH- groups
- C09B23/105—The polymethine chain containing an even number of >CH- groups two >CH- groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B57/00—Other synthetic dyes of known constitution
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/341—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes
- H10K85/344—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes comprising ruthenium
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention concerns antenna ligands for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), metal complexes and solar cells containing the same, and methods of making the same.
- DSSCs dye-sensitized solar cells
- Dye-sensitized solar cells are regenerative photo-electrochemical cells comprising a photoanode, a counter-electrode, and an electrolyte positioned between these electrodes.
- the principle components of DSSCs are a photosensitizing dye, an electrolyte ⁇ e.g., I7I 3 " ), and a semiconductor, typically in the nanocrystalline form ⁇ e.g., Ti0 2 ).
- the photoanode is sensitized by the dye or pigment. See, e.g., US Patent Nos. 5,350,644 to Graetzel et al. and 7,932,404 to Zakeeruddin et al.
- the solar-to-electric conversion of the cell is dependent on the number of photons harvested across the solar radiation spectrum, and the electron injection from the sensitizer into the semiconductor, which is controlled by the redox potentials of both the sensitizer and electrolyte and the location of the conduction band edge of the semiconductor with respect to the LUMO of the sensitizer, respectively.
- the cell when the cell is exposed to a light source, electrons are excited from the ground state of the sensitizer to its excited state, then injected into the conduction band of Ti0 2 as shown in Figure 1.
- the photosensitizing dye is adsorbed on the photoanode ⁇ e.g., nanocrystalline Ti0 2 ) and is in contact with the electrolyte.
- the photosensitizing dye is adsorbed on the photoanode ⁇ e.g., nanocrystalline Ti0 2 ) and is in contact with the electrolyte.
- not all injected electrons into the conduction band of Ti0 2 travel forward to the transporting electrode to the outside circuit to the counter electrode owing to possible charge recombinations at the interfaces between the injected electron/oxidized state of the sensitizer and/or injected electron/electrolyte.
- Photosensitizing dyes can be metal-free or metal-complex dyes.
- Metal complex dyes are known to exhibit significantly better photostability and solar-to-electric conversion compared to metal -free dyes.
- Metal-complex dyes such as ruthenium-based are known to outperform other transition metals including Cu, Fe, and Os.
- the anchoring ligand serves to secure the chromophore to the photoanode, and the antenna ligand serves to enhance light harvesting across a wider range of the solar radiation spectrum and to significantly improve the molar absorptivity for efficient light to electrical energy.
- a first aspect of the invention is also an antenna ligand for use in dye-sensitized solar cells.
- the antenna ligands are, in general, bidentate or tridentate heteroaromatic metal chelating compounds having at least one (e.g. one, two, three or four) independently selected antenna group substituted thereon, each antenna group being an independently selected substituent of the formula -R' ⁇ Ar' -R' 2 -Ar' 2 , wherein:
- Ar' is an aromatic group
- R' 2 is a covalent bond or a CI to CI 5 linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl
- Ar' 2 is an aromatic group.
- a second aspect of the invention is also an antenna ligand for use in dye-sensitized solar cells.
- the antenna ligands are, in general, bidentate or tridentate heteroaromatic metal chelating compounds having at least one (e.g. one, two, three or four) independently selected antenna group substituted thereon, each antenna group being an independently selected substituent of the formula -R'i-Ar', wherein:
- Ar' is a heteroaromatic group.
- a further aspect of the invention is metal chelates comprising antenna ligands as described above, and in further detail below.
- a still further aspect of the invention is dye-sensitized solar cells comprising or containing antenna ligands, or metal chelates, as described above, and described in further detail below.
- FIG. 1 Schematic representation of the various components of dye-sensitized nanocrystalline semiconductor solar cell.
- Aliphatic group as used herein includes, but is not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl groups, and combinations thereof such as alkylcycloalkyl; cycloalkylalkyl; etc.
- Alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 2,2- dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, and the like.
- Lower alkyl as used herein, is a subset of alkyl, in some embodiments preferred, and refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- Representative examples of lower alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, and the like.
- akyl or “loweralkyl” is intended to include both substituted and unsubstituted alkyl or loweralkyl unless otherwise indicated and these groups may be substituted with groups selected from halo (e.g., haloalkyl), alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy (thereby creating a polyalkoxy such as polyethylene glycol), alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, haloalkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkyloxy, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, heterocyclooxy, heterocyclolalkyloxy, mercapto, alkyl-S(0) m , haloalkyl-S(0) m , alkenyl-S(0) m , al
- alkenyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (or in loweralkenyl 1 to 4 carbon atoms) which include 1 to 4 double bonds in the normal chain.
- alkenyl include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 4- pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 2,4-heptadiene, and the like.
- alkenyl or “loweralkenyl” is intended to include both substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl or loweralkenyl unless otherwise indicated and these groups may be substituted with groups as described in connection with alkyl and loweralkyl above.
- Alkynyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (or in loweralkynyl 1 to 4 carbon atoms) which include 1 triple bond in the normal chain.
- Representative examples of alkynyl include, but are not limited to, 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2- butynyl, 4-pentynyl, 3- pentynyl, and the like.
- alkynyl or “loweralkynyl” is intended to include both substituted and unsubstituted alkynyl or loweralknynyl unless otherwise indicated and these groups may be substituted with the same groups as set forth in connection with alkyl and loweralkyl above.
- Cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing from 3, 4 or 5 to 6, 7 or 8 carbons (which carbons may be replaced in a heterocyclic group as discussed below).
- Representative examples of cycloalkyl include, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. These rings may be optionally substituted with additional substituents as described herein such as halo or loweralkyl.
- the term “cycloalkyl” is generic and intended to include heterocyclic groups as discussed below unless specified otherwise.
- Heterocyclic group refers to an aliphatic (e.g., fully or partially saturated heterocyclo) or aromatic (e.g., heteroaryl) monocyclic- or a bicyclic-ring system.
- Monocyclic ring systems are exemplified by any 5 or 6 membered ring containing 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. The 5 membered ring has from 0-2 double bonds and the 6 membered ring has from 0-3 double bonds.
