WO2005113664A2 - Water-based coating composition with uv protection - Google Patents

Abstract

Novel water-based coating compositions including a combination of textile and non-textile acrylic polymer binders are described as paints and other coatings for application to most hard surfaces. Water-based coating compositions of the present invention are durable and can be used as a basecoat on an exterior surface, e.g., automobile basecoat paint, while maintaining a sufficient level of coat flexibility for resisting chipping and other damage prevalent in many other hard, durable exterior coatings. Coating compositions are typically air-sprayed onto surfaces using pressurized spray devices.

Description

WATER-BASED COATING COMPOSITION WITH UV PROTECTION

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This Patent Cooperation Treaty patent application claims priority from United States Provisional Application Serial No. 60/568,973, filed May 7, 2004, entitled WATER-BASED

COATING COMPOSITION, and to United States Provisional Application Serial No.

60/623,548, filed October 29, 2004, entitled WATER-BASED COATING COMPOSITION

WITH UV PROTECTION, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention generally relates to acrylic based coating compositions, and in particular relates to acrylic based paint compositions for use on exterior parts of vehicles and hard surfaces of buildings.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Coating compositions are typically applied to protect and/or enhance the aesthetic quality of a target surface, especially with regard to surfaces in the automotive industry. For example, most coating compositions applied to the exterior surface of an automobile both enhance the appearance of the automobile, and therefore the price of the automobile, but also protect the exterior surface of the automobile from environmental influences, e.g., sun, rain, particulates, etc. Typically, environmental influences result in the formation of rust and other damage to the exterior surfaces of the automobiles. In addition, environmental influences often result in an adverse effect on the aesthetic quality of the coating composition. Affective coating compositions must be durable, i.e., hard enough to resist impacts and resist extreme temperatures, but also flexible enough to resist chipping and other imperfections due to those same impacts. It is therefore necessary to develop coating compositions that provide both a superior looking finish as well as a durable yet flexible coating. Conventionally, automobiles have been coated or painted using a combination of a basecoat having an organic solvent component and including some combination of target pigments, covered by a clear urethane- or polyurethane-based overcoat. Each coating is pressure sprayed in sequence onto the target automobile surface, requiring that the coating compositions be pressurized with air to "atomize" each composition into fine particulates. Recently there has been a trend in the automotive industry to reduce the level of organic solvents used in basecoats, i.e., reductions due in part to environmental/health concerns stemming from these volatile compounds. As a result, there is a need in the industry for the development of "water-based," nontoxic automobile base-coatings that are aesthetically compelling, durable, resist chipping, and can be evenly sprayed onto target surfaces. One potential drawback to water-based coatings is pseudo plasticity, a characteristic that inhibits the coating from being atomized into fine particles during the application of the coating to the surface, i.e., these "water-based" coatings tends to build-up on surfaces resulting in an uneven coat of paint. In addition, there has been inconsistent results with regard to the binding of the water-based basecoat and the urethane topcoats. Against this backdrop the present invention has been developed. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Embodiments of the present invention include coating compositions and methods for applying the same to target surfaces. Compositions of the invention can include water, a soft, flexible acrylic polymer binder(s) (typical examples are used within the textile industry and are referred to herein as textile acrylic polymer binders), a hard, less flexible acrylic polymer binder(s) (referred to herein as a non-textile acrylic polymer binder), a suspension agent(s), and a flow modifier(s). Composition embodiments can also include anti- foaming agent(s), water softener(s), lubricant(s), color pigments, and biocide(s). In an alternative embodiment, coating compositions of the invention may also include both a UV absorber (UVA) and a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS). Preferred UVAs include hydroxyphenyl-benzotriazole. These additives improve coating longevity when the coat is exposed to direct sunlight. In another alternative embodiment the binder is a "blended textile binder" described as a modified acrylic copolymer. The blended binder provides improved durability and clarity due to improved particle size formation. These and various other features as well as advantages which characterize the invention will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description and a review of the appended claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions: The following definitions are provided to facilitate understanding of certain terms used frequently herein and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure. "Composite" refers to a combination of two or more coating layers. Typically, the base-layer or first coating layer includes color pigments for providing an even film of material on the target surface. An upper or top coat sits on the base or second layer. "Coating composition" refers to the chemical combination of embodiments of the present invention that are useful on any hard surface. "Flexible acrylic polymer binder" or "blended flexible styrene acrylic polymer binder" refers to a multi-component polymer binder that includes a combination of both a textile and non-textile acrylic polymer blend. One particular illustrative flexible acrylic polymer binder is CXT AAC . "Panel" refers to a substrate of any material commonly used for testing purposes, color references and color matching. Panel, for example can also be a section of an automobile's body. "Hard surface" refers to surfaces that are not predominately textile in nature, for example, metal, treated metal, wood, thermoplastic polymers, rubber, and the like. "Surface Coating" refers to a surface that has been coated with an embodiment of the coating compositions of the present invention, or a surface that has been coated with a combination of an embodiment of the coating compositions of the present invention with another coat of material, for example polyurethane. "Water-based" refers to a composition or coating that is solvent free, as opposed to "waterborne" or compositions. Note that all numerical percents recited within the application are "by weight" unless otherwise stated. Water-based, Nontoxic Surface Coating Compositions: The present invention provides a water-based, nontoxic surface coating for applying to most hard substrates or surfaces, e.g., bare metal, treated metal (for example treated with phosphate), primed metal, aluminum, plastic, wood and other like materials. Preferably, coating embodiments of the present invention are useful in the application to most exterior metal and plastic surfaces, especially in the automotive industry. Typically, the coating compositions of the invention include a combination of water, a soft, flexible acrylic polymer binder (typical examples are used within the textile industry and are referred to herein as textile acrylic polymer binders), a hard, less flexible acrylic polymer binder (referred to herein as a non-textile acrylic polymer binder), a suspension agent(s), and a flow modifier(s). Embodiments can also include anti-foaming agent(s), water softener(s), lubricant(s), color pigments, and biocide(s). This combination of "soft" and "hard" acrylic binders in embodiments of the present invention provides a durable coating or film that resists chipping, and has excellent compatibility with most, if not all, urethane clears or topcoats. Further, embodiments of the present invention provide accurate color consistency due to modifications in the inclusion of the textile acrylic binder as well as superior even coating characteristics when sprayed, due to inclusion of unique types and amounts of flow modifiers. Alternative embodiments of the present invention use a flexible acrylic polymer binder that replaces the combined soft and hard acrylic binders of the previous embodiment. This embodiment, therefore, uses 1 multi-purpose binder to replace two binders. In addition, coating compositions of the invention can include UV absorbers (UVA) and/or hindered amine light stabilizer agents (HALS). Textile Acrylic Polymer Binder: Embodiments of the present invention provide coating compositions that include from 10% to 30% of the final composition concentration, and preferably from 10% to 25% of the final composition concentration of soft, textile acrylic polymer binders. Average particle sizes of the textile acrylic binder range from 100 to 150 nanometers (nm), and are preferably about 125 to 135 nm, and are most preferably about 130 nm. Example textile acrylic polymer binders useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, Leactricryl 205S, sold under the brand name Reactrical 208S, E-32 Rhoplex, sold under the brand name Rhoplex, and the like. The inclusion of a textile acrylic binder to a coating composition for a hard surface allows the final coating composition to resist chipping, while its relatively small particle size allows for the finer atomization of the coating/paint during a spray application process, thereby providing an even application and cleaner, brighter cast when dried. Note also that two or more different combinations of textile acrylic polymer binders can be used to make up the percentage of textile acrylic polymer binder within the final coating composition. Non-Textile Acrylic Polymer Binders: Embodiments of the present invention provide coating compositions that also include from 5% to 15%, and preferably from 5 to 10% hard, non-textile acrylic polymer binders. Average particle sizes of the non-textile acrylic binder range from 100 to 160 nanometers (nm), and are preferably about 125 to 160 nm, and are most preferably about 153 nm. Non-textile acrylic polymer binders useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, Rhoplex