WO2010061089A2 - Vitrage a zones concentrant la lumiere par echange ionique - Google Patents
Vitrage a zones concentrant la lumiere par echange ionique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010061089A2 WO2010061089A2 PCT/FR2009/052113 FR2009052113W WO2010061089A2 WO 2010061089 A2 WO2010061089 A2 WO 2010061089A2 FR 2009052113 W FR2009052113 W FR 2009052113W WO 2010061089 A2 WO2010061089 A2 WO 2010061089A2
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- glass
- index
- free surface
- areas
- zones
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 title description 22
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 98
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 210000003298 dental enamel Anatomy 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 45
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 12
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical group [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 7
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 241000826860 Trapezium Species 0.000 description 4
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 4
- -1 CIS Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000005361 soda-lime glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011344 liquid material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003385 sodium Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical group [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003475 thallium Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoro-n-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004613 CdTe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910013553 LiNO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- FYWSTUCDSVYLPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrooxythallium Chemical compound [Tl+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FYWSTUCDSVYLPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003378 silver Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004436 sodium atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/04—Prisms
- G02B5/045—Prism arrays
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0236—Special surface textures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
- H01L31/0543—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the refractive type, e.g. lenses
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
- H01L31/0547—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the reflecting type, e.g. parabolic mirrors, concentrators using total internal reflection
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
- F24S23/10—Prisms
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of solar concentrators for photovoltaic systems which make it possible to collect an equivalent quantity of light energy for a reduced active layer surface.
- the device which is the subject of the invention makes use of phenomena of total reflection of light in concentrators produced by means of a substrate with a glass function, the objective being to reflect all the light towards areas covered with a layer. active functional ensuring energy conversion between light and electrical energy, within photovoltaic cells.
- wafer-based silicon (monocrystalline or polycrystalline) is largely dominant, with around 95% of market share.
- a number of technologies in thin layers are emerging with energy yields and manufacturing costs more or less interesting. It is known that the quantity of energy generated by a photovoltaic device is influenced by various factors and especially by the amount of solar energy absorbed by a module, the conversion efficiency of the cells included in said module, as well as the intensity of light impacting the module. There is a lot of research going on to improve the technology for each of these aspects.
- the total amount of energy generated by the device is of course directly proportional to the surface covered by the device, and more specifically by the cumulative area covered by all the photovoltaic cells incorporated in the conversion system.
- the amount of energy but also the cost of the investment are currently directly proportional to the size of the installation.
- the main element that currently limits even higher growth is the cost and quality of silicon used in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells, whose solar energy market is the largest market. In particular, this explains that the cost of a current installation no longer increases essentially according to the overall size of the installation, but especially according to the part covered by the photovoltaic cells themselves.
- an approach already described consists in producing large area solar modules incorporating a textured substrate that allows the concentration of light on smaller surface cells.
- the introduction of light concentrators makes it possible to substantially reduce the surface area of the photovoltaic cells, thereby reducing the overall cost of the installation. .
- Patent application WO2006 / 133126 or US2006 / 272698 discloses possible embodiments of a textured substrate acting as a light concentrator. To illustrate the principles of operation of this type of light concentrator, it has been shown schematically in a perspective view (see Figure la) and a sectional view (see Figure Ib).
- a photovoltaic module 1 is formed of a series of elementary photovoltaic cells 4 in the form of strips bonded to a glass substrate 5.
- the substrate 5 has a texturing 7 of the two-dimensional type, as shown in FIG. configured to allow light trapping. More particularly, the texturing 7 may be described as consisting of a succession of triangular prisms 8, parallel to each other and whose end is truncated, so that the substrate has, on its inner side, a flat strip 11 whose surface corresponds to that of the photovoltaic strip 4 placed vis-à-vis.
- the operating principle is easily understood if we consider the trajectory of the rays 2 and 2 ', as shown in FIG. 1b. The two rays are refracted at the air-glass interface 6.
- the refracted ray 2 arrives directly on the photo voltaic cell 4, while the radius 2 'undergoes a total internal reflection, at point 3, before reaching the cell 4.