- monocyclic ring systems include, but are not limited to, azetidine, azepine, aziridine, diazepine, 1 ,3-dioxolane, dioxane, dithiane, furan, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, isothiazole, isothiazoline, isothiazolidine, isoxazole, isoxazoline, isoxazolidine, morpholine, oxadiazole, oxadiazoline, oxadiazolidine, oxazole, oxazoline, oxazolidine, piperazine, piperidine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrrole, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, tetraz
- Bicyclic ring systems are exemplified by any of the above monocyclic ring systems fused to an aryl group as defined herein, a cycloalkyl group as defined herein, or another monocyclic ring system as defined herein.
- Representative examples of bicyclic ring systems include but are not limited to, for example, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzothiophene, benzoxadiazole, benzoxazole, benzofuran, benzopyran, benzothiopyran, benzodioxine, 1 ,3- benzodioxole, cinnoline, indazole, indole, indoline, indolizine, naphthyridine, isobenzofuran, isobenzothiophene, isoindole, isoindoline, isoquinoline, phthalazine, purine, pyranopyridine, quinoline,
- These rings include quaternized derivatives thereof and may be optionally substituted with groups selected from halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, haloalkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkyloxy, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, heterocyclooxy, heterocyclolalkyloxy, mercapto, alkyl-S(0) m , haloalkyl-S(0) m , alkenyl- S(0) m , alkynyl-S(0) m , cycloalkyl-S(0) m , cycloalkylalkyl- S(0) m , aryl-S(0) m , arylalky
- Aryl refers to a monocyclic carbocyclic ring system or a bicyclic carbocyclic fused ring system having one or more aromatic rings.
- Representative examples of aryl include, azulenyl, indanyl, indenyl, naphthyl, phenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like.
- aryl is intended to include both substituted and unsubstituted aryl unless otherwise indicated and these groups may be substituted with the same groups as set forth in connection with alkyl and loweralkyl above.
- Heteroaryl as used herein is as described in connection with heterocyclo above.
- Alkoxy refers to an alkyl or loweralkyl group, as defined herein (and thus including substituted versions such as polyalkoxy), appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxy group, -0-.
- alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy and the like.
- Halo refers to any suitable halogen, including -F, -CI, -Br, and -I.
- Amino as used herein means the radical -NH 2 .
- Alkylamino as used herein alone or as part of another group means the radical - NHR, where R is an alkyl group.
- Arylalkylamino as used herein alone or as part of another group means the radical - NHR, where R is an arylalkyl group.
- Disubstituted-amino as used herein alone or as part of another group means the radical -NR a R b , where R a and R b are independently selected from the groups alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl.
- Antenna groups and antenna ligands are provided.
- a second aspect of the invention is an antenna ligand for use in a dye-sensitized solar cell, the antenna ligand consisting of a bidentate or tridentate heteroaromatic metal-chelating group having at least one (e.g., one, two, three or four) independently selected antenna groups substituted thereon, at least one of said antenna groups (e.g., one, two, three or four) being an independently selected substituent of the formula -RVAr'-RYAr ⁇ , wherein:
- Ar' is an aromatic group
- R' 2 is a covalent bond or a CI to CI 5 linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl
- Ar' 2 is an aromatic group.
- the antenna group has or comprises a "core" bidentate or tridentate heteroaromatic metal-chelating group structure selected from the group consisting of Formulas A-J:
- R 1; R 2 , R 3 , R4, R 5 , R ⁇ ;, R 7 , R 8 , R9, Rio, Rn, R 12 , and R 13 when present, are selected from the group consisting of H, halo, loweralkyl, alkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, ⁇ , ⁇ -dialkylamino, and N,N-diarylamino.
- each Ar' is independently selected from the group consisting of carbazolyl, 5H-benzo[b]carbazole, indolyl, biindolyl, -2-(lH-indol-2-yl)- lH-benzo[fjindole, dibenzo[b,d]thiophene, benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene, dibenzo[b,d]furan, and benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]furan.
- each Ar' 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl, and pyrenyl, and perylenyl.
- the antenna group has the structure:
- the antenna ligand has the structure:
- antenna ligands as described herein are typically complexed with a metal and at least one anchoring ligand.
- such complexes comprise or consist of:
- ( ) a metal selected from the group consisting of Ru, Os, Ir, Re, Rh, and Fe,
- Anchoring ligands of the present invention are, in general, a bidentate or tridentate heteroaromatic metal-chelating group having at least one ⁇ e.g., one, two, three or four) independently selected anchoring groups substituted thereon.
- Anchoring ligands are known and include, but are not limited to, those described in Zakeeruddin et al, PCT Application Publication No. WO 2010/055471.
- Suitable anchoring groups for anchoring ligands include, but are not limited to, -COOH, -P0 3 H 2 , -P0 4 H 2 , -S0 3 H 2 , -S0 4 H 2 , -CONHOH, and deprotonated forms thereof.
- Anchoring ligands for use in complexes of the present invention include, but are not limited to, compounds of Formulas A- J as given above, wherein: from one to four of R ls R 2 , R 3 , R4, R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R9, Rio, Rn, R 12 , and R 13 , when present, are independently selected anchoring groups; and the remainder of R ls R 2 , R 3 , R ⁇ , R 5 , R ⁇ , R 7 , R 8 , R9, Rio, R11, R12, and R 13 , when present, are selected from the group consisting of H, halo, loweralkyl, alkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, ⁇ , ⁇ -dialkylamino, and N,N-diarylamino.
- metal complexes of the present invention include, but are not limited to:
- Dye-sensitized solar cells of the present invention can be prepared from the antenna groups and metal complexes described above in accordance with known techniques or variations thereof that will be apparent to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., US Patent Nos. 5,350,644 to Graetzel et al. and 7,932,404 to Zakeeruddin et al; see also US Patent Nos. 6,479,745; 7,019,209; 7,118,936; 7,126,054; 7,145,071 ; 7,157,788; 7,332,782; and 7,989,691.
- the present invention provides a regenerative photoelectrochemical cell comprising a photoanode, said photoanode comprising at least one semi-conductive metal oxide layer on a conductive substrate, sensitized by a photosensitizing dye, a counter electrode and an electrolyte arranged between said semi-conductive metal oxide layer and said counter electrode, wherein the photosensitizing dye is an organometallic complex as described above.
