WO2006075702A1 - 導波路型可変光減衰器 - Google Patents
導波路型可変光減衰器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006075702A1 WO2006075702A1 PCT/JP2006/300372 JP2006300372W WO2006075702A1 WO 2006075702 A1 WO2006075702 A1 WO 2006075702A1 JP 2006300372 W JP2006300372 W JP 2006300372W WO 2006075702 A1 WO2006075702 A1 WO 2006075702A1
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- waveguide
- variable optical
- optical attenuator
- optical power
- type variable
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/21—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference
- G02F1/225—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference in an optical waveguide structure
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
- G02F2203/06—Polarisation independent
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
- G02F2203/48—Variable attenuator
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a waveguide type variable optical attenuator composed of an optical waveguide on a substrate. More specifically, in the present invention, the waveguide birefringence in the optical power bra that is a component thereof is set to a certain value or more to suppress polarization mode coupling, or the length of the arm waveguide is birefringent.
- the present invention relates to a polarization-independent waveguide-type variable optical attenuator that suppresses polarization dependence by setting an integral multiple of the beat length.
- an optical wavelength division multiplexing communication system using a plurality of optical wavelengths has been actively developed to increase communication capacity.
- the level of each wavelength signal is required to be equal from the viewpoint of nonlinear suppression and crosstalk suppression.
- waveguide-type variable optical attenuators are widely used for this level equalization.
- Waveguide-type variable optical attenuators are easy to integrate such as arraying. From the viewpoint of economy and miniaturization, other Balta type 'magneto-optic type' MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) type It is more advantageous than a variable optical attenuator.
- FIG. 8 shows a plan view of a typical conventional waveguide-type variable optical attenuator.
- This waveguide-type variable optical attenuator 100 includes an input waveguide 101a, 101b, a first optical power plastic 102, two arm waveguides 103, 104, a phase controller 105 disposed on these arm waveguides, A second optical power bra 106, output waveguides 107a and 107b, and a thin film heater 108 are included.
- 110 is a stress release groove which will be described later.
- FIG. 9 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along the line IX-IX in FIG. 8, assuming a conventional example in which the stress release groove 110 is not formed.
- a silicon substrate 109 with excellent thermal conductivity is used as the substrate for the waveguide-type variable optical attenuator 100, and a thin film heater 108 is placed on the surface of the embedded stone waveguides 103 and 104. It has been configured.
- the operating principle of the waveguide variable optical attenuator 100 will be briefly described below.
- the light incident from the input waveguide 101a is bifurcated by the first optical power bra 102 and is split into two arm waveguides. Divided into 103 and 104. Then, the light propagating through the arm waveguides 103 and 104 having the phase controller 105 interferes with each other by being combined again by the second optical power bra 106, and the phases are matched. Is output to the cross-port output waveguide 107b, to the through-port output waveguide 107a if they are out of phase with each other by ⁇ , and in the middle state, both outputs according to the phase difference of each other. Light is output from each of the waveguides 107a and 107b.
- thermo-optic phase controller including a thin film heater 108 disposed on the quartz-based waveguides 103 and 104 is often used. Since the thermo-optic effect is in principle a phenomenon that does not depend on polarization, it has a characteristic that it has less polarization dependence than the electro-optic effect and the photoelastic effect.
- the conventional waveguide variable optical attenuator using the thermo-optic effect is easy to be integrated such as an array, so other technologies such as an electro-optic effect and a photoelastic effect are used. Compared to variable optical attenuators, it is also advantageous in terms of economy and miniaturization.
- the conventional waveguide-type variable optical attenuator using the thermo-optic effect has a polarization dependent loss when the attenuation of the variable optical attenuator is increased.
- PDL has a problem of increasing.
- Figure 10 shows the relationship between the optical attenuation of the variable optical attenuator with the cross-sectional structure shown in Fig. 9 and the PDL. As shown in Fig. 10, a large PDL of nearly 4 dB is generated at an optical attenuation of 15 dB! /. The large PDL at the time of optical attenuation! /, And! / Is a very serious problem in the operation of the current optical communication system that does not define the polarization state in the optical fiber. This is a waveguide type variable optical attenuator. It was the biggest cause that prevented the spread of
- the conventional waveguide-type variable optical attenuator has a problem that the polarization dependence of the optical attenuator is large when the optical attenuation of the variable optical attenuator is increased. Have.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Y. Inoue et al., Polarization sensitivity of a silica waveguide thermo-optic phase shifter for planar lightwave circuits, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., Vol.4, no. L, pp. 36-38, Jan. l992.