- a concentration factor can also be easily calculated, corresponding to the ratio between the spacing between two successive texturations and the width of the photovoltaic cells, that is to say the width 9 of the band 1 1.
- the term "spacing" according to the present invention corresponds to the pitch of the texturing pattern, or to the distance between the median positions of two successive cells.
- the angle of reception of the light rays can be substantially increased by using texturing whose reliefs are comparable to those described in relation to Figure la or Figure Ib but with rounded sides. Parabolic flanks appeared very effective for trapping light.
- a mineral glass has many advantages, in particular as regards the behavior over time, for its high resistance to temperature or UV for example.
- a glass with a low iron content is preferred to minimize absorption.
- Albarino® glass from Saint-Gobain Glass.
- the object of the invention is therefore to replace this textured glass substrate with a flat glass substrate having alternating zones of low refractive index n1 and of high refractive index n2, the difference in index n2-n being greater than or equal to 0, 1.
- areas of high refractive index of the light are created from the free surface of the glass which does not receive the solar flux. These areas of high refractive index n2 are separated from each other by areas of low refractive index n1.
- an optical convergence device commonly known as an optical concentrator, is formed which makes it possible to focus light rays on the free surface of the glass which does not receive the solar flux, with respect to which it will advantageously be placed.
- a functional element of a solar or photovoltaic module for transforming light energy into electrical energy.
- the present invention aims a flat mineral glass comprising a first free surface and a second free surface, and comprising groups of high index and low refractive index zones formed in the thickness of the flat glass between the first and second free surfaces, at a depth of between 1 and 1000 ⁇ m from the first free surface, the high index and low index areas alternating in a direction transverse to the thickness direction of the flat glass between the first and second free surfaces , the areas of high refractive index flaring from the first free surface to the second free surface, and the enveloping surfaces of the high index areas forming an angle of at least 65 °, preferably substantially 70 °, relative to the first free surface.
- the glass comprises in its thickness an alternation of high refractive index zones whose envelope forms a trapezium, and in volume a trapezoidal prism.
- the zones are alternated in two intersecting directions, as indicated in FIG. 4 for example.
- the high-index zones are trapezoidal prisms having a small base of dimension h and a large base of dimension I 1 , these prisms being formed on all or part of the thickness glass.
- the high-index zones have a depth in the glass from the first free surface of between 20 ⁇ m and 700 ⁇ m.
- the high-index zones may also have flanks or a rounded or spherical envelope as indicated in FIG. 5.
- the difference of refractive index between that of each low-index zone and that of each high-index zone is between 0.05 and 0.15, and more particularly between 0.10 and 0.15.
- the ratio of concentration h / h is between 35 and 55%, and preferably close to 40%.
- compositions of the high and low refractive index regions differ in the content of at least one cationic element.
- cationic element is meant an element whose ionic form is positive.
- the ionic form of a sodium atom is the Na + cation.
- the ionic form of a silver atom is the Ag + cation.
- the cationic element is in oxide form and its bonds with the oxygen atoms are partially ionic and partially covalent.
- the high index zones may in particular contain at least one element from the group Ag, Tl, Cu, Ba.
- the glass according to the invention can be used to collect incident light to a solar cell.
- the glass according to the invention can produce a solar concentrator provided with silicon strips and can be incorporated in a photovoltaic module.
- the free surface of the glass that receives the solar flux is flat.
- the glass according to the invention is monolithic since it consists of a single glass matrix, the composition of which has been locally modified at the level of the zones with a high index of refraction by ion exchange.
- These zones are created by ion exchange between at least one element contained in the glass and at least one element provided by a medium brought into contact with the glass.
- the silver salt may in particular be silver nitrate AgNO ⁇ , the thallium salt of thallium nitrate TINO3.
- This ion exchange is carried out by migration under an electric field, which makes it possible to obtain index-shaped index jump zones.
- these zones may advantageously be trapezoidal or partially spherical or rounded as has been explained above.