- an amphiphilic compacting compound whose molecular structure comprises at least one anchoring group, a hydrophobic portion and a terminal group is co-adsorbed with said photosensitizing dye on said semi-conductive metal oxide layer in a mixed monolayer.
- the compacting compound is selected from the group consisting of alkyl carboxylic acids, alkyl dicarboxylic acids, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl phosphonic acids, alkyl phosphonates, alkyl diphosphonic acids, alkyl diphosphonates, alkyl sulphonic acids, alkyl sulphonates, alkyl hydroxamic acids and alkyl hydroxamates, wherein said alkyl is linear or branched from CI to C20.
- the molar ratio of said photosensitizing dye to said co- adsorbed compacting compound is of between 10 and 1/2, and in that said self-assembled monolayer is a dense packed monolayer having an order-disorder transition temperature above 80 degree C.
- the length of said hydrophobic chain portion of the compacting compound allows said terminal group to protrude above the sensitizing dye in said monolayer.
- the electrolyte comprises a redox system, that said redox system comprises an electrochemically active salt and a first compound forming a redox couple with either the anion or the cation of said electrochemically active salt, wherein said salt is a room temperature molten salt, said molten salt being liquid at least between standard room temperature and 80 degree C above said room temperature.
- the electrolyte further comprises a polar organic solvent having a boiling point of 100 degree C or greater than 100 degree C at normal atmospheric pressure.
- the solvent is a nitrile selected from 3-methoxypropionitrile 3- ethoxypropionitrile,3-butoxupropionitrile, and butyronitrile.
- the electrolyte further comprises, as an additive, a compound formed by a neutral molecule comprising one or more nitrogen atom(s) with a lone electron pair.
- the antenna ligand for NC-10 was synthesized in a pressure tube containing 4,4'- dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (2g, 0.0108 mol) 9-ethyl-9H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde (4.86g, 0.0217mol) and 0.065mol of trimethylchlorosilane, and a magnetic stirrer bar in 70ml DMF.
- the reaction temperature was raised to 100 °C and allowed to run for 48 hours with continuous stirring. During the course of the reaction, the color of the reaction mixture changed to yellow and turned orange on cooling and release of pressure from the tube.
- the solvent was removed using rotary evaporator, and the orange product was recovered by addition of water and filtration under vacuum to furnish the ancillary ligand in 81% yield.
- Scheme 1 shows a schematic of the synthesis of the antenna ligand for NC-10.
- the Synthesis of NC-10 was carried out in a one-pot three-step reaction, outlined by schematic diagram in Scheme 2.
- the reactions were carried out in a 250 ml reaction flask equipped with a condenser and magnetic stirrer bar under Argon.
- the flask was charged with anhydrous DMF, dichloro-( -cymene)-Ruthenium (II) dimer (0.2g, 3.265xl0 "4 mol) and 4,4'- bis((E)-2-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl) vinyl-2,2'-bipyridine (0.388g, 6.53xl0 _4 mol).
- the reaction mixture was stirred at 90 °C for 4h.
- the antenna ligand for NC-11 was synthesized in a pressure tube containing 4,4'- dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (2g, 0.0108 mol) and 9-benzyl- H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde (6.19g, 0.0217mol) and 0.065mol of trimethylchlorosilane, and magnetic stirrer bar in 70ml DMF.
- the reaction temperature was raised to 100°C and allowed to run for 48 hours with continuous stirring. During the course of the reaction, the color of the reaction mixture changed to yellow and turned orange on cooling and release of pressure from the tube.
- the solvent was removed using rotary evaporator, and the orange product was recovered by addition of water and filtration under vacuum to furnish the ancillary ligand in 84% yield.
- Scheme 3 shows a schematic of the synthesis of the antenna ligand for NC-11.
- the reactions were carried out in a 250 ml reaction flask equipped with a condenser and magnetic stirrer bar under Argon.
- the flask was charged with anhydrous DMF, dichloro-(/?- cymene)-Ruthenium (II) dimer (0.2g, 3.265xl0 "4 mol) and 4,4'-bis(fE 2-(9-benzyl-9H- carbazol-3-yl)vinyl)-2,2'-bipyridine (0.469g, 6.53x10 "4 mol).
- the reaction mixture was stirred at 90 °C for 4h.
- Table 1 shows a comparison between the extinction coefficient of NC-10, NC-11 versus N-719. It is clear that NC-10 harvests more photons, both high and low energetic photons, and hence greater light than NC-10 or N-719 at all wavelengths of maximum absorptions.
- NC-10 and NC-11 were tested against N-719 under the same conditions for incident- photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) conversion, short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) > open-cell photovoltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), and total solar-to-electric conversion ( ⁇ ) under standard illuminating conditions of AMI.5 (lOOmW/cm ).
- IPCE incident- photon-to-current efficiency
- Jsc short-circuit photocurrent density
- Voc open-cell photovoltage
- FF fill factor
- ⁇ total solar-to-electric conversion
- IPCE Performance Figure 2 shows that the IPCE conversion of NC-11 exceeds that of N-719 and NC-10. It should be noted that the IPCE of NC-11 is before device optimization while the IPCE of NC-10 and N-719 were collected after device optimization. It is expected that the IPCE of NC-11 would increase even more after device optimization.
- Table 2 shows the device performance data collected for NC-10 and N-719 after optimization versus that of NC-11 before optimization. It is expected that the ⁇ % of NC-11 should reach ⁇ 11.0 after device optimization.
- v refers to device before optimization
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Abstract
Antenna ligands for use in dye-sensitized solar cells are described. The antenna ligands consist of a bidentate or tridentate heteroaromatic metal-chelating group having at least one independently selected antenna group substituted thereon, each antenna group being an independently selected substituent of the formula -R'1-Ar' or -R'1-Ar'-R2-Ar'2, wherein: R'1 is an aliphatic group of the formula -(CH=CH)n-, where n is from 1 to 3; Ar' is an aromatic group; in some embodiments a heteroaromatic group; R'2 is a covalent bond or a C1 to C15 linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl; and Ar'2 is an aromatic group. Organometallic complexes containing such ligands and dye-sensitized solar cells containing the same are also described.
