WO2011130896A1 - X射线源光栅步进成像***与成像方法 - Google Patents
X射线源光栅步进成像***与成像方法 Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
- G01N23/046—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material using tomography, e.g. computed tomography [CT]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/42—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/4291—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis the detector being combined with a grid or grating
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B6/48—Diagnostic techniques
- A61B6/484—Diagnostic techniques involving phase contrast X-ray imaging
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/40—Imaging
- G01N2223/419—Imaging computed tomograph
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to the field of X-ray imaging, and more particularly to projection imaging of an object using X-rays by a grating stepping technique. Background technique
- phase contrast imaging is to observe the change of the electron density inside the object by capturing the phase shift information of the X-ray, thereby revealing the internal structure of the object.
- phase contrast imaging methods have been used to enhance the low contrast resolution of radiation images by utilizing interference or diffraction phenomena of coherent or partially coherent X-rays.
- each step captures an image; after completing the acquisition process in one grating period, it is calculated by comparing the difference between the sample intensity curve and the background light intensity curve corresponding to each pixel point. Refraction image information of the object. This results in a better phase contrast imaging effect.
- the method can work under a multi-color, non-coherent source of radiation to achieve a single device.
- the dark field imaging is a technique for imaging a material by using non-direct light such as scattered light, diffracted light, refracted light, and fluorescence, and the difference is obtained by the difference in the ability of the substance to scatter X-rays.
- the internal structure is imaged.
- hard X-ray dark field imaging technology has unique advantages over bright field imaging and phase contrast imaging in the ability to resolve and detect fine structures inside materials.
- the hard X-ray darkfield imaging technique can see the ultrafine structure of the material that cannot be resolved by hard X-ray brightfield imaging and phase contrast imaging.
- 200910088662.8 the invention is entitled “X-ray dark field imaging system and method", the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference, Et al.
- a technical solution for dark field imaging of an object by using X-rays which comprises: emitting X-rays to the object to be measured; causing one of the two absorption gratings to be stepped in at least one cycle;
- the detector receives the X-ray and converts it into an electrical signal; after at least one period of stepping, the intensity of the X-ray at each pixel on the detector is expressed as a light intensity curve; according to each pixel point on the detector
- the contrast between the light intensity curve and the light intensity curve in the absence of the detected object, the second moment of the scattering angle distribution of each pixel is calculated; the image of the object is taken at multiple angles, and then the object can be obtained according to the CT reconstruction algorithm. Scattering information image.
- the aforementioned grating imaging technology it is necessary to measure the light intensity curve of each detecting unit (pixel point) on the detector by using a stepping technique.
- the basic principle of the stepping technique used is as follows: After the source grating is fixed next to the X-ray source, in the Talbot-La interferometry based technique, the phase grating or the analytic grating moves relatively parallel within a grating period. In a technique based on the classical optical method, the two absorption gratings move relatively in parallel in a range of one grating period. Each step of the detector captures an image.
- the refractive image information, the attenuation image information, and the dark field image information can be calculated by comparing the difference between the sample intensity curve and the background light intensity curve corresponding to each pixel point. Because the phase grating, analytic grating or absorption grating has a period of several micrometers, the step precision requires sub-micron, which is very high for mechanical equipment accuracy, overall equipment shock resistance, ambient temperature, etc. Increasing the difficulty and capital of imaging system construction limits the application of this new raster imaging technology.
- the present invention proposes a system for stepping imaging of an X-ray source grating and method. Specifically, the present invention proposes an imaging system based on source grating stepping in which only a low-precision source grating is moved to implement a stepping process, while a grating requiring high precision is relatively fixed.
- an X-ray imaging system includes: an X-ray source, a source grating, a fixed grating module, and an X-ray detector, which are sequentially located in the propagation direction of the X-ray; the detected object is located in the source grating and fixed Between the grating modules; the source grating is stepwise movable in a direction perpendicular to the optical path direction and the grating stripe; wherein the system further comprises the system further comprising a computer workstation for controlling the X-ray source, the source grating,
- the X-ray detector thereby implements the following process: the source grating performs a stepping motion over at least one of its period; at each step, the X-ray source emits X-rays to the object under test while the detector receives X-ray; wherein, after at least one cycle of stepping and data acquisition, the intensity of the X-ray at each pixel on the detector is represented as a light intensity curve; the intensity
- system further comprises an actuating device for causing the source grating to move stepwise under the control of the computer workstation, and/or causing the detected object to rotate relative to other portions of the system angle.
