WO2007015866A2 - Inhibiteurs de la p38 kinase et procédés de traitement d’affections inflammatoires - Google Patents

Inhibiteurs de la p38 kinase et procédés de traitement d’affections inflammatoires Download PDF

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WO2007015866A2
WO2007015866A2 PCT/US2006/027863 US2006027863W WO2007015866A2 WO 2007015866 A2 WO2007015866 A2 WO 2007015866A2 US 2006027863 W US2006027863 W US 2006027863W WO 2007015866 A2 WO2007015866 A2 WO 2007015866A2
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cc4ccc
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n3cccc
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WO2007015866A3 (fr
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Daniel L. Severance
Allen J. Borchardt
Elisabeth M. M. Gardiner
Mehmet Kahraman
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Kalypsys, Inc.
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D307/77—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D307/87—Benzo [c] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [c] furans
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
    • C07D231/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D231/56—Benzopyrazoles; Hydrogenated benzopyrazoles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to novel compounds and compositions and their application as pharmaceuticals for the treatment of disease.
  • Methods of inhibition of p38 kinase activity in a human or animal subject are also provided for the treatment diseases such as inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, destructive bone disorders, proliferative disorders, angiogenic disorders, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral diseases.
  • the present invention relates to inhibitors of p38, a mammalian protein kinase involved in cell proliferation, cell death and response to extracellular stimuli.
  • the invention also relates to methods for producing these inhibitors.
  • the invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the inhibitors of the present invention and methods of utilizing those compositions in the treatment and prevention of various disorders.
  • the compounds are potent inhibitors of p38 kinase and are useful in the prophylaxis or treatment of p38 kinase mediated diseases or disorders, such as inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, destructive bone disorders, proliferative disorders, angiogenic disorders, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral diseases.
  • CSBP-I CSAID binding protein- 1
  • CSBP-2 is now widely referred to as p38 ⁇ and differs from CSBP-I in an internal sequence of 25 amino acids as a result of differential splicing of two exons that are conserved in both mouse and human [McDonnell, P. C. et al, Genomics 1995, 29, 301-2].
  • CSBP-I and p38 ⁇ are expressed ubiquitously and there is no difference between the two isoforms with respect to tissue distribution, activation profile, substrate preference or CSAID binding.
  • a second isoform is ⁇ 38 ⁇ which has 70% identity with p38 ⁇ .
  • a second form of p38 ⁇ , termed p38 ⁇ 2 is also known, and of the two this is believed to be the major form.
  • P38 ⁇ and p38 ⁇ 2 are expressed in many different tissues. However in monocytes and macrophages p38 ⁇ is the predominant kinase activity [Lee, J. C, ibid; Jing, Y. et al, J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 10531-34; Hale, K. K. et al, J.
  • P38 ⁇ and p38 ⁇ (also termed SAP kinase-3 and SAP kinase-4 respectively) have .about.63% and .about.61% homology to p38 ⁇ respectively.
  • P38 ⁇ is predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle whilst p38 ⁇ is found in testes, pancreas, prostate, small intestine and in certain endocrine tissues.
  • All p38 homologues and splice variants contain a 12 amino acid activation loop that includes a Thr-Gly-Tyr motif. Dual phosphorylation of both Thr-180 and Tyr-182 in the TGY motif by a dual specificity upstream kinase is essential for the activation of p38 and results in a >1000-fold increase in specific activity of these enzymes [Doza, Y. N. et al FEBS Lett., 1995, 364, 7095-8012]. This dual phosphorylation is effected by MKK6 and under certain conditions the related enzyme MKK3 (see FIG. 1) [Enslen, H. et al J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273,1741-48].
  • MKK3 and MKK6 belong to a family of enzymes termed MAPKK (mitogen activating protein kinase kinase) which are in turn activated by MAPKKK (mitogen activating protein kinase kinase kinase) otherwise known as MAP3K.
  • MEKK4/MTK1 MAP or ERK. kinase kinase/MAP three kinase-1
  • ASKl apoptosis stimulated kinase
  • TAKl TGF- ⁇ -activated kinase
  • TAKl has been shown to activate MKK6 in response to transforming growth factor- ⁇ (TGF- ⁇ ).
  • TNF- stimulated activation of p38 is believed to be mediated by the recruitment of TRAF2 [TNF receptor associated factor] and the Fas adaptor protein, Daxx, which results in the activation of ASKl and subsequently p38.
  • MAPK activated protein kinase 2/3/5 MAPK activated protein kinase 2/3/5
  • PRAK p38 regulated/activated protein kinase
  • MNK1/2 MAP kinase- interacting kinase 1/2
  • MSKl/RLPK mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1
  • RSK-B ribosomal S6 kinase-B
  • ATF2/6 activating transcription factor 2/6
  • MEF2A/C monocyte-enhancer factor-2A/C
  • C/EBP homologous protein C/EBP homologous protein
  • Elkl and Sap- IaI substrates [e.g. cPLA2, p47phox].
  • MAPKAP K2 is activated by p38 in response to environmental stress. Mice engineered to lack MAPKAP K2 do not produce TNF in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Production of several other cytokines such as IL-I, IL-6, IFN-g and IL-IO is also partially inhibited [Kotlyarov, A. et al Nature Cell Biol. 1999, 1, 94-7]. Further, MAPKAP K2 from embryonic stem cells from p38 ⁇ null mice was not activated in response to stress and these cells did not produce IL-6 in response to IL-I [Allen, M. et al, J. Exp. Med. 2000, 191, 859-69].
  • MAPKAP K2 is not only essential for TNF and IL-I production but also for signaling induced by cytokines.
  • MAPKAP K2 and K3 phosphorylate and thus regulate heat shock proteins HSP 25 and HSP 27, which are involved in cytoskeletal reorganization.
  • these small molecule inhibitors are known to also decrease the synthesis of a wide variety of pro-inflammatory proteins including IL-6, IL-8, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).
  • pro-inflammatory proteins including IL-6, IL-8, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).
  • GM-CSF granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor
  • COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2
  • TNF and IL-I A variety of cells including monocytes and macrophages produce TNF and IL-I. Excessive or unregulated TNF production is implicated in a number of disease states including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, pyresis, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis and other arthritic conditions, toxic shock syndrome, endotoxic shock, sepsis, septic shock, gram negative sepsis, bone resorption diseases, reperfusion injury, graft vs.
  • p38 occupies within the cascade of signaling molecules mediating extracellular-to-intracellular signaling, and its influence over not only IL-I, TNF and IL-8 production but also the synthesis and/or action of other pro-inflammatory proteins (e.g. IL-6, GM-CSF, COX-2, collagenase and stromelysin), make it an attractive target for inhibition by small molecule inhibitors with the expectation that such inhibition would be a highly effective mechanism for regulating the excessive and destructive activation of the immune system.
  • pro-inflammatory proteins e.g. IL-6, GM-CSF, COX-2, collagenase and stromelysin
  • potent and selective inhibitors of p38 kinase and the isoforms and splice variants thereof, especially p38 ⁇ and p38 ⁇ are disclosed.
  • the compounds are useful in pharmaceutical compostions and their use to treat p38 related disease, for example in the prophylaxis and treatment of immune or inflammatory disorders as described herein.