- Non-Patent Document 2 KIM et al., Limitation of PMD Compensation Due to Polarization- De pendent Loss in High-Speed Optical Transmission Links, "IEEE PHOTONICS TEC HNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 14, NO. 1, JANUARY 2002.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a waveguide type variable optical attenuator having a small polarization dependency by eliminating the problem of the polarization dependency of the waveguide type variable optical attenuator.
- a waveguide type variable optical attenuator including a waveguide formed on a substrate, wherein the variable optical attenuator is an input waveguide.
- the second optical power bra is a directional coupler configured to include a region where the two arm waveguides are close to each other.
- the polarization mode coupling in the first and second optical power bras is about 25 dB. It is characterized by
- the first is the absolute value of the birefringence index of the waveguide in the optical power bra portions constituting the second optical power bra 3. 5 X 10_ 4 or more be able to.
- first and second optical power bras may be directional couplers in which the two arm waveguides are configured close to each other.
- the length of the arm waveguide may be designed to be an integral multiple of the beat length obtained by dividing the used light wavelength by the waveguide birefringence.
- At least one of the two arm waveguides is provided with a phase controller, and can function as a variable optical attenuator or an optical switch.
- the substrate may be a silicon substrate
- the waveguide may be a silica-based glass waveguide.
- the present invention it is possible to realize a waveguide-type variable optical attenuator, an optical switch, and an optical filter that have a small PDL (polarization dependence) during optical attenuation.
- a waveguide-type variable optical attenuator, an optical switch, and an optical filter that are small in size and excellent in integration become practical. Therefore, the present invention provides an optical wavelength division multiplexing communication system. This contributes to the economics of the communication system of the system.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view showing a configuration of a waveguide variable optical attenuator according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view showing a configuration of a waveguide variable optical attenuator according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing an enlarged cross-sectional structure of the waveguide type variable optical attenuator according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3A is a process diagram showing a process for producing a waveguide of the waveguide type variable optical attenuator according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3B is a process diagram showing a process for producing a waveguide of the waveguide-type variable optical attenuator according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3C is a process diagram showing a waveguide fabrication process of the waveguide type variable optical attenuator according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3D is a process diagram showing a process for producing a waveguide of the waveguide type variable optical attenuator according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3E is a process diagram showing a process of manufacturing a waveguide of the waveguide type variable optical attenuator according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 4 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the waveguide birefringence and the polarization mode coupling at the directional coupler crossport.
- FIG. 5 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the optical attenuation and the polarization dependent loss (PDL) in the waveguide type variable optical attenuator of the first embodiment of the present invention.
- PDL polarization dependent loss
- FIG. 6 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the amount of optical attenuation and the polarization dependent loss (PDL) in the variable optical attenuator of the second embodiment of the present invention.
- PDL polarization dependent loss
- FIG. 7 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between optical attenuation and polarization dependent loss (PDL) in the waveguide type variable optical attenuator of the third embodiment of the present invention.
- PDL polarization dependent loss
- FIG. 8 is a plan view showing a configuration of a waveguide type variable optical attenuator according to the prior art.
- FIG. 9 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing an enlarged cross-sectional structure of a waveguide type variable optical attenuator according to the prior art.
- FIG. 10 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between optical attenuation and polarization dependent loss (PDL) in a conventional waveguide type variable optical attenuator.
- PDL polarization dependent loss
- FIG. 11 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing an enlarged cross-sectional structure of a waveguide type variable optical attenuator with a stress release groove according to the prior art.
- FIG. 12 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between optical attenuation and polarization dependent loss (PDL) in a conventional variable optical attenuator with stress relief grooves.
- PDL polarization dependent loss
- thermo-optic effect in quartz glass is basically a phenomenon that does not have polarization dependency.
- the reason why the waveguide-type variable optical attenuator has polarization dependence is explained below with reference to Figs.
- One is the polarization dependence of the thermo-optic phase controller 105, and the other is the polarization mode coupling in the optical power bras 102 and 106.
- Non-Patent Document 1 reports the polarization dependence of the former thermo-optic phase controller 105.
- the report is briefly described as follows.
- the silica-based waveguides 103 and 104 locally heated by the thin film heater 108 are supposed to expand. In that case, it can expand in the direction perpendicular to the substrate 109 (upward direction in FIG. 9), but in the direction parallel to the substrate 109 (lateral direction in FIG. 9), the surrounding glass is not heated (cladding). Because it is surrounded by 111, it cannot expand. As a result, a strong compressive stress is generated in a direction parallel to the surface of the substrate 109.