AL-264, sold under the brand name Reactrical NCR, and other like products. The inclusion of a non-textile acrylic binder to a coating composition for a hard surface allows the final coating composition to resist impact and other environmental factors as well as be hard enough to sand down where appropriate in the automobile industry. Note also that two or more different combinations of textile acrylic polymer binders can be used to make up the percentage within the final coating composition. The blend of non-textile acrylic polymer binders useful in the present invention is prepared by homogenized mixing process (see Example below). This combination of blends of textile and non-textile acrylic polymer binders provides a unique finish that is both durable and flexible, being compatible with most if not all urethane top coatings. Blended Flexible Acrylic Polymer Binder or Blended Flexible Styrene Acrylic Polymer Binder: In an alternative embodiment of the present invention the combination of a textile and non-textile acrylic polymer binder is replaced with a single "blended flexible styrene acrylic polymer" binder. One such flexible acrylic polymer binder is CXT-ACC. Other like materials can also be used to replace CXT-ACC. The blended flexible acrylic is from about 25% to about 40 % of the final composition concentration. Average particle size of the FAPB ranges from about 70 to about 130 nanometers, and preferably from about 80 to about 110 nanometers. Flow Modifier: Embodiments of the present invention further provide for coating compositions that can also include novel flow modifiers. Flow modifiers for use with the present invention are self leveling. Typically, from about 0.1% to about 3% of the final composition concentration is flow modifier, and more preferably about 0.2% of the final concentration is flow modifier in embodiments of the present invention. Specific flow modifiers of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Modiflow AQ-3025, and other like components. Inclusion of flow modifiers in the coating compositions of the present invention both facilitate the smooth and silk-like pressurized spray of the coating compositions of the present invention on hard surfaces, and aid in the suspension of particulates within the coating compositions. As a result, coating compositions of the present invention have high quality aesthetic looks and require only smaller amounts of additional suspension agents, as the flow modifier duplicates a suspension agents effect(s). In addition, inclusion of flow modifiers in compositions of the invention keep the coating compositions from retaining excessive moisture, especially as compared to conventional coating compositions which often must include excessive amounts of suspension agents. Lowering the moisture content of the coating compositions results in quicker coat composition drying times and in addition compatibility of the coating composition(s) with the use of masking tape and the like during the coating process. Note that inclusion of a flow modifier provides these unique characteristic not found in other coating compositions. Suspension Agent(s : Embodiments of the present invention further provide for coating compositions that also include one or more suspension agents. Typically, from about 0.25%) to about 0.75% of the final coating composition is suspension agent. Specific suspension agents of the present invention include, but are not limited to, xanthan gum, Kelgin XL, Rheology modifier, and the like. Inclusion of one or more suspension agents in the coating compositions of the present invention also facilitate the smooth and silk-like pressurized spray of the coating compositions of the present invention onto hard surfaces by aiding in the suspension of particulates in the coating compositions. As a result, coating compositions of the present invention have high quality aesthetic looks. Lubricant: Embodiments of the present invention further provide for coating compositions that also include lubricants for use as a humectant to prevent drying and as a lubricant for spraying. Lubricants for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, propylene glycol, monopropylene glycol, propanediol, and dihydroxypropane. Typically, from about 1% to about 5% of the final composition concentration is lubricant and preferably from about 2% to about 3% of the final composition concentration is lubricant. Water Softener: Embodiments of the present invention further provide for coating compositions that also include water softeners for use in tying/binding minor ions that interfere with other components within the coating compositions. For example, the water softener Sequestrant binds to, and thereby removes, hard water minerals. Water softeners for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, sequestrant, EDTA, EGTA, etc. Typically, from about 1% to about 2% of the final composition concentration is water softener, and preferably about 0.7% of the final composition concentration is water softener. Biocide: Embodiments of the present invention further provide for coating compositions that also include biocides for use in preventing the growth of contaminant organisms, for example, bacteria or fungi, in the coating compositions of the present invention. Biocides for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, Kathon LX 1.5 Biocide. Typically, from about 0.25% to 0.5% of the coating composition is biocide. Anti-Foam Agent: Embodiments of the present invention further provide for coating composition that also include anti-foam agents for use in the prevention of foam formation during application of the coating to target surfaces. Anti-foaming agents for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, Air Products, sold under the trade name Foam Blast 338, or any like low-VOC mineral oil-free defoamer, (e.g., Troykyd D999 (Troy Corp.), Surfynol DF-70 (Air Products). Typically from about 0.5% to 2% of the coating final concentration is anti-foaming agent, and preferably about 1% of the coating final concentration is anti-foaming agent. Aqueous Pigments: Embodiments of the present invention further provide for coating compositions that include a blend of pigments to the users color specification. Any number of aqueous pigment dispersions can be used in compositions of the present invention, including but not limited to, Hifast N Cone. Yellow, Huebach YE-443D, Sun 272-0008, Hoescoht Celanesc FGL, International pigment 09-320 and Imperon Yellow NS2R. Typically, dependent on the color of coating and hard surface target, from 3% to 15% of the final coating composition is pigment, and preferably from about 4% to 12% of the final coating composition is pigment. Industrial Filler: Embodiments of the present invention further provide for coating compositions that include an industrial filler(s) for additional coverage and solids. Any number of industrial fillers can be used in compositions of the present invention including, but not limited to, hydrous kaolin clay and extender, Burgess Opti White, and the like. Typically, from about 5% to 25% of the final coating composition is industrial filler, and preferably from about 10% to 15% of the final coating composition is industrial filler. UV Absorber (UVA : Embodiments of the present invention further provide for additives that improve the lightfastness and weatherability of the coating compositions, thereby improving longevity of the coating composition when exposed to direct sunlight. One particularly preferred UV absorber for use in the present invention is the class of hydroxyphenyl-benzotriazole compounds, for example 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole (HOC₆H₄N₃C₆H₄). Typically from about 2% to about 4% of the final coating composition is composed of UV absorber. Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer (HALS) or Hindered Amine Stabilizers (HAS): Embodiments of the present invention further provide for additives that complement UVAs by scavenging free radicals produced by photolysis and photo-oxidation. One particularly preferred additive in this light is HALS or HAS. Typically from about 2% to about 4% of the final coating composition is composed of HALS. HALS and HAS act to inhibit degradation (due to both thermal and light energy) of different components of the coating composition, especially with regard to polymers within the coating composition. In one embodiment of the present invention, the coating compositions include particle sizes, i.e., binder particle size, pigments, industrial fillers, etc, that are uniformly smaller than about 150 nm in average diameter, and are preferably smaller than about 130 nm in average diameter size. Uniformly small diameter particles throughout the coating composition facilitates high quality application of coating compositions of the present invention. Polyurethane Topcoat: A protective plastic or thermoplastic resin, for example polyurethane, i.e., R_!NHCOOR₂, top- or upper-coat can be applied to the dried coating compositions of the present invention, especially with regard to coating compositions of the present invention that have been applied to exterior automotive surfaces. All test conventional automotive polyurethanes have proven to be compatible with the coating compositions of the present invention. Application of the polyurethane coat to the automotive basecoats of the invention is well known in the art. Note that urethane can also be used in replacement of polyurethane. The following list provide polyurethane and urethane compositions in accordance with the present invention: Polyurethane clears: PPG 2021, PPG 2042, PPG 2055 House of Kolor (a Valspar company): Polyurethane Flo-Klear (UFC-19), Polyurethane Flo-Klear (UFC-35) Valspar Refmish AC-200MS, AC-2135, AC-355, AC-4400 Urethane clears: any brands of any grade - Examples: DuPont: ChromaSystem 7600s PPG: Global line of clears such as D800, D890, D893, D894 Inter-coat and mid-coat urethane clears: example DuPont 222s and House of Kolor SG-100 Application of urethane and polyurethane clear: a) Start with 1 light tack coat. Allow 10-15 minute flash time. b) Apply medium tack coat. Allow 10-15 minute flash time. c) Apply wet coats. Follow clear manufactuturers instructions. Table 1 provides an illustrative combination of ingredients to form one coating composition of the present invention. Note, however, that it is envisioned that other combinations of ingredients are within the scope of the present invention,

Table 1 : Illustrative Formula For One Embodiment of the Non-Toxic Paint of the Present Invention