Description
ANTENNA LIGANDS FOR DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS
Ahmed El-Shafei
Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns antenna ligands for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), metal complexes and solar cells containing the same, and methods of making the same.
Background of the Invention
Dye-sensitized solar cells, or DSSCs, are regenerative photo-electrochemical cells comprising a photoanode, a counter-electrode, and an electrolyte positioned between these electrodes. The principle components of DSSCs are a photosensitizing dye, an electrolyte {e.g., I7I3 "), and a semiconductor, typically in the nanocrystalline form {e.g., Ti02). The photoanode is sensitized by the dye or pigment. See, e.g., US Patent Nos. 5,350,644 to Graetzel et al. and 7,932,404 to Zakeeruddin et al.
The solar-to-electric conversion of the cell is dependent on the number of photons harvested across the solar radiation spectrum, and the electron injection from the sensitizer into the semiconductor, which is controlled by the redox potentials of both the sensitizer and electrolyte and the location of the conduction band edge of the semiconductor with respect to the LUMO of the sensitizer, respectively. In one non-limiting example, when the cell is exposed to a light source, electrons are excited from the ground state of the sensitizer to its excited state, then injected into the conduction band of Ti02 as shown in Figure 1.
The photosensitizing dye is adsorbed on the photoanode {e.g., nanocrystalline Ti02) and is in contact with the electrolyte. However, not all injected electrons into the conduction band of Ti02 travel forward to the transporting electrode to the outside circuit to the counter electrode owing to possible charge recombinations at the interfaces between the injected electron/oxidized state of the sensitizer and/or injected electron/electrolyte. Hence, the needs for novel generations of sensitizers that can be molecularly engineered to harvest light across a wide range of the solar radiation spectrum covering the visible and near infra red region up to 1030nm with high optical extinction coefficients coupled with efficient electron injection into the CB and minimum charge recombination(s) are highly desirable.
Photosensitizing dyes can be metal-free or metal-complex dyes. Metal complex dyes are known to exhibit significantly better photostability and solar-to-electric conversion compared to metal -free dyes. Metal-complex dyes such as ruthenium-based are known to outperform other transition metals including Cu, Fe, and Os. They typically consist of Ru and an "anchoring" ligand with or without an "antenna" ligand. The anchoring ligand serves to secure the chromophore to the photoanode, and the antenna ligand serves to enhance light harvesting across a wider range of the solar radiation spectrum and to significantly improve the molar absorptivity for efficient light to electrical energy.
Problems with dye-sensitized solar cells include, but are not limited to, inability to harvest photons across a wide range of the solar radiation spectrum (high and low energetic photons), particularly the red region of visible spectrum, inefficient electron injection from the excited state of the dye into the conduction band edge of the semiconductor (Ti02), and inferior molar absorptivity. Hence, judicious molecular engineering of sensitizers through fine tuning of antenna molecular structure can address all the aforementioned drawbacks for dye sensitized solar cells, so that novel generation of dyes with the oxidation potential of the ground and excited states thermodynamically favorable can be synthesized for dye sensitized solar cells. Accordingly, there is an immediate need for novel generations of antenna ligands for use in the developments of a novel generation of more efficient and robust dyes for dye- sensitized solar cells.
Summary of the Invention
A first aspect of the invention is also an antenna ligand for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. The antenna ligands are, in general, bidentate or tridentate heteroaromatic metal chelating compounds having at least one (e.g. one, two, three or four) independently selected antenna group substituted thereon, each antenna group being an independently selected substituent of the formula -R' ^Ar' -R'2-Ar'2, wherein:
R'i is an aliphatic group of the formula -(CH=CH)n~, where n is from 1 to 3;
Ar' is an aromatic group;
R'2 is a covalent bond or a CI to CI 5 linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl; and
Ar'2 is an aromatic group.
A second aspect of the invention is also an antenna ligand for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. The antenna ligands are, in general, bidentate or tridentate heteroaromatic metal
chelating compounds having at least one (e.g. one, two, three or four) independently selected antenna group substituted thereon, each antenna group being an independently selected substituent of the formula -R'i-Ar', wherein:
R'l is an aliphatic group of the formula -(CH=CH)n-, where n is from 1 to 3; and
Ar' is a heteroaromatic group.
A further aspect of the invention is metal chelates comprising antenna ligands as described above, and in further detail below.
A still further aspect of the invention is dye-sensitized solar cells comprising or containing antenna ligands, or metal chelates, as described above, and described in further detail below.
The present invention is explained in greater detail in the drawings herein and the specification set forth below. The disclosures of all United States patent references cited herein are to be incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the various components of dye-sensitized nanocrystalline semiconductor solar cell.
Figure 2. IPCE for NCIO (dashed line) and NC-11 (dotted line) compared to known dye N719 (dotted/dashed line) (cw-di(thiocyanato)bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'- dicarboxylate)ruthenium(II) or di-tetrabutylammonium cw-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2'- bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato) ruthenium(II)
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments
"Aliphatic group" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl groups, and combinations thereof such as alkylcycloalkyl; cycloalkylalkyl; etc.
"Alkyl" as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 2,2- dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, and the like. "Lower alkyl" as used herein, is a subset of alkyl, in some embodiments preferred, and refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
Representative examples of lower alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, and the like. The term "akyl" or "loweralkyl" is intended to include both substituted and unsubstituted alkyl or loweralkyl unless otherwise indicated and these groups may be substituted with groups selected from halo (e.g., haloalkyl), alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy (thereby creating a polyalkoxy such as polyethylene glycol), alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, haloalkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkyloxy, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, heterocyclooxy, heterocyclolalkyloxy, mercapto, alkyl-S(0)m, haloalkyl-S(0)m, alkenyl-S(0)m, alkynyl-S(0)m, cycloalkyl-S(0)m, cycloalkylalkyl-S(0)m, aryl-S(0)m, arylalkyl-S(0)m, heterocyclo-S(0)m, heterocycloalkyl-S(0)m, amino, carboxy, alkylamino, alkenylamino, alkynylamino, haloalkylamino, cycloalkylamino, cycloalkylalkylamino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heterocycloamino, heterocycloalkylamino, disubstituted-amino, acylamino, acyloxy, ester, amide, sulfonamide, urea, alkoxyacylamino, aminoacyloxy, nitro or cyano where m= 0, 1, 2 or 3.
