WO2004068604A1 - 熱スイッチ素子およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
熱スイッチ素子およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004068604A1 WO2004068604A1 PCT/JP2004/000845 JP2004000845W WO2004068604A1 WO 2004068604 A1 WO2004068604 A1 WO 2004068604A1 JP 2004000845 W JP2004000845 W JP 2004000845W WO 2004068604 A1 WO2004068604 A1 WO 2004068604A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- transition body
- switch element
- thermal switch
- transition
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N15/00—Thermoelectric devices without a junction of dissimilar materials; Thermomagnetic devices, e.g. using the Nernst-Ettingshausen effect
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2321/00—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
- F25B2321/003—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects by using thermionic electron cooling effects
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/15—Microelectro-mechanical devices
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a heat switch element capable of controlling heat transport and a method for manufacturing the same.
- the above element can be applied to various fields.
- a heat switch element to the field of cooling technology, which is a technique for transporting heat in a specific direction.
- the element can be called a cooling element.
- thermoelectric element an element utilizing thermoelectric phenomena
- thermoelectric element is an element that achieves cooling without using a refrigerant, and is not only excellent in environmental protection characteristics but also requires no maintenance structure because it does not require a mechanical structure. To be unified It has excellent characteristics such as being able to.
- a Peltier element is representative of such a thermoelectric element.
- the efficiency of the current technology is low and it has not been applied to refrigerators and air conditioners with a few exceptions.
- the Carnot efficiency at the operating temperature of a refrigerator or the like for example, in the range of 25 ° C to 25 ° C
- the efficiency of Peltier devices is less than 10%.
- thermoelectric elements other than Peltier elements have not yet been developed. Therefore, a heat switch element that can transport heat without using a refrigerant such as chlorofluorocarbon and that is different from a conventional thermoelectric element is required.
- a thermal solid-state circuit element having a structure and function similar to those of an electric circuit element can be realized.
- active control of the heat transporting electrons is required.
- active control of electrons is difficult with conventional thermoelectric devices. For example, thermoelectric phenomena are considered to be phenomena associated with heat transfer by electrons drift-conducting in a material.
- thermoelectric index ZT the characteristics (thermoelectric characteristics) of a thermoelectric element are represented by a thermoelectric index ZT.
- Ho thermoelectric index ZT wherein S 2 T / K p (S : thermopower, T: absolute temperature, the secondary: thermal conductivity, [rho: electrical resistivity) is a value indicated by the electron transport properties of the element heat This shows that it greatly contributes to the electrical characteristics. This suggests that the electron density in the device affects the thermoelectric characteristics of the device, but it is difficult to actively control the electron transport characteristics of conventional thermoelectric devices such as Peltier devices. . Disclosure of the invention
- the present invention has a completely different configuration from the related art. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a heat switch element capable of controlling heat transport and a method for manufacturing the same.
- the thermal switch element of the present invention includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a transition body disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the transition body has energy And a material that changes the thermal conductivity between the first electrode and the second electrode when the energy is applied to the transition body.
- the method for manufacturing a thermal switch element includes: a first electrode; a second electrode; a transition body disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode; An insulator disposed between the body and the second electrode, wherein the transition body includes a material that undergoes an electronic phase transition when energy is applied, wherein the insulator is a vacuum, A method for manufacturing a thermal switch element, wherein thermal conductivity between the first electrode and the second electrode changes by applying the energy to a body,
- the laminate including the transition body and the first electrode, and the second electrode are arranged at a predetermined interval such that the second electrode and the transition body face each other, whereby Forming a space between the electrode 2 and the transition body;
- the method for manufacturing a thermal switch element of the present invention further includes an insulator among the above-described thermal switch elements of the present invention, wherein the insulator is disposed between the transition body and the second electrode. It can also be said that this is a method for manufacturing a thermal switch element in which the insulator is a vacuum.
- the method for manufacturing a thermal switch element according to the present invention may further include a first electrode, a second electrode, and a transition body disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. And an insulator disposed between the transition body and the second electrode, wherein the transition body includes a material that undergoes an electronic phase transition when energy is applied, and the insulator is a vacuum.
- the method for manufacturing a thermal switch element according to the present invention may further include: a first electrode; a second electrode; a transition body disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode; And an insulator disposed between the second electrode and the second electrode, wherein the transition body includes a material that undergoes an electronic phase transition by applying energy, wherein the insulator is a vacuum,
- the intermediate body is ruptured by extending the laminate in the stacking direction of the laminate, and the transfer body and the second electrode are separated by removing the ruptured intermediate. Forming a space between them,
- FIG. 1A and 1B are schematic diagrams showing an example of the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view showing another example of the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing an example of the structure of an insulator that can be used for the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing another example of the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing an example of a method of applying energy to the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing still another example of the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B are schematic views showing another example of a method for applying energy to the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIGS. 8A and 8B are schematic diagrams showing an example of a magnetic flux guide that can be used for the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic view showing another example of the method of applying energy to the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIGS. 10A and 10B are schematic views showing still another example of the method of applying energy to the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic view showing another example of the magnetic flux guide that can be used for the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B show the energy applied to the heat switch element of the present invention. It is a schematic diagram which shows another example of the method of applying.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic view showing still another example of the method of applying energy to the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIGS. 14A and 14B are schematic diagrams showing still another example of the method of applying energy to the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic view showing still another example of the method of applying energy to the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic view showing still another example of the method of applying energy to the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a schematic view illustrating an example of a method for manufacturing a thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIGS. 18A to 18D are schematic process diagrams showing another example of the method for manufacturing a thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic view showing still another example of the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- 20A to 20E are schematic process diagrams showing an example of a method for manufacturing the thermal switch element shown in FIG.
- FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram showing still another example of the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram showing still another example of the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram showing still another example of the thermal switch element of the present invention and an example of the energy applying method in the above example.
- FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram showing still another example of the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- 1A and 1B show an example of the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- 1A and 1B includes an electrode 2a, an electrode 2b, and a transition body 3 disposed between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b.
- the transition body 3 includes a material that undergoes an electronic phase transition by applying energy (hereinafter, also simply referred to as a “phase transition material”), and the electrodes 2 a and 2 b are applied by applying energy to the transition body 3.
