WO2007138619A1 - Procédé de production rapide d'objets de forme quelconque - Google Patents

Procédé de production rapide d'objets de forme quelconque Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007138619A1
WO2007138619A1 PCT/IT2006/000406 IT2006000406W WO2007138619A1 WO 2007138619 A1 WO2007138619 A1 WO 2007138619A1 IT 2006000406 W IT2006000406 W IT 2006000406W WO 2007138619 A1 WO2007138619 A1 WO 2007138619A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
item
coating
items according
manufacturing items
rapidly manufacturing
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IT2006/000406
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Matteo Mantovani
Marcello Fantuzzi
Original Assignee
Matteo Mantovani
Marcello Fantuzzi
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Matteo Mantovani, Marcello Fantuzzi filed Critical Matteo Mantovani
Priority to PCT/IT2006/000406 priority Critical patent/WO2007138619A1/fr
Publication of WO2007138619A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007138619A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/34—Pretreatment of metallic surfaces to be electroplated
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D7/02—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to macromolecular substances, e.g. rubber
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/141—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials
    • B29C64/153—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials using layers of powder being selectively joined, e.g. by selective laser sintering or melting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/68—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts by incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. inserts or layers, e.g. foam blocks
    • B29C70/86—Incorporated in coherent impregnated reinforcing layers, e.g. by winding
    • B29C70/865—Incorporated in coherent impregnated reinforcing layers, e.g. by winding completely encapsulated
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
    • B33Y40/20—Post-treatment, e.g. curing, coating or polishing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/10—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals
    • C25D5/12—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/18—Electroplating using modulated, pulsed or reversing current
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/60—Electroplating characterised by the structure or texture of the layers
    • C25D5/605—Surface topography of the layers, e.g. rough, dendritic or nodular layers
    • C25D5/611—Smooth layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D2350/00—Pretreatment of the substrate
    • B05D2350/60—Adding a layer before coating
    • B05D2350/65—Adding a layer before coating metal layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
    • B05D5/06—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain multicolour or other optical effects
    • B05D5/067—Metallic effect
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2793/00—Shaping techniques involving a cutting or machining operation
    • B29C2793/009—Shaping techniques involving a cutting or machining operation after shaping
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
    • B29C64/124—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using layers of liquid which are selectively solidified
    • B29C64/129—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using layers of liquid which are selectively solidified characterised by the energy source therefor, e.g. by global irradiation combined with a mask
    • B29C64/135—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using layers of liquid which are selectively solidified characterised by the energy source therefor, e.g. by global irradiation combined with a mask the energy source being concentrated, e.g. scanning lasers or focused light sources
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/40—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied
    • B29C70/42—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C70/44—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using isostatic pressure, e.g. pressure difference-moulding, vacuum bag-moulding, autoclave-moulding or expanding rubber-moulding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
    • B29K2995/0003—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
    • B29K2995/0005—Conductive
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
    • B29K2995/0037—Other properties
    • B29K2995/0072—Roughness, e.g. anti-slip
    • B29K2995/0073—Roughness, e.g. anti-slip smooth