Note that different combinations of additives to the compositions of the present invention are considered novel as long as the composition(s) include a combination of textile and non-textile binders. Method For Applying Water-based, Nontoxic Surface Coatings To Hard Surfaces: As an illustrative example, one method for applying the coating compositions of the present invention to an exterior surface of a vehicle or other surface will be described. The method is generally applicable to hard surfaces with, at times, minor modifications. These minor modifications are within the level of skill in the art and are typically not described herein in detail. Several illustrative examples for applying the nontoxic surface coatings of the present invention are provided below in the Example. Prepare vehicle using normal custom painting methods, with attention to: a) Coating compositions of the present invention may be used direct to substrate unless working on bare metal. When painting bare metal apply a urethane primer or sealer to serve as a corrosion barrier. b) Sand off primers on after-market parts prior to painting. c) Use an adhesion promoter prior to painting plastics & oily surfaces. d) Coating compositions of the present invention are compatible with all urethane and waterborne primers. Start with intial coat(s) of 4000 Base Coat Sealers. Use of Base Coat Sealers may be omitted when using underlying finish for color key purposes. For best atomization, spraygun should be 12-15" away from the surface. Apply all coats very lightly. Coating compositions of the present invention should be applied as light acclimation/ guide coats. Initial coats have a speckled appearance. Additional coats fill in coverage producing an even finish. Apply color in dry coats. Avoid applying colors in wet coats. Wetted coats may cause pigment to migrate causing a "fish-eye" effect. Color blending and spot repairs are best done when the underlying coat has dried. Colors dry to a dull matte finish with a rough porous texture. Many of the special effect colors are are not fully visible until after clear coat is applied. Recommended minimum teperature 70°F and low humidity. Use heat to cure paint. An Infra-red (LR) lamp is recommended when painting a full vehicle. A heat gun is effective when curing smaller areas such as body panels, tanks, fenders, helmets, etc. Keep heat gun moving to aviod blistering. Surface temperature: 120-140°F best. Cure time: depends greatly on painting enviroment (temperature & humidity) and thickness/build height of paint coats. An average cure time using convection heat for 1 square foot is 2-3 minutes. Use of infra red heat may reduce cure time up to 50%. Having generally described the invention, the same will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples, which are provided by way of illustration and are not intended as limiting. EXAMPLES Example I: Methods For Applying Compositions of the Present Invention Conditions: Recommended coating conditions: 70° F or more in a dry, dust-free environment. When painting in humid or colder conditions, allow for extended drying time. Use of warm moving air, a heat gun or infra-red lamp is recommended to speed up the drying time and ensure all the excess water is evaporated. Make sure the air source is free of contaminates, especially oil and water. Set up: Spray Gun: psi: 30-35 for HVLP and conventional psi: 40-50 Airbrush Size: 1.2mm - 1.4mm Size: 0.5mm Auto Air Reducer to thin paints for smaller sized airbrushes or lower psi settings. Preparation: Prepare surface using normal custom painting methods, with attention to: a) Coating compositions of the present invention may be used direct to substrate unless working on bare metal. When painting bare metal apply a urethane primer or sealer to serve as a corrosion barrier. b) Sand off primers on after-market parts prior to painting. c) Use an adhesion promoter prior to painting plastics & oily surfaces. d) Coating compositions of the present invention are compatible with all urethane and waterborne primers. Application: Start with initial coat(s) of 4000 Base Coat Sealers. Use of Base Coat Sealers may be omitted when using underlying finish for color key purposes. For best atomization, spray gun should be 12-15" away from the surface. Apply all coats very lightly. Coats should be applied as light acclimation/guide coats. Initial coats have a speckled appearance. Additional coats fill in coverage producing an even finish. Apply color in dry coats. Avoid applying colors in wet coats. Wetted coats may cause pigment to migrate causing a "fish-eye" effect. Color blending and spot repairs are best done when the underlying coat has dried. Note: Colors may dry dull with a textured surface. Sanding colors will smooth texture allowing smoother application of clear coat. Many of the special effect colors will not be fully visible until clear coat is applied. Introduction to Coating compositions of the present invention Coating compositions of the present invention can be base coat graphic paints for custom automotive painting and are non-toxic, containing less than 0.10% VOC. Coating compositions of the present invention consist of two essential components; binder and pigment. The binder is an advanced water based, non-toxic polymer designed specifically for automotive or other like applications. The pigments used can be automotive pigments, the same used by the actual vehicle manufacturer. Coating compositions of the present invention can be used as the base coat for an entire paintjob, which is then coated with a finishing clear; Coating compositions of the present invention may also be used for graphics applied into a sanded and prepared urethane or polyurethane finish then coated with a clear. Coating compositions of the present invention are designed to he coated with a clear coat finish for maximum permanence. Coating compositions of the present invention work excellent with virtually all urethane or polyurethane clear coats of any grade. There are no compatibility issues between paint and clear coat when working with Coating compositions ofthe present invention . Due to the Coating compositions ofthe present invention's porosity, the clear coat is absorbed directly into the paint creating a strong, uniform bond. The result is perfect unison between the base colors and clear coat. Coating compositions ofthe present invention have a "death grip" on the clear coat. They will generally not lift or peel. Coating compositions ofthe present invention have greater flexibility than urethane and lacquer base coat paints, making them more resistant to chipping and flaking. When spraying on fiberglass, Auto Air Color do not create an electro-static charge as do urethane base coats which makes dust and debris stick to the color. SECTION 1 - Before You Spray Required Materials spray gun airbrush air source heat gun or heat lamp scuff pads/ sandpaper paint filters clear coat mild solvent-based degreaser NIOSH/MSHA approved respirator Preparation: Proper planning is the key to the success of any project. Proper preparation requires having the right materials, tools, abrasives and a clean area to spray. Cleaning and Sanding: State ofthe art preparation practices need to be followed when using coating compositions ofthe present invention. All substrates should be thoroughly cleaned and sanded prior to painting. Use a solvent-based degreaser to remove of contaminates from the surface prior to sanding and after sanding. Sanding an unclean surface will further embed contaminates into the substrate, increasing the risk of failure. Sanding and/or scuffing needs to completely remove any gloss points from the surface. Close attention needs to be made with crevices, edges, folds and other areas difficult to sand with broad strokes. Peeling often occurs in such areas where sanding does not thoroughly scuff. The grade of sandpaper, method and application technique may vary. Choosing between a coarse scuff pad, using a sandpaper block, or dual-action sander is a matter of choice and accessibility. What is important is to make sure the entire surface is removed of gloss points and that the surface is roughed up so that that the coating compositions ofthe present invention may "grip" onto the surface. After sanding, clean the surface once again with a solvent-based degreaser. Allow the degreaser' s solvent to flash off completely prior to painting or priming. Priming: Coating compositions ofthe present invention are compatible with all urethane and epoxy automotive primers. However, use of such primers is often not required when using Coating compositions ofthe present invention . The following is a list of when to use a primer when painting with Coating compositions ofthe present invention . This list does not cover body- fill issues and when to use high-build primers. Metal - use a urethane or waterborne primer or sealer as a corrosion barrier between exposed metal and Coating compositions ofthe present invention . Water-based paint embodiments will corrode metal when direct contact is made. When working on untreated metal, use of an etching / direct-to-metal primer prior to application of a sealer is recommended. The sealer does not need to be scuffed prior to application. Plastics — use of an adhesion promoter or mid-coat clear is recommended when painting plastics in addition to thorough sanding. Although Coating compositions ofthe present invention adhere to plastics, peeling is possible when taping. Plastics can have an oily texture with which water-based paints have difficulty adhering. Use of an adhesion promoting mid-coat clear prevents the possibility of peeling. Urethane finishes — Coating compositions ofthe present invention do not require a primer when painting direct to an existing urethane finish after sanding, such as when applying graphics to a factory paintjob. However, if the finish is in poor condition, sanding and use of a primer is recommended to create an even finish. If metal is exposed when sanding a finish, apply a urethane sealer to the area exposed to prevent corrosion. In such an instance, a spray can urethane sealer works well for small areas. Aluminum — Coating compositions ofthe present invention adhere well to bare aluminum. Use of a primer is not required. Fiberglass - Coating compositions ofthe present invention adhere well to fiberglass. Use of a primer is not required. Carbon-fiber - Coating compositions ofthe present invention adhere well to carbon- fiber. Use of a primer is not required. After-market body kits & parts - Remove or thoroughly sand the primer on aftermarket body pieces when painting aftermarket body parts, hoods, etc., attention to detail during preparation is essential. The primer must be either removed or thoroughly sanded/ scuffed. Sanding with 320-grit paper is recommended. The primer on the aftermarket parts often has silicone type products in it that help protect the part during shipping and storage. Coating compositions ofthe present invention will not hold onto such primers without thorough sanding or scuffing. Also, spraying an epoxy or urethane sealer prior to applying the coating compositions ofthe present invention is also recommended as it ensures proper adhesion of paint to the body part. Use an Adhesion Promoter on Plastic Body Parts When painting plastic body parts, the use of an adhesion promoter is recommended, especially on older parts. Although coating compositions ofthe present invention adhere to plastics after scuffing, older parts that have been treated with cleaning and glossy/shining agents may create adhesion difficulties. Such agents contain waxes or silicates which become imbedded in the plastic and may not allow proper adhesion ofthe paint to the plastic. Use of an adhesion promoter on the plastic prior to painting with the Coating compositions ofthe present invention will prevent any adhesion difficulties gloss creating shines may create. Coating compositions of the present invention must be thoroughly shaken prior to use. Coating compositions ofthe present invention have a high pigment load in a low viscosity binder. Settling ofthe pigment is intended. Coating compositions ofthe present invention must be thoroughly shaken prior to use. Coating compositions ofthe present invention may need to be placed upside down for a few minutes to loosen up settled particles after extended shelf storage. Coating compositions ofthe present invention are best used under warm, dry and dust free conditions. The inventors recommend using the coating compositions ofthe present invention under shop conditions with a minimum temperature of 70° F. Coating compositions ofthe present invention are water-based and lose excess water through evaporation as they cure. Cold and damp conditions inhibit evaporation and will retard the curing process. Working in excessively cold or humid conditions requires an extended heat curing process. Coating compositions of the present invention are not recommended for use in conditions below 50° F. When working in conditions under the recommended temperature, a heat lamp or other heat source to warm and dry coating compositions ofthe present invention is essential. Coating compositions ofthe present invention must be thoroughly dry prior to clear coating. The more humid or colder the environment, the more the drying time will be slowed, hi especially humid conditions, the use of a heat gun or lamp is strongly recommended to speed up the drying time and ensure all the excess water is evaporated from the paint. Also, in a humid environment, even after the colors have dried, the porous nature ofthe colors will allow moisture to build on the colors. This may affect the ability of a low- tack masking film to stay on the colors around the edges. To counter this, use a higher tack masking film. The coating compositions of the present invention have a strong bond to the surface they are applied to and work well with high tack masking film. Re-exposing the colors to heat prior to masking or clearing in a humid environment is also a good idea to ensure there is no vapor lock. To ensure colors are free of contaminants, pass coating compositions of the present invention through a filter prior to spraying. A number of filtration steps are used to ensure the colors are free of contaminants. However, small bits of hardened paint may form once the caps on the coating compositions of the present invention bottles have been opened and the colors are exposed to fresh air. These hardened bits of paint may be mixed with the rest ofthe paint when the bottle is shaken. These hardened bits will create imperfections when sprayed. Although such occurrences are not common, it is best to pass the colors through a filter or screen prior to use. Pass the colors through a fine mesh paint filter prior to use. Another way colors may be properly filtered is to cut out a small area from the filter screen, unscrew cap from bottle, place the cut screen over the bottle's opening and screw the cap back onto the bottle's top. Make sure the air source is free of contaminates, especially oil. Oil or oil vapor in the airline will work against the coating compositions ofthe present invention and cause a "fish eye" effect that is especially noticeable when the clear is applied. When working on bare metal, an automotive primer must first be used. Coating compositions ofthe present invention are water-based and should not be used directly on metal to avoid corrosion.