- the surface of the glass opposite the face receiving the solar flux is placed in contact with an alternation of two materials, sources of ions to be migrated into the glass to create said zones.
- These materials are deposited in the form of a strip having a profile adapted to or conforming to the one we want to obtain after ion diffusion.
- strips of material having a trapezoidal profile should be used. In volume, these zones define trapezoidal prisms.
- the invention thus also relates to a method of manufacturing a glass comprising contacting a glass, initially without zones, with an alternation of strips of two different materials different ion sources that can migrate into the glass under the effect of an electric field, and including the application of an electric field.
- the zones are created under the bands of the two materials.
- the surface geometry of the surface areas of the glass corresponds to the geometry of the contact surface of the materials with the glass.
- the alternating zones created in the glass are enriched in the ionic element resulting from the material which was directly above.
- the source material of the ion with high polarizability that is to say source of the ion that will enter the composition of the high refractive index zone, is in solid form, generally an enamel or a metal such as silver, and arranged in strip on the surface of the glass, the other being liquid or solid.
- the other material which is the source of the lower polarizability ion and will enter the low refractive index region, fills the space between the first material bands.
- the ion of high polarizability is an element of the following group: Ag, Ba, Tl, Cu.
- element of lower polarizability it is chosen from among Li, Na, K, Ca, Sr. The more the polarizabilities of the ions in the alternating zones will be different, the more the refractive indices will be different, which is preferred for redirecting incident rays of higher incidence angle.
- the first material is solid and of the metal type such as silver, thallium, copper or enamel type containing at least one of the elements of the Ag, Ba, Tl, Cu group.
- the other material may also be solid and of the enamel type containing at least one of the elements of the group Li, Na, K, Ca, Sr, while being different from the first material. It can also be liquid, generally of the molten salt type such as KNO 3 , LiNO 3 , Ca or BaTFSI ("TFSI" means Bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide), etc.
- the two alternating materials at the surface of the glass are source of cationic elements with equivalent mobility, which makes it possible to avoid the distortion of the field lines during the migration and thus to obtain a migration of the ions perpendicular to the glass surface. This mobility can be determined by measuring the rate of penetration of an ion into a glass under given conditions (temperature, glass matrix).
- the depth of penetration can indeed easily be determined by scanning electron microscope observation or weight gain of the substrate. Since the electric field lines are not distorted, the shape of the material containing the highly polarizable element is reproduced in the glass during ion exchange assisted by an electric field, to a factor of proportionality. Thus, if the material is a trapezoidal band, the high index area obtained after exchange is also a trapezoidal band.
- the cationic elements are moved under an electric field for a time sufficient for the zones created in the glass to have the desired depth, i.e. the desired depth in the glass from the first free surface.
- the solid material may for example be an enamel of the element that is to be diffused.
- This enamel is generally made from a frit deposited by screen printing. After ion exchange, the solid material is removed, for example by polishing or acid etching.
- the method may comprise an additional step of applying a protective layer to the solid material prior to contact with the liquid material.
- the protective layer serves to prevent the cationic element of the liquid material from migrating into the solid material and disrupts, by a "dilution" effect, the exchange of the cationic element contained in the glass by the cationic element contained in the solid material.
- the protective layer may be for example a layer of Ni / Cr, Ti, Si or Ag. It is preferably deposited on the enamel by magnetron. The thickness of the layer may vary from 100 nm to 1 ⁇ m, and preferably is between 150 and 300 nm.
- the zones of optical convergence are of rounded shape and meet at the free surface of the glazing which receives the solar flux (an example is shown in Figure 5).
- Two ways of obtaining are then possible: - ion exchange from a bath of molten salt, such as AgNO3, TINO3, ..., and through a masking layer deposited on the surface of the glass. This layer may be for example Al, Ti, Ni / Cr, Al2O3 and be deposited by sputtering, CVD, ...