"Alkenyl" as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (or in loweralkenyl 1 to 4 carbon atoms) which include 1 to 4 double bonds in the normal chain. Representative examples of alkenyl include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 4- pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 2,4-heptadiene, and the like. The term "alkenyl" or "loweralkenyl" is intended to include both substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl or loweralkenyl unless otherwise indicated and these groups may be substituted with groups as described in connection with alkyl and loweralkyl above.
"Alkynyl" as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (or in loweralkynyl 1 to 4 carbon atoms) which include 1 triple bond in the normal chain. Representative examples of alkynyl include, but are not limited to, 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2- butynyl, 4-pentynyl, 3- pentynyl, and the like. The term "alkynyl" or "loweralkynyl" is intended to include both substituted and unsubstituted alkynyl or loweralknynyl unless otherwise indicated and these groups may be substituted with the same groups as set forth in connection with alkyl and loweralkyl above.
"Cycloalkyl" as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing from 3, 4 or 5 to 6, 7 or 8 carbons (which carbons may be replaced in a heterocyclic group as discussed below). Representative
examples of cycloalkyl include, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. These rings may be optionally substituted with additional substituents as described herein such as halo or loweralkyl. The term "cycloalkyl" is generic and intended to include heterocyclic groups as discussed below unless specified otherwise.
"Heterocyclic group" or "heterocyclo" as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers to an aliphatic (e.g., fully or partially saturated heterocyclo) or aromatic (e.g., heteroaryl) monocyclic- or a bicyclic-ring system. Monocyclic ring systems are exemplified by any 5 or 6 membered ring containing 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. The 5 membered ring has from 0-2 double bonds and the 6 membered ring has from 0-3 double bonds. Representative examples of monocyclic ring systems include, but are not limited to, azetidine, azepine, aziridine, diazepine, 1 ,3-dioxolane, dioxane, dithiane, furan, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, isothiazole, isothiazoline, isothiazolidine, isoxazole, isoxazoline, isoxazolidine, morpholine, oxadiazole, oxadiazoline, oxadiazolidine, oxazole, oxazoline, oxazolidine, piperazine, piperidine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrrole, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrazine, tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiadiazoline, thiadiazolidine, thiazole, thiazoline, thiazolidine, thiophene, thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine sulfone, thiopyran, triazine, triazole, trithiane, and the like. Bicyclic ring systems are exemplified by any of the above monocyclic ring systems fused to an aryl group as defined herein, a cycloalkyl group as defined herein, or another monocyclic ring system as defined herein. Representative examples of bicyclic ring systems include but are not limited to, for example, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzothiophene, benzoxadiazole, benzoxazole, benzofuran, benzopyran, benzothiopyran, benzodioxine, 1 ,3- benzodioxole, cinnoline, indazole, indole, indoline, indolizine, naphthyridine, isobenzofuran, isobenzothiophene, isoindole, isoindoline, isoquinoline, phthalazine, purine, pyranopyridine, quinoline, quinolizine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, thiopyranopyridine, and the like. These rings include quaternized derivatives thereof and may be optionally substituted with groups selected from halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, haloalkoxy, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkyloxy, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, heterocyclooxy, heterocyclolalkyloxy, mercapto, alkyl-S(0)m, haloalkyl-S(0)m, alkenyl- S(0)m, alkynyl-S(0)m, cycloalkyl-S(0)m, cycloalkylalkyl- S(0)m, aryl-S(0)m, arylalkyl- S(0)m, heterocyclo-S(0)m, heterocycloalkyl-S(0)m, amino, alkylamino, alkenylamino,
alkynylamino, haloalkylaniino, cycloalkylamino, cycloalkylalkylamino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heterocycloamino, heterocycloalkylamino, disubstituted-amino, acylamino, acyloxy, ester, amide, sulfonamide, urea, alkoxyacylamino, aminoacyloxy, nitro or cyano where m = 0, 1, 2 or 3.
"Aryl" as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers to a monocyclic carbocyclic ring system or a bicyclic carbocyclic fused ring system having one or more aromatic rings. Representative examples of aryl include, azulenyl, indanyl, indenyl, naphthyl, phenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like. The term "aryl" is intended to include both substituted and unsubstituted aryl unless otherwise indicated and these groups may be substituted with the same groups as set forth in connection with alkyl and loweralkyl above.
"Heteroaryl" as used herein is as described in connection with heterocyclo above.
"Alkoxy" as used herein alone or as part of another group, refers to an alkyl or loweralkyl group, as defined herein (and thus including substituted versions such as polyalkoxy), appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxy group, -0-. Representative examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy and the like.
"Halo" as used herein refers to any suitable halogen, including -F, -CI, -Br, and -I.
"Amino" as used herein means the radical -NH2.
"Alkylamino" as used herein alone or as part of another group means the radical - NHR, where R is an alkyl group.
"Arylalkylamino" as used herein alone or as part of another group means the radical - NHR, where R is an arylalkyl group.
"Disubstituted-amino" as used herein alone or as part of another group means the radical -NRaRb, where Ra and Rb are independently selected from the groups alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl.
Antenna groups and antenna ligands.
As noted above, a first aspect of the invention is an antenna ligand for use in a dye- sensitized solar cell, the antenna ligand consisting of a bidentate or tridentate heteroaromatic metal-chelating group having at least one (e.g., one, two, three or four) independently selected antenna groups substituted thereon, at least one of said antenna groups (e.g., one, two, three or four) being an independently selected substituent of the formula -RVAr', wherein:
R'i is an aliphatic group of the formula -(CH=CH)n-, where n is from 1 to 3; and Ar' is a heteroaromatic group.
A second aspect of the invention is an antenna ligand for use in a dye-sensitized solar cell, the antenna ligand consisting of a bidentate or tridentate heteroaromatic metal-chelating group having at least one (e.g., one, two, three or four) independently selected antenna groups substituted thereon, at least one of said antenna groups (e.g., one, two, three or four) being an independently selected substituent of the formula -RVAr'-RYAr^, wherein:
R'i is an aliphatic group of the formula -(CH=CH)n-, where n is from 1 to 3;
Ar' is an aromatic group;
R'2 is a covalent bond or a CI to CI 5 linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl; and
Ar'2 is an aromatic group.