SECTION 2 - While You Spray Set-up: Spray Gun: psi: 30-35 for HVLP and conventional psi: 40-50 Airbrush : 1.2mm - 1.4mm Size: 0.5mm Auto Air Reducer to thin paints for smaller sized airbrushes or lower psi settings. Apply in light coats. Avoid wetting coats to the extent they could run. The lighter the coat, the quicker it dries and the more effective the heat will be in cross-linking the binder in a short amount of time. This is key in ensuring proper adhesion. After initial coats have been applied very lightly, subsequent coats may be applied as medium wet coats. Avoid excessive build-up. When painting with coating compositions of the present invention , it is better to apply coats more lightly at first. Some colors, such as 4300 Series Colors will work better with use of a medium wet coat than will 4500 Series Colors which do better when consistently applied in light coats. Over wetting 4200 Series Transparent Colors and 4600 Series Candy colors should be avoided as a wetter coat is more prone to blotching, especially during application of initial coats. A light coat of coating compositions ofthe present invention should look dry. A medium- wet coat looks wetted as the individual color particles link up to create a continuous film. 2-3 dry light passes often is what it takes to create a wetted coat. The thicker the coat, the longer the drying time and the longer the coat must be exposed to heat for the paint to properly cure. Avoid excessive wetting with 4200 Series Transparent Colors and 4600 Series Candy Colors. Due to their transparency, these colors have no solids and blemishes are more easy to create than when applying a solid color. Over wetting these colors will result in pigment migration, a look similar to a "fish-eye" effect. If such occurs, allow color to dry prior to spot blending. The color spot blend very well when the underlying coat is allowed to dry. Application Information and Tips: Surface Texture- Sanding the base color after several light coats have been cured prior to applying additional wetted coats of same color may allow for a smoother finish on the coating compositions ofthe present invention . Use 500 - 800 grit. This technique best works with 4000 Series Base Coat Sealers, 4200 Series Semi-Opaque Colors and 4300 Series Colors. See also information on using a mid-coat clear prior to application of finish clear. Taping and Masking 1. Recoat With Base Colors When using tape and masking film, applying another coat ofthe base color after the tape or masking film is applied creates a cleaner, crisper edge along the tape line. Coating compositions ofthe present invention are porous and rough textured. This creates spaces between the tape and surface which subsequent coats may crawl into, creating a bleeded edge, a look similar to under spray. When an additional coat of base color is applied over the taped edge, the open spaces will be filled in with the base color, creating a crisper line when the graphic color is applied. 2. Use of Urethane Mid-Coat /Inter-Coat Application of a urethane mid-coat adhesion promoter or inter-coat clear will allow masking film and fine-line tape to better adhere to Coating compositions ofthe present invention . The mid-coat creates a less-textured surface upon which masking material, fine- line tape and low-tact tape can better lay down without lifting (not peeling the paint up, but the tape lifting off the surface). Use of a mid-coat or inter-coat clear over base color prior to application may allow for easier application as errors and over-spray are easier to remove without marking base color. Another way to ensure base color is not marked due overspray removal is to thoroughly cure the base color prior to graphics application. Use of a mid/inter-coat clear prior to masking and taping is recommended when working in humid conditions. Use of mid/inter-coat clear after curing coating compositions ofthe present invention, but before applying finishing coats of catalyzing urethane clear, may allow dear's finish to form a more even film. Colors such as 4500 Series Hot Rod Sparkle and Sparkle Flake Colors create a textured surface that must be addressed prior to applying wet coats. Apply mid/inter-coat before applying finishing coat so as to create a build over the coarse textured surface ofthe 4500 Series Colors. Applying a mid/inter-coat clear after curing 4600 Series Candy Colors and blends with Candy Colors aids in protecting paint from marking and may aid in avoiding possible bleeding due to under-cured candy color being rewetted by finishing clear. Spot Repairing/Blending. Coating compositions of the present invention blend very well and spot repairs are easy to do.

A. Spot Blending to cover uneven color application - allow coating compositions to dry and gradually fill in areas as needed. Avoid rushing and applying too much paint at once. Allow paint to dry as coat is blended in as needed.