- the thermal conductivity changes during The transition body 3 is a medium that conducts heat and plays a role as a control body that controls heat transport. With such a configuration, it is possible to provide a thermal switch element 1 that can control heat transport by applying energy. Further, in the thermal switch element 1 of the present invention, heat transport can be controlled without using a refrigerant such as Freon. Furthermore, it is possible to improve efficiency compared to the case of using the conventional thermoelectric element Peltier element.
- FIG. 1A is a schematic cross-sectional view of the thermal switch 1 shown in FIG. 1B cut along a plane A shown in FIG. 1B.
- the form of the change in the thermal conductivity due to the application of energy to the transition body 3 is not particularly limited. For example, by applying energy to the transition body 3, heat may be more easily transferred between the pair of electrodes 2a and 2b than before applying energy, or heat may be transferred. It may be difficult to do so.
- a state in which heat is relatively easily transferred between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b in the thermal switch element 1 ie, a state in which the heat transfer inside the transition body 3 is relatively easy
- electricity When the state in which heat is relatively difficult to move between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b (ie, the state in which heat transfer in the transition body 3 ⁇ is relatively difficult) is set to the OFF state, the transition body 3
- the thermal switch element 1 may be turned on by applying energy to the switch, or may be turned into the FF state.
- the thermal conductivity is preferably as small as possible.
- the change in the thermal conductivity between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b due to the application of energy to the transition body 3 may be linear or non-linear.
- there may be a threshold value of applied energy at which the thermal conductivity changes or a change in thermal conductivity with respect to the energy applied to the transition body 3 may have a hysteresis.
- the form of the change in the thermal conductivity can be adjusted, for example, by selecting the phase change material included in the transition body 3.
- the above-mentioned state in which heat is relatively easy to move is referred to as an ON state in the thermal switch element
- the state in which heat is relatively difficult to move is referred to as an OFF state in the thermal switch element.
- the electronic phase transition refers to a phase in which the state of electrons in a substance changes irrespective of the presence or absence of a structural phase transition (for example, a phase transition in which the structure of the substance itself changes such as a change from a solid to a liquid). Refers to metastasis. Therefore, it can be said that the transition body 3 contains a material whose electron state changes by application of energy. In the thermal switch element 1 of the present invention, the transport of heat can be controlled by changing the state of the electrons in the transition body 3.
- the heat conduction of a solid material is indicated by the sum of the component contributed by phonon and the component contributed by electronic conduction.
- the component contributed by phonon can be referred to as a heat component that is conducted by lattice vibration of a substance, and the easiness of conduction is also called lattice thermal conductivity.
- the component to which electron conduction contributes can be referred to as a heat component that is conducted by the movement of electrons contained in a substance, and the easiness of conduction is also called electron thermal conductivity.
- the thermal switch element 1 of the present invention is an element in which at least the electronic thermal conductivity of the transition body 3 changes by the application of energy because of the phase change accompanied by the change of the state. These changes in the electron thermal conductivity of the transfer body 3 due to the application of energy control the heat transport between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b.
- an electronic phase transition is an insulator-metal transition. That is, in the thermal switch element 1 of the present invention, the transition body 3 may undergo insulator-metal transition by application of energy.
- the transition body 3 that has transitioned to the metal state does not necessarily need to be entirely in the metal phase, and the transition body 3 only needs to partially include the metal phase.
- the thermal conductivity when the transition body 3 is in an insulator state is as small as possible.
- the lattice thermal conductivity of the transition body 3 is as small as possible. It is preferable that the lattice thermal conductivity of the transition body 3 is as small as possible even when the transition body 3 does not perform the insulator-metal transition.
- the thermal switch element 1 of the present invention by applying energy to the transition body 3, heat transfer via electrons can be controlled. At this time, it is considered that the transport of heat via thermoelectrons is controlled.
- the transition body 3 in a state where heat is relatively easily transferred between the electrode 2 a and the electrode 2 b (a state where heat is relatively easily transferred through the transition body 3: ON state), the transition body 3 is a thermoelectron. Can be said to be relatively easy to move.
- the transition body 3 is a state in which heat electrons are transferred. It can be said that movement is relatively difficult.
- thermoelectrons In the thermal switch element 1 of the present invention, it is considered that such a change in the transfer state of the thermoelectrons is caused by the electronic phase transition accompanying the application of energy to the transition body 3.
- thermionic means "electrons with heat transfer".
- thermoelectrons often refer to electrons jumping out of the surface of a metal or semiconductor when heated.
- the electrons transmitted through the transition body 3 in the thermal switch element 1 of the present invention are not limited to the above-mentioned general thermoelectrons, but may be any electrons that transfer heat.
- the thermal switch element of the present invention can be realized for the first time by arranging a transition body for controlling heat transfer by applying energy between electrodes, by combining materials used for each layer such as the transition body, and by configuring and disposing each layer. It is an element that has become possible.
- the configuration of the superconducting switch as shown in JP-01 (1989) -216582A is completely different from that of the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- the superconducting state disclosed in JP-01 (1989)-216582A is physically similar to the superfluid state and has ideal thermal insulation properties.
- the transition body 3 in the thermal switch element 1 of the present invention only needs to be in a state where electrons are relatively easily transferred and not in a state of normal conduction, that is, in a state of not being superconductive.
- the energy applied to the transition body 3 is not particularly limited.
- at least one kind of energy selected from electrical energy, light energy, mechanical energy, magnetic energy, and thermal energy may be applied. Which energy is used may be appropriately selected according to the type of the phase change material included in the transfer body 3.
- a plurality of types of energy may be applied to the transition body 3. In this case, the plurality of types of energy may be applied simultaneously, or an order may be provided for each type of energy as necessary. May be.
- light energy, mechanical energy Such energy may be applied.
- the method of applying each energy is not particularly limited.
- the application of electric energy to the transition body 3 may be performed, for example, by injecting electrons or holes (holes) into the transition body 3. Alternatively, it may be performed by inducing electrons or holes in the transition body 3.