- the openings of the mask are circular and the ion exchange time is chosen so that the ions of strong polarizability reach the opposite side of the glass;
- This material is deposited as a strip on the glazing surface, the thickness of the deposit being chosen so that the high polarizability ions reach the opposite side of the glass.
- This material may for example be an enamel deposited by screen printing.
- the exchanged area has a rounded shape such as that sought to play the role of optical concentrator.
- the diameter of the circular openings of the masking layer and the width of the strips of the solid material are approximately equal to the size of the active zone.
- the areas with low refractive index are those that have not been affected by ion exchange.
- the principle of ion exchange in glass itself is known to those skilled in the art.
- the species to be exchanged migrate under the effect of an applied electric field via an electrode and a counter electrode placed on either side of the glass substrate.
- the migration of cationic elements is one-way in the substrate. This means that the ions to be inserted in the glass arrive at one side of the electrode, while the ions expelled from the glass are at the other side, on the side of the counter-electrode.
- the electrode and the counterelectrode may consist of an ionic salt, a conductive enamel, at least as conductive as the substrate itself at the exchange temperature, or a metallic conductive thin layer or ceramic as in Ti, Ni / Cr, Al, ITO, SnO 2 : F, etc.
- an enamel on the surface of the substrate it may be necessary to make strips of an enamel on the surface of the substrate.
- the making of an enamel on the surface of the substrate from a glass frit is carried out in a manner known to those skilled in the art.
- the enamel is fired at a temperature above the melting point of the glass frit and below the softening temperature of the substrate.
- the duration of the cooking must be sufficient for the glass frit forms a vitreous matrix.
- the firing is carried out at a temperature not exceeding 700 ° C., preferably ranging from 600 to 680 ° C. for less than 60 minutes, preferably 10 to 30 minutes.
- the band-shaped enamel and placed on the electrode side in addition to its ion source function, can itself play the role of electrode.
- the enamel has the lowest possible porosity, or the highest compactness, in order to obtain the highest ion exchange rate.
- an enamel for the case where an enamel is used against the electrode, it may have a higher porosity.
- the salt is preferably maintained at a temperature of at least 10 ° C. and preferably at least 20 ° C. 0 C at its melting temperature.
- the ion exchange is carried out under an electric field.
- the value of the applied electric field depends on the nature of the cationic elements to be exchanged, and also on the composition of the substrate. In general, the electric field is chosen so as to obtain a migration rate in the substrate of between 0.01 and 1 ⁇ m / min. This field is generally between 1 and 1000 volts per millimeter of thickness of the substrate.
- these zones are formed on at least a portion of thickness of the glass-function substrate, from a plane located at a given distance from the free surface of the substrate exposed to the sun.
- the depth of the high refractive index zone is sufficient to allow total internal reflection of the light at the substrate / zone interface, towards the areas covered by the active layer.
- FIGS. 10 and 11 show two embodiments of the invention, either the zones are formed along the entire thickness of the substrate (FIG. 10), or from a certain depth of the free surface (FIG. .
- the orientation of the inclined flanks of the zones relative to the free surfaces of the glass-function substrate is optimized at an angle ⁇ between 60 ° and 80 °, and more preferably between 65 ° and 75 °, and even more preferential substantially close to 70 °, and for a n2-ni index variation between the zone of low refractive index, index ni, and the high refractive index zone, index ri2, of the order from 0.05 to 0, 15 and more particularly from 0.10 to 0.15 and for an incident light flux perpendicular to the free surface of the glass-function substrate.
- a concentration ratio is then defined as being the ratio h / b.
- the inverse, namely h / h, corresponds to the percentage of surface covered by functional material. compared to surface subjected to solar radiation.
- the low refractive index zones consist of the non-exchanged glass substrate and may have a refractive index n s ranging from 1.3 to 2.
- the high index zones may have a refractive index ranging from 1.43 to 2, 13.
- a soda-lime glass has, for example, a refractive index n.sub.50 of between 1.47 and 1.55.
- Rich silver blades carried by exchange of the sodium contained in the glass with silver from silver nitrate generally has a refractive index ranging from 1, 01 n so do 1, 2 n so do.