In some embodiments, the antenna group has or comprises a "core" bidentate or tridentate heteroaromatic metal-chelating group structure selected from the group consisting of Formulas A-J:
wherein:
from one to four of Rl5 R2, R3, R4, R5, Rg, R7, R8, R9, R10, Rn, R12, and R13, when present, is the antenna group; and
the remainder of R1; R2, R3, R4, R5, R<;, R7, R8, R9, Rio, Rn, R12, and R13, when present, are selected from the group consisting of H, halo, loweralkyl, alkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, Ν,Ν-dialkylamino, and N,N-diarylamino.
In some embodiments of the foregoing, each Ar' is independently selected from the group consisting of carbazolyl, 5H-benzo[b]carbazole, indolyl, biindolyl, -2-(lH-indol-2-yl)- lH-benzo[fjindole, dibenzo[b,d]thiophene, benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene, dibenzo[b,d]furan, and benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]furan.
In some embodiments of the foregoing, each Ar'2 is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl, and pyrenyl, and perylenyl.
In some embodiments of the foregoing, the antenna group has the structure:
Anchoring ligands and metal complexes.
For use in a dye-sensitized solar cell, antenna ligands as described herein are typically complexed with a metal and at least one anchoring ligand. In general, such complexes comprise or consist of:
( ) a metal selected from the group consisting of Ru, Os, Ir, Re, Rh, and Fe,
(b) from one to two bidentate or tridentate organic anchoring ligands {e.g., as described below);
(c) from one to two bidentate or tridentate organic antenna ligands {e.g., as described above), and
(d) from zero to two monodentate ligands selected from the group consisting of H20, halo, cyano, -NCO-, -NCS, and -NCSe.
Anchoring ligands of the present invention are, in general, a bidentate or tridentate heteroaromatic metal-chelating group having at least one {e.g., one, two, three or four) independently selected anchoring groups substituted thereon. Anchoring ligands are known and include, but are not limited to, those described in Zakeeruddin et al, PCT Application
Publication No. WO 2010/055471. Suitable anchoring groups for anchoring ligands include, but are not limited to, -COOH, -P03H2, -P04H2, -S03H2, -S04H2, -CONHOH, and deprotonated forms thereof.
Anchoring ligands for use in complexes of the present invention include, but are not limited to, compounds of Formulas A- J as given above, wherein: from one to four of Rls R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Rio, Rn, R12, and R13, when present, are independently selected anchoring groups; and the remainder of Rls R2, R3, R^, R5, R^, R7, R8, R9, Rio, R11, R12, and R13, when present, are selected from the group consisting of H, halo, loweralkyl, alkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, Ν,Ν-dialkylamino, and N,N-diarylamino.
Examples of metal complexes of the present invention include, but are not limited to:
Dye-sensitized solar cells.
Dye-sensitized solar cells of the present invention can be prepared from the antenna groups and metal complexes described above in accordance with known techniques or variations thereof that will be apparent to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., US Patent Nos. 5,350,644 to Graetzel et al. and 7,932,404 to Zakeeruddin et al; see also US Patent Nos. 6,479,745; 7,019,209; 7,118,936; 7,126,054; 7,145,071 ; 7,157,788; 7,332,782; and 7,989,691.
Thus the present invention provides a regenerative photoelectrochemical cell comprising a photoanode, said photoanode comprising at least one semi-conductive metal oxide layer on a conductive substrate, sensitized by a photosensitizing dye, a counter electrode and an electrolyte arranged between said semi-conductive metal oxide layer and said counter electrode, wherein the photosensitizing dye is an organometallic complex as described above.
In some embodiments, an amphiphilic compacting compound whose molecular structure comprises at least one anchoring group, a hydrophobic portion and a terminal group is co-adsorbed with said photosensitizing dye on said semi-conductive metal oxide layer in a mixed monolayer.
In some embodiments, the compacting compound is selected from the group consisting of alkyl carboxylic acids, alkyl dicarboxylic acids, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl phosphonic acids, alkyl phosphonates, alkyl diphosphonic acids, alkyl diphosphonates, alkyl sulphonic acids, alkyl sulphonates, alkyl hydroxamic acids and alkyl hydroxamates, wherein said alkyl is linear or branched from CI to C20.
In some embodiments, the molar ratio of said photosensitizing dye to said co- adsorbed compacting compound is of between 10 and 1/2, and in that said self-assembled monolayer is a dense packed monolayer having an order-disorder transition temperature above 80 degree C.
In some embodiments, the length of said hydrophobic chain portion of the compacting compound allows said terminal group to protrude above the sensitizing dye in said monolayer.
In some embodiments, the electrolyte comprises a redox system, that said redox system comprises an electrochemically active salt and a first compound forming a redox couple with either the anion or the cation of said electrochemically active salt, wherein said salt is a room temperature molten salt, said molten salt being liquid at least between standard room temperature and 80 degree C above said room temperature.
In some embodiments, the electrolyte further comprises a polar organic solvent having a boiling point of 100 degree C or greater than 100 degree C at normal atmospheric pressure.
In some embodiments, the solvent is a nitrile selected from 3-methoxypropionitrile 3- ethoxypropionitrile,3-butoxupropionitrile, and butyronitrile.
In some embodiments the electrolyte further comprises, as an additive, a compound formed by a neutral molecule comprising one or more nitrogen atom(s) with a lone electron pair.
The present invention is explained in greater detail in the following non-limiting Examples.
EXAMPLE 1
Synthesis of the antenna ligand
4,4'-bis((E)-2-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)vinyl)-2,2'-bipyridine for NC-10
The antenna ligand for NC-10 was synthesized in a pressure tube containing 4,4'- dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (2g, 0.0108 mol) 9-ethyl-9H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde (4.86g,
0.0217mol) and 0.065mol of trimethylchlorosilane, and a magnetic stirrer bar in 70ml DMF. The reaction temperature was raised to 100 °C and allowed to run for 48 hours with continuous stirring. During the course of the reaction, the color of the reaction mixture changed to yellow and turned orange on cooling and release of pressure from the tube. The solvent was removed using rotary evaporator, and the orange product was recovered by addition of water and filtration under vacuum to furnish the ancillary ligand in 81% yield. Scheme 1 shows a schematic of the synthesis of the antenna ligand for NC-10.