- the injection or induction of electrons or holes into the transition body 3 may be performed, for example, by generating a potential difference between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b. More specifically, for example, the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b This can be done by applying a voltage between them.
- a more specific configuration example when applying electric energy and a configuration example when applying other energy will be described later.
- the shape and size of the thermal switch element 1 are not particularly limited, and may be arbitrarily set according to the characteristics required for the thermal switch element 1.
- a structure in which a layered electrode 2a, a transition body 3, and an electrode 2b are stacked may be used.
- the element area of the heat Suitsuchi element 1 is, for example, in the range of 1 X 1 0 2 nm 2 ⁇ 1 X 1 0 2 cm 2.
- the element area is an area when the element is viewed from the lamination direction of each layer (for example, the direction of arrow B shown in FIG. 1B).
- the transition body 3 in the thermal switch element 1 of the present invention will be described.
- the transition body 3 may include, for example, the following materials as a phase transition material.
- the transition body 3 may include, for example, an oxide having a composition represented by the formula A x D y O z .
- A is an alkali metal (I a group), alkaline earth metal ([pi a group), S c, Y and rare earth elements (L a, C e, P r, N d, Sm s E u, G d, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er)).
- D is at least one transition element selected from the groups Ilia, IVa, Va, VIa, VIIa, VIII and Ib. (The group designations of the elements in this specification are based on I UPAC (1970).
- the transition elements are group 3 and It is at least one transition element selected from Groups 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 and 11).
- O is oxygen.
- the above oxides generally have a crystal structure, in which the element D basically enters the central position in the unit cell of the corresponding crystal lattice, and a plurality of oxygen atoms surround the atom at the central position. have.
- the transition body 3 may include an oxide belonging to each of the following categories.
- the values of x , y, and Z in the oxides belonging to each category do not necessarily have to completely satisfy the following values (including the examples).
- a small amount of an element other than the element A and the element D may be doped.
- the category 1 shown below is not fixed as common general technical knowledge in the technical field of the present invention, but is a category set for convenience in order to make the description of oxides easy to understand.
- n is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
- an oxide having a composition represented by the formula D x A y O z may contain an oxide having a composition represented by the formula D x D y 0 2. More specifically, for example, Mg 2 T i 0 4, C r 2 Mg 0 4s A 1 2 M g 0 4 (xyz index (2 1 4)) oxides having a spinel structure, such as, F e 2 C o 0 4, F e 2 F E_ ⁇ 4 (i.e., F e 3 ⁇ 4) oxide (xyz index (2 1 4)) which does not include an element a, such as may be included like.
- n is 1, 2, 3 or 4 .
- the oxides belonging to this category include, for example, oxides partially having oxygen intercalation.
- n is 1, 2 or 3.
- n 2 for example, oxides having an xyz index of (2 26) such as Sr 2 FeMo O or SmBaMn 2 O 6 can be mentioned.
- n is 1 or 2.
- Oxides belonging to this category include, for example, Be ⁇ , MgO, BaO, CaO, NiO, MnO, CoO, CuO, ZnO and the like.
- one of X and y is ⁇
- z is a value obtained by adding 1 to the value of y when X is 0, and 1 is added to the value of x when y is 0. This is the added value.
- the oxide belonging to this category For example, T i 0 2, V0 2 , Mn_ ⁇ 2, G e 0 2, C e 0 2, P R_ ⁇ 2, S n O 2, A 1 2 0 3, V 2 0 3, C e 2 0 3, N d 2 0 3, T i 2 ⁇ 3 and S c 2 0 3, L a 2 O 3 and the like.
- x 0 or 2
- y 0 or 2
- oxides such as T a 2 0 5 and the like.
- one of X and y is 0.
- the transition body 3 may include a plurality of types of the above-described oxides.
- an oxide having a superlattice in which structural unit cells / small unit cells of oxides having different values of n in the same category may be included.
- Specific categories 1 include, for example, the above-mentioned category 1 (oxides having a Ruddlesden-Pop per structure) and category 2 (oxides having oxygen intercalation). Oxidation with such a superlattice
- the object has, for example, a crystal lattice structure in which one or more oxygen octahedral layers of element D are separated by one or more block layers containing element A and oxygen.
- the transition body 3 may include a strongly correlated electron-based material.
- a Mott insulator may be included.
- the transition body 3 may include a magnetic semiconductor.
- a semiconductor serving as a base material of the magnetic semiconductor for example, a compound semiconductor may be used.
- a magnetic semiconductor obtained by adding at least one element selected from the group IVa to group VIII and group IVb to these compound semiconductors may be used.
- a magnetic semiconductor having a composition represented by the formula Q i QSQ 3 may be used.
- Q 1 is Sc, Y, rare earth element (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er), Ti.
- Z r, H f, V , n b, T a, C r, is at least one element selected from n i and Z n
- Q 2 is, V, C r, Mn, F e
- C Q 3 is at least one element selected from C, N, 0, F and S.
- Element Q 1 and element Q 2 and element The composition ratio with element Q 3 is not particularly limited.
- a magnetic semiconductor having a composition represented by the formula RiRSR 3 may be used.
- R 1 is at least one element selected from B, Al, G a and In
- R 2 is at least one element selected from N and P
- 3 is at least one element selected from the groups IVa to VIII and IVb.
- the composition ratio of the element R 1 and the element R 2 and the element R 3 is not particularly limited.
- R 3 is the above element R 3
- Zn is zinc
- O is oxygen.
- the composition ratio of Zn, O, and element R 3 is not particularly limited.
- a magnetic semiconductor having a composition represented by the formula TOR 3 may be used.
- T is, T i, Z r, V , N b, F e, N i, is at least one element selected from A 1, I n and S n, R 3 the above elemental R 3 and O is oxygen.
- the composition ratio of the elements T and O to the element R 3 is not particularly limited.
- the transition body 3 may include a material that undergoes a metamagnetic-ferromagnetic transition by an externally applied electric field.
- L a (F e, S i) or F e R h may be used.
- electronic phase transition can be performed by applying electric energy to the transition body 3.