B. Spot repairing due to improper preparation/ adhesion failure: 1. Sand paint down to substrate or primer. Sand past area of failure until sanding into areas where paint has not failed to adhere. 2. Apply color and (if used) 4000 Series Base Coat Sealer to area sanded. Do not paint past sanded area initially. Painting outside sanded area before filling in sanded area will create ridge and a noticeable difference between sanded portion and surrounding area. 3. Allow paint to dry before blending in sanded area. 4. After sanded area has been repainted, paint larger area outside sanded portion to blend. Airbrushing : Thinning with Auto Air Reducer Thinning Coating compositions ofthe present invention is often necessary when airbrushing certain color series, such as: 4100 Series Aluminum Bases 4200 Series Semi-Opaque Colors 4300 Series Colors There is no exact ratio of Reducer required. Add as much needed to allow colors to flow given airbrush's particular size and operation/psi settings. Reducer may be as much 25-50%) volume of mixture or more. Sanding Coating compositions ofthe present invention sand better with a coarser grades of paper, 500 to 800 grit dry. Do not wet sand Coating compositions ofthe present invention . Colors sandable after thoroughly cured. Best results 12 to 24 hours after curing. Extending curing time allows paint to harden so that sanding shaves off paint and does not roll. If you see a film of water on top ofthe colors you have just sprayed, the coat was applied much too heavy and quickly. Go slow and light with the coating compositions ofthe present invention. Spraying water-based colors requires a different technique than when spraying urethane colors. Although the adjustment is relatively simple, there is an adjustment first time users will have to make. Auto Air Color may be mixed to make your own custom colors. Test the color by first mixing a small sample and make a spray-out on a panel. Many ofthe Coating compositions ofthe present invention may be mixed at any ratio or layered on top of one another. Just be sure you make a sample spray-out panel before you begin painting your project to make sure you are getting a desirable effect. There are no time windows when working with Coating compositions of the present invention. Unlike most other automotive base coat systems, there are no time windows necessary for proper application of Coating compositions ofthe present invention . Additional coats may be applied at any time once the underlying coat has dried. There is no time window for clear coating coating compositions ofthe present invention . The clear may be applied as soon as the colors have been heat cured and are thoroughly dried. Use Base Coat Sealer as first coat. Base Coat Sealer has excellent adhesion and coverage and should be used as the initial coat. However, it does not always have to be used, for example when using the coating compositions ofthe present invention for graphics on a urethane finish. For more information, refer to Base Coat Sealers on page 9. SECTION 3 - After you Spray Curing coating compositions of the present invention Cure coating compositions of the present invention with heat or dry & warm moving air. Coating compositions ofthe present invention are water-based and evaporate excess moisture when they cure. This is why it is important to work in light layers as heavily built layers will not allow the excess water to evaporate from the underlying layers. Light layers ensure proper curing. Cure Coating compositions ofthe present invention with heat or moving air from a source. Coating compositions of the present invention can be cured in a spray booth with air movement, by infrared heat lamps or with a heat gun. Curing paint is most important prior to clearing or taping/ masking. Heat Lamps (Short Wave Infrared Lamps) are recommended for working with the coating compositions ofthe present invention . Infrared Lamps will thoroughly dry and cure the paint in a short amount of time. Using Infrared Lamps also eliminates the extended drying time and surface tack that humid conditions may create. Although heat guns work well, a heat lamp is easier to work with, covers a larger area and ensures that the colors are thoroughly cured. Coating compositions ofthe present invention may also be cured by warm moving air from a source over the surface ofthe paint. When working in a spray booth, warm moving air will work excellent to cure the paint. The heat causes the binder(s) to cross-link, which means it has cured. Cross-linking is similar to a urethane catalyzing. The application of heat to the colors when they are drying or soon after they have dried creates a reaction inside the colors in which the individual acrylic polymer strands link up with one another ("crosslink") to create a strong, uniform mesh. The heat source may be a hot air gun, heated/infrared lamp, heated spray booth, etc. The heat curing process is recommended, but not always necessary. We recommend that the colors be cured with heat prior to masking or clear coating. Simply exposing the colors to heat for a short duration while they are drying or soon after they have dried will work. The heat does not have to be excessive. Heating the colors so that they are warm and dry to the touch will work well. Drying time depends, but for a square foot area dried with a heat gun, heat curing time should be around a half minute. Curing coating compositions of the present invention in humid or cold damp conditions requires extended exposure to heat. Coating compositions ofthe present invention are water-based and as such, evaporate excess water when they cure. Cold and humid conditions inhibit the evaporation ofthe excess water, which retards the curing process. To counter this, coating compositions ofthe present invention should be exposed to heat from a hot air gun or heat lamp for an extended period of time. Cure colors prior to sanding and masking. When applied in light coats and cured, colors will not lift. Tape with most any automotive tapes and fine line tapes. Colors may lift when not cured or used improperly by building coats too thickly. The length of time required to cure the colors varies as temperatures, humidity and amount of material sprayed affect the curing time. However, the process should be quick when coats are applied in light layers as recommended. When working in light coats as recommended, extended drying time should be about double the amount of time allowed to cure colors. Masking- when used correctly, coating compositions ofthe present invention will not lift when masked. Most types of tape work excellent. For transfer tape, use a high tact tape on Coating compositions ofthe present invention . Make sure colors are thoroughly dry prior to masking. Cleaning coating compositions of the present invention before clear coating- Colors may need to be cleaned before applying clear coat. Use a low solvent based degreaser, such as the Dupont© 3901S Final Kleen. Clear Coating "coating compositions" ofthe present invention Coating compositions ofthe present invention are compatible and work excellent with all urethane and polyurethane clear coats of any grade. The secret to the coating compositions ofthe present invention superior compatibility with clear coats is its porosity. Clears are absorbed into the Coating compositions ofthe present invention creating a strong, uniform bond. There is no lifting or peeling and the results are long lasting. Coating compositions ofthe present invention do not have to be sanded prior to clear coating. If fingerprints and smudges need to be removed from the Auto Air Color surface prior to clear coating use a mild solvent based cleaner or degreaser, such as DuPont' s© Final Kleen. There are no time windows necessary to follow for determining when to apply the clear. Once the colors have been cured, the clear may be applied. Applying multiple tack coats creates an even film upon which wet coats may be applied. Use a slower activator/ hardener to allow for more reflow & self-leveling, allowing clear time to soak into paint. a) Start with 1 light tack coat. Allow 10-15 minute flash time. b) Apply medium tack coat. Allow 10-15 minute flash time. c) Apply wet coats. Follow clear manufacturers instructions.

4000 Series Sealers - Additives - Cleaners Coat Sealer White or Dark Auto Air Base Coat Sealer White and Dark are a low build, adhesive sealer coat. Base Coat Sealers have higher adhesion properties. They cover well making them ideal for use as an initial coat. 4000 Base Coat Sealers are best used with a large airbrush or a spray gun. Base Coat

Sealers may need thinning with Reducer if the airbrush is small or if air pressure is less than 40psi when using less than a 1.0mm size tip. Use ofthe Base Coat Sealers is not always necessary. When Coating compositions of the present invention are used over an underlying finish, use of Base Coat Sealers may be omitted when color keying with finish's color is desired. Once surface has been prepared, apply either Base Coat Sealer over the entire surface. Base Coat Sealer White and Dark can be used to remove small, minor surface imperfections to create a uniform, even surface for base coat color application. Product works best when sprayed on in light layers. 1 or 2 coats should be, applied, although 1 coat will often be enough as the Base Coat Sealer is opaque and covers well. Base Coat Sealers should be cured with heat before applying additional coats. When applied as directed in lightly layered coats, curing time should be quick. Base Coat Sealer Dark should be used as an adhesive primer under most coating compositions ofthe present invention. Base Coat Sealer Dark is a very black-like grey shade that can be used as a black undercoat to enhance the effects of other colors. Should not replace use of a black or white color. Base Coat Sealer White can be use as an adhesive primer for under lighter colored base colors to allow for more luminescent, brilliant colors. Auto Air Reducer- Thinner Reducer is used to thin coating compositions ofthe present invention. Using Reducer to thin the colors will improve the atomization of some of the heavier pigmented colors, such as the 4300 Series. Adding Reducer will also allow colors to be used with smaller sized airbrushes. Although water may be used to thin Coating compositions ofthe present invention , Reducer is recommended because it adds binder to the colors as it thins them so the color's binder load will not be washed out and the adhesive properties ofthe colors will not be lost. There are not set ratios for adding Reducer to the colors. We recommend adding in small increments until the desired flow is achieved. When thinning Auto Air 4600 Series Candy Colors, use Auto Air Transparent Extender. Auto Air Transparent Base Transparent Base is the binder base for all coating compositions ofthe present invention except for 4100 Series and 4200 Series Detail and Semi-Opaque Colors. Transparent Extender may be added to colors to increase transparency, allowing colors to have lighter values. Add in small increments, there is no specific ratio for mixing. Not to be used with Auto Air 4200 Series Detail Colors. When using colors over a large area using a large spray gun, adding 4004 Transparent Extender to the colors will help to make it easier to achieve an even spray pattern without unwanted color build-up. Some colors such as 4200 Transparent Colors and 4400 Gem