- an ion that will replace another within a zone can replace it at a rate of 10 to 100 mol%, generally more than 20 mol%.
- the zones can equip a glazing unit in a concentrator application for a photovoltaic system.
- the glazing is generally inclined with respect to the horizontal and a system of "pursuit" of the sun, nevertheless allows to obtain angular configurations which guarantee an optimum of energy conversion.
- FIG. 2 represents the process for obtaining trapezoidal zones starting from a solid containing the cationic element whose sodocalcic glass is to be locally enriched, in this example of 2.1 mm thick, to create concentrators optical at its surface, to a certain depth.
- a solid containing the cationic element whose sodocalcic glass is to be locally enriched, in this example of 2.1 mm thick, to create concentrators optical at its surface, to a certain depth.
- On the surface of the glass 21 are deposited strips 22 or sintered glass with a variable thickness, typically trapezoidal, these frits being rich in Ag + .
- the whole is immersed in a bath of sodium nitrate (Na + , NO3) and is subjected to electric field.
- FIG. 4 shows a horizontal glazing sectional view equipped with zones 23, in particular trapezoidal profile, in two intersecting directions thus defining an optical concentrator. The light rays coming from this source and penetrating into the glass are reflected at the interface between the zone and the medium, and sent back to the other face of the glazing, in a convergence zone delimited by the two sides of the trapezium.
- the glass substrate has a thickness of 4 mm.
- the zones of index n2 have, for example, a depth from the first free surface in the 500 ⁇ m glass, a width I 1 of 700 ⁇ m at the entrance surface of the incident rays, and a width h of 340 ⁇ m. level of the other end, at the level of the small base of the trapezium. In this figure, the flanks of the trapezium are straight.
- the profile 20 of the zones of high refractive index has a spherical or rounded envelope.
- FIG. 6 illustrates the phenomenon of total internal reflection of a light beam incident perpendicular to the surface of the glazing.
- Figure 7 illustrates two extreme cases for the ratio I2 / I1- On the left, too small a ratio causes a loss of light rays which do not meet any active surface.
- FIG. 9 shows the proportion of flux captured by the photo voltaic cell as a function of the angle i in degree of incidence of the luminous flux, for different proportions of deposited silicon, with and without structure.
- This example illustrates the embodiment described in FIG. 2.
- a substrate is formed from a soda-lime glass composition comprising the constituents below, in the following proportions expressed in molar percentage: 71% of SiO 2,
- This substrate has a refractive index of 1.52.
- the glass frit has the following composition, expressed in% by mass: 36% SiO 2, 30% of Bi 2 ⁇ 3, 24.5% Na 2 O, 5.5% CaO, 4% Al 2 O 3.
- the substrate coated with the silkscreened patterns is subjected to an enamel baking treatment at 650 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- the face of the substrate carrying the enamelled patterns is brought into contact with a bath of molten NaNO ⁇ (320 ° C.) connected to the anode of a voltage generator.
- the other face of the substrate is in contact with another bath of molten NaNO ⁇ (320 ° C.) connected to the cathode of said generator.
- the ion exchange is carried out for 20 h by applying a potential difference between the terminals of the generator so that the migration rate of the Ag ions in the substrate is equal to 0.07 ⁇ m / min.
- the enamel was removed by etching for 5 minutes in a solution of HNO 3 at 68% by weight. On the substrate, the ion diffusion depth is measured
- This example illustrates the variant of the invention according to which the concentration zone of the light is of rounded shape and whose depth is equal to the thickness of the glass.
- a substrate is formed from a soda-lime-silica glass composition comprising the following constituents, in the following proportions expressed in molar percentage: 71% of SiO 2 , 13.5% of Na 2 O 9, 5% CaO and 6% MgO.
- This substrate has a refractive index of not equal to 1, 52.
- an array of 400 parallelepipedic strips of width equal to 300 ⁇ m is deposited. of thickness equal to 100 ⁇ m and formed by screen printing by means of an enamel composition comprising, as a percentage by weight: 75% of silver particles, 10% of a glass frit and 15% of a mixture terpineols (silkscreen medium to have the appropriate viscosity for application on glass).