Scheme 1 Synthesis of antenna ligand for NC-10.
EXAMPLE 2
Reaction of the antenna ligand with 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid
and dichloro-(p-cymene)-Ruthenium (II) dimer to furnish NC-10
The Synthesis of NC-10 was carried out in a one-pot three-step reaction, outlined by schematic diagram in Scheme 2. The reactions were carried out in a 250 ml reaction flask equipped with a condenser and magnetic stirrer bar under Argon. The flask was charged with anhydrous DMF, dichloro-( -cymene)-Ruthenium (II) dimer (0.2g, 3.265xl0"4mol) and 4,4'- bis((E)-2-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl) vinyl-2,2'-bipyridine (0.388g, 6.53xl0_4mol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 90 °C for 4h. After 4 hours 2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxalic acid was added (0.159g, 6.53xl0"4mol) and the temperature was raised to 130°C and allowed to run for 5 hours. After the 5 hours, excess of NH4NCS was added to the reaction mixture, and the reaction mixture was allowed to run for extra 4h at 130°C. The last two steps of the
reaction were monitored for completion by taking aliquots from the reaction mixture every 60 minutes and measuring its absorption spectrum until there was no increase in the absorbance of the MLCT peak with respect to the π-π* peak. The reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature and DMF was removed using a rotary evaporator. Water was added to the flask and the insoluble solid was vacuum filtered and washed with de-ionized water and ether. The product was dried overnight to give a yield of 80%.
Scheme 2 Synthesis for NC-10.
EXAMPLE 3
Synthesis of the antenna ligand
4,4'-bis(^-2-(9-benzyl-9iT-carbazol-3-yl)vinyl)-2,2,-bipyridine for NC-11
The antenna ligand for NC-11 was synthesized in a pressure tube containing 4,4'- dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (2g, 0.0108 mol) and 9-benzyl- H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde (6.19g, 0.0217mol) and 0.065mol of trimethylchlorosilane, and magnetic stirrer bar in 70ml DMF. The reaction temperature was raised to 100°C and allowed to run for 48 hours with continuous stirring. During the course of the reaction, the color of the reaction mixture changed to yellow and turned orange on cooling and release of pressure from the tube. The solvent was removed using rotary evaporator, and the orange product was recovered by addition of water and filtration under vacuum to furnish the ancillary ligand in 84% yield. Scheme 3 shows a schematic of the synthesis of the antenna ligand for NC-11.
Scheme 3 Synthesis for the antenna ligand for NC-11. EXAMPLE 4
Reaction of the antenna ligand with 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid
and dichloro-(p-cymene)-Ruthenium (II) dimer to furnish NC-11
The Synthesis of NC-10 was carried out in a one-pot three-step reaction, outlined by schematic diagram in Scheme 4:
Scheme4. Synthesis for NC-11.
The reactions were carried out in a 250 ml reaction flask equipped with a condenser and magnetic stirrer bar under Argon. The flask was charged with anhydrous DMF, dichloro-(/?- cymene)-Ruthenium (II) dimer (0.2g, 3.265xl0"4mol) and 4,4'-bis(fE 2-(9-benzyl-9H- carbazol-3-yl)vinyl)-2,2'-bipyridine (0.469g, 6.53x10"4mol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 90 °C for 4h. After 4 hours, 2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxalic acid was added (0.159g, 6.53xl0"4mol) and the temperature was raised to 130°C and allowed to run for 5 hours. After the 5 hours, excess of NH4NCS was added to the reaction mixture, and the reaction mixture
was allowed to run for extra 4h at 130°C. The last two step of the reaction were monitored for completion by taking aliquots from the reaction mixture every 60 minutes and measuring its absorption spectrum until there was no increase in the absorbance of the MLCT peak with respect to the π-π* peak. The reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature and DMF was removed using a rotary evaporator. Water was added to the flask and the insoluble solid was vacuum filtered and washed with de-ionized water and ether. The product was dried overnight to give a yield of 85%.
EXAMPLE 5
Extinction coefficients
Table 1 shows a comparison between the extinction coefficient of NC-10, NC-11 versus N-719. It is clear that NC-10 harvests more photons, both high and low energetic photons, and hence greater light than NC-10 or N-719 at all wavelengths of maximum absorptions.
EXAMPLES 6-7
Device Performance
NC-10 and NC-11 were tested against N-719 under the same conditions for incident- photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) conversion, short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc)> open-cell photovoltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), and total solar-to-electric conversion (η) under standard illuminating conditions of AMI.5 (lOOmW/cm ).
IPCE Performance. Figure 2 shows that the IPCE conversion of NC-11 exceeds that of N-719 and NC-10. It should be noted that the IPCE of NC-11 is before device optimization
while the IPCE of NC-10 and N-719 were collected after device optimization. It is expected that the IPCE of NC-11 would increase even more after device optimization.
Total Solar-to-Electric Conversion. Table 2 shows the device performance data collected for NC-10 and N-719 after optimization versus that of NC-11 before optimization. It is expected that the η% of NC-11 should reach ~11.0 after device optimization.
refers to device after optimization; v refers to device before optimization; n.a. not available.
The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention, and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.
Claims
THAT WHICH IS CLAIMED IS:
1. An antenna ligand for use in a dye-sensitized solar cell, said antenna ligand consisting of a bidentate or tridentate heteroaromatic metal-chelating group having at least one independently selected antenna group substituted thereon, each antenna group being an independently selected substituent of the formula -RVAr'-RVAr^, wherein:
R'j is an aliphatic group of the formula -(CH=CH)n-, where n is from 1 to 3;
Ar' is an aromatic group;
R'2 is a covalent bond or a CI to CI 5 linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl; and
Ar'2 is an aromatic group.