Chameleon Colors have a high pigment load. While this makes the colors rich in appearance and allows them to cover well, the high concentration of pigment can make spraying a large area with even color application difficult. Adding the Transparent Extender will spread out the pigment load, allowing for easier, even application ofthe colors with overlapping spray. There is no specific ratio for mixing Transparent Extender to other coating compositions of the present invention . Auto Air Opaque Base Opaque Base is the binder base for the 4200 Series Semi- Opaque Colors. Opaque Base may be added to color to increase opacity. Opaque Extender may increase the viscosity ofthe color and is not recommended for use with smaller airbrushes and fine detail work. Opaque Extender may be added up to 25% ofthe mixture, after that the colors tend to wash out as the pigment load is spread out. Opaque Extender should not be used with Auto Air 4200 Series Detail Colors nor should it be used with 4300, 4400, 4500, and 4600 Auto Air Series. Auto Air Catalyst Catalyst is a specialty additive that is often not necessary. It is designed to accelerate the cross-linking process ofthe binder when the area worked on is too large for curing with heat or in cold or damp conditions. Catalyst should be added in 2-3 drops per ounce and thoroughly mixed with the color. Paint catalyst ofthe present invention are well known in the paint art. Auto Air Cleaner Auto Air Cleaner is a water-based biodegradable cleaner used to clean airbrushes between color changes. Directions: Rinse airbrush with water to remove excess color. Add Cleaner to airbrush and spray until color is completely gone. Rinse with water to remove any Auto Air Cleaner residual. Airbrush Restorer Airbrush Restorer is a non-toxic super-cleaner/soaker that eats away the dried paint left in brushes. It works on even the most neglected and junked-up brushes. It is best used as a bath for soaking the spray gun or airbrush after painting.

Airbrush Restorer also works as a cleaner and helps remove dried paint. Hardened paint will loosen up and dissolve a bit making the leftover paint easy to remove. Airbrush Restorer is reusable as the sediment falls to the bottom. Make sure to thoroughly rinse with water after using Restorer to avoid any contamination of Colors. Restorer has an oil like texture which does not mix well with water-based paints.

4100 Series Aluminum Bases Aluminum Bases Aluminum Bases are available in three grades: Fine, Medium and Coarse. They are highly reflective and intended for use as an undercoat for the 4600 Series

Candy Colors. Aluminum Bases may also be used alone for an aluminum-like, reflective finish or as an undercoat for Series 4200 Transparent Colors for reflective, custom effects.

Use ofthe different grades against one another with a Candy Color top application create fantastic effects. Aluminum Bases are best used with a large airbrush or a spray gun. Aluminum Bases may need thinning with Reducer if the airbrush is small or if air pressure is less than 40psi when using less than a 1.0mm size tip. Apply Aluminum Base over a coat of Base Coat Sealer Dark to ensure the that they adhere properly to the surface. The 4000 Series Base Coat Sealers have better adhesion than the 4100 Series Aluminum Bases. Aluminum Bases are made with heavy metallic flakes and may require stirring in addition to thorough shaking prior to use.

4200 Series Graphic Colors Transparent Colors Auto Air Transparent Colors are transparent with a semi-gloss finish. Use over lighter shades, mix with other colors, or layer over other colors. Transparent Colors may be used as toners for all other coating compositions ofthe present invention . They are a versatile part ofthe line and can be used for a variety of effects. Transparent Colors can be mixed with other Coating compositions ofthe present invention series for custom blends, such as mixing transparent colors. When using Transparent Colors over a large area using a large spray gun, adding 4004 Transparent Base to the colors will help to make it easier to achieve an even spray pattern without unwanted color build-up. The Transparent Colors have a high pigment load. While this makes the colors rich in appearance and allows them to cover well, the high concentration of pigment can make spraying a large area with even color application difficult. Adding the Transparent Base will spread out the pigment load, allowing for an easier, more even application ofthe colors with overlapping spray. There is no specific ratio of Transparent Extender to Transparent Color, but a 2:1 ratio is fairly common (2 parts Transparent Color to 1 part Transparent Base). Transparent Colors are best to use for color blends and fades, as opposed to the 4200

Series Semi-Opaque which do not blend as well due to their opacity. Mixing Transparent Colors with 4100 Series Aluminum Bases creates custom metallic colors. Transparent Colors also create a candy-type appearance when applied over 4100 Series Coating compositions ofthe present invention . Semi-Opaque Graphic Colors Auto Air Semi-Opaque Colors are semi-opaque with a semi-gloss finish. Semi- Opaque Colors are designed to be used alone over Base Coat Sealer White or Base Coat Sealer Dark. Semi-Opaque Colors are best used with a large airbrush or a spray gun. Semi-Opaque Colors may need thinning with Reducer if the airbrush is small or if air pressure is less than 40psi. Semi-Opaque Colors can be tinted with Transparent Colors for custom blends by either directly mixing the colors or layering light coats of Transparent Colors over Semi- Opaque Colors. Semi-Opaque Colors may be used as the underlying coat for other Coating compositions ofthe present invention . Semi-Opaque Deep Black may be used as a substitute for Base Coat Sealer Dark when being used as a dark undercoat for 4100, 4300, 4400, 4500 Series Coating compositions ofthe present invention . Fluorescent Colors Auto Air Fluorescent Colors are transparent with a semi-gloss finish. Use over Base Coat Sealer White or a light background Semi-Opaque or Transparent Color. Airbrush sizes 0.5 or larger are recommended for use a 0.3mm size may be used have a limited lightfastness compared to other Coating compositions of the present invention. Detail Colors Auto Air Details Colors are used for fine detail and mural work at 30psi or lower. Detail Colors are recommended for use with airbrushes 0.2mm or larger. Detail Colors are for use with all other series in the Coating compositions ofthe present invention line. Detail Colors must be cured before they can be masked or sanded. The Detail Colors are designed for use with small airbrushes and can be thinned with Auto Air Reducer.

4300 Series Special FX Series 4300 Colors have a heavier pigment weight than other color series and may need some thinning with Auto Air Reducer for use with smaller sized airbrushes. 4300 Series Colors are best applied with a 1.2 to 1.4mm size spray-gun. 4300 Series make excellent bases for Series 4400 and Series 4500 Colors. Pearlized Colors Auto Air Pearlized Colors are semi-opaque colors with a semi-gloss finish. Pearlized Colors are best used over Auto Air Base Coat Sealer Dark or Auto Air Series 4200 Deep Black Graphic Colors. Pearlized Colors may be used alone for pearlescent finishes, as a base for 4200 Series Transparent Graphic Colors for custom pearlescent blends or as base for the 4600 Series Candy Colors. Metallic Colors Auto Air Metallic Colors are semi-opaque colors with a semi-gloss fimsh. Metallic Colors are best used over Auto Air Base Coat Sealer Dark or 4200 Series Semi-Opaque Deep Black. Metallic Colors make excellent bases for 4200 Series Transparent Colors and 4600 Series Candy Colors. Iridescent Colors Auto Air Iridescent Colors are semi-opaque colors with a semi- gloss finish. Iridescent Colors are best used over Auto Air Base Coat Sealer Dark or 4200 Series Deep Black Graphic Colors. 4400 Series Color Shift FX Series 4400 Colors have a heavier pigment weight than other color series and may need some thinning with Coating compositions ofthe present invention Reducer for use with smaller sized airbrushes. Colors are best applied with a 1.2 to 1.4mm size spray-gun. Gem Chameleon Colors Gem Chameleon Colors are specialty effect pigmented colors with angle dependent, color traveling effects. Gem Chameleon Colors have dramatic color changes depending upon the angle of light. Gem Chameleon Colors are best used against Auto Air Base Coat Sealer Dark and 4200 Series Deep Black Graphic Colors. Apply 1-2 light coats of Auto Air Base Coat Sealer Dark and 2-4 coats of Gem Chameleon Colors. Gem Chameleon Colors are a bit translucent which means they have a lot of play with the underlying coat. The colors are best seen in their natural tint against 4200 Deep Black. Gem Chameleon Colors are given a whole new dimension when applied over 4300 and 4500 Series Colors. You can color key the base with the Gem Chameleon Color for wicked chameleon blends. For example, the Gem Chameleon Ruby works excellent when applied in light coats over a Pearlescent, Iridescent or Hot Rod Sparkle Blue. The red ofthe chameleon color blends with the blue to create a red- violet to blue shifting color that also has an iridescent or pearlescent finish. For more effects, apply Gem Chameleon Colors over 4100 Series Aluminum Bases.