- the glass frit has the following composition, expressed in% by mass: 36% SiO 2, 30% of Bi 2 ⁇ 3 24.5% Na 2 O, 5.5% CaO, 4% Al 2 O 3 .
- the substrate coated with the silkscreened patterns is subjected to an enamel baking treatment at 650 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- a metal electrode is then deposited on the other side of the glass.
- a positive voltage is applied to the screen-printed patterns while the opposite-face electrode is grounded.
- the ion exchange is carried out for 120 hours by applying a potential difference between the terminals of the generator so that the average speed is 0.07 ⁇ m / min.
- the refractive index n 2 of the high refractive index zones after ion exchange with silver is equal to 1.63.
- the area exchanged has a width of 1 mm on the screen-printed side and that it emerges on the opposite face over a width of 300 ⁇ m, with rounded edges on the side.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Surface Treatment Of Glass (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/127,377 US20110209761A1 (en) | 2008-11-03 | 2009-11-02 | Glazing with light-concentrating zones by ion exchange |
EP09768127A EP2353190A2 (fr) | 2008-11-03 | 2009-11-02 | Vitrage a zones concentrant la lumiere par echange ionique |
EA201170639A EA201170639A1 (ru) | 2008-11-03 | 2009-11-02 | Стекло с зонами, концентрирующими свет за счет ионного обмена |
CN2009801534516A CN102272949A (zh) | 2008-11-03 | 2009-11-02 | 具有通过离子交换进行光集中的区域的玻璃门窗 |
JP2011533799A JP2012507458A (ja) | 2008-11-03 | 2009-11-02 | イオン交換による集光領域を備えた板ガラス |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0857446A FR2938078B1 (fr) | 2008-11-03 | 2008-11-03 | Vitrage a zones concentrant la lumiere par echange ionique. |
FR0857446 | 2008-11-03 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2010061089A2 true WO2010061089A2 (fr) | 2010-06-03 |
WO2010061089A3 WO2010061089A3 (fr) | 2011-03-03 |
Family
ID=40740158
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2009/052113 WO2010061089A2 (fr) | 2008-11-03 | 2009-11-02 | Vitrage a zones concentrant la lumiere par echange ionique |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20110209761A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2353190A2 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2012507458A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20110096531A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN102272949A (fr) |
EA (1) | EA201170639A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2938078B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2010061089A2 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR3042260A1 (fr) * | 2015-10-13 | 2017-04-14 | Sunpartner Technologies | Panneau solaire photovoltaique dont la transparence varie en fonction de la position relative du soleil |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2948230B1 (fr) | 2009-07-16 | 2011-10-21 | Saint Gobain | Plaque transparente texturee et procede de fabrication d'une telle plaque |
WO2015009592A1 (fr) * | 2013-07-18 | 2015-01-22 | Corning Incorporated | Concentrateur solaire pourvu de microréflecteurs |
US11563137B2 (en) | 2019-09-16 | 2023-01-24 | Meta Platforms Technologies, Llc | Optical transformer |
US11431236B2 (en) | 2020-08-18 | 2022-08-30 | Meta Platforms Technologies, Llc | Dynamically addressable high voltage optical transformer with integrated optically triggered switches |
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US20060272698A1 (en) | 2005-06-06 | 2006-12-07 | Durvasula Ravi S | Photovoltaic concentrator for solar energy system |
WO2006133126A2 (fr) | 2005-06-06 | 2006-12-14 | Solaria Corporation | Procede et systeme d'integration d'une cellule solaire au moyen d'une pluralite de regions photovoltaiques |