- an electronic phase transition is performed by applying thermal energy to the transition body 3, for example, G a S b, In S b, In S e, S b 2 T e 3 , G e T e , G e 2 S b 2 T e 5 S I n S b T e, G e S e T e, S n S b 2
- the shape and size of the transition body 3 which may include G e S b (S e, T e), T e 8 G e ⁇ 5 S b 2 S 2 are not particularly limited. It may be set arbitrarily according to the required characteristics. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, in the case of the layered transition body 3, the thickness of the transition body 3 is, for example, in the range of 0.3 nm to; 3 nm or more: The range of L ⁇ m is preferable.
- the area of the transfer body 3 (for example, the area viewed from the direction of arrow B shown in FIG. 1B) may be arbitrarily set according to the element area required for the thermal switch element 1. Further, the transition body 3 may have a plurality of layers laminated, and the thickness of each layer, the material to be included, and the like may be arbitrarily set according to the properties required for the transition body 3.
- the material used for the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b is not particularly limited as long as the material has conductivity.
- a material having a line resistivity of 100 ⁇ cm or less may be used, and specifically, for example, Cu, Al, Ag, ⁇ , Pt, and Tin may be used.
- a semiconductor material may be used as needed. When a semiconductor material is used, a material having a small work function is preferable.
- the shape and size of the electrode 2 a and the electrode 2 b are not particularly limited, and may be arbitrarily set according to the characteristics required for the thermal switch element 1. Next, a configuration example of the thermal switch element of the present invention will be described.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view showing another example of the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- the thermal switch element 1 shown in FIG. 2 further includes an insulator 4 with respect to the thermal switch element 1 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, and the insulator 4 is arranged between the transition body 3 and the electrode 2b.
- the thermal switch element 1 since the thermal conductivity of the insulator 4 is small, the thermal conductivity of the thermal switch element 1 as a whole can be further reduced when the transition body 3 is in the OFF state. For this reason, the thermal switch element 1 with higher efficiency can be obtained.
- a cooling element that conducts heat from one electrode to the other electrode can be provided.
- the thermal conductivity of the insulator 4 is determined by the transition 3 in the OFF state (for example, In the case of a transition body 3 which performs a body-to-metal transition, it is preferable that the thermal conductivity of the transition body 3) in the state of an insulator is smaller than that of the transition body 3).
- the thermal switch element 1 with higher efficiency can be obtained.
- the gap potential sensed by electrons (thermoelectrons) conducted between the electrodes 2 a and 2 b is determined by the electronic phase of the transition body 3. It is thought to change significantly with metastasis. For example, in the ON state where heat transfer is relatively easy (for example, in the case of a transition 3 that performs an insulator-to-metal transition, the state includes a metal phase), and thermionic electrons are transferred to the transition 3 Is conducted from the end facing the insulator 4 to the electrode 2b via the insulator 4.
- the thickness of the insulator 4 may be, for example, in a range of 50 nm or less, and from the viewpoint of heat transport efficiency, 15 nm or less. The range of is preferred.
- the lower limit of the thickness of the insulator 4 is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 0.3 nm or more.
- the shape of the insulator 4 is not particularly limited, and may be arbitrarily set according to the shapes of the transition body 3 and the electrode 2b. In the thermal switch element 1 in which the insulator 4 is disposed, thermions are transmitted from the electrode 2a (or from the transition body 3) to the electrode 2b beyond the insulator 4.
- thermions are transmitted to the electrode 2b via the insulator 4 by tunnel transmission, ballistic transmission, so-called thermionic transmission, and the like.
- the transmission method differs depending on the material used for the insulator 4, the thickness of the insulator 4 (that is, the above-described gap potential), and the like. In other words, for example, the transmission method can be controlled by controlling the material used for the insulator 4 and the thickness of the insulator 4.
- a vacuum may be used.
- the vacuum may be, for example, a pressure atmosphere of about 1 Pa or less.
- thermions are basically transmitted by thermionic.
- thermoelectron that transmits through the tunnel.
- the insulator 4 for example, a ceramic such as an oxide, or a general solid insulating material such as a resin may be used. At this time, it is preferable to use an insulator in an amorphous or microcrystalline state as the insulator 4.
- the microcrystalline state in this specification refers to a state in which crystal grains having an average crystal diameter of 10 nm or less are dispersed in an amorphous substrate.
- the insulator 4 is preferably formed as a tunnel insulator. If the insulator 4 is a tunnel insulator, thermions transporting heat will be tunneled through the insulator 4.
- the tunnel insulator for example, a material generally having a tunnel insulating property may be used. More specifically, for example, oxides such as Al and Mg, nitrides, oxynitrides, and the like may be used.
- the thickness of the insulator 4 is, for example, 0.5 n11! 550 nm, preferably in the range of l nm to 20 nm.
- an inorganic polymer material may be used as the insulator 4, for example.
- an inorganic polymer material for example, a silicate material or an aluminum silicate material may be used.
- Fig. 3 shows an example of the structure of the inorganic polymer material.
- an inorganic polymer such as a silicate material or an aluminum silicate material has a porous structure. Although it is a solid, it has a myriad of hollow regions 5 therein. The average diameter of the hollow region 5 is smaller than the mean free path distance of air, and the mobility of gas inside the hollow region 5 is substantially small, so that the inorganic polymer material cannot conduct heat.
- the hollow region 5 may be filled with a gas having a low thermal conductivity, or the hollow region 5 may be evacuated to form an insulator 4 having a lower thermal conductivity. can do.
- the inorganic polymer material shown in FIG. 3 will be described in more detail.
- the inorganic polymer material shown in FIG. 3 includes a base material 6 that forms the entire skeleton.
- the base material 6 is a particle having an average particle diameter of about several nanometers , and forms a skeleton of a porous structure by forming a three-dimensional network.
- the inorganic polymer material includes a myriad of continuous hollow regions 5 having an average diameter of about several nm to several tens nm while maintaining the shape as a solid by the skeleton formed by the base material 6.
- thermoelectrons are efficiently supplied from the electrode or the transition body into the insulator 4, and the supplied thermoelectrons are radiated and conducted inside the insulator 4.
- the transfer of thermoelectrons at this time is thought to be performed mainly by ballistic transmission. This effect of concentrating the electric field is significant when the insulator 4 has a porous structure as shown in FIG. 3, and the insulator 4 has a porous structure as shown in FIG.