- thermo-optic phase controller due to this photoelastic effect is that the stress release grooves 110 are formed on both sides of the thermo-optic phase controller 105 (and the thin film heater 108) as shown in FIG. And it can be suppressed to some extent.
- Figure 12 shows the relationship between the optical attenuation of the variable optical attenuator with the stress relief groove 110 shown in Fig. 11 and the PDL.
- the variable optical attenuator with the cross-sectional structure in Fig. 9 has a PDL of 3.8 dB at 15 dB attenuation (see Fig. 10), with the stress relief groove in Fig. 11 With a variable optical attenuator, the PDL can be reduced to less than half, 1.7 dB.
- the PDL force at the time of 15 dB attenuation is set to a value that is actually required for the operation of the current optical communication system, and is 0.5 dB or less (Non-patent Document 2).
- the stress release grooves 110 in FIG. 11 arranged on both sides of the thin film heater 108 also have a function as a heat insulation groove for suppressing heat generated by the thin film heater 108 from heating a region other than the waveguide. Therefore, it is also effective for the low power consumption of the thermo-optic phase controller.
- the optical power bra directional couplers 102 and 106 configured by adjoining two waveguides as shown in FIG. 8 are assumed.
- the cores are close to each other in the directional coupler section, when the cores are embedded with the upper cladding layer, the two cores receive a force in a direction approaching each other. More specifically, it will be described below.
- the glass particles melt and shrink to cover the core during the transparent heat treatment process after the glass particles are deposited on and around the core.
- the supply of glass particles is insufficient, so that the glass becomes rough, and the two cores are pushed from the outside to the inside.
- This pressure tilts the optical axis of the waveguide, causing coupling between the polarization modes. Therefore, a part of the crossport light coupled by the directional coupler causes polarization mode coupling.
- the optical principal axis returns to the top, bottom, left, and right, so the through-port light does not cause polarization mode coupling.
- the light propagating from the wave 101a through the second arm waveguide 104 to the first output waveguide 107a is in the following equation (2), the light propagating from the first input waveguide 101a to the second output waveguide 107b via the first arm waveguide 103 is expressed by the following equation (3) as the first input waveguide 101a.
- the light propagating from the first through the second arm waveguide 104 to the second output waveguide 107b is expressed by the following equation (4).
- the first row of the following matrix represents the TE component
- the second row represents the TM component.
- I TE (TM) component of input light
- ⁇ coupling efficiency of optical power bra
- ⁇ inclination of optical principal axis in optical power plastic
- ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ in the first (2) arm waveguides 103 and 104 Phase change of component
- the amount of cross-port polarization mode coupling in optical power plastic is expressed by sin2a.
- the through port output from the first input waveguide 101a to the first output waveguide 107a is the sum of the above equation (1) and the above equation (2), and is given by the following equation (5).
- Equation 8 [0038] From the above equation (8), the following equation (9) is derived as a polarization-independent condition. Where m is an integer c [0039] [Equation 9]
- the length of the arm waveguide is L
- the wavelength used the effective refractive index of TM light
- the effective refractive index of TE light is n waveguide birefringence.
- Equation (13) is obtained.
- the polarization mode coupling (sin 2 ⁇ ) force S 0 in the optical power bra is obtained, or the length (L) of the arm waveguide is the used light wavelength. If ( ⁇ ) is divided by the waveguide birefringence ( ⁇ ) and is an integral multiple (m) of the beat length, the polarization dependence of the through-port output is eliminated.
- the crossport output from the first input waveguide 101a to the second output waveguide 107b is the sum of the above equation (3) and the above equation (4), and is given by the following equation (14): .
- the condition where the cross-port output is most attenuated is that the difference between the lengths of the two arm waveguides is the optical wavelength used.
- FIG. 1 shows a configuration of a waveguide variable light source attenuator which is a first embodiment of the present invention.
- This waveguide type variable optical attenuator 100 includes an input waveguide 101a, a first optical power bra 102, two arm waveguides 103 and 104, and a phase controller 105 disposed on these arm waveguides. ,No. 2
- the optical power bra 106, the output waveguide 107b, the thin film heater 108, and the stress relief groove 110 are provided.
- the waveguide 107b positioned at the cross port with respect to the input waveguide 101a is used as the output waveguide.
- the reason for using the cross-port output is that when the directional couplers used as the first and second optical power bras 102 and 106 are of the same design, the coupling rates of both are almost equal, and as a result, a high variable optical This is because an attenuation amount can be obtained.
- FIG. 2 shows an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along the line ⁇ - ⁇ in FIG.