  • the present invention discloses a class of compounds, useful in treating p38 kinase mediated disorders and conditions, defined by structural Formula I:
  • Xi and X 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of a bond, -O-, — NR 4 — , alkenyl, alkynyl, -C(O)- sulfanyl, sulfinyl, -SO 2 -, -SO 2 N(R 4 )- -N(R 4 )S(O) 2 -, -C(R 5 ) 2 -, - C(Rj) 2 N(R 4 )- N(R 4 )C(O)- -C(O)N(R 4 )- -N(R 4 )C(O)N(R 4 )-, and -OC(O)O-;
  • Gi and G 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclo, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • X 3 is selected from the group consisting of oxygen or sulfur
  • Ri, R 4 , and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylamino, alkylene, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkyl, arylalkynyl, arylcarbonyl, arylsulfonyl, cyanoalkenyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, and hydroxyalkyl; and
  • R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, alkynyl, amido, amino, aminoalkyl, aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkyl, arylalkynyl, cyano, cyanoalkenyl, cycloalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, and nitro.
  • X 1 is selected from the group consisting of carbon or nitrogen;
  • X 2 is selected from the group consisting of oxygen or sulfur
  • X 3 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, -0-, -NR 5 -, alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, -C(O)- -S-, -S(O)- -SO 2 -, -SO 2 N(R 5 )-, -N(R 5 )SO 2 -, -C(R 6 ) 2 N(R 5 )-, -N(R 5 )C(O)-, - C(O)N(R 5 )-, -N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 5 )-, and -OC(O)O-;
  • X 4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, alkyl, -C(O)-, -SO 2 -, -N(R 5 )SO 2 -, and - N(R 5 )C(0H
  • G 1 and G 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclo, any of which may be optionally substituted;
  • R 1 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylamino, alkylene, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkyl, arylalkynyl, arylcarbonyl, arylsulfonyl, cyanoalkenyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, and hydroxyalkyl;
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, alkynyl, amido, amino, aminoalkyl, aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkyl, arylalkynyl, cyano, cyanoalkenyl, cycloalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, and nitro; and
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylamino, alkylene, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkyl, arylalkynyl, arylcarbonyl, arylsulfonyl, cyanoalkenyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted and Z, wherein
  • Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 and Y 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of CR 5 and N;
  • R ! is selected from the group consisting of acyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylamino, alkylcarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylthiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, amido, aryl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkylamino, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylamido, aryloxy, arylthio, carboxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylcarbony], haloalkoxy, haloalkoxycarbonyl, haloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroarylamino, heteroarylamido, heteroaryl oxy, heteroarylthio, heterocyclo, heterocyclocarbonyl, hydroxy, and thiol;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, acyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, alkylamino, amino, amido, alkylamino, carboxy, cyano, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, and sulfonate;
  • R 3 is of the Formula V:
  • Z 1 is selected from the group consisting of N and CR 4 ; j, k, and n are independently selected to be from zero to four;
  • L 1 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, alkyl, -C(O)- -NR 5 -, -O-, -S-, -S(O)-, - SO 2 -, -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -N(R 5 )C(O)-, -C(O)N(R 5 )- -N(R 5 )C(O)O-, -N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 5 )-, - OC(O)N(R 5 )- -N(R 5 )C(O)S-, and -OC(O)N(R 5 )-;
  • Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl; each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, alkylamino, amido, amino, aminoalkyl, carboxy, cyano, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxy, and hydroxyalkyl; and each R 5 , and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxy, and hydroxyalkyl.
  • X is selected from the group consisting of — O— , -NR 5 -, and -S-;
  • Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of CR 6 and N;
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of acyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylamino, alkylcarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylthiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, amido, aryl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkylamino, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylamido, aryloxy, arylthio, carboxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkoxycarbonyl, haloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroarylamino, heteroarylamido, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heterocyclo, heterocyclocarbonyl, hydroxy, and thiol;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, acyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, alkylamino, amino, amido, alkylamino, carboxy, cyano, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, and sulfonate;
  • R 3 is of Formula VII
  • Z 1 is selected fi'om the group consisting of N and CR 4 ; j, k, and n are independently selected to be from zero to four;
  • L 1 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, alkyl, -C(O)-, -NR 5 - -O- -S-, -S(O)-, - SO 2 - -C(O)O- -OC(O)-, -N(R 5 )C(O)-, -C(O)N(R 5 )- -N(R 5 )C(0)0-, -N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 5 )-, - OC(O)N(R 5 )- -N(R 5 )C(O)S- and -OC(O)N(R 5 )-;
  • Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl; each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, alkylamino, amido, amino, aminoalkyl, carboxy, cyano, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxy, and hydroxyalkyl; and each R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxy, and hydroxyalkyl.
  • X is selected from the group consisting of — O— , -NR 5 -, and -S — ;
  • Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of CR 6 and N;
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of acyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylamino, alkyl carbonyl, alkylthio, alkylthiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, amido, aryl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkylamino, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylamido, aryloxy, arylthio, carboxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkoxy carbonyl, haloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroarylamino, heteroarylamido, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heterocyclo, heterocyclocarbonyl, hydroxy, and thiol;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, acyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, alkylamino, amino, amido, alkylamino, carboxy, cyano, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, and sulfonate;
  • R 3 is of the Formula IX
  • Z 1 is selected from the group consisting of N and CR 4 ; j, k, and n are independently selected to be from zero to four;
  • L 1 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, alkyl, -C(O)- -NR 5 -, -O-, -S-, -S(O)-, - SO 2 - -C(O)O- -OC(O)-, -N(R 5 )C(0K -C(O)N(R 5 H -N(R 5 )C(0)0- -N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 5 )- - OC(O)N(R 5 )- -N(R 5 )C(O)S- and -OC(O)N(R 5 )-;
  • Ar is selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl; each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, alkylamino, amido, amino, aminoalkyl, carboxy, cyano, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxy, and hydroxyalkyl; and each R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxy, and hydroxyalkyl.
  • the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of the present invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as well as methods of making and using the compounds and compositions.
  • the present invention provides methods for inhibiting / modulating ⁇ 38.
  • the present invention provides methods for treating a p38 mediated disorder in a patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention.
  • the present invention also contemplates the use of compounds disclosed herein for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or condition ameliorated by the inhibition / modulation of ⁇ 38.
  • acyl refers to a carbonyl attached to an alkenyl, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, or any other moiety were the atom attached to the carbonyl is carbon.
  • An “acetyl” group refers to a -C(O)CH 3 group. Examples of acyl groups include formyl, alkanoyl and aroyl radicals.
  • acylamino embraces an amino radical substituted with an acyl group.
  • An example of an “acylamino” radical is acetylamino (CH 3 C(O)NH-).
  • alkenyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical having one or more double bonds and containing from 2 to 20, preferably 2 to 6, carbon atoms.
  • suitable alkenyl radicals include ethenyl, propenyl, 2-methylpropenyl, 1 ,4-butadienyl and the like.
  • alkoxy refers to an alkyl ether radical, wherein the term alkyl is as defined below.
  • suitable alkyl ether radicals include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, and the like.
  • alkoxyalkoxy refers to one or more alkoxy groups attached to the parent molecular moiety through another alkoxy group. Examples include ethoxyethoxy, methoxypropoxyethoxy, ethoxypentoxyethoxyethoxy and the like.
  • alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkoxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
  • alkoxyalkyl also embraces alkoxyalkyl groups having one or more alkoxy groups attached to the alkyl group, that is, to form monoalkoxyalkyl and dialkoxyalkyl groups.
  • alkoxycarbonyl refers to an alkoxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.
  • alkoxycarbonyl groups include methoxycarbonyl, ethoxy carbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl and hexyloxycarbonyl .
  • alkoxycarbonylalkyl embraces radicals having "alkoxycarbonyl", as defined above substituted to an alkyl radical. More preferred alkoxycarbonylalkyl radicals are "lower alkoxycarbonylalkyl” having lower alkoxycarbonyl radicals as defined above attached to one to six carbon atoms. Examples of such lower alkoxycarbonylalkyl radicals include methoxycarbonylmethyl.
  • alkyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl radical containing from 1 to and including 20, preferably 1 to 10, and more preferably 1 to 6, carbon atoms. Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted as defined herein. Examples of alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, octyl, noyl and the like.
  • alkylene as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a saturated aliphatic group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon attached at two or more positions, such as methylene (-CH 2 — ).
  • alkylamino refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an amino group. Suitable alkylamino groups may be mono- or dialkylated, forming groups such as, for example, N-methylamino, N-ethylamino, N,N- dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino and the like.
  • alkylaminocarbonyl refers to an alkylamino group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.
  • examples of such radicals include N-methylaniinocarbonyl and N,N-dimethylcarbonyl.
  • alkylcarbonyl and “alkanoyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. Examples of such groups include methylcarbonyl and ethylcarbonyl.
  • alkylidene as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkenyl group in which one carbon atom of the carbon-carbon double bond belongs to the moiety to which the alkenyl group is attached.
  • alkylsulfinyl refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfinyl group.
  • alkylsulfinyl groups include methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, butylsulfinyl and hexylsulfinyl.
  • alkylsulfonyl refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group.
  • alkylsulfinyl groups include methanesulfonyl, ethanesulfonyl, tert-butanesulfonyl, and the like.
  • alkylthio refers to an alkyl thioether (R-S- ) radical wherein the term alkyl is as defined above.
  • suitable alkyl thioether radicals include methylthio, ethylthio, n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, iso-butylthio, sec-butylthio, tert-butylthio, ethoxyethylthio, methoxypropoxyethylthio, ethoxypentoxyethoxyethylthio and the like.
  • alkylthioalkyl embraces alkylthio radicals attached to an alkyl radical.
  • Alkylthioalkyl radicals include "lower alkylthioalkyl” radicals having alkyl radicals of one to six carbon atoms and an alkylthio radical as described above. Examples of such radicals include methylthiomethyl.
  • alkynyl refers to a straight-chain or branched chain hydrocarbon radical having one or more triple bonds and containing from 2 to 20, preferably from 2 to 6, more preferably from 2 to 4, carbon atoms.
  • Alkynylene refers to a carbon- carbon triple bond attached at two positions such as ethynylene (-C:::C-, -C ⁇ C-).
  • alkynyl radicals include ethynyl, propynyl, hydroxypropynyl, butyn-1-yl, butyn-2-yl, pentyn-1-yl, pentyn-2-yl, 4-methoxypentyn-2-yl, 3-methylbutyn-l-yl, hexyn-1-yl, hexyn-2-yl, hexyn-3-yl, 3,3-dimethylbutyn-l-yl, and the like.
  • amido refers to an amino group as described below attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.
  • amino refers to — NRR , wherein R and R are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkyl, wherein the aryl, the aryl part of the arylalkenyl, the arylalkyl, the heteroaryl, the heteroaryl part of the heteroarylalkenyl and the heteroarylalkyl, the heterocycle, and the heterocycle part of the heterocycloalkenyl and the heterocycloalkyl can be optionally substituted as defined herein with one, two, three, four, or five
  • aminocarbonyl and “carbamoyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refer to an amino-substituted carbonyl group, wherein the amino group can be a primary or secondary amino group containing substituents selected from alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl radicals and the like.
  • aminocarbonylalkyl refers to an aminocarbonyl radical attached to an alkyl radical, as described above.
  • An example of such radicals is aminocarbonylmethyl.
  • aminocarbonylalkyl denotes an -C(NH)NH 2 radical.
  • cyanoamidino denotes an -C(N-CN)NH 2 radical.
  • alkenyl or arylalkenyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkenyl group.
  • aralkoxy or "arylalkoxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group.
  • aralkyl or "arylalkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
  • aralkylamino or "arylalkylamino,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an arylalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom, wherein the nitrogen atom is substituted with hydrogen.
  • aralkylidene or "arylalkylidene,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkylidene group
  • aralkylthio or "arylalkylthio,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an arylalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom.
  • aralkynyl or “arylalkynyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkynyl group.
  • aralkoxycarbonyl refers to a radical of the formula aralkyl-O-C(O)- in which the term "aralkyl,” has the significance given above.
  • aralkoxycarbonyl radical examples include benzyloxycarbonyl (Z or Cbz) and 4-methoxyphenylmethoxycarbonyl (MOS).
  • aralkanoyl refers to an acyl radical derived from an aryl-substituted alkanecarboxylic acid such as benzoyl, phenylacetyl, 3-phenylpropionyl (hydrocinnamoyl), 4-phenylbutyryl, (2-naphthyl)acetyl, 4-chlorohydrocinnamoyl, 4- aminohydrocinnamoyl, 4-methoxyhydrocinnamoyl, and the like.
  • aroyl refers to an acyl radical derived from an arylcarboxylic acid, "aryl” having the meaning given below.
  • aroyl radicals include substituted and unsubstituted benzoyl or napthoyl such as benzoyl, 4- chlorobenzoyl, 4-carboxybenzoyl, 4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)benzoyl, 1 -naphthoyl, 2-naphthoyl, 6-carboxy- 2-naphthoyl, 6-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-naphthoyl, 3-benzyloxy-2-naphthoyl, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoyl, 3- (benzyloxyformamido)-2-naphthoyl, and the like.
  • aryl as used herein, alone or in combination, means a carbocyclic aromatic system containing one, two or three rings wherein such rings may be attached together in a pendent manner or may be fused.
  • aryl embraces aromatic radicals such as benzyl, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthryl, indanyl, indenyl, annulenyl, azulenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and biphenyl.
  • arylamino refers to an aryl group attached to the parent moiety through an amino group, such as methylamino, N-phenylamino, and the like.
  • arylcarbonyl and “aroyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refer to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.
  • aryloxy refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • arylsulfonyl refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group.
  • arylthio refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom.
  • O-carbamyl refers to a -OC(O)NRR', group-with R and R' as defined herein.
  • N-carbamyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a ROC(O)NR'- group, with R and R' as defined herein.
  • carbonyl when alone includes formyl [-C(O)H] and in combination is a -C(O)- group.
  • Carboxy refers to -C(O)OH or the corresponding “carboxylate” anion, such as is in a carboxylic acid salt.
  • An "O-carboxy” group refers to a RC(O)O- group, where R is as defined herein.
  • a “C-carboxy” group refers to a -C(O)OR groups where R is as defined herein.
  • cyano as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to -CN.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or partially saturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic alkyl radical wherein each cyclic moiety contains from 3 to 12, preferably five to seven, carbon atom ring members and which may optionally be a benzo fused ring system which is optionally substituted as defined herein.