2. An antenna ligand of claim 1, said antenna ligand having a structure selected from the group consisting of:
wherein:
from one to four of R1? R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, Rg, R9, R10, Rn, R12, and R13, when present, is said antenna group; and
the remainder of R1} R2, R3, R4, R5, R^, R7, R8, R9, R10, Rn, R12, and R13, when present, are selected from the group consisting of H, halo, loweralkyl, alkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylamino, arylalkylamino, and disubstituted-amino.
3. The antenna ligand of claim 1 to 2, wherein Ar' is selected from the group consisting of carbazolyl, 5H-benzo[b]carbazole, indolyl, biindolyl, -2-(lH-indol-2-yl)-lH- benzo[f]indole, dibenzo[b,d]thiophene, benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene, and dibenzo[b,d]furan, benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]furan
4. The antenna ligand of claim 1 to 3, wherein Ar'2 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl, and pyrenyl, and perylenyl.
5. The antenna ligand of claim 1 to 4, wherein said antenna group has the structure:
6. The antenna ligand of claim 1 having the structure:
7. An antenna ligand for use in a dye-sensitized solar cell, said antenna ligand consisting of a bidentate or tridentate heteroaromatic metal-chelating group having at least one independently selected antenna group substituted thereon, each antenna group being an independently selected substituent of the formula -R'j-Ar', wherein:
R'i is an aliphatic group of the formula -(CH=CH)n-, where n is from 1 to 3; and Ar' is a heteroaromatic group.
8. An antenna ligand of claim 7, said antenna ligand having a structure selected from the group consisting of:
wherein:
from one to four of Rls R2, R3, R4, R5, Re, R7, R8, R9, R10, Rn, R12, and R13, when present, is said antenna group; and
the remainder of Ri, R2, R3, R4, R5, R^, R7, Rg, R9, Rio, Rn, R12, and R13, when present, are selected from the group consisting of H, halo, loweralkyl, alkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylamino, arylalkylamino, and disubstituted-amino.
9. The antenna ligand of claim7 to 8, wherein Ar' is selected from the group consisting of carbazolyl, 5H-benzo[b]carbazole, indolyl, biindolyl, -2-(lH-indol-2-yl)-lH-
benzo[f]indole, dibenzo[b,d]thiophene, benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene, and dibenzo[b,d]furan, benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]furan
10. The antenna ligand of claim 7 to 9, wherein said antenna group has the structure:
11. The antenna ligand of claim 7, said antenna ligand having the structure:
12. In an organometallic complex useful as a dye in a dye-sensitized solar cell, the metal complex consisting of:
(a) a metal selected from the group consisting of Ru, Os, Ir, Re, Rh, and Fe,
(b) from one to two bidentate or tridentate organic anchoring ligands;
(c) from one to two bidentate or tridentate organic antenna ligands, and
(d) from zero to two monodentate ligands selected from the group consisting of H20, halo, cyano, -NCO-, -NCS, and -NCSe;
the improvement comprising: employing an antenna ligand of claim 1 to 11 as at least one of said antenna ligands.
13. The organometallic complex of claim 12, wherein said anchoring ligands are bidentate or tridentate heteroaromatic metal-chelating group having at least one independently selected anchoring groups substituted thereon, said anchoring groups selected from the group consisting of -COOH, -P03H2, -P04H2, -S03H2, -S04H2, -CONHOH, and deprotonated forms thereof.
14. The organometallic complex of claim 12, wherein said anchoring ligands are selected from the group consisting of compounds of Fomulas A- J:
wherein:
from one to four of R1; R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Ri0, Rn, Ri2, and R13, when present, are independently selected anchoring groups; and
the remainder of Rj, R2, R3, R), R5, Rg, R7, R8, R9, R10, Rn, R12, and R13, when present, are selected from the group consisting of H, halo, loweralkyl, alkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylamino, arylalkylamino, and disubstituted-amino.
16. A regenerative photoelectrochemical cell comprising a photoanode, said photoanode comprising at least one semi-conductive metal oxide layer on a conductive substrate, sensitized by a photosensitizing dye, a counter electrode and an electrolyte arranged between said semi-conductive metal oxide layer and said counter electrode, wherein said photosensitizing dye is an organometallic complex as claimed in claim 12 to 15.
17. A cell as claimed in claim 16, wherein an amphiphilic compacting compound whose molecular structure comprises at least one anchoring group, a hydrophobic portion and a terminal group is co-adsorbed with said photosensitizing dye on said semi-conductive metal oxide layer in a mixed monolayer.
18. A cell as claimed in claim 16, wherein said compacting compound is selected from the group consisting of alkyl carboxylic acids, alkyl dicarboxylic acids, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl phosphonic acids, alkyl phosphonates, alkyl diphosphonic acids, alkyl diphosphonates, alkyl sulphonic acids, alkyl sulphonates, alkyl hydroxamic acids and alkyl hydroxamates, wherein said alkyl is linear or branched from CI to C20.
19. A cell as claimed in claim 16, wherein the molar ratio of said photosensitizing dye to said co-adsorbed compacting compound is of between 10 and 1/2, and in that said self- assembled monolayer is a dense packed monolayer having an order-disorder transition temperature above 80 degree C.
20. A cell as claimed in claim 16, wherein the length of said hydrophobic chain portion of the compacting compound allows said terminal group to protrude above the sensitizing dye in said monolayer.
21. A cell as claimed in claim 16, wherein said electrolyte comprises a redox system, that said redox system comprises an electrochemically active salt and a first compound forming a redox couple with either the anion or the cation of said electrochemically active salt, wherein said salt is a room temperature molten salt, said molten salt being liquid at least between standard room temperature and 80 degree C above said room temperature.
22. A cell as claimed in claim 16, wherein said electrolyte further comprises a polar organic solvent having a boiling point of at least 100 degree C at normal atmospheric pressure.
23. A cell as claimed in claim 16, wherein said solvent is a nitrile selected from 3- methoxypropionitrile 3-ethoxypropionitrile,3-butoxupropionitrile, and butyronitrile.
24. A cell as claimed in claim 16, wherein said electrolyte further comprises, as an additive, a compound formed by a neutral molecule comprising one or more nitrogen atom(s) with a lone electron pair.
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