45 Series Sparkle Colors Hot Rod Sparkle Colors Hot Rod Sparkle Colors recreate the popular metalflake finish. Hot Rod Sparkle Colors create a brilliant, powerful glitter-like effect that truly shimmers. Hot Rod Colors are very similar to metal flake, but look much better. The colors are semi-translucent. Colors are best used over Auto Air Base Coat Sealer Dark or Auto Air

4200 Series Deep Black Graphic Colors Hot Rod Sparkle Colors have a heavier pigment weight than other color series and may need some thinning with Coating compositions ofthe present invention Reducer for use with smaller sized airbrushes. Hot Rod Sparkle Colors are best applied with a 1.2 to 1.4mm size spray- gun. For large areas, Hot Rod Sparkle Colors are best applied with an increased distance between spray-gun and surface with a psi setting of 30-40. Hot Rod Sparkle Colors look excellent when mixed direct to 4200 Series Transparent

Colors and 4600 Series Candy Colors to create candied-pearl flake finishes.

Cosmic Sparkle Colors Cosmic Sparkle Colors create a refined, star-like shimmer effect. Cosmic Sparkle

Colors have a more narrow size particle effect pigment then the Hot Rod Sparkle Colors.

Cosmic Sparkle Colors are semi-translucent colors with a semi-gloss finish. Cosmic Sparkle

Colors are best used over Auto Air Base Coat Sealer Dark or Auto Air 4200 Series Deep

Black Graphic Colors Cosmic Sparkle Colors are best used with a large airbrush or a spray gun. Cosmic

Sparkle Colors may need thinning with Reducer if the airbrush is small or if air pressure is less than 40psi. Apply 1-2 light coats of Auto Air Base Coat Sealer Dark and 2-4 light coats of

Cosmic Sparkle Colors. Cosmic Colors are similar to the 4400 Series Hi-Lite Interference Colors in that they are best when used in extra light coats with minimal build-up. Spraying heavier coats ofthe Cosmic Colors causes them to lose their effect. Also, these colors are translucent and will have a lot of play with the under coat, so they work excellent for color keying with the base.

Chameleon Flair Colors Chameleon Flair Colors are colors with angle-dependent color traveling effects. Chameleon Flair Colors have a soft flowing transition from one color into another. Color travel is viewable under even subtle lighting and is further intensified on curved objects with sharp contours. 4600 Series Candy Colors Auto Air Candy Colors are true candy colors. Candy Colors are transparent, brilliant colors that allow the underlying coat to interact with the light passing through the candy color. Candy Colors may be intermixed with one another for custom candy blends. Candy Colors work well with spray guns and airbrushes and should not require thinning. Candy Colors are best used with a 1.2mm sized gun operated at 30-40psi. Settings for optimum atomization will vary depending on spray-gun used. Candy Colors are concentrated and are best used with Transparent Base when painting large surfaces. There is no exact ratio used for mixing Transparent Base to Candy, but 1 part Transparent Base to 1 part Candy Color may work well. Candy Colors are unlike other color series and should not be used as an ordinary basecoat. It is best to use an inter-coat clear (or catalyzing clear) when working with the Candy Colors. There is no time window in which to apply the coat, but doing so will protect the Candy Colors from contamination, markings and tracking from tape. Candy Colors have a different texture than other Coating compositions ofthe present invention, even after curing. Candy Colors blemish easily after drying. Avoid direct contact of any sort. Use a mid-coat or inter-coat clear prior to taping or masking on top candy color or candy color blend. Clearing Candy Colors - if Candy Colors are not completely dry before clearing, the clear may reactivate the Candy Color causing bleeding through the clear. Applying an inter- coat of clear will help prevent possible bleeding. Clearing the Candy Colors brings them to life. Candy Colors will look dull until cleared. It is very important to work in light coats with the Candy Colors, even more so than with other color series. Often, 7-10 coats may be applied when painting a large area and extending the Candy Colors with Transparent Extender. The first several coats should looked spotted. The candy finish should not begin to fill out until several coats have been applied. Even with 10 or more coats, no edge should develop as the Candy Colors are extremely thin. The 4100 and 4300 Series make excellent bases for the Candy Colors, especially Silvers and Pearl & Metallic Whites. Adding a few coats ofthe 4500 Series Hot Rod Sparkle Colors over the 4300 base color will create a shimmering base for the Candy Colors, making them pop and glisten in sunlight and direct light. Candy Colors over Aluminum Bases with Pearlescence The Aluminum Bases are the more traditional bases for the Candys. They are highly reflective which allows for a lot of light to be redirected back through the Candy Colors. 1st - One Coat Base Coat Sealer Dark (when working with the Aluminum bases, an undercoat of a Base Coat Sealer needs to be applied for its adhesion). 2nd - Aluminum Base, 2-3 coats until a good coverage is achieved. Heat cure before moving on to the next step to prevent reactivation. 3rd - Hot Rod Sparkle White, 1 or 2 light dust coatings. Just enough to create some pearlesence on the Aluminum Base but not enough to totally cover it. Light needs to be able to pass through this coat(s) and hit the Aluminum Base and be reflected back. The Hot Rod Sparkle White may be replaced with 4301 Pearl White, 4330 Metallic White (fine) or 4331 Metallic White (coarse). 4th - Candy Color, 3-6 coats. The Candy Colors have a thin viscosity and must be applied lightly. Several light coats need to be applied. Allow the Candys to air dry or cure with heat in between coats. Heat curing may be better as it will heat the surface for the next coat of Candy Color. 5th - Clear Other colors from the 4300 and 4500 Series may be used as the base for the Candy Colors as well. Color keying the base to match or compliment the Candy creates beautiful finishes. For example, Hot Rod Sparkle Gold or Metallic Gold used as a base for a Yellow or Sunset Candy creates a Gold Candy.