  • cycloalkyl radicals include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, octahydronaphthyl, 2,3-dihydro-lH- indenyl, adamantyl and the like.
  • Bicyclic and tricyclic as used herein are intended to include both fused ring systems, such as decahydonapthalene, octahydronapthalene as well as the multicyclic (multicentered) saturated or partially unsaturated type.
  • the latter type of isomer is exemplified in general by bicyclo[2,2,2]octane, bicyclo[2,2,2]octane, bicyclo[l,l,l]pentane, camphor and bicyclo[3,2,l]octane.
  • esters refers to a carboxyl group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.
  • ether refers to an oxy group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.
  • halo or halogen, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
  • haloalkoxy refers to a haloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl radical having the meaning as defined above wherein one or more hydrogens are replaced with a halogen. Specifically embraced are monohaloalkyl, dihaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl radicals.
  • a monohaloalkyl radical for one example, may have either an iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro atom within the radical.
  • Dihalo and polyhaloalkyl radicals may have two or more of the same halo atoms or a combination of different halo radicals.
  • haloalkyl radicals include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, difluorochloromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, difluoropropyl, dichloroethyl and dichloropropyl.
  • Haloalkyl ene refers to a halohydrocarbyl group attached at two or more positions. Examples include fluoromethylene (-CFH— ), difluoromethylene (-CF 2 — ), chloromethylene (— CHCl-) and the like.
  • heteroalkyl refers to a stable straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, or combinations thereof, fully saturated or containing from 1 to 3 degrees of unsaturation, consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms and from one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized.
  • the heteroatom(s) O, N and S may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group. Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, -CH2-NH-OCH3.
  • heteroaryl refers to 3 to 7 membered, preferably 5 to 7 membered, unsaturated heterocyclic rings wherein at least one atom is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N.
  • Heteroaryl groups are exemplified by: unsaturated 3 to 7 membered heteromonocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms, for example, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl [e.g., 4H-l,2,4-triazolyl, 1H-1,2,3- triazolyl, 2H-l,2,3-triazolyl, etc.]tetrazolyl [e.g.
  • unsaturated condensed heterocyclic group containing 1 to 5 nitrogen atoms for example, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, tetrazolopyridazinyl [e.g., tetrazolo[l,5-b] ⁇ yridazinyl, etc.], etc.; unsaturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic groups containing an oxygen atom, for example, pyranyl, furyl, etc.; unsaturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic groups containing a sulfur atom, for example, thienyl, etc.; unsaturated 3- to 6-membered heteromonocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, for example,
  • benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, etc.] unsaturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, for example, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl [e.g., 1,2,4- thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, etc.]and isothiazolyl; unsaturated condensed heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms [e.g., benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, etc.Jand the like.
  • the term also embraces radicals where heterocyclic radicals are fused with aryl radicals. Examples of such fused bicyclic radicals include benzofuryl, benzothienyl, and the like.
  • heteroarylkenyl or “heteroarylalkenyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkenyl group.
  • heteroarylkoxy or “heteroarylalkoxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group.
  • heteroarylalkyl refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
  • heteroarylkylidene or “heteroarylalkylidene,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkylidene group.
  • heteroaryloxy refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • heteroarylsulfonyl refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group.
  • heterocycloalkyl and, interchangeably, “heterocycle,” as used herein, alone or in combination, each refer to a saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic heterocyclic radical containing at least one, preferably 1 to 4, and more preferably 1 to 2 heteroatoms as ring members, wherein each said heteroatom may be independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and wherein there are preferably 3 to 8 ring members in each ring, more preferably 3 to 7 ring members in each ring, and most preferably 5 to 6 ring members in each ring.
  • Heterocycloalkyl and “heterocycle” are intended to include sulfones, sulfoxides, N-oxides of tertiary nitrogen ring members, and carbocyclic fused and benzo fused ring systems; additionally, both terms also include systems where a heterocycle ring is fused to an aryl group, as defined herein, or an additional heterocycle group.
  • Heterocycle groups of the invention are exemplified by aziridinyl, azetidinyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl, dihydrocinnolinyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydro[l,3]oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihy- dropyridinyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, isoindolinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, piperidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, and the like.
  • the heterocycle groups may be optionally substituted unless specifically prohibited.
  • heterocycloalkylalkenyl refers to a heterocycle group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkenyl group.
  • heterocycloalkylalkoxy refers to a heterocycle group attached to the parent molecular group through an oxygen atom.
  • heterocycloalkylalkylidene refers to a heterocycle group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkylidene group.
  • hydrazinyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to two amino groups joined by a single bond, i.e., -N-N-.
  • hydroxy alkyl refers to a hydroxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
  • the phrase "in the main chain” refers to the longest contiguous or adjacent chain of carbon atoms starting at the point of attachment of a group to the compounds of this invention.
  • isocyanato refers to a -NCO group.
  • isothiocyanato refers to a -NCS group.
  • linear chain of atoms refers to the longest straight chain of atoms independently selected from carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • lower means containing from 1 to and including 6 carbon atoms.
  • mercaptoalkyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an R' SR- group, where R and R' are as defined herein.
  • mercaptomercaptyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a RSR' S- group, where R is as defined herein.
  • mercaptyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an RS- group, where R is as defined herein.
  • nitro refers to -NO 2 .
  • perhaloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.
  • perhaloalkyl refers to an alkyl group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.
  • sulfonate refers the — SO 3 H group and its anion as the sulfonic acid is used in salt formation.
  • sulfonyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to -SO 2 -.
  • N-sulfonamido refers to a RS( 1 O) 2 NR'- group with R and R' as defined herein.
  • thia and thio refer to a -S- group or an ether wherein the oxygen is replaced with sulfur.
  • the oxidized derivatives of the thio group namely sulfinyl and sulfonyl, are included in the definition of thia and thio.
  • thiol as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an -SH group.
  • thiocarbonyl when alone includes thioformyl -C(S)H and in combination is a -C(S)- group.
  • N-thiocarbamyl refers to an ROC(S)NR'- group, with R and R' as defined herein.
  • O-thiocarbamyl refers to an -OC(S)NRR' group, with R and R' as defined herein.
  • thiocyanato refers to a -CNS group.
  • trihalomethanesulfonamido refers to a X 3 CS(O) 2 NR- group with X is a halogen and R as defined herein.
  • trihalomethanesulfonyl refers to a X 3 CS(O) 2 - group where X is a halogen.
  • trihalomethoxy refers to a X 3 CO- group where X is a halogen.
  • trimethysilyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a silicone group substituted at its three free valences with groups as listed herein under the definition of substituted amino. Examples include trimethysilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, triphenylsilyl and the like.
  • the term "optionally substituted” means the anteceding group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • the substituents of an "optionally substituted” group may include, without limitation, one or more substituents independently selected from the following groups or a particular designated set of groups, alone or in combination: lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkanoyl, lower heteroalkyl, lower heterocycloalkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower haloalkenyl, lower haloalkynyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower perhaloalkoxy, lower cycloalkyl, phenyl, aryl, aryloxy, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, oxo, lower acyloxy, carbonyl, carboxyl, lower alkylcarbonyl, lower carboxyester, lower carboxamido, cyano, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, lower alkylamino
  • Two substituents may be joined together to form a fused five-, six-, or seven-menbered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring consisting of zero to three heteroatoms, for example forming methyl enedioxy or ethylenedioxy.