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US379852A (en) * | 1888-03-20 | Animal-releasing device | ||
US392774A (en) * | 1888-11-13 | feankenbeeg | ||
JPS58220106A (ja) * | 1982-06-17 | 1983-12-21 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | 固体撮像装置 |
JPS63291466A (ja) * | 1987-05-25 | 1988-11-29 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | 固体撮像装置 |
US4883522A (en) * | 1987-08-19 | 1989-11-28 | Integrated Solar Technologies Corp. | Fabrication of macro-gradient optical density transmissive light concentrators, lenses and compound lenses of large geometry |
JPS6491101A (en) * | 1987-10-01 | 1989-04-10 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | Plane lens plate |
DE3741477A1 (de) * | 1987-12-08 | 1989-06-22 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Konzentratoranordnung |
JPH056988A (ja) * | 1991-06-26 | 1993-01-14 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | 固体撮像装置の製造方法 |
US5703722A (en) * | 1995-02-27 | 1997-12-30 | Blankenbecler; Richard | Segmented axial gradinet array lens |
US5877874A (en) * | 1995-08-24 | 1999-03-02 | Terrasun L.L.C. | Device for concentrating optical radiation |
JP2770906B2 (ja) * | 1995-09-08 | 1998-07-02 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 太陽電池モジュールおよびその製造方法 |
US5936777A (en) * | 1996-10-31 | 1999-08-10 | Lightpath Technologies, Inc. | Axially-graded index-based couplers for solar concentrators |
JPH11307803A (ja) * | 1998-04-21 | 1999-11-05 | Toyota Motor Corp | 集光装置 |
US6825995B2 (en) * | 2000-04-27 | 2004-11-30 | Sony Corporation | Optical device, optical system, method of production of same, and mold for production of same |
JP2004186334A (ja) * | 2002-12-02 | 2004-07-02 | Sharp Corp | 太陽電池、および太陽電池用集光素子とその製造方法 |
JP2004343020A (ja) * | 2003-05-13 | 2004-12-02 | Isao Katayama | 受光素子 |
JP4226985B2 (ja) * | 2003-10-06 | 2009-02-18 | 日本航空電子工業株式会社 | 光学センサの製造方法 |
JP2008147395A (ja) * | 2006-12-08 | 2008-06-26 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 固体撮像装置及びその製造方法 |
EP1944808A1 (fr) * | 2007-01-15 | 2008-07-16 | Stmicroelectronics Sa | Module optique imageur destiné à être associé à un composant semi-conducteur optique et procédé pour sa fabrication. |
-
2008
- 2008-11-03 FR FR0857446A patent/FR2938078B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-11-02 EP EP09768127A patent/EP2353190A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-11-02 JP JP2011533799A patent/JP2012507458A/ja active Pending
- 2009-11-02 US US13/127,377 patent/US20110209761A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-11-02 WO PCT/FR2009/052113 patent/WO2010061089A2/fr active Application Filing
- 2009-11-02 EA EA201170639A patent/EA201170639A1/ru unknown
- 2009-11-02 CN CN2009801534516A patent/CN102272949A/zh active Pending
- 2009-11-02 KR KR1020117009625A patent/KR20110096531A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (2)
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US20060272698A1 (en) | 2005-06-06 | 2006-12-07 | Durvasula Ravi S | Photovoltaic concentrator for solar energy system |
WO2006133126A2 (fr) | 2005-06-06 | 2006-12-14 | Solaria Corporation | Procede et systeme d'integration d'une cellule solaire au moyen d'une pluralite de regions photovoltaiques |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FR3042260A1 (fr) * | 2015-10-13 | 2017-04-14 | Sunpartner Technologies | Panneau solaire photovoltaique dont la transparence varie en fonction de la position relative du soleil |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2353190A2 (fr) | 2011-08-10 |
JP2012507458A (ja) | 2012-03-29 |
US20110209761A1 (en) | 2011-09-01 |
CN102272949A (zh) | 2011-12-07 |
FR2938078A1 (fr) | 2010-05-07 |
WO2010061089A3 (fr) | 2011-03-03 |
EA201170639A1 (ru) | 2011-10-31 |
KR20110096531A (ko) | 2011-08-30 |
FR2938078B1 (fr) | 2011-02-11 |
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