WO2005033379A1 - Microreactors and methods for generating hydrogen peroxide - Google Patents
Microreactors and methods for generating hydrogen peroxide Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005033379A1 WO2005033379A1 PCT/US2004/032526 US2004032526W WO2005033379A1 WO 2005033379 A1 WO2005033379 A1 WO 2005033379A1 US 2004032526 W US2004032526 W US 2004032526W WO 2005033379 A1 WO2005033379 A1 WO 2005033379A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- channels
- electrolysis
- reaction
- channel
- hydrogen peroxide
- Prior art date
Links
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 112
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 6
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010052428 Wound Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 most preferably Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003376 silicon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/28—Per-compounds
- C25B1/30—Peroxides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
- B81B—MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS, e.g. MICROMECHANICAL DEVICES
- B81B1/00—Devices without movable or flexible elements, e.g. microcapillary devices
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D17/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells for electrolytic coating
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the devices and methods for generating hydrogen peroxide (H 2 0 2 ).
- the present invention is embodied in micro hydrogen peroxide generators and methods which find use in a number of end-use applications (e.g., as a means to generate hydrogen peroxide on site for cosmetic, dental or general household cleansing devices).
- Hydrogen peroxide has many advantageous uses and applications. For example, hydrogen peroxide is use to clean wounds, whiten teeth, bleach items such as hair and textile products, and sterilize surgical instruments. Unfortunately, hydrogen peroxide is difficult to transport and store due to its relatively chemical instability. Specifically, hydrogen peroxide has a propensity to decompose to form oxygen gas and water. Such instability and resulting decomposition can be advantageously used as a source of oxygen and or as a means to effervesce a variety of items for the purpose of cleaning, sterilization and the like.
- the relative difficulty associated with the transportation and storage of hydrogen peroxide has therefore limited its use in some applications and has made the manufacture of products containing hydrogen peroxide more difficult.
- because of the difficulty in shipping hydrogen peroxide it is often necessary to manufacture the product at a location which is physically close to its distribution area.
- products containing hydrogen peroxide are usually not exported for sale.
- the difficulty associated with the storage of hydrogen peroxide also means that products containing the same have a relatively short shelf life.
- Microreactors are known generally and typically refer to microstructured reactors with fluidic paths under 1 millimeter (mm).
- a number of entities around the world are involved in microreactor research to produce on a micro scale a wide variety of chemicals, including hydrogen peroxide.
- the driving force behind such research is not only the small size of the microreactors, but also the benefits achieved from relatively fast heat transfer and mass transfer as compared to more conventional plant-size facilities.
- the small amounts of reactants involved typically results in a more safe reaction environment.
- the present invention is embodied in microreactors and methods for generating hydrogen peroxide. More specifically, in accordance with the present invention, microreactors and methods are provided for the batchwise generation of hydrogen peroxide.
- the present invention will necessarily require respective hydrogen and oxygen electrolysis chambers, and a hydrogen peroxide reaction chamber which is fluid-connected to, and positioned physically between, the electrolysis chambers.
- Water preferably including a suitable electrolyte (e.g., NaOH), may thus fill each of the chambers and the interconnecting fluid passageways therebetween.
- the hydrogen peroxide microreactor of the present invention will be in the form of a silicon chip reactor body having a pair of electrolysis channels, a reaction channel positioned between the electrolysis channels, and at least one (preferably several) connector channel(s) which fluid-connect(s) the pair of electrolysis channels with said reaction channel.
- a pair of electrodes is provided so that each is in operative association with a respective one of the electrolysis channels.
- a catalyst for forming hydrogen peroxide is also provided so as to be in operative association with the reaction channel.
- the reactor body most preferably comprises top and bottom silicon chips, wherein the electrolysis channels, the reaction channel and the at least one connector channel are etched into said bottom silicon chip, the hydrogen and oxygen from the electrolysis channels diffuse through the connector channel(s) and into the reaction channel.
- the reaction channel is positioned between the electrolysis channels such that the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen atoms diffused into the reaction channel is approximately one to one.
- FIGURE 1 is a greatly enlarged schematic perspective representation of a presently preferred microreactor for generating hydrogen peroxide in accordance with the present invention
- FIGURE 2 is an exploded perspective view of the component parts of the microreactor shown in FIGURE 1 ;
- FIGURE 3 is an exploded perspective view of the component parts of the microreactor similar to FIGURE 2, but shown with the electrodes and catalyst strips inoperative associate with their respective reaction channel; and
- FIGURE 4 is a greatly enlarged view, partly sectioned, showing the relationship between the electrode and catalyst strips and their associated channels.
- the present invention is embodied in microreactors and methods for the batchwise generation of hydrogen peroxide. More specifically, the present invention will necessarily require respective hydrogen and oxygen electrolysis chambers, and a hydrogen peroxide reaction chamber which is fluid-connected to, and positioned physically between, the electrolysis chambers. Water with or without a suitable electrolyte (e.g., NaOH) may thus fill each of the chambers and the interconnecting fluid passageways therebetween.