  • An optionally substituted group may be unsubstituted (e.g., - CH 2 CH 3 ), fully substituted (e.g., -CF 2 CF 3 ), monosubstituted (e.g., -CH 2 CH 2 F) or substituted at a level anywhere in-between fully substituted and monosubstituted (e.g., -CH 2 CF 3 ).
  • aryl, heterocycle, R, etc. occur more than one time in a formula or generic structure, its definition at each occurrence is independent of the definition at every other occurrence.
  • certain groups may be attached to a parent molecule or may occupy a position in a chain of elements from either end as written.
  • an unsymmetrical group such as -C(O)N(R 5 )- may be attached to the parent moiety at either the carbon or the nitrogen.
  • Individual stereoisomers of compounds can be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials which contain chiral centers or by preparation of mixtures of enantiomeric products followed by separation such as conversion to a mixture of diastereomers followed by separation or recrystallization, chromatographic techniques, direct separation of enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns, or any other appropriate method known in the art.
  • Starting compounds of particular stereochemistry are either commercially available or can be made and resolved by techniques known in the art.
  • the compounds of the present invention may exist as geometric isomers.
  • the present invention includes all cis, trans, syn, anti,
  • bonds refers to a covalent linkage between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part of larger substructure. A bond may be single, double, or triple unless otherwise specified.
  • combination therapy means the administration of two or more therapeutic agents to treat a therapeutic condition or disorder described in the present disclosure. Such administration encompasses co-administration of these therapeutic agents in a substantially simultaneous manner, such as in a single capsule having a fixed ratio of active ingredients or in multiple, separate capsules for each active ingredient. In addition, such administration also encompasses use of each type of therapeutic agent in a sequential manner. In either case, the treatment regimen will provide beneficial effects of the drug combination in treating the conditions or disorders described herein.
  • p38 kinase inhibitor is used herein to refer to a compound that exhibits an IQo with respect to p38 kinase activity of no more than about 100 .mu.M and more typically not more than about 50 ⁇ M, as measured in the p38 ⁇ Assay described generally hereinbelow.
  • IC 50 is that concentration of inhibitor which reduces the activity of an enzyme (e.g., p38 kinase) to half-maximal level.
  • Representative compounds of the present invention have been discovered to exhibit inhibitory activity against p38 kinase.
  • Compounds of the present invention preferably exhibit an IC 50 with respect to p38 kinase of no more than about 10 ⁇ M, more preferably, no more than about 5 ⁇ M, even more preferably not more than about 1 ⁇ M, and most preferably, not more than about 200 nM, as measured in the p38 kinase assay(s) described herein.
  • terapéuticaally effective is intended to qualify the amount of active ingredients used in the treatment of atherosclerosis. This amount will achieve the goal of reducing or eliminating the hyperlipidemic condition.
  • prodrug refers to a compound that is made more active in vivo.
  • the present compounds can also exist as prodrugs, as described in Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism : Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Enzymology (Testa, Bernard and Mayer, Joachim M. Wiley- VHCA, Zurich, Switzerland 2003).
  • Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are structurally modified forms of the compound that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the compound.
  • prodrugs can be converted to the compound by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment. For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to a compound when placed in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent.
  • Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the compound, or parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent drug is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug.
  • a wide variety of prodrug derivatives are known in the art, such as those that rely on hydrolytic cleavage or oxidative activation of the prodrug.
  • An example, without limitation, of a prodrug would be a compound which is administered as an ester (the "prodrug"), but then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity. Additional examples include peptidyl derivatives of a compound.
  • therapeutically acceptable prodrug refers to those prodrugs or zwitterions which are suitable for use in contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, and allergic response, are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended use.
  • patient means all mammals including humans. Examples of patients include humans, cows, dogs, cats, goats, sheep, pigs, and rabbits. Preferably, the patient is a human.
  • terapéuticaally acceptable salt represents salts or zwitterionic forms of the compounds of the present invention which are water or oil-soluble or dispersible; which are suitable for treatment of diseases without undue toxicity, irritation, and allergic-response; which are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio; and which are effective for their intended use.
  • the salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting the appropriate compound in the form of the free base with a suitable acid.
  • Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, L-ascorbate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate (besylate), bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, digluconate, formate, fumarate, gentisate, glutarate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hippurate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isethionate), lactate, maleate, malonate, DL-mandelate, mesitylenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate, 2- naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-pheny
  • basic groups in the compounds of the present invention can be quaternized with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates; decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and steryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; and benzyl and phenethyl bromides.
  • acids which can be employed to form therapeutically acceptable addition salts include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, and phosphoric, and organic acids such as oxalic, maleic, succinic, and citric. Salts can also be formed by coordination of the compounds with an alkali metal or alkaline earth ion.
  • the present invention contemplates sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium salts of the compounds of the compounds of the present invention and the like.
  • Basic addition salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds by reacting a carboxy group with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
  • a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
  • the cations of therapeutically acceptable salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum, as well as nontoxic quaternary amine cations such as ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine, tributylamine, pyridine, iV. ⁇ f-dimethylaniline, JV-methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine, dicyclohexylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, ⁇ JV-dibenzylphenethylamine, 1-ephenamine, and N,1 ⁇ - dibenzylethylenediamine.
  • nontoxic quaternary amine cations such as ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethy
  • the compounds of the present invention can exist as therapeutically acceptable salts.
  • the present invention includes compounds listed above in the form of salts, in particular acid addition salts. Suitable salts include those formed with both organic and inorganic acids. Such acid addition salts will normally be pharmaceutically acceptable. However, salts of non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be of utility in the preparation and purification of the compound in question. For a more complete discussion of the preparation and selection of salts, refer to Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use (Stahl, P. Heinrich. Wiley-VCHA, Zurich, Switzerland, 2002).
  • the subject invention provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug or solvate thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and optionally one or more other therapeutic ingredients.
  • the carrier(s) must be "acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Any of the well-known techniques, carriers, and excipients may be used as suitable and as understood in the art; e.g., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.
  • compositions of the present invention may be manufactured in a manner that is itself known, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or compression processes.
  • the formulations include those suitable for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarticular, and intramedullary), intraperitoneal, transmucosal, transdermal, rectal and topical (including dermal, buccal, sublingual and intraocular) administration although the most suitable route may depend upon for example the condition and disorder of the recipient.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing into association a compound of the subject invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug or solvate thereof ("active ingredient”) with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
  • active ingredient a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug or solvate thereof
  • the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.
  • Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • the active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • compositions which can be used orally include tablets, push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. Tablets may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with binders, inert diluents, or lubricating, surface active or dispersing agents. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
  • the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers may be added.
  • Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
  • concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • the compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in powder form or in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, saline or sterile pyrogen-free water, immediately prior to use.
  • sterile liquid carrier for example, saline or sterile pyrogen-free water
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • Formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous (oily) sterile injection solutions of the active compounds which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.
  • Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
  • the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
  • the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
  • the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
  • compositions may take the form of tablets, lozenges, pastilles, or gels formulated in conventional manner.
  • Such compositions may comprise the active ingredient in a flavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth.