Definitions

  • This technique provides for the use of a laser source to selectively sinter a polymer matrix, in the form of a powder polymer (NylonTM) , such that unaffected areas can be left out and re-cycling allowed of any uncured (or un-sintered) powder in a given pattern.
  • a laser source to selectively sinter a polymer matrix, in the form of a powder polymer (NylonTM) , such that unaffected areas can be left out and re-cycling allowed of any uncured (or un-sintered) powder in a given pattern.
  • the first step comprises smoothing the item surface with abrasive paper of grade 180
  • the second step comprises applying a coating layer of a ceramic material, as by hot spray application with a torch, to provide an overall thickness of 0.10 to 0.50 mm.
  • Figure 1 shows an item issuing from a rapid prototyping process of the SLS type and being surface strengthened according to a first embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 2 shows a product item surface strengthened according to a second embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 3 shows a product item surface strengthened according to a third embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 4 illustrates the step of curing the resin of the vacuum-formed coating in the third embodiment.
  • Figure 1 shows an item 1 as this exits a rapid prototyping process, lines 2 being used to highlight layers that have been sintered in succession during the rapid prototyping process.
  • the outer surface of the item is smoothed at 3, advantageously with abrasive paper of tapering grade to 180.
  • a surface coating is then hot sprayed S with a torch 4.
  • one or more fixtures 5 are arranged to hold up thin regions T of the item 1 on the remote side thereof from the jet S.
  • Figure 3 shows, additionally to the item 1 and the layers 2 forming it, the item surface 11 after smoothing with abrasive paper of tapering grade to 240-400.
  • the smoothed surface is coated a resin 17 for impregnating reinforcement fibres 18, where the latter have not been pre-impregnated with the resin.
  • an impregnation resin 19 may be applied later to the fibre layer 18.
  • a thin release layer 20 is applied.
  • a second embodiment of this invention provides an alternative method to the first embodiment just described, which results in the formation of a electroplating about 0.1-0.45 mm thick, preferably 0.15-
  • the surface metallization may be carried out using a number of methods, including activation with palladium and chemical copper or nickel plating, silver plating, use of a conductive paint, etc..
  • activation with palladium and chemical copper or nickel plating In view of the item roughness, which clearly is dependent on the particle size of the powder, where a sintered powder is used, being not inconsiderable, the activation with palladium looks less suitable because any hard-to-reach spots by the mechanical smoothing process may result in activation differences and an incompletely coated shape.
  • An activation with palladium can be employed, however, in the instance of items which are perfectly smooth.
  • the coating may comprise copper (from an acidic copper-plating bath) , which is advantageous because only slightly stressed and easy to grow to 0.2 mm and above; the coating application is self-levelling and therefore inherently adapted to spread uniformly over the item. Highly advantageous is the construction of holding fixtures which can deliver a sufficient amount of electric current to the regions that are most deeply screened off. This will avoid insufficiently coated spots. Care should be taken to prevent such conductive holding fixtures from interacting with the item to tension load it. The electroplating bath will not stress the coated item significantly if the electroplating bath is applied at room temperature.
  • the coating may also be a nickel plating. This type of coating grants high mechanical strength for the work- piece, definitely higher than that afforded by copper plating, but is attended by fairly high residual stress (despite the bath being sulphamate-based, and having therefore lower residual stresses than other baths) . Furthermore, the coating temperature of about 65°C undermines its integrity where the coating thickness exceeds 50 ⁇ m. To overcome this constraint on thickness, a lower coating temperature in the range of 50° to 30 °C, advantageously of 35 °C, may be used in order to preserve the integrity of the layer.
  • the coating may comprise a copper/nickel plating. This combination allows large coating thicknesses to be obtained at no trade-off for its ease of application (meaning ease of coating and its integrity) .
  • a first layer of copper is coated to a thickness of 20 to 150 ⁇ m, advantageously of 70 to 100 ⁇ m, followed by a nickel layer 50 to 150 ⁇ m, advantageously 80-100 ⁇ m, thick.
  • the coated item is quite effective to dissipate the heat transferred to the item in use, given the excellent thermal conductivity of the metal layer.
  • the application of the first coating layer of copper can be carried out by dipping the item as treated with metallic paint in the electroplating bath for 10 minutes at a current density of 0.5 A/dm2 as initial value, followed by a settling step of 5 minutes at 1 A/dm2. Subsequently to this, the rate of electroplating may be in the range of 2.5 A/dm2 up to the moment when the target thickness of the copper layer is attained. Since the "polyamide", i.e. the plastics material serving as prime material in the rapid prototyping process, is recognized to be a somewhat difficult material to have coated, special care must be devoted to the emplacement of the electric supply electrodes 15 to the surface 12 treated with metallic paint.
  • the items are first smoothed using abrasive paper of tapering grade to 240-400; then the item is coated on all sides, this being important especially with thin sections because significant distortion may be introduced by the coating resin curing process. That is to say, the curing stresses in the resin might distort the item if the latter is coated unevenly.
  • a release film is applied over the coated regions, and the coated item is sealed inside a valve-fitted bag.
  • the polymeric matrix of the coating is cured in an oven at a suitable temperature for the resin employed, and with the bag under vacuum state. Using an autoclave for the purpose is not recommended because the substrate material employed in the rapid prototyping process would not withstand the pressure therein.
  • the minimum thickness of the pre-impregnated fibre coating, film is about 0.2 mm, which is adequate to conform to all the features of the item being coated, the rapid prototyping technique being known for its suitability to form features of highly complex shapes.
  • the residence time in the oven and curing temperature will depend on the resin selected and the capability of the substrate or starting material of the rapid prototyping process to withstand the process temperature.
  • This coating grants the item remarkable mechanical strength and stiffness; accordingly, using the item formed by rapid prototyping and coating it to a thickness that may exceed the aforementioned 0.2 mm, since thickness can be increased as desired to suit the geometry and target mechanical characteristics, it being possible to differentiate them as specific functional areas by the application of successive layers.
  • the item is not tied to the availability of a mould, and carbon fibre or glass fibre items can be made in a short time to highly complex geometries that would add considerably to the cost of a mould.
  • excess resin can be removed being careful not to damage the fibres.
  • the item is varnished with a clear lacquer if the fibre is to be left in view, or painted with colour paints.
  • teachings of this invention enable items to be manufactured by rapid prototyping without the items being under the constraint of the characteristics of the prime material employed, the coating provided contributing enhanced mechanical characteristics as regards ultimate strength and stiffness of the end product.
  • the resultant item can be utilized for better than a "model" or mock-up, become a definite component part of the machinery or application for which it is intended, and have adequate mechanical characteristics.
  • the first embodiment of a surface coating of the rapidly prototyped item, thermal spray provides a high resistance to contact with heat sources that will be retained through a 10-minute time at temperatures as high as 300°-350°C.
  • its coating is easily carried out both in the respect of thickness and conformability to the item.
  • the applied coating can be further smoothed to a desired roughness without significantly altering the thickness of the finished coating.
  • the second embodiment of the rapidly prototyped item coating allows duplication of minute details, including undercuts and tight portions.
  • the metal coating thus applyed exhibits high thermal and electrical conductivity and performs same as an item made of metal throughout. It is, moreover, resistant to chemicals likely to damage the base polymer, and this by virtue of the sealing properties of the electroplate metal coating.
  • each of the above-described embodiments of the coating can be varnished for appearance or as required for the end use of the product item.
  • the materials, dimensions, and construction details may depart from those specified hereabove, and still be technical equivalents thereof within the juridical domain of this invention.
  • the electric supply electrodes to the electroplating according to the second embodiment may be insulated to avoid the metal coating, if increased manufacturing and preparation costs associated with a small volume output, and hence an inconsiderable amount of metal coating on the electrodes, can be accepted.
  • the fibres and impregnation resins employed in the third embodiment may be variously selected to match target mechanical properties and the cost ceiling for the coating process.
  • the rapid manufacturing method as represented by its three embodiments may be used for larger production volumes than a small series or single items . Rapid prototyping equipment is known in the art which, dependent on item size, can simultaneously produce more than one piece, within the limits of the rapid prototyping equipment own dimensional and curing