- the source grating stepping process is repeated to derive X-ray imaging pixel values at a plurality of angles, and then the stereoscopic image of the detected object is reconstructed according to a predetermined CT image reconstruction algorithm.
- the computer workstation includes: a data processing module, configured to process data information, and calculate a pixel value of each point on the detected object; and an image reconstruction module configured to reconstruct the pixel value according to the calculated Detecting an image of the object; and a control module for controlling operation of the X-ray source, the source grating, the X-ray detector, and the data processing unit.
- a data processing module configured to process data information, and calculate a pixel value of each point on the detected object
- an image reconstruction module configured to reconstruct the pixel value according to the calculated Detecting an image of the object
- a control module for controlling operation of the X-ray source, the source grating, the X-ray detector, and the data processing unit.
- the data processor module and the control module can be integrated together and implemented by a general purpose or special purpose processor.
- the computer workstation further includes a display unit for displaying an image of the detected object. These images can be displayed complementarily in the case where multiple images can be obtained simultaneously.
- the computer workstation is capable of calculating a refraction of a predetermined point of X-rays on an object to be detected from a comparison between a light intensity curve of the detected object and a background light intensity curve of the object not detected Information, and thus the corresponding pixel value is calculated.
- the computer workstation is capable of calculating a predetermined point of the X-ray on the detected object from a comparison between a light intensity curve of the detected object and a background light intensity curve of the object not detected. The information is scattered and the corresponding pixel values are calculated therefrom.
- the computer workstation is capable of calculating a predetermined point of the X-ray on the detected object from a comparison between a light intensity curve of the detected object and a background light intensity curve of the object not detected.
- the attenuation information and thus the corresponding pixel value.
- an X-ray imaging method for imaging an object using an X-ray imaging system, wherein the X-ray imaging system is as described above, wherein the method comprises the steps of:
- the detected object is rotated, and the steps are repeated at each rotation angle to obtain the detected objects at multiple angles on the X detector
- the pixel value distribution of the point is then reconstructed from the CT image reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct a stereoscopic image of the detected object.
- the method comprises: calculating a refraction information of a predetermined point of the X-ray on the detected object from a comparison between a light intensity curve of the detected object and a background light intensity curve of the object not detected, and The corresponding pixel value is thus calculated.
- the method comprises: calculating, from a comparison between a light intensity curve of the detected object and a background light intensity curve of the object not detected, scattering information of a predetermined point of the X-ray on the detected object, and This calculates the corresponding pixel value.
- imaging mechanisms can be incorporated, including attenuated imaging, dark field scatter imaging, and phase contrast imaging, and complementarily displayed for use in materials science, medical imaging of tissue (e.g., breast), and the like.
- the invention greatly reduces the demanding requirements of the prior art for high-precision mechanical and sports equipment, anti-shock equipment, etc., thereby greatly reducing equipment construction cost, and greatly improving system stability.
- the application of multi-information integrated imaging technology based on gratings to practical products such as medical equipment has greatly lowered the technical threshold. Attached
- Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of an X-ray imaging system of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an imaging principle based on a movable source grating of the system of the present invention.
- Figure 3 shows the light intensity curve (background displacement curve) measured at a certain detection unit (pixel point) of the X-ray detector.
- Fig. 4 shows a plurality of information images of a detected object collected by the imaging system of the present invention, wherein Fig. 4 is an absorption diagram on the left, a phase contrast diagram in Fig. 4, and a dark field diagram on the right in Fig. 4.
- Fig. 5 is a view showing the X-ray intensity and contrast and the phase change reflected by the background displacement curve and the sample displacement curve measured by a certain pixel of the X-ray after passing through the detected object.
- an X-ray imaging system basically includes: an X-ray machine S, a movable source grating G0, a fixed grating module P (including a first grating G1 and a second grating G2), And an X-ray detector T consisting in turn in the direction of propagation of the emitted X-rays.
- the detected object is located between the source raster GO and the fixed raster module.