- the basic circuit configuration is the same as the configuration in Fig. 11 described in the prior art. Difference between the present embodiment and the prior art, the absolute value of the waveguide birefringence of the first and second directional coupler 102 constituting the optical power bra, 106 3. 5 X 10_ 4 or more Is set to.
- n Use n no.
- the glass particles 301 and 302 appear as white films because they scatter light.
- the glass is made transparent at a high temperature of 1,000 ° C or higher.
- the silicon substrate 109 having the glass fine particles 301 and 302 deposited on the surface is gradually heated, the glass fine particles are melted to form a transparent glass film.
- the deposition amount of the glass fine particles is adjusted so that the thickness of the lower cladding glass layer 303 is 30 / zm and the thickness of the core glass layer 304 is 7 / zm. (See Figure 3B).
- the core glass layer 304 is patterned by photolithography and reactive ion etching (RIE). As a result, a core 305 is formed on the lower clad glass layer 303 (see FIG. 3C).
- RIE reactive ion etching
- SiO upper clad glass fine particles 306 are formed into lower clad glass by flame deposition (FHD).
- the waveguide birefringence depends on the aspect ratio of the core 305, the thermal expansion coefficients of the substrate 109, the core glass 305, the clad glass 303, 307, and the softening temperature of these glasses. Therefore, the waveguide birefringence can be controlled by appropriately selecting these values.
- the thin film heater 108 and the wiring electrode illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 are provided on the surface of the upper cladding layer 307.
- the stress release groove 110 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is formed.
- FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the polarization mode coupling at the directional coupler section and the waveguide birefringence.
- the horizontal axis represents the waveguide birefringence
- the vertical axis represents the polarization mode coupling amount at the crossport output after passing through one stage of the directional coupler.
- Figure 4 shows that there is a strong correlation between the polarization mode coupling at the cross-port output and the waveguide birefringence. This phenomenon can be interpreted as “because the amount of mode coupling is inversely proportional to the propagation constant difference (waveguide birefringence) between the two modes that cause coupling (here, two polarization modes)”. Also, in Fig. 4, the polarization mode coupling amount varies to some extent for the same waveguide birefringence! /, Which can be interpreted as the polarization mode coupling fluctuates due to various disturbances. .
- the PDL at a light source guess of 15 dB can be suppressed to 0.5 dB or less.
- the Henhamo over de binding amount - can be 25dB or less.
- PDL at 15 dB optical attenuation can be suppressed to less than 0.5 dB. Therefore, the feature of this embodiment is that the polarization mode coupling amount of the first and second optical power plugs 102 and 106 is 25 dB or less, and further, the first and second optical power bras are configured.
- the waveguide birefringence (absolute value) of the directional coupler can be 3.5 X 10 " 4 or higher.
- FIG. 5 shows the correlation between the attenuation amount of the actually manufactured waveguide variable optical attenuator and the PDL as the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the arm waveguide length is deliberately set to 11 mm, which is about 2.5 times as long as the condition force that is an integer multiple of the beat length.
- the force illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is described as a multi-device waveguide type optical attenuator.
- the positions of the two lights when entering the second optical power bra 106 can be used as optical switches.
- other embodiments of the present invention described below can be used as an optical switch.
- the second embodiment of the present invention is a variable optical attenuator that uses a cross-port output as an output waveguide with respect to the same input waveguide as that of the first embodiment of the present invention described above. Is the same as in Figs.
- the difference between the first embodiment and the second embodiment is that the characteristic of the first embodiment is that “directional couplers constituting the first and second optical power bras”. Whereas was the absolute value of waveguide birefringence 3. 5 X 10_ 4 that was set above "feature of the second embodiment," the length of the arm waveguide, the used light Set the wavelength to an integral multiple of the beat length obtained by dividing the wavelength by the waveguide birefringence.
- this corresponds to the polarization dependence condition of the second equation of the above equation (17).
- the birefringent waveguide manufactured in this embodiment 1. A 2 X 10_ 4.
- the beat length for one rotation of the polarized light with a used light wavelength of 1.55 m due to waveguide birefringence is calculated to be 12.9 mm. Therefore, in this embodiment, the length of the arm waveguide 104 is designed to be 12.9 mm corresponding to the beat length.
- FIG. 6 shows the correlation between the attenuation of the waveguide-type variable optical attenuator of this embodiment actually manufactured by applying the above design conditions and the PDL. From Fig. 6, it can be seen that the PDL at 15 dB attenuation was 0.9 dB, which was suppressed to a smaller value compared to the conventional example.