- the voltage applied between the electrodes 2a and 2b for transmitting thermoelectrons can be reduced as compared with the case where no thermoelectrons are transmitted.
- the inorganic polymer material shown in FIG. 3 it is considered that a part of the supplied thermoelectrons is scattered by a solid phase region such as the base material 6 forming the porous structure and loses energy.
- the average size of the solid phase region is on the order of several nanometers, so it is considered that most of the supplied thermoelectrons can be used for heat transfer.
- the inorganic polymer material shown in FIG. 3 further includes an electron-emitting material 7 having an average particle diameter equal to or smaller than the average diameter of the hollow region 5, and the electron-emitting material 7 is different from the base material 6. They are dispersed in the inorganic polymer so as to be in contact with each other.
- the electron-emitting material 7 is preferably a material having a small work function. Specifically, for example, a carbon material, a Cs compound, an alkaline earth metal compound, or the like may be used. The range is about several tens of nm.
- "e-" shown in Fig. 3 is. This indicates a state in which electrons are being re-emitted.
- the insulator 4 is not limited to the inorganic polymer material described above, and may be an insulating material having a similar hollow region, for example, continuous holes or independent holes.
- Such an insulating material can be formed by a method of performing powder firing after forming a powder to be a base material, or a method such as chemical foaming, physical foaming, or a sol-gel method. However, it is preferable to have countless holes having an average diameter of several nm to several tens nm. Further, an electron emitting material may be included as in the case of the inorganic polymer material. The same effect as in the case of the inorganic polymer material can be obtained.
- a dry gel prepared by a sol-gel method may be used.
- the dried gel has a nano-structure having a skeleton composed of particles having an average particle size of about several nm to several tens nm and a continuous hollow region having an average diameter of about 100 nm or less. It is a porous body.
- gel materials include For example, from the viewpoint of efficiently concentrating the electric field described above, a semiconductor material or an insulating material is preferable, and among them, silica (silicon oxide) is preferably used. A method for producing a porous silica gel which is a dry gel using silica will be described later.
- FIG. 4 shows another example of the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- the thermal switch element 1 shown in FIG. 4 further includes an electrode 8 with respect to the thermal switch element shown in FIG. 2, and the electrode 8 is arranged between the transition body 3 and the insulator 4. With such a configuration, the thermal switch element 1 with higher efficiency can be obtained.
- the material used for the electrode 8 may be the same as the material used for the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b described above. Among them, a material having a small work function with respect to a vacuum level (for example, 2 eV or less) is preferable. Specifically, for example, a Cs compound or an alkaline earth metal compound may be used. When such a material is used, the supply of thermoelectrons to the insulator 4 can be performed more efficiently.
- the shape and size of the electrode 8 are not particularly limited, and may be arbitrarily set according to the characteristics required for the thermal switch element 1.
- the thickness is in the range of, for example, the order of sub-nanometers to several ⁇ .
- thermal switch element 1 shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 4 as necessary.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining an example of a method of applying electric energy to the transition body 3.
- an electrode 10 for applying energy to the transition body 3 and an insulator 9 are further included.
- a voltage Vg may be applied between the electrode 10 and the transition body 3.
- electrons or holes can be injected or induced in the transition body 3, and energy can be applied to the transition body 3.
- the injected or induced electrons can directly transport heat as thermoelectrons.
- FIG. 6 shows an example of a thermal switch element including the structure shown in FIG.
- the thermal switch element 1 shown in FIG. 6 further includes an insulator 9 and an electrode 10 with respect to the thermal switch element 1 shown in FIG.
- the insulator 9 and the electrode 10 are arranged so as to sandwich the insulator 9 between the transition body 3 and the electrode 10.
- the insulator 9 and the electrode 10 do not affect the potentials of the electrodes 2a and 2b.
- the direction of the applied voltage Vg is such that thermal electrons are generated inside the transition body 3. It is arranged to be almost perpendicular to the direction of conduction.
- the transition body 3 can undergo an electronic phase transition.
- the application of the voltage Vg may be performed between the electrode 10 and the electrode 2a.
- the method of applying the voltage Vg in the thermal switch element of the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, it is only necessary to electrically connect a separately arranged voltage applying unit and the thermal switch element of the present invention.
- the voltage applying unit may be included in, for example, the electric circuit.
- it is possible to apply a potential difference between regions to which a voltage is to be applied in the thermal switch element of the present invention for example, between the transition body 3 and the electrode 10 in the example shown in FIG. 6).
- the method and configuration of applying the voltage Vg should be set arbitrarily.
- the material used for the electrode 10 is used for the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b described above.
- the material may be the same as the material.
- the material used for the insulator 9 is not particularly limited as long as it is an insulating material or a semiconductor material.
- Group IIa-VIa elements including Mg, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta and Cr, and lanthanides (including La, Ce), Zn , B, Al, G a and S i, with at least one element selected from the group lib to group IVb and at least one element selected from F, 0, C, N and B Compounds may be used.
- S i ⁇ 2, A 1 2 0 3, Mg O , etc. as the semiconductor, Z n O, S r T i ⁇ 3, L a A 1 0 3 , A 1 N, S i C or the like may be used.
- the shape, size, and the like of the insulator 9 are not particularly limited.
- its thickness is in the range of, for example, one sub-nanometer to several t m.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B are schematic diagrams for explaining an example of a method for applying magnetic energy to the transition body 3.
- FIG. The structure shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B is the same as the structure shown in FIG. 5, but instead of applying the voltage V g, a current 11 flows through the electrode 10 to generate a magnetic field 12. The energy can be applied to the transition body 3 by introducing the generated magnetic field 12 to the transition body 3.
- FIG. 7A is a schematic cross-sectional view of the structure shown in FIG. 7B cut in the same manner as FIG. 1A.
- the thermal switch element including the structure shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B may be, for example, the thermal switch element 1 having the structure shown in FIG. 6, and instead of applying the voltage Vg, an electrode may be used.
- a current may be passed through 10 and the generated magnetic field may be introduced into the transition body 3.
- the transition body 3 can undergo an electronic phase transition.