- the X-ray machine as the X-ray source may be an X-ray machine commonly used in medical equipment, usually a high-current pulse type X-ray machine suitable for breast imaging, and may include corresponding auxiliary equipment.
- An X-ray machine is used to emit an X-ray beam to an object to be detected.
- the auxiliary device contains a filter.
- the working voltage of the medical X-ray machine is generally set at 5-160 kVp.
- the X-ray beam emitted by a general-purpose X-ray machine can be a fan beam, a cone beam or a parallel beam. In the present invention, it is preferably a cone beam.
- the X-ray detector T is configured to receive X-rays and convert the received X-ray signals into electrical signals that can be digitally processed by photoelectric signal conversion techniques (eg, digital photography).
- the detector may be a matrix detector, wherein each of the detector elements (pixels) can detect an intensity change of the X-rays incident on the unit.
- the detector is capable of collecting and converting X-rays at regular intervals.
- a medical low noise area array detector an area array detector with a dynamic range > 12 bits, can be used to cover the entire imaging area.
- the spatial resolution of the detector is required to be 100! 3 ⁇ 4: meters or less, such as 70-10 ( ⁇ .
- the X-ray imaging system further includes a computer workstation.
- Control, data transfer, image reconstruction, and data processing of the entire imaging system can be done by a computer workstation.
- Scan control information, position information, projection data, etc. are input to the computer workstation through the data acquisition system.
- the workstation extracts a variety of information from the object, the data pre-processing object and the image reconstruction work, and finally displays it on the display.
- the computer workstation can include a data processing module configurable for outputting a digitally processable electrical signal from the detector, calculating a change in light intensity (curve) after the X-ray passes the detected object, and The light intensity (curve) change calculates absorption information, scattering information, or refraction information for X-rays at a certain point on the detected object, and calculates pixel information of the detected object using the information.
- a data processing module configurable for outputting a digitally processable electrical signal from the detector, calculating a change in light intensity (curve) after the X-ray passes the detected object, and The light intensity (curve) change calculates absorption information, scattering information, or refraction information for X-rays at a certain point on the detected object, and calculates pixel information of the detected object using the information.
- the computer workstation may further include a control module (not shown in FIG. 1) for controlling operations of the X-ray machine, the source grating, the measured object, the fixed grating, and the detector, such as relative rotation and stepping. Sports, X-ray emission and information gathering.
- the control module and the data processing module can be integrated into one, implemented by a single general purpose or dedicated processor.
- the computer workstation may further include an imaging module (not shown in FIG. 1) that reconstructs an image of the detected object based on the derived pixel information and outputs the display.
- the re-functioning module can be implemented by a processor that is also a data processing module.
- the imaging system can also include an actuation device for controlling the stepwise movement of the source grating under control of a computer workstation, and/or causing the detected object to rotate an angle relative to other portions of the system . Repeating the source grating stepping process at each rotation angle to obtain X-ray imaging pixel values at multiple angles, and then according to the pre- A CT image reconstruction algorithm is used to reconstruct a stereoscopic image of the detected object.
- the brake device is here defined as a structure having a function of relatively rotating the object to be measured and a device for moving the source grating stepwise, and actually both of them can be separately represented.
- the computer workstation can include a display unit for displaying the reconstructed image, which can be implemented by a general purpose display.
- the fixed grating module P consists of two high-precision gratings G1 and G2.
- the two high-precision gratings used are subjected to relative stepping motion to realize the stepping technique, and in the present invention, their relative positions are constant.
- the periods of the two gratings G1, G2 are respectively set to A, which are sequentially in parallel in the emission direction of the X-ray beam.
- the period of the two gratings is generally between 0.1 and 30 microns.
- the grating uses heavy metals as the absorbing material. Taking gold (Au) as an example, the height of gold is determined by the energy of the X-rays used, between 10 and 10 (H meters. For example, for 20 keV X-rays, the height of gold More than 16 microns can block 90% of X-rays.
- the first grating G1 is a phase grating that changes the phase of the incident X-ray, and G1 produces a Talbot effect after the first grating.
- the second grating G2 acts as an absorption grating, which is placed in parallel on the Talbot distance of the first grating diffraction. Both the first and second gratings are relatively stationary.
- both gratings G1 and G2 are absorption gratings.
- the two absorption gratings are separated by a distance D, and the two are fixed in parallel with each other.