Abstract

Le procédé selon la présente invention de fabrication rapide d'articles et/ou de pièces mécaniques comprend un article (1) formé par un procédé connu de prototypage rapide à partir d'un matériau polymère sous forme de poudre, incorporant probablement des charges, utilisant une technique de frittage (durcissement) des couches de poudre (2), et comprend une première étape de lissage de la surface de l'article (3, 11) à un degré prédéterminé de rugosité de surface, et une seconde étape d'application, sur la surface de l'article, d'un revêtement (S ; 13 ; 18) collé de manière ferme sur la surface de l'article indépendamment de la forme de l'article. Dans un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, la couche de revêtement peut comprendre un matériau céramique qui est pulvérisé à chaud (S) en utilisant une torche (4) ; dans un deuxième mode de réalisation, elle peut comprendre un matériau métallique (13), un ou plusieurs métaux étant revêtus par dépôt électrolytique de manière successive ; et dans un troisième mode de réalisation de l'invention, elle peut comprendre une fibre (18) et une résine (19) qui est ensuite durcie (19) dans un four sous vide (V).
PCT/IT2006/000406 2006-05-26 2006-05-26 Procédé de production rapide d'objets de forme quelconque WO2007138619A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/IT2006/000406 WO2007138619A1 (fr) 2006-05-26 2006-05-26 Procédé de production rapide d'objets de forme quelconque