  • the compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or other glycerides.
  • Compounds of the present invention may be administered topically, that is by non-systemic administration. This includes the application of a compound of the present invention externally to the epidermis or the buccal cavity and the instillation of such a compound into the ear, eye and nose, such that the compound does not significantly enter the blood stream.
  • systemic administration refers to oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular administration.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi-liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin to the site of inflammation such as gels, liniments, lotions, creams, ointments or pastes, and drops suitable for administration to the eye, ear or nose.
  • the active ingredient may comprise, for topical administration, from 0.001% to 10% w/w, for instance from 1% to 2% by weight of the formulation. It may however comprise as much as 10% w/w but preferably will comprise less than 5% w/w, more preferably from 0.1% to 1% w/w of the formulation.
  • Gels for topical or transdermal administration of compounds of the subject invention may comprise, generally, a mixture of volatile solvents, nonvolatile solvents, and water.
  • the volatile solvent component of the buffered solvent system may preferably include lower (C1-C6) alkyl alcohols, lower alkyl glycols and lower glycol polymers. More preferably, the volatile solvent is ethanol.
  • the volatile solvent component is thought to act as a penetration enhancer, while also producing a cooling effect on the skin as it evaporates.
  • the nonvolatile solvent portion of the buffered solvent system is selected from lower alkylene glycols and lower glycol polymers. Preferably, propylene glycol is used.
  • the nonvolatile solvent slows the evaporation of the volatile solvent and reduces the vapor pressure of the buffered solvent system.
  • the amount of this nonvolatile solvent component, as with the volatile solvent, is determined by the pharmaceutical compound or drug being used. When too little of the nonvolatile solvent is in the system, the pharmaceutical compound may crystallize due to evaporation of volatile solvent, while an excess will result in a lack of bioavailability due to poor release of drug from solvent mixture.
  • the buffer component of the buffered solvent system may be selected from any buffer commonly used in the art; preferably, water is used.
  • the preferred ratio of ingredients is about 20% of the nonvolatile solvent, about 40% of the volatile solvent, and about 40% water. There are several optional ingredients which can be added to the topical composition.
  • Lotions according to the present invention include those suitable for application to the skin or eye.
  • An eye lotion may comprise a sterile aqueous solution optionally containing a bactericide and may be prepared by methods similar to those for the preparation of drops.
  • Lotions or liniments for application to the skin may also include an agent to hasten drying and to cool the skin, such as an alcohol or acetone, and/or a moisturizer such as glycerol or an oil such as castor oil or arachis oil.
  • Creams, ointments or pastes according to the present invention are semi-solid formulations of the active ingredient for external application. They may be made by mixing the active ingredient in finely-divided or powdered form, alone or in solution or suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous fluid, with the aid of suitable machinery, with a greasy or non-greasy base.
  • the base may comprise hydrocarbons such as hard, soft or liquid paraffin, glycerol, beeswax, a metallic soap; a mucilage; an oil of natural origin such as almond, corn, arachis, castor or olive oil; wool fat or its derivatives or a fatty acid such as steric or oleic acid together with an alcohol such as propylene glycol or a macrogel.
  • the formulation may incorporate any suitable surface active agent such as an anionic, cationic or non-ionic surfactant such as a sorbitan ester or a polyoxyethylene derivative thereof.
  • Suspending agents such as natural gums, cellulose derivatives or inorganic materials such as silicaceous silicas, and other ingredients such as lanolin, may also be included.
  • Drops according to the present invention may comprise sterile aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions and may be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in a suitable aqueous solution of a bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent and/or any other suitable preservative, and preferably including a surface active agent.
  • the resulting solution may then be clarified by filtration, transferred to a suitable . container which is then sealed and sterilized by autoclaving or maintaining at 98-100 0 C for half an hour.
  • the solution may be sterilized by filtration and transferred to the container by an aseptic technique.
  • bactericidal and fungicidal agents suitable for inclusion in the drops are phenylmercuric nitrate or acetate (0.002%), benzalkonium chloride (0.01%) and chlorhexidine acetate (0.01%).
  • Suitable solvents for the preparation of an oily solution include glycerol, diluted alcohol and propylene glycol.
  • Formulations for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth, and pastilles comprising the active ingredient in a basis such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia.
  • the compounds according to the invention are conveniently delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer pressurized packs or other convenient means of delivering an aerosol spray.
  • Pressurized packs may comprise a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
  • the compounds according to the invention may take the form of a dry powder composition, for example a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • the powder composition may be presented in unit dosage form, in for example, capsules, cartridges, gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhalator or insufflator.
  • Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing an effective dose, as herein below recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient.
  • formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
  • the compounds of the invention may be administered orally or via injection at a dose of from 0.1 to 500 mg/kg per day.
  • the dose range for adult humans is generally from 5 mg to 2 g/day.
  • Tablets or other forms of presentation provided in discrete units may conveniently contain an amount of compound of the invention which is effective at such dosage or as a multiple of the same, for instance, units containing 5 mg to 500 mg, usually around 10 mg to 200 mg.
  • the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
  • the compounds of the subject invention can be administered in various modes, e.g. orally, topically, or by injection.
  • the precise amount of compound administered to a patient will be the responsibility of the attendant physician.
  • the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diets, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the precise disorder being treated, and the severity of the indication or condition being treated.
  • the route of administration may vary depending on the condition and its severity.
  • the compounds described herein may be administered in combination with another therapeutic agent.
  • another therapeutic agent such as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof.
  • the therapeutic effectiveness of one of the compounds described herein may be enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (i.e., by itself the adjuvant may only have minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combination with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit to the patient is enhanced).
  • the benefit of experienced by a patient may be increased by administering one of the compounds described herein with another therapeutic agent (which also includes a therapeutic regimen) that also has therapeutic benefit.
  • another therapeutic agent which also includes a therapeutic regimen
  • increased therapeutic benefit may result by also providing the patient with another therapeutic agent for diabetes.
  • the overall benefit experienced by the patient may simply be additive of the two therapeutic agents or the patient may experience a synergistic benefit.
  • one of the side effects experienced by a patient upon receiving one of the compounds herein is hypertension, then it may be appropriate to administer an antihypertensive agent in combination with the initial therapeutic agent.
  • the therapeutic effectiveness of one of the compounds described herein may be enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (i.e., by itself the adjuvant may only have minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combination with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit to the patient is enhanced).
  • the benefit of experienced by a patient may be increased by administering one of the compounds described herein with another therapeutic agent (which also includes a therapeutic regimen) that also has therapeutic benefit.
  • increased therapeutic benefit may result by also providing the patient with another therapeutic agent for diabetes.
  • the overall benefit experienced by the patient may simply be additive of the two therapeutic agents or the patient may experience a synergistic benefit.
  • combination therapies include use of the compounds of the invention with agents found in the following pharmacotherapeutic classifications as indicated below. These lists should not be construed to be closed, but should instead serve as illustrative examples common to the relevant therapeutic areaat present.
  • combination regimens may include a variety of routes of administration and should include intravenous, intraocular, subcutaneous, dermal, inhaled topical, oral.