Metallic Colors Base for Transparent Colors 4300 Series Metallic Colors are excellent for use as undercoats for the 4200 Series Transparent Colors for custom metallic creations. Color keying the metallic base to the overlying transparent color creates vibrant, shimmering colors that reflect well in direct light and sunlight. Hot Pink Pearl 1st - Base Coat Sealer White 2nd - Hot Rod Sparkle White base 3rd - Transparent Pink, work in light coats 4th - Hi-Lite Interference Purple, 1 Coat, dust coat on, very low coverage 5th - Repeat steps 3 and 4 until desired color achieved, 3-5 coats each. Don't go too heavy on any one coat as the transparency and play with the Hot Rod Sparkle White base will be lost. Golden Copper 1st - Base Coat Sealer White 2nd - Metallic Copper base 3rd - a few light coats of Hi-Lite Interference Gold Candied Pearl Flakes Mix direct a 4200 Series Transparent Colors with 4500 Series Colors Example 1 : Mix 1 : 1 Transparent Fire Red with Hot Rod Sparkle Purple. This mix creates a candied red with purple pearl flake. Example 2: Mix 6 parts of Transparent Cherry Red with 1 part Hot Rod Sparkle Red, 1 part Cosmic Gold and 1 part Hot Rod Sparkle White Violet to Blue Iridescent Chameleon 1st - One Coat Base Coast Sealer Dark 2nd - Iridescent Electric Blue, 2-3 coats until a good coverage is achieved. Other blue shades from the 4300 Series may be used. 3rd - Chameleon Gem Ruby, 2-3 light dust coats. Apply enough color to create the chameleon effect but do not totally cover the underlying blue base. The red ofthe Gem Ruby will mix with the Electric Blue to create a beautiful violet that flips to blue with iridescence. 4th - Clear. Heat cure the colors prior to applying the clear. Tinted Aluminum Bases Mixing the 4200 Series Transparent or Detail Colors into the Series 4100 Aluminum Bases creates custom tinted aluminums. Gem Sapphire Blends: Blend 1 1st - Base Coat Sealer Dark or Semi-Opaque Deep Black 2nd - 2-3 coats Gem Chameleon Sapphire ^' 3rd - 1-3 coats Hot Rod Sparkle Blue Blend 2 1st - Base Coat Sealer Dark or Semi-Opaque Deep Black 2nd - 2-3 coats Gem Chameleon Sapphire 3rd — 1-2 coats Cosmic Red Blend 3 1st - Base Coat Sealer Dark or Semi-Opaque Deep Black 2nd - Mix direct 1 : 1 Gem Chameleon Sapphire and Ruby Example 2: Alternative Methods For Applying Compositions ofthe Present Invention Conditions: hi preferred embodiments the coating compositions ofthe present invention are applied at 70°F or higher in a dry, dust-free environment. Where compositions ofthe present invention are applied in humid or conditions below 70°F, allow for extended drying time. Preferred conditions also include the use of moving warm air, for example via use of a heat gun or infra-red lamp. Note that application of moving warm air should be performed in the absence of contaminates, especially oil and/or water. Set-Up: A spray-gun having a nozzle size of 1mm to 1.3mm and operating under 30 to 40 psi is preferred. Where an airbrush is used to apply coating compositions ofthe present invention use of 0.5mm and 40-50 psi is preferred. Where smaller airbrushes or lower psi settings are used, Auto Air Reducer may be added to the compositions to thin paints. Materials: It is believed that about 4 oz of coating composition ofthe present invention will cover a surface of 3-4 square feet. As such, where the coatings ofthe present invention are applied to (1) a motorcycle - 1 quart and 1 pint will be required; (2) small vehicles - 2 quarts; (3) medium to large vehicle - 2.5 - 3 quarts; and (4) full size truck or SUV - 1 gallon. Preparation: Application ofthe coating compositions ofthe present invention require that the application surface be cleaned and then sanded. Cleaning procedure may require both a solvent based degreaser and panel wipe (do not use water to clean surfaces). Once a primer has been applied it should be scuffed using a 600 grit wet and dry paper or a rough grade scuff pad. Where graphics are applied over the finished coatings (urethane), scuff with 800 grit wet and dry paper to avoid scratches. Sanding and scuffing needs to completely remove gloss points from the surface. Primers: In some embodiments ofthe coating compositions ofthe present invention, a primer may be necessary. For example, where the target surface is a metal, use urethane or epoxy primer; plastic surface use an adhesion primer; aluminum surface use a coat sealer; urethane finishes use a base coat sealer direct on substrate after scuffing; fiberglass surface use base coat sealer after scuffing; after-market panels use base coat sealer after scuffing. Application and Dry Times: In one embodiment the coating compositions ofthe present invention may be applied in a three coat process: two very light coats and 1 medium coat. Note that wet coats should be avoided and also note that additional coats may be applied where the quality ofthe coating is not considered adequate by the user. Initial coats have a speckled appearance. Additional coats fill in coverage producing and providing an even finish. The final coat should fill in field of color and serve as the orientation coat. Lightly layered coats ofthe present invention are thinner than urethane based paints and should not be used as complete coverage on the first coat. Always avoid wet coats so as to avoid pigment migration. Additional coats may be applied once the underlying coat has dried and may be applied minutes or days later. When recoating, allow coat to dry prior to application ofthe next coat. In preferred embodiments the coat is cured before taping or cleaning. In some embodiments ofthe present invention a transparent base may be used as a mid-coat prior to taping or clearing. The transparent base serves as a mid-coat to protect colors from marking during taping. Spot Repair: Where coating compositions ofthe present invention are applied to repair a spot on a surface the following method should be performed: sand coating off failed area using coarse dry paper; sand coat past failed area insuring all failed coat is removed; begin repairing by painting sanded area first; apply enough coats to completely cover area; and after filling in sanded area, blend by coating entire panel or extended area surrounding repair. Curing: Curing of coating compositions ofthe present invention may be performed in a spray booth with air movement, by infrared heat lamps, or by a heat gun. When curing is performed in a spray booth, bake the coating composition at 120 - 150°F for 15 - 20 minutes or until dry. Slightly faster drying times can be accomplished where the temperature is increased or the airflow rate is increased. Where curing is not performed in a booth or other like enclosure, a minimum temperature of 70°F should be maintained. Curing may be performed with the use of a heat gun or infrared lamp. Where infrared lamp is used generally cure from a distance of 12 inches to prevent blistering. Typical duration is from 5 - 30 minutes due to coat build-up. Where a heat gun is used for curing, curing should be performed for about 1 - 2 minutes per square foot. Heat gun should not be closer than 6 inches to avoid blistering. Taping: When taping is required for coating compositions ofthe present invention, it is preferred that the composition be cured onto the surface prior to addition of tape. Tape should not be placed onto a coating surface until the coating composition is completely dried and the surface cool to the touch. A transparent base or urethane mid-coat may be used prior to taping. Application of mid-coat allows tape to better adhere to coating compositions ofthe present invention. The mid-coat creates a less-textured surface upon which masking material, fine-line tape and low-tack tape can better lay down without lifting. To create a cleaner, crisper edge along the tape line, apply another coat of base prior to applying additional coats. The present invention should not be considered limited to the particular examples described above, but rather should be understood to cover all aspects ofthe invention as fairly set out in the attached claims. Various modifications, equivalent processes, as well as numerous structures to which the present invention may be applicable will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art to which the present invention is directed upon review of the disclosure. Clearing: The coating compositions ofthe present invention are compatible with all urethane clears. Applying multiple tack coats creates an even film upon which wet coats may be applied. Use of a slower activator/hardener to allow for more reflow and self-leveling, allow clear time to soak into the coating compositions ofthe present invention. Only apply clear coat when the coating compositions ofthe present invention have been cured. Safety: It is recommended that application ofthe coating compositions ofthe present invention be performed while wearing a NIOSH/MSHA approved respirator, hi addition, the user should avoid or minimize skin and eye contact with the coating compositions ofthe invention. Example 3: Non-Toxic Paint Coating Composition Flexible Styrene Acrylic Polymer Binder - specifically CXT AAC Flexible Styrene Acrylic Polymer Binder - 28.4% by weight Lbs./500 of sample: 142 UV Absorber - specifically hydroxyphenyl-benzotriazole CAS# 25322-68-3 1% by weight Lbs./500 lbs of sample: 5 Liquid Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer - CAS# 41556-26-7 2% by weight Lbs./500 lbs of sample: 10 Decrease in water content by 3% 46.2% Lbs./500 lbs of sample: 231

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is Claimed is:

1. A water-based coating composition for a hard surface comprising: a flexible styrene acrylic polymer binder; a UV absorber; a HALS; a suspension agent; and a flow modifier; wherein the water-based coating composition forms a film on non-textile, hard surface.

2. The water-based coating composition of claim 1 further comprising: an anti-foaming agent; a lubricant; and a water softener.

3. The water-based coating composition of claim 2 further comprising: a biocide; and an industrial filler and extender.

4. The waterbased coating composition of claim 1 wherein the suspension agent is an acrylate copolymer.

5. The water-based coating composition of claim 1 wherein the hard surface is an exterior surface of an automobile.

6. A water-based coating composition for an exterior hard surface of an automobile comprising: a textile acrylic polymer binder; a non-textile acrylic polymer binder; a UV absorber; a HALS; a suspension agent; and a flow modifier; the textile acrylic polymer binder present at about 10 to 15 % in the coating composition.

7. A kit for painting an exterior surface of an automobile, the kit comprising: a water-based coating composition comprising: a textile acrylic polymer binder, a non-textile acrylic polymer binder, a UV absorber, a HALS, a suspension agent, and a flow modifier wherein the textile acrylic polymer binder has a particle size of about 120 to about 150 nanometers; a polyurethane composition; wherein the water-based coating composition is applied to the exterior surface ofthe automobile as an undercoat and the polyurethane is applied to the coating composition as an upper-coat.

8. A method for painting an exterior surface of an automobile comprising: providing a basecoat coating composition that comprises a textile acrylic polymer binder and a non-textile acrylic polymer binder; pressurizing the coating composition in a stray apparatus; spraying the coating composition in a thin film onto the exterior surface ofthe automobile; providing a polyurethane composition; . pressurizing the polyurethane coating; spraying the polyurethane composition onto the exterior surface having the coating composition applied.

9. A composite for painting a hard surface comprising: a pigment containing first coat comprising a textile acrylic polymer binder, the first coat coating a portion of the hard surface; and a second coat comprising a durable sealant, the second coat coating a portion ofthe first coat; wherein the first and second coats form a paint film on a portion ofthe hard surface.

10. The composite of claim 9 wherein the first coat further comprises a non-textile acrylic polymer binder and a flow modifier.

11. The composite of claim 9 wherein the second coat comprises polyurethane.

12. The composite of claim 9 wherein the hard surface is an exterior panel of an automobile.

13. A vehicle comprising: a portion of at least one hard surface coated by a coating composition, the coating composition comprising a textile acrylic polymer binder.

14. The vehicle of claim 13 wherein the hard surface is an exterior panel ofthe vehicle.

15. The vehicle of claim 14 wherein the vehicle is an automobile.