- the third embodiment of the present invention is also a variable optical attenuator that uses the cross-port output 107a as an output waveguide with respect to the input waveguide 101a that is the same as the first and second embodiments of the present invention described above. .
- Its basic configuration is the same as in Figs.
- the feature of the third embodiment is that “the waveguide birefringence (absolute value) of the directional coupler constituting the first and second optical power bras is 3.5 X, which is the feature of the first embodiment. 10_ 4 that is set more than "and the length of the feature at which" arm waveguides of the second embodiment, by setting the beat length an integral multiple of that obtained by dividing the used light wavelength in the waveguide birefringence It's to have both of things.
- FIG. 7 shows the correlation between the attenuation and the PDL of the waveguide-type variable optical attenuator of the third embodiment actually manufactured. It can be seen that the PDL at 15 dB attenuation is 0.2 dB, and even at 25 dB attenuation, the PDL can be suppressed to an extremely small value of 0.6 dB. Thus, the "first and second directional coupler waveguide birefringence of constituting the optical power bra be set to (the absolute value) 3.
- a flame deposition method is assumed as a fabrication method, and the fabrication method of a force-embedded waveguide is not limited to the flame deposition method but is also a CVD (Chemical Vap or Deposition)
- CVD Chemical Vap or Deposition
- vapor phase growth methods such as VPE (Vapor Phase Epitaxy) and physical deposition methods such as sputtering, and the present invention is effective even when these production methods are applied.
- a directional coupler is assumed as the optical power bra.
- a multimode interference type multiplexer / demultiplexer an asymmetric X-type branching unit is used.
- polarization mode coupling occurs in the region where the cores are close to each other, which is effective as an optical power bra constituting the present invention.
- it is effective for optical power braces that generate polarization mode coupling in an optical multiplexer / demultiplexer, regardless of its shape.
- the waveguide material other than glass is polyimide, silicone ( silicone), semiconductor, LiNbO, etc.
- the material of the substrate is not limited to silicon.
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/598,856 US7389033B2 (en) | 2005-01-14 | 2006-01-13 | Planar lightwave circuit type variable optical attenuator |
JP2006552984A JP4675336B2 (ja) | 2005-01-14 | 2006-01-13 | 導波路型可変光減衰器 |
EP06711657A EP1837700A4 (en) | 2005-01-14 | 2006-01-13 | VARIABLE OPTICAL DAMPING MEMBER OF THE PLANAR LIGHT WAVELINE TYPE |
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JP2005008207 | 2005-01-14 | ||
JP2005-008207 | 2005-01-14 |
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PCT/JP2006/300372 WO2006075702A1 (ja) | 2005-01-14 | 2006-01-13 | 導波路型可変光減衰器 |
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US (1) | US7389033B2 (ja) |
EP (2) | EP2447761B1 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP4675336B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100724683B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100437212C (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006075702A1 (ja) |
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US8380023B2 (en) | 2010-07-14 | 2013-02-19 | Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. | Waveguide-type optical circuit |
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US20100284645A1 (en) * | 2009-05-07 | 2010-11-11 | Alcatel-Lucent Usa Inc. | Semiconductor thermooptic phase shifter |
FR2986082B1 (fr) * | 2012-01-19 | 2015-08-21 | Ixblue | Circuit optique integre a zone d'attenuation traversante |
US9221074B2 (en) | 2012-10-11 | 2015-12-29 | Octrolix Bv | Stress-tuned planar lightwave circuit and method therefor |
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US10754221B2 (en) * | 2018-01-24 | 2020-08-25 | Lumentum Operations Llc | Polarization multiplexer/demultiplexer with reduced polarization rotation |
WO2021100101A1 (ja) * | 2019-11-19 | 2021-05-27 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 光周波数制御装置、光発振装置、周波数変換装置及び電波発生装置 |
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JP2011065187A (ja) | 2011-03-31 |
CN100437212C (zh) | 2008-11-26 |
EP2447761B1 (en) | 2016-03-30 |
EP2447761A1 (en) | 2012-05-02 |
EP1837700A1 (en) | 2007-09-26 |
KR20060132937A (ko) | 2006-12-22 |
US7389033B2 (en) | 2008-06-17 |
JP4932029B2 (ja) | 2012-05-16 |
EP1837700A4 (en) | 2010-03-31 |
KR100724683B1 (ko) | 2007-06-04 |
US20070212012A1 (en) | 2007-09-13 |
CN1942809A (zh) | 2007-04-04 |
JP4675336B2 (ja) | 2011-04-20 |
JPWO2006075702A1 (ja) | 2008-06-12 |
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