- a suitable electrolyte e.g., NaOH
- Oxygen and hydrogen gases are thus generated in the respective oxygen and hydrogen electrolysis channels by applying an electrical potential (e.g., 1.5 volts or greater) through the electrodes.
- Oxygen atoms will therefore be generated at the anode while hydrogen atoms will be generated at the cathode, the anode and cathode being in respective operative association with the oxygen and hydrogen electrolysis chambers.
- the concentration of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms will therefore diffuse through the fluid connectors from each of the oxygen and hydrogen electrolysis chambers towards the hydrogen peroxide reaction chamber.
- there will exist a concentration of oxygen and hydrogen in the reaction chamber which will react in the presence of a suitable catalyst to form hydrogen peroxide.
- the hydrogen peroxide in the reaction chamber may therefore be extracted for use.
- the microreactor may be refilled with water (with or without a suitable electrolyte) and resealed for further use or more simply discarded.
- Electrolysis produces from water (H 2 0) two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen atom. If a ratio of two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom was present in the reaction chamber, the extra hydrogen would poison the reaction and thus little hydrogen peroxide (H 2 0 2 ) would be generated. Therefore, a ratio of one hydrogen atom to one oxygen atom should be present in the reaction chamber.
- By positioning the reaction chamber further from the electrolysis chamber in which hydrogen is formed as compared to its position with respect to the electrolysis chamber in which oxygen is formed it is possible to allow less hydrogen to diffuse through the connection channel(s) and into the reaction chamber. That is, because the connecting channel(s) between the hydrogen electrode chamber and the reaction chamber is longer than the connecting channel(s) between the oxygen electrode chamber, fewer of the hydrogen atoms diffuse into the reaction chamber, and the ratio therein is approximately one to one.
- FIGURE 1 shows one exemplary microreactor 10 for generating hydrogen peroxide in accordance with the present invention.
- the microreactor 10 is generally comprised of a top and bottom silicon chips 12, 14, respectively, it being understood that reference to top and bottom is for mere identification purposes only and is not intended to be limiting to any particular orientation thereof.
- the bottom chip 14 includes a series of elongate channels 14-1 , 14-2 and 14-3 which, when covered by and sealed with the top chip 12 form the hydrogen electrolysis chamber, the oxygen electrolysis chamber and the hydrogen peroxide reaction chamber, respectively.
- Each of the channels 14-1 , 14-2 and 14-3 are fluid interconnected with one another by means of connection channels, a representative few of which are identified by reference numeral14-4 in FIGURES 2 and 3, which are substantially transverse to the channels 14-1 , 14-2 and 14- 3.
- the channels 14-1 through 14-4 may be formed using conventional photolithography and silicon etching techniques well known to those in the art. In this regard, each of the channels 14-1 through 14-4 most preferably forms a substantially V-shaped trough.
- Respective cathode and anode strips 16-1 , 16-2 are positioned operatively with respect to the channel 14-1 (hydrogen chamber) and the channel 14-2 (oxygen chamber) as shown more specifically in FIGURE 3.
- a catalyst strip 16-3 is operatively positioned with respect to the channel 14-3 (hydrogen peroxide reaction chamber).
- Suitable cathode and anode materials include virtually any electrically conductive material.
- the anode and cathode strips are formed of copper, but may also be formed of platinum or palladium.
- any suitable catalyst conventionally employed for the catalyzed reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide may be employed as the catalyst strip 16-3.
- Suitable catalysts include, for example, platinum, palladium, iridium, copper, manganese and iron, most preferably, platinum. It should be noted that reference has been made to "strips" for the electrodes 16-1 and 16-2, as well as for the catalyst 16-3. While such structures may be in the form of physical strips, they may likewise be simply a layer coating on the underside of the top silicon chip 12 and/or a layer coating on an elongate portion of the respective channels 16-1 , 16-2 and 16-3.
- the top chip 12 includes entrance ports 20-1 , 22-1 and discharge ports 20-2, 22-1 which are in fluid communication with respective end regions of the hydrogen and oxygen channels 14-1 , 14-2 formed in the bottom chip 14.
- the inlet ports 20-1 , 22-1 allow water to be introduced into the channels 14-1 , 14-2 (and hence also the channel 14-3 via connector channels 14-4) so as to initially fill such channels prior to use and to allow purging of the reactor contents following use (e.g., should it be desired to reuse the microreactor 10 for subsequent hydrogen peroxide generation).
- the top chip 12 also includes ports 24-1 , 24-2 in fluid communication with the hydrogen peroxide reaction channel 14-3 to thereby allow hydrogen peroxide to be withdrawn following reaction therein to form hydrogen peroxide. Additionally, the ports 24-1 , 24-2 could allow water to be introduced into the reaction channel 14-3 to purge reactants therefrom and assist in the refilling of the microreactor 10 with water for reuse.
- the ports 20-1 , 20-2, 22-1 , 22-2, 24-1 and 24-2 described above and formed in the top chip 14 are fluid connected to respective fluid lines 26-1 , 26-2, 28-1 , 28-2, 30-1 and 30-2, respectively.