- the imaging system does not satisfy the coherent condition described above, that is, the X-ray used by the fixed grating module is incoherent light, and the fixed grating module P adopts the setting in the second case described above.
- the distance between the first and second gratings G1, G2 is D.
- the imaging system satisfies the coherent condition described above, that is, the X-ray used by the fixed grating module is coherent light or partially coherent light, and the fixed grating module P adopts the above first
- the source grating GO is a multi-slit absorption grating, which is equivalent to dividing the X-ray machine into a plurality of narrow beam line sources.
- the source grating is realized to move in parallel in a range perpendicular to the optical path direction (Z-axis) and the grating line direction (Y direction) in a range of at least one grating period), that is, Implement stepping technology.
- the position of the source grating is set to be stationary or directly engraved on the target of the X-ray machine. Therefore, the stepping of the source grating is a difference from the prior art cited in the present invention.
- the period p of the source grating is a multi-slit absorption grating, which is equivalent to dividing the X-ray machine into a plurality of narrow beam line sources.
- the source grating is realized to move in parallel in a range perpendicular to the optical path direction (Z-axis) and the grating line direction (Y direction)
- the step size of the stepping can be on the order of several micrometers or ten micrometers, or even several tens of micrometers, and the precision of the translating device is about several micrometers or ten micrometers. It can be shown that the source raster stepping technique can be equivalent to the prior art in which the two gratings of the grating module P are relatively stepped.
- the intensity variation curve of the X-ray received at a certain pixel point on the detector can be obtained.
- the two gratings (Gl, G2) of the fixed grating module are relatively fixed while the source grating is stepped in the X direction.
- the detector can acquire data once; after acquiring N images in the range of translation distance, each pixel on the detector (each point on the detection surface of the detector) can be obtained.
- the shape of the intensity change function is similar to a sine or cosine function. It is represented here by a continuous simulation curve, but can actually be simulated from multiple points.
- the source grating GO divides the X-ray machine of the large focus into a line of light sources, and the distribution thereof is represented by a function ⁇ ( x) .
- the gratings G 1 and G2 are represented by sum ( x ), respectively.
- Gratings G0, G1 and G2 of the other sub-period is 1 J? . , p ⁇ p 2
- the distance D between the first and second gratings G1 and G2 illustrates the imaging principle of the source grating stepping.
- the grating G1 is irradiated under X-rays, in the grating
- the image formed at the position of G2 is represented by the function / s (x), ie
- S 7 .(x) is the light intensity distribution after the grating GO, which is distributed by the X light source.
- the period of /, ( ⁇ ) and SO) is equal to the period of the grating ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ ), both of which are ⁇ 2 , and are denoted as ⁇ for convenience of representation.
- the intensity of light received by a certain pixel is accumulated in several or dozens of grating periods, so that the generality is not lost.
- a n , and / are Fourier coefficients. It is the Fourier coefficient considering the distribution of the light source.
- the light intensity curve function (called the background displacement curve) obtained in the detector unit is:
- the source grating stepping technique achieves substantially the same results as the first and second grating relative stepping techniques, but at the same time greatly reduces the accuracy and difficulty of the stepping, and at the same time makes the system The stability is greatly enhanced.
- the background displacement curve and the sample displacement curve of each detector unit can be obtained by stepping the source grating.
- the X-ray source and the three gratings are For finite dimensions, the background displacement curve and the sample displacement curve approximate a sinusoid, ie Where /) and /) are the light intensity values when there is a sample measured in step k and when there is no sample, ⁇ is the step size, the phase change of the curve is), ab s , a h , which is the sinusoid coefficient.
- Figure 3 shows the background displacement curve measured by the actual system. Among them, the light intensity curve in the absence of the detected sample can be predicted as the background information, and the information can be pre-stored in the storage of the system, or temporarily acquired automatically when the device is started.
- the attenuation value P (corresponding to the attenuation map), the refraction angle value (corresponding to the phase contrast diagram), and the scattering angle distribution second-order moment ⁇ 2 (corresponding to the dark field map):
- ⁇ is the refractive index phase factor
- / is the light propagation path.
- the sum is the contrast of the sample displacement curve and the background displacement curve, respectively.
- the number of steps may be less.