- the application of the voltage Vg and the flow of a current through the electrode 10 to generate a magnetic field and introduce it into the transition body 3 may be performed simultaneously or in a predetermined order.
- electric energy and magnetic energy Can be applied.
- the thickness of the insulator 9 (also referred to as the distance between the electrode 10 and the transition body 3) is, for example, in the range of several nm to several ⁇ m.
- the insulator 9 does not necessarily have to be provided.
- the electrode 10 and the transition body 3 may be arranged at a distance of several nm to several / im.
- a magnetic flux guide that focuses the magnetic field generated at the electrode 10 may be placed in contact with the electrode 10 or near the electrode 10. By arranging the magnetic flux guide, the magnetic field 12 is efficiently introduced into the transition body 3, and a more efficient thermal switch element can be obtained.
- the shape of the magnetic flux guide to be arranged is not particularly limited as long as the magnetic field generated in the electrode 10 can be focused. It can be set arbitrarily according to the characteristics required for the thermal switch element and the requirements in the manufacturing process.
- the cross section when the magnetic flux guide 13 and the electrode 10 are combined may be rectangular, or may be trapezoidal as shown in FIG. 8B. Good.
- more current can flow at a position closer to the transition body 3 to which the magnetic field is introduced, so that the magnetic field can be more efficiently applied to the transition body 3. Can be introduced.
- the electrode 10 and the magnetic flux guide 13 have a shape in which they are in close contact with each other, but they need not necessarily be in close contact with each other. However, when both are in close contact, a magnetic field can be more efficiently introduced into the transition body 3.
- FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B illustration of the electrode 2a, the electrode 2b, and the like is omitted for easy understanding. Similarly, in the following drawings, illustration of the electrodes 2a, 2b, etc. may be omitted.
- the electrode 2a and And the electrode 2b, and if necessary, the electrode 8, the insulator 4 and the like may be arranged at any positions.
- the material used for the magnetic flux guide 13 is not particularly limited as long as the magnetic field generated at the electrode 10 can be focused.
- a ferromagnetic material may be used.
- a soft magnetic alloy film containing at least one element selected from Ni, Co, and Fe may be used.
- the ferromagnetic material used for the magnetic flux guide 13 preferably does not have an excessively large coercive force.
- control of the magnetic field applied to the transition body 3 is reduced due to the retention of the magnetization of the magnetic flux guide 13 itself.
- Extra energy is required to change the magnetization direction of itself, and the efficiency as a thermal switch element may be reduced.
- FIG. 9 shows another example of a method of applying magnetic energy to the transition body 3.
- a structure as shown in FIG. 9 may be used.
- the electrodes 10 are arranged so as to surround the transition body 3, and the phases are opposite to the electrodes 10 facing both side surfaces (the side surfaces C and D shown in FIG. 9) of the transition body 3. Current can flow. For this reason, the magnetic field introduced into the transition body 3 can be strengthened, and a more efficient thermal switch element can be obtained.
- FIGS. 10A and 1 ⁇ B show another example of a method of applying magnetic energy to the transition body 3.
- a magnetic flux guide 13 is further arranged in the example shown in FIG. Further, the magnetic flux guide 13 is arranged only near the transition body 3 to which a magnetic field is introduced. In this case, the magnetic field can be more efficiently introduced into the transition body 3 without unnecessarily increasing the coercive force of the magnetic flux guide 13. 0 Breakage cut in the C-D direction shown at A FIG.
- the magnetic flux guide 13 may be divided and arranged. In this case, an increase in the coercive force of the magnetic flux guide 13 can be further suppressed, and a magnetic field can be more efficiently introduced into the transition body 3.
- the example shown in FIG. 11 is the same as the examples shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B except for the magnetic flux guide 13.
- FIGS. 12A and 12B show another example of a method of applying magnetic energy to the transition body 3.
- a magnetic field can be more efficiently introduced into the transition body 3.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a method for applying light energy to the transition body 3.
- light 14 may be incident on the transition body 3.
- the light 14 may be directly incident on the transition body 3 as shown in FIG. 14A, or the electrodes 2a and 2a may be introduced as shown in FIG. 14B.
- Light 14 may be incident via Z or the electrode 2b.
- the electrode on which the light 14 is incident (the electrode 2b in the example shown in FIG. 14B) is transparent to the light 14 It is necessary to have Therefore, the material used for the electrode may be selected according to the band of incident light.
- the incident light is visible light and / or infrared light, for example, ITO (indium tin oxide) or ZnO may be used as the material of the electrode.
- the incident light is terahertz light, for example, MgO or the like may be used as a material of the electrode.
- the degree to which the electrode transmits light for example, the light transmittance of the electrode is not particularly limited, and may be arbitrarily determined according to the characteristics required for the heat switch element. Just set it.
- the method of making light incident on transition body 3 is not particularly limited as long as light can be incident on transition body 3.
- a material having a property of transmitting light incident on the transition body 3 is also used for the electrode 8 and the insulator 4, and light is incident from the electrode 2b side. Is also good.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a method of applying thermal energy to the transition body 3.
- a heating element 15 is arranged between the transition body 3 and the electrode 10, and when a current flows through the electrode 10, a current flows through the heating element 15 and the heating element 15 Generates heat.
- the heating element 15 may be made of a material that generates heat when a current flows, for example, a resistor. Further, another layer, for example, an insulator may be disposed between the heating element 15 and the transition element 3 as necessary.
- the method for applying thermal energy to the transition body 3 is not limited to the example shown in FIG. 15 and is not particularly limited.
- the heating element shown in FIG. 10 may be heated by irradiating light or radio waves to apply heat energy to the transition body 3.
- heat energy may be applied to the transition body 3 by causing the electrode 10 itself to generate heat by a current flowing through the electrode 10.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a method of applying mechanical energy to the transition body 3.
- the displacement body 16 is disposed between the transition body 3 and the electrode 10, and the displacement body 16 is deformed when a current flows through the electrode 10. That is, by disposing the displacement body 16, it is possible to apply a pressure, which is a kind of mechanical energy, to the transition body 3.
- a piezoelectric material ⁇ a magnetostrictive material may be used for the displacement body 16.