- Each such fluid line is further schematically depicted as including a valve means 32-1 , 32-2, 34-1 , 34-2, 36-1 and 36-2, respectively, to allow fluid control into and out of the microreactor 10.
- the fluid lines and valve means may collectively be embodied in a microstructure in which the fluid lines and various valving structures are formed.
- the fluid lines may be flexible microtubing that can be pinched for closing fluid flow by a suitable electroactuator.
- computer control can be exercised over such valve means to allow opening and closing and thereby control the discharge of hydrogen peroxide therefrom and/or the introduction of water therein.
- the methods of the present invention may be embodied in larger "refinery scale" structures, as noted above, it is preferred that the reaction methods be embodied in a microreactor, one presently preferred embodiment thereof being above-described above.
- the top and bottom chips 12, 14 may each be substantially square having side dimensions of between about 1 to about 5 mm, preferably about 3 mm.
- the thickness of the wafer may typically be between about 0.1 to about 1.5 mm, usually about 0.5 mm.
- the lengthwise and depth dimensions of the channels 14-1 , 142- and 14-3 may be virtually any desired dimension so as to accommodate the volume of water and hence reactants necessary to form the hydrogen peroxide.
- exemplary lengthwise dimensions of the channels 14-1 , 14-2 and 14-3 may be between about 0.5 to about 4.5 mm, and usually about 2.5 mm, with exemplary widthwise dimensions of between about 0.05 to about 0.5 mm, advantageously about 0.03 mm.
- the length of the connector channels 14-4 are of course sufficient to fluid-connect the channels 14-1 , 14-2 and 14-3 and most preferably have a widthwise dimension of between about 0.0025 to about .05 mm, and preferably about 0.01 mm.
- the depth of the channels 14-1 through 14-2 may be selected based on the other dimensions to achieve the desired volumes therein.
- the depth of the channels 14-1 through 14-2 may be between about 0.010 to about 0.400 mm, and preferably about 0.200 mm.
- the microreactor 10 is filled with water. That is, the channels 14-1 through 14-4 of the microreactor 10 may be filled with water by introduction through the ports 20- 1 , 2-2 and optionally 24-1. Thereafter, the ports may be sealed, for example by applying a suitable sealing structure and/or closure of the valve means. Once sealed, the electrodes may be connected operatively to a source of electrical energy so as to conduct electrolysis within the channels 14-1 and 14-2 and generate hydrogen and oxygen atoms therein, respectively. The pressures generated by gas evolution in the microreactor 10 are sufficient to facilitate the catalytic reaction of oxygen and hydrogen to form hydrogen peroxide in the reaction channel 14-3.
- the microreactor 10 is sized and configured so as to allow for internal pressures of between about 500 to about 2000 psi, preferably at least about 1000 psi. Following elapse of a predetermined time (which time is dependent upon the channel size and amount of water contained therein subject to electrolysis), the hydrogen peroxide may be extracted from the channel 14-3 via ports 24-1 and/or 24-2.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/570,164 US20070023294A1 (en) | 2003-10-03 | 2004-09-30 | Microreactors and methods for generating hydrogen peroxide |
GB0608317A GB2422377A (en) | 2003-10-03 | 2004-09-30 | Microreactors and methods for generating hydrogen peroxide |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US50823503P | 2003-10-03 | 2003-10-03 | |
US60/508,235 | 2003-10-03 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005033379A1 true WO2005033379A1 (en) | 2005-04-14 |
Family
ID=34421711
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2004/032526 WO2005033379A1 (en) | 2003-10-03 | 2004-09-30 | Microreactors and methods for generating hydrogen peroxide |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20070023294A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2422377A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005033379A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101127051B1 (en) | 2007-10-29 | 2012-03-23 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Substrate and micro reactor comprising the same |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7754064B2 (en) * | 2006-09-29 | 2010-07-13 | Eltron Research & Development | Methods and apparatus for the on-site production of hydrogen peroxide |
US10448876B2 (en) * | 2011-07-26 | 2019-10-22 | Kci Licensing, Inc. | Hyperspectral imaging systems and related methods |
US11559242B2 (en) | 2020-01-30 | 2023-01-24 | Pacesetter, Inc. | Methods and systems for distinguishing over-sensed R-R intervals from true R-R intervals |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6280595B1 (en) * | 1998-01-05 | 2001-08-28 | Combimatrix Corporation | Electrochemical solid phase synthesis |
-
2004
- 2004-09-30 WO PCT/US2004/032526 patent/WO2005033379A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-09-30 US US10/570,164 patent/US20070023294A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-09-30 GB GB0608317A patent/GB2422377A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6280595B1 (en) * | 1998-01-05 | 2001-08-28 | Combimatrix Corporation | Electrochemical solid phase synthesis |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101127051B1 (en) | 2007-10-29 | 2012-03-23 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Substrate and micro reactor comprising the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB0608317D0 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
US20070023294A1 (en) | 2007-02-01 |
GB2422377A (en) | 2006-07-26 |
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