  • compounds according to the present invention may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: a) corticosteroids including betamethasone dipropionate (augmented and nonaugemnted), betamethasone valerate, clobetasol propionate, prednisone, methyl prednisolone, diflorasone diacetate, halobetasol propionate, amcinonide, dexamethasone, dexosimethasone, fluocinolone acetononide, fluocinonide, halocinonide, clocortalone pivalate, dexosimetasone, and flurandrenalide; b) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including salicylates, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, etodolac, diclofenac, meclofenamate sodium, naproxen, piroxicam, and celecoxib; c) muscle relaxants and combinations
  • This eutectic mixture has a melting point below room temperature and therefore both local anesthetics exist as a liquid oil rather then as crystals)]; i) opioids including codeine, loperamide, tramadol, morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, hydrocodone, levorphanol, and butorphanol; j) topical counter-irritants including menthol, oil of wintergreen, camphor, eucalyptus oil and turpentine oil; k) topical cannabinoids including selective and non-selective CB1/CB2 ligands; 1) agents with analgesic and antipyretic properties including acetaminophen; m) agents that modify inflammatory mediators including infliximab; n) nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, particularly inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide stnthase; and other agents, such as capsaicin.
  • opioids including codeine,
  • compounds according to the present invention may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: corticosteroids including dexamethasome, prednisone, and methylprednisolone; immunosuppressant agents including azathioprine, cyclosporine, and immunoglobulins; and prostaglandin analogs including latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost, and unoprostone; prostaglandin analogs that modify inflammatory mediators including infliximab and rutuximab; and antimetabolites including methotrexate.
  • corticosteroids including dexamethasome, prednisone, and methylprednisolone
  • immunosuppressant agents including azathioprine, cyclosporine, and immunoglobulins
  • prostaglandin analogs including latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost, and unoprostone
  • compounds according to the present invention may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: sympathomimetic agents including salmeterol, albuterol, terbutaline, metaproterenol, and ipratropium bromide; and mast cell stabilizers including cromolyn.
  • sympathomimetic agents including salmeterol, albuterol, terbutaline, metaproterenol, and ipratropium bromide
  • mast cell stabilizers including cromolyn.
  • compounds according to the present invention may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: insulin and insulin derivatives; sulfonylureas agents including glimepiride and glipizide; biguanide agents including metformin; and PPAR modulators such as thiazolidnedione agents including pioglitazone and rosigliatzone.
  • compounds according to the present invention may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: aromatase inhibitors, antiestrogen, anti-androgen, or gonadorelin agonists, topoisomerase 1 and 2 inhibitors, microtubule active agents, alkylating agents, antineoplastic antimetabolites, or platin containing compounds, lipid or protein kinase targeting agents, protein or lipid phosphatase targeting agents, anti-angiogentic agents, agents that induce cell differentiation, bradykinin 1 receptor antagonists, angiotensin II antagonists, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, heparanase inhibitors, lymphokines or cytokine inhibitors, bisphosphanates, rapamycin derivatives, anti-apoptotic pathway inhibitors, apoptotic pathway agonists, inhibitors of Ras isoforms, telomerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, metalloprotein
  • compounds according to the present invention may be administered with an agent selected from the group comprising: beta- blockers including timolol, betaxolol, levobetaxolol, carteolol, levobunolol, and propranolol; carbonic anhydrase inhibitors including brinzolamide and dorzolamide; ⁇ - and ⁇ -adrenergic antagonists including ⁇ l -adrenergic antagonists such as nipradilol and tx2 agonists such as iopidine and brimonidine; miotics including pilocarpine and epinephrine; prostaglandin analogs including latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost, and unoprostone; corticosteroids including dexamethasone, prednisone, and methylprednisolone; and immunosuppressant agents including azathi
  • the multiple therapeutic agents may be administered in any order or even simultaneously. If simultaneously, the multiple therapeutic agents may be provided in a single, unified form, or in multiple forms (by way of example only, either as a single pill or as two separate pills). One of the therapeutic agents may be given in multiple doses, or both may be given as multiple doses. If not simultaneous, the timing between the multiple doses may be any duration of time ranging from a few minutes to four weeks.
  • the present invention provides methods for treating p38 kinase mediated disorders in a human or animal subject in need of such treatment comprising administering to said subject an amount of a compound of the present invention effective to reduce or prevent said disorder in the subject in combination with at least one additional agent for the treatment of said disorder that is known in the art.
  • the present invention provides therapeutic compositions comprising at least one compound of the present invention in combination with one or more additional agents for the treatment of ⁇ 38 kinase mediated disorders.
  • the invention also extends to the prophylaxis or treatment of any disease or disorder in which p38 kinase plays a role including conditions caused by excessive or unregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine production including for example excessive or unregulated TNF, IL-I, IL-6 and IL-8 production in a human, or other mammal.
  • the invention extends to such a use and to the use of the compounds for the manufacture of a medicament for treating such cytokine-mediated diseases or disorders. Further, the invention extends to the administration to a human an effective amount of a p38 inhibitor for treating any such disease or disorder.
  • Diseases or disorders in which p38 kinase plays a role include, without limitation: autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, destructive-bone disorders, proliferative disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, viral diseases, allergies, infectious diseases, heart attacks, angiogenic disorders, reperfusion/ischemia in stroke, vascular hyperplasia, organ hypoxia, cardiac hypertrophy, thrombin- induced platelet aggregation, and conditions associated with prostaglandin endoperoxidase synthetase-2 (COX-2).
  • Autoimmune diseases which may be prevented or treated include, but are not limited to: rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Grave's disease, hemolytic anemia, autoimmune gastritis, autoimmune neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, atopic dermatitis, graft vs. host disease, or psoriasis.
  • the invention further extends to the particular autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Inflammatory diseases which may be prevented or treated include, but are not limited to: asthma, allergies, respiratory distress syndrome or acute or chronic pancreatitis.
  • p38 inhibitors of this invention also exhibit inhibition of expression of inducible pro-inflammatory proteins such as prostaglandin endoperoxidase synthetase-2, otherwise known as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and are therefore of use in therapy.
  • Pro-inflammatory mediators of the cyclooxygenase pathway derived from arachidonic acid are produced by inducible COX-2 enzyme. Regulation of COX-2 would regulate these pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, which affect a wide variety of cells and are important and critical inflammatory mediators of a wide variety of disease states and conditions.
  • these inflammatory mediators have been implicated in pain, such as in the sensitization of pain receptors, or edema.
  • additional p38 mediated conditions which may be prevented or treated include edema, analgesia, fever and pain such as neuromuscular pain, headache, dental pain, arthritis pain and pain caused by cancer.
  • compounds of the invention have utility in the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with cytokine production including but not limited to those diseases associated with TNF, IL-I, IL-6 and IL-8 production.
  • the compounds and formulations of the present invention are also useful for veterinary treatment of companion animals, exotic animals and farm animals, including mammals, rodents, and the like. More preferred animals include horses, dogs, and cats.
  • Examples 1-3 can be synthesized using the synthetic procedure set forth in Scheme I.
  • Examples 4-6 can be synthesized using the synthetic procedure set forth in Scheme I.
  • the invension is further illustrated by the following examples.
  • 6-Amino-3-(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-l-methyI-pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-2-one A 100 mL sealed tube was charged with a solution of 3-(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-l-methyl-6-nitro-pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-2-one (110 mg, 0.32 mmol) in CH 3 OH (30 mL). To this was added iron (900 mg, 16.12 mmol) followed by the addition of a solution of ammonium chloride (870 mg, 16.26 mmol) in H 2 O (10 mL). The resulting mixture was heated to 80 oC for 1 hour.