- a current flowing through the electrode 10 may be introduced into the displacement body 16.
- a magnetostrictive material for example, What is necessary is just to introduce the magnetic field generated by the current flowing through the pole 10 into the displacement body 16.
- the heat of the present invention In the switch element, a plurality of different types of energy can be applied to the transition body 3 simultaneously or in a predetermined order.
- electrode 10 can be used to apply different types of energy. Note that another material may be further arranged between the layers shown in FIGS. 5 to 17 as needed.
- the thermal switch element 1 of the present invention can also be used as a cooling element that conducts heat from one electrode selected from the electrodes 2a and 2b to the other electrode.
- an element that conducts heat in a certain direction can be obtained by using a material having a function as an insulator for the transition body 3.
- a material having a function as an insulator for the transition body 3 Such materials, (P r, C a) such M n 0 3 and V 0 2, also, B i 2 S r 2 C a 2 C u 3 0 1. And the like.
- the direction of the interlayer may be used.
- conducting heat from one electrode to the other electrode and “conducting heat in a certain direction” do not only mean a case where no heat is conducted in the opposite direction. Absent.
- the conduction of heat from the electrode 2a to the electrode 2b and the conduction of heat from the electrode 2b to the electrode 2a may be asymmetric. Hence, a phenomenon occurs in which heat is conducted in a certain direction.
- the heat is transferred from the electrode 2 a to the electrode 2 b by controlling the material and thickness of the insulator 4.
- the conductivity of thermoelectrons in the direction and the direction from the electrode 2b to the electrode 2a can be made asymmetric. For this reason, an element that conducts heat in a certain direction, that is, a cooling element can be obtained.
- the transition body 3 needs to be in the ON state.
- a general thin film forming process may be used to form each layer constituting the thermal switch element.
- P LD pulse laser deposition
- IBD ion beam deposition
- cluster f on beam and Various sputtering methods such as RF, DC, electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), helicon, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), facing targets, molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and ion plating may be used.
- a CVD method, a plating method, a sol-gel method, or the like may be used.
- a method generally used for a semiconductor process or a magnetic head manufacturing process may be combined.
- etching methods such as ion milling, reactive ion etching (RIE), and focused ion beam (FIB), steppers for forming fine patterns, and electron beam (EB) methods
- RIE reactive ion etching
- FIB focused ion beam
- EB electron beam
- a combination of photolithography technology and the like using such methods may be used.
- CMP Chemical-Mechanical Polishing
- cluster ion beam etching may be used.
- material used for the substrate is not particularly limited, for example, S i and S i ⁇ 2, or the like may be used oxide single crystals such as G a A s and S r T i 0 3.
- a method for manufacturing the thermal switch element 1 further including an insulator 4 between the transition body 3 and the electrode 2b, and the insulator 4 is a vacuum.
- a vacuum insulator 4 (hereinafter, also referred to as a vacuum insulating portion) is formed between the transition body 3 and the electrode 2b.
- the method is not particularly limited.
- a space is formed between the electrode 2b and the transition body 3 by arranging the transition body 3 and the electrode 2b at a predetermined interval, and the space formed between the electrode 2b and the electrode 2b is maintained by maintaining the formed space in a vacuum.
- An insulator 4 may be formed between the transfer body 3 and the transfer body 3. ⁇ shows an example of such a manufacturing method in FIG. 1 7
- the electrode 2b and the laminate including the transition body 3 and the electrode 2b are arranged at predetermined intervals so that the electrode 2b and the transition body 3 face each other.
- a space is formed between 2b and transition body 3 (step (I)).
- Step (II) by holding the formed space to a vacuum, it is possible to form a vacuum insulating portion between the electrodes 2 a and the transition body 3 (Step (II)) 0
- the predetermined interval in the step (I) may be, for example, a thickness required for a vacuum insulating portion to be formed, and specifically, may be, for example, a range of 50 nm or less as described above. Especially, the range of 15 nm or less is preferable.
- the lower limit of the interval is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 0.3 nm or more.
- a method of arranging the laminate and the electrode 2b at a predetermined interval and forming a space between the electrode 2b and the transition body 3 is not particularly limited.
- the laminate and / or the electrode 2b may be moved while controlling the distance between them, and the method is not particularly limited. More specifically, for example, as shown in FIG. 17, the piezoelectric body 17 is arranged so as to move the electrodes 2b and Z or the above-mentioned laminate (step (I-a)), and is arranged. What is necessary is just to deform the piezoelectric body 17 (process (I-b)).
- the laminate and the electrode 2b can be arranged at a predetermined interval.
- the piezoelectric body 17 is It may be expanded or contracted, or a combination of expansion and contraction may be used.
- the method of disposing the piezoelectric body 17 is not particularly limited as long as the electrode 2b and / or the laminate can be moved.
- the piezoelectric body 17 may be arranged so as to be in contact with the electrode 2b and / or the above-mentioned laminate. In FIG.
- both the electrode 2 b and the laminate can be moved.
- the piezoelectric body 17 may be arranged so as to be in contact with only one of them.
- a general piezoelectric material may be used for the piezoelectric body 17.
- Another layer may be arranged between the piezoelectric body 17 and the electrodes 2a and Z or the electrode 2b as needed.
- a method for keeping the space formed in the step (I) at a vacuum is not particularly limited.
- the space may be evacuated and hermetically sealed while maintaining the interval between the laminate and the electrode 2b.
- the entire structure including the laminate and the electrode 2b may be placed in a vacuum atmosphere.
- step (I) and step ( ⁇ ) may be performed simultaneously.
- the step (I) may be performed in a vacuum atmosphere, and the space formed between the stacked body and the electrode 2b may be sealed as it is.
- the step (I) includes a plurality of steps, the whole of the laminated body electrode 2b may be placed in a vacuum atmosphere during the step (I).
- the vacuum may be in a state of, for example, about 1 Pa or less, as described above.
- the thermal switch element is formed using the electrode 2b and the laminated body including the electrode 2a and the transition body 3, but the electrode 2a is arranged separately from the formation of the vacuum insulating portion.