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/IT2006/000406 WO2007138619A1 (fr) 2006-05-26 2006-05-26 Procédé de production rapide d'objets de forme quelconque

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WO2007138619A1 true WO2007138619A1 (fr) 2007-12-06

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Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010056705A2 (fr) * 2008-11-13 2010-05-20 The Boeing Company Procédé de fabrication d'inserts co-moulés
EP2502728A1 (fr) * 2011-03-23 2012-09-26 DSM IP Assets B.V. Articles tridimensionnels légers et résistants pouvant être produits par des procédés de fabrication additive
EP2551092A1 (fr) * 2011-07-28 2013-01-30 United Technologies Corporation Procédé de fabrication rapide
WO2013180848A1 (fr) * 2012-05-30 2013-12-05 General Electric Company Structures secondaires destinées à des moteurs d'avion et procédés associés
GB2509757A (en) * 2013-01-14 2014-07-16 Stage One Creative Services Ltd Reinforced three-dimensionally printed form
EP2349582B1 (fr) 2008-11-07 2015-06-03 Dürr Systems GmbH Composant de dispositif de revêtement, notamment cloche rotatoire, et procédé de fabrication correspondant
WO2015108574A1 (fr) * 2014-01-16 2015-07-23 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Réduction de la rugosité de surface d'objets en trois dimensions
WO2016044712A1 (fr) 2014-09-18 2016-03-24 Modumetal, Inc. Procédés de préparation d'articles par procédés de dépôt électrochimique et de fabrication rapide
CN105818253A (zh) * 2015-01-26 2016-08-03 通用电气公司 复合工具和形成复合部件的方法
DE102015115821A1 (de) * 2015-09-18 2017-03-23 Dyemansion Gmbh Verfahren zum Herstellen und zur Oberflächenbehandlung eines Formteils
US10449731B2 (en) 2014-04-30 2019-10-22 Magna International Inc. Apparatus and process for forming three-dimensional objects
US10493689B1 (en) 2010-09-02 2019-12-03 The Boeing Company Methods for forming thermoplastic parts with freeform tooling
US10808322B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2020-10-20 Modumetal, Inc. Electrodeposited compositions and nanolaminated alloys for articles prepared by additive manufacturing processes
US10844504B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2020-11-24 Modumetal, Inc. Nickel-chromium nanolaminate coating having high hardness
US10961635B2 (en) 2005-08-12 2021-03-30 Modumetal, Inc. Compositionally modulated composite materials and methods for making the same
US11118280B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2021-09-14 Modumetal, Inc. Nanolaminate coatings
US11180864B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2021-11-23 Modumetal, Inc. Method and apparatus for continuously applying nanolaminate metal coatings
US11242613B2 (en) 2009-06-08 2022-02-08 Modumetal, Inc. Electrodeposited, nanolaminate coatings and claddings for corrosion protection
US11286575B2 (en) 2017-04-21 2022-03-29 Modumetal, Inc. Tubular articles with electrodeposited coatings, and systems and methods for producing the same
US11293272B2 (en) 2017-03-24 2022-04-05 Modumetal, Inc. Lift plungers with electrodeposited coatings, and systems and methods for producing the same
US11365488B2 (en) 2016-09-08 2022-06-21 Modumetal, Inc. Processes for providing laminated coatings on workpieces, and articles made therefrom
US11519093B2 (en) 2018-04-27 2022-12-06 Modumetal, Inc. Apparatuses, systems, and methods for producing a plurality of articles with nanolaminated coatings using rotation
US11692281B2 (en) 2014-09-18 2023-07-04 Modumetal, Inc. Method and apparatus for continuously applying nanolaminate metal coatings
GB2619706A (en) * 2022-06-09 2023-12-20 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Carbon fibre shell

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