  • Step 6 3-(2,6-DichIoiO-phenyI)-6-(2,4-difluoro-phenylamino)-l-methyl-pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-2-one:
  • 2-Bromo-N-(2,6-dichIoro-phenyl)-propionamide A 250 mL round bottom flask were charged with 2- bromopropanoic acid (50 g, 326.80 mmol) and sulfuryl dichloride (40 mL). The resulting solution was refluxed 3 hours. Then, the excess sulfuryl dichloride was removed on a rotary evaporator. The resulting residue was transferred into a 3-necked 1 L round bottom flask and dissolved in 400 mL acetic acid. To this mixture was added 2, 6-dichlorobenzenamine (37.5 g, 231.48 mmol). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at room temperature.
  • N-(2,6-Dichloro-phenyl)-2-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-propionamide A 500 mL 3-necked round bottom flask was charged with 2-cyano-N-(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-2-methyl-acetamide (12 g, 49.78 mmol) and NH 2 OH.HC1 (14 mg, 0.20 mmol). To this was added triethylamine (20.2 g, 200.00 mmol) followed by propan-2-ol (250 mL). The resulting solution was allowed to reflux for 3 h.
  • reaction mixture was then added 15 mL H 2 O and pH was adjusted to 6 by addition of 30% aqueous NH 4 OH.
  • the resulting mixture was then extracted with EtOAc (4 x 40 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried over Na 2 SO 4 . Filtered off and concentrated in vacuo to afford 1Og of 5-amino-2-(2,6-dichloro- phenyl)-4-methyl-l,2-dihydro-pyrazol-3-one as a light yellow solid in 97% yield.
  • N-[l-(2,6-Dichloro-phenyl)-4-methyI-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-lH-pyrazol-3-yI]-3-ethoxy-acrylamide A 100 mL round bottom flask was charged with a solution of 5-amino-2-(2,6-dichIoro- ⁇ henyl)-4-methyl- l,2-dihydro-pyrazol-3-one (3 g, 11.63 mmol) in DMF (70 mL). To this was added (E)-3-ethoxyacrylic acid (1.5 g, 12.93 mmol, prepared as described in Can. J. Chem. 1985, 63(10), 2787-2797 J. J. L.
  • Step S l-(2,6-DichIoro-phenyI)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-pyrazoIo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-2-one:
  • (E)-N-(l-(2,6-dichlorophenyI)-4-methyl -5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-lH-pyrazol- 3-yl)-3-ethoxyacrylamide (5 g, 14.04 mmol) and conc.HCl/C 2 H 5 OH (10/50 mL).
  • the resulting solution was refluxed for 2 h in an oil bath.
  • SMILES Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System
  • SMILES is a modern chemical notation system, developed by David Weininger and Daylight Chemical Information Systems, Inc., that is built into all major commercial chemical structure drawing software packages. Software is not needed to interpret SMILES text strings, and an explanation of how to translate SMILES into structures can be found in Weininger, D., J. Chem. Inf. Compiit. ScL 1988, 28, 31-36. These compounds can also be made using methods well known in the art. It is expected that these compounds when made will have activity similar to those that have been made in the examples above.
  • the p38 ⁇ assay employed is based on measurement of total ATP turnover following enzyme incubation with substrate in the presence of ATP with the use of a luminescent detection reagent (Cambrex PKlight).
  • the assays were performed in 1536-well white opaque plates.
  • the final volume was 7.5005 ⁇ L as prepared prepared from the addition of 5 ul of kinase reaction (p38 alpah+MapkapK2+ATP) with 0.0005 ⁇ L compound dissolved in DMSO, and 2.5 ⁇ l of the detection reagent.
  • Assay buffer contains the following reagents to give final concentration in the assay: 20OmM Tris, 10OmM MgCl 2 , 1.5mM EGTA, 4mM CaCl 2 , 2OmM MOPS, ImM EDTA, 1% glycerol, 0.1% B- Mecaptoethanol, and lmg/ml BSA.
  • Test compounds are pinned using proprietary pintool technology (Kalypsys, Inc) and delivered as 40nl amounts into the 5ul mixture of active p38 alpha enzyme (Upstate Biotechnology) and Mapka ⁇ K2 (Upstate Biotechnology) whole protein as a substrate for phosphorylation in the presence of 1.4 uM final concentration ATP.
  • mice Male Lewis rats (180-200 g) were injected intraperitoneal Iy with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (50 ⁇ g/kg of E. coli strain 0111 :B4, Sigma) suspended in sterile saline.
  • LPS lipopolysaccharide
  • mice were sedated by CO 2 :O 2 inhalation and a blood sample was obtained. Serum was separated and analyzed for TNF- ⁇ concentrations by commercial ELISA assay per the manufacturer's instructions (RAT TNF ⁇ kit Cat # DY510E R&D Systems). Test compounds were administered orally at various times before LPS injection. The compounds were dosed either as suspensions or as solutions in various vehicles or solubilizing agents.
  • Rats were anaesthetized with Isofluor and injected i.v. with 0.3 mg/kg of LPS* in a volume of 0.3 ml sterile saline.
  • LPS LPS*
  • blood samples were collected into heparin tubes for preparation of plasma samples. Repression of TNF ⁇ production is assessed by commercial ELISA from R&D Systems and report below in Table 3.
  • U937 cells (ATCC) were propagated in RPMI 1640 containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 IU/ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin, and 2 mM glutamine (Gibco). Fifty million cells in 100 ml media were induced to terminal monocytic differentiation by 24 hour incubation with 20 ng/ml phorbol 12- myristate 13-acetate (Sigma). The cells were washed by centrifiigation (200 ⁇ g for 5 min) and resuspended in 100 ml fresh medium. After 24-48 hours, the cells were harvested, centrifuged, and resuspended in culture medium at 0.5 million cells/ml for LPS stimulation.
  • RPMI 1640 containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 IU/ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin, and 2 mM glutamine (Gibco). Fifty million cells in 100 ml media were induced to terminal monoc
  • U937 cells (0.005 ml, 0.5 million/ml) were incubated with compound (0.001-10 ⁇ M, final concentration) for 1 hour 1536 well TC treated plates.
  • Compounds were prepared as 10 mM stock solutions in DMSO and diluted in culture medium to yield a final DMSO concentration of ⁇ 1% in the cell assay.
  • LPS E coli, 100 ng/ml final concentration
  • the amount of TNF- ⁇ released in the culture medium was quantitated by ELISA (Human TNF ⁇ kit Cat # DY210E, R&D Systems). Inhibitory potency is expressed as IC50 ( ⁇ M).
  • ICs 0 data were obtained for the compounds provided herein. Data for selected compounds is shown in the Table below. "NT" indicates that the compound was not tested in a particular assay.

Abstract

La présente invention concerne des composés et des procédés utilisés en tant qu’inhibiteurs de la p38 kinase pour le traitement ou la prévention et le traitement de maladies telles que les maladies inflammatoires, les maladies auto-immunes, les affections de destruction osseuse, les affections proliférantes, les affections angiogéniques, les maladies infectieuses, les maladies neurodégénératives, et les maladies virales.
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