- various information values can be solved by solving a system of equations. This is known in the prior art as a derivation process, and the image effect is generally inferior to the case where the number of steps is large.
- the X-ray intensity after passing the object / is the X-ray intensity after passing through the grating
- (x) is the normalized background displacement curve function, indicating the probability density distribution function of the X-rays scattered by the object, which have the following Relationship:
- the first, second or third order Taylor approximation expansion can be performed separately, and then substituted Equation (13), respectively, obtains an approximation formula with steps of 2, 3 or 4; then, the image acquired at the corresponding position is substituted into the approximation formula, and various information can be solved.
- the image data obtained in the case where the image data is larger than the number of steps has discrete distortion, but there is also an advantage that the operation is more compact.
- Equation (10) shows that the absorption attenuation information of the detected object can be obtained by measuring the change of the intensity of the X-ray passing through a certain point.
- Equation (12) shows that the measurement of the contrast of the X-ray intensity curve can indirectly measure the scattering information of the detected object.
- Equation (11) shows that the refraction information of the detected object can be indirectly obtained by measuring and calculating the phase change ⁇ ⁇ of the displacement curve.
- FIGS. 4a, 4b, and 4c are the attenuation map, phase contrast diagram, and dark field diagram of the measured object, respectively, where the source grating period is 1 10 microns, the step size is 10 microns, and the 1 1 point data is acquired, fixed.
- the two absorption grating periods in the grating module are 10 and 11 microns, respectively. According to the image data of these 11 points.
- CT data acquisition is performed on the measured object, that is, when the measured object is imaged at different angles with respect to the imaging system, the attenuation map, phase contrast map and dark field map at each angle are obtained respectively.
- the object to be measured such as the human body, can be rotated relative to the imaging system, for example 360 degrees.
- an actuating device that enables the object being inspected to rotate relative to the entire system, typically an electromechanical rotary actuating structure, and controlled by a control module.
- the X-ray source emits X-rays to the object.
- the source raster GO of the imaging system of the present invention performs a stepping motion of at least one cycle at a time.
- the detector converts the light intensity signal into a digitally processable electrical signal, which is then processed by the data processing unit. By comparing the change in the light intensity curve at each pixel of the detector, one or more of the attenuation value, the scatter value, and the refracting value of the X-ray passing through the detected object can be obtained at the pixel unit on the detector.
- the object is rotated by an angle relatively, and the above-mentioned grating stepping motion is repeated to obtain one or more of the attenuation value, the scattering value and the refraction value of the X-ray passing through the detected object at the other angle.
- the above process is repeated to obtain one or more of the attenuation value, the scattering value, and the refraction value of the X-ray passing through the detected object at various angles.
- One or more of the attenuation value, the scatter value, and the refraction value are constructed as CT images of the object to be measured using a CT reconstruction algorithm.
- the following system parameters should be accurately measured or calibrated: the distance from the X-ray source to the center of rotation of the gantry, the distance from the source grating to the fixed grating module, the distance between the two gratings in the fixed grating module, source and detection The distance between the devices, the period of the grating, and so on.
- the frame for supporting the object to be inspected and/or the system of the device has been widely used in the prior art, and is of course used in accordance with the needs in the present invention, but the contents thereof are not described in detail herein. Personnel can employ a suitable architecture based on common sense and the teachings of the present invention.
- the present invention is preferably based on a description of a non-correlated X-ray source
- the present invention contemplates that the X-ray imaging method of the present invention further completes the raster imaging technique, which can greatly reduce the accuracy of the grating stepping and alleviate the difficulty of construction of the imaging system. And funding, thus promoting the application of this new raster imaging technology.
- the invention changes the original grating synthesis into Like the high-precision grating-based stepping technology of technology, it is only necessary to obtain the same image quality and effect based on the stepping technique of source grating with low precision and large period.
- one or more of the three imaging modes of X-ray absorption, phase contrast and dark field can be performed, so that mutually compensated images can be obtained, as shown in Fig. 4.
- This can be achieved by simultaneously concentrating multiple data processing functions in a computer workstation to simultaneously implement one or more of the above imaging modalities.
- Grating dark field imaging based on incoherent X-ray sources can be applied to materials science, medical imaging of tissues such as breast, and the like.
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US9134259B2 (en) | 2015-09-15 |
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