- the following may be performed. First, by disposing the transition body 3 and the electrode 2b at a predetermined interval such that the electrode 2b and the transition body 3 face each other, the electrode 2b and the transition body 3 are formed. A space is formed between them (step (i)). In FIG. 17, the electrode 2a is omitted. Next, a vacuum insulating portion is formed between the electrode 2b and the transition body 3 by maintaining the formed space in a vacuum (step (ii)). Next, the electrode 2a may be arranged so that the transition body 3 is arranged between the electrode 2b and the electrode 2a (step (iii)).
- step (i) a step of arranging the piezoelectric body 17 so as to move at least one selected from the force (ia) electrode 2 b and the transition body 3, and (i- 1 b) the arranged piezoelectric body 1
- step of forming the space between the electrode 2b and the transition body 3 by disposing the electrode 2b and the transition body 3 at a predetermined interval by deforming the electrode 7 may be included.
- the method for arranging the electrodes 2a in the step (iii) is not particularly limited, and for example, the above-described thin film forming method may be used. Step (iii) does not necessarily need to be performed after step (ii), and may be performed, for example, at any time from step (i) to step (ii).
- FIGS. 18A to 18D show another example of a method for manufacturing a thermal switch element 1 further including an insulator 4 between the transition body 3 and the electrode 2b, and in which the insulator 4 is a vacuum insulator. Shown in
- a multilayer film including the electrode 2a, the transition body 3, and the electrode 2b and having the intermediate body 18 arranged in place of the vacuum insulating part is formed (step (A)). Since the intermediate 18 is arranged in place of the vacuum insulating section, the order of lamination in the multilayer film is the electrode 2a, the transition 3, the intermediate 18, and the electrode 2b.
- a material that is more easily broken mechanically than the transition body 3 may be used for the intermediate body 18.
- a material that is mechanically susceptible to fracture is, for example, a material that is more susceptible to fracture than a transition body when a compressive or tensile force is applied. I just need. That is, for example, a material having lower strength than the transition body 3 may be used. More specifically, for example, Bi, Pb, Ag, etc. may be used.
- the thickness of the intermediate 18 may be, for example, a thickness necessary for a vacuum insulating portion, and is specifically as described above.
- the intermediate 18 is broken by extending the multilayer in the stacking direction of the multilayer. Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 18C, the intermediate 18 is removed by blowing a gas 19 onto the remaining intermediate 18 to form a space between the transition 3 and the electrode 2b (step (B)) ⁇
- Step (D) by maintaining the formed space in a vacuum, a thermal switch element in which a vacuum insulator 4 is formed between the electrode 2 b and the transition body 3 is obtained.
- Step (D) the thickness of the vacuum insulating portion (the electrode 2 b and the transition body 3) can be made smaller than that of the method shown in FIG. Can be controlled more easily.
- a method for forming a multilayer film is not particularly limited, and for example, the above-described film forming method may be used.
- step (B) the method of extending the multilayer film in the laminating direction is not particularly limited.
- a piezoelectric body 17 may be used.
- step (B) (B-a) a step of arranging the piezoelectric body 17 so as to be in contact with at least one main surface of the multilayer film; and (B-b) a step of arranging the arranged piezoelectric body 17 Deforming (expanding and Z or shrinking) to expand the multilayer film in the stacking direction of the multilayer film and rupture the intermediate 18.
- the method of disposing the piezoelectric body 17 is not particularly limited as long as the multilayer film can be stretched.
- the piezoelectric body 17 may be arranged so as to be in contact with the included electrode 2b.
- the piezoelectric body 17 may be arranged on the electrode 2a side, and the piezoelectric body 17 may be arranged on both the electrode 2a side and the electrode 2b side.
- a general piezoelectric material may be used for the piezoelectric body 17.
- another layer may be arranged between the piezoelectric body 17 and the electrodes 2a and / or the electrodes 2b as needed.
- the piezoelectric body 17 in the step (B-b), in order to expand the multilayer film, the piezoelectric body 17 may be expanded or contracted, or expansion and contraction may be combined. For example, if expansion and contraction are combined so that the amount of contraction and expansion of the piezoelectric body 17 becomes the same, the same distance as the thickness of the intermediate body 18 (the distance between the transition body 3 and the electrode 2b) ) Can be formed.
- the method for removing the intermediate 18 remaining after the crushing is not particularly limited.
- the gas may be removed by blowing gas 19. It may be removed by spraying liquid as well as gas.
- the type of the gas to be used is not particularly limited, and for example, a gas having reactivity with the intermediate 18 may be used.
- the method for keeping the space formed in the step (B) at a vacuum is not particularly limited.
- the space may be evacuated and hermetically sealed while maintaining the gap between the transition body 3 and the electrode 2b.
- the whole including the transition body 3, the electrode 2b, and the electrode 2a may be placed in a vacuum atmosphere.
- the step (A) and / or the step (B) and the step (C) may be performed simultaneously, for example, the steps (A) and (B) are performed in a vacuum atmosphere,
- the space formed between the electrode and the electrode 2b may be closed as it is, and at any time during the steps (A) to (B), the transition body 3, the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b may be entirely under a vacuum atmosphere.
- the state may be about 1 Pa or less.
- Methods for obtaining porous silica are broadly classified into a step of preparing a wet gel and a step of drying the formed wet gel (drying step).
- the silica wet gel can be synthesized, for example, by subjecting a mixed silica raw material to a sol-gel reaction in a solvent. At this time, a catalyst may be used if necessary.
- the raw materials react in a solvent to form fine particles, and the formed fine particles are three-dimensionally networked to form a network skeleton.
- the shape of the above skeleton (for example, the average diameter of pores in the formed porous silica, etc.) is controlled by selecting the composition of the raw material and the solvent, or adding a catalyst, a viscosity modifier and the like as necessary. be able to.
- a silica raw material mixed in a solvent may be applied on a substrate and gelled by elapse of a certain time in the applied state to produce a silica wet gel.
- the method of coating on the substrate is not particularly limited, and for example, a spin coating method, a diving method, a screen printing method, or the like may be selected according to a required film thickness, shape, and the like.
- the temperature for producing the wet gel is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, around room temperature. If necessary, the solvent may be heated to a temperature lower than the boiling point of the solvent used.
- Raw materials for silica include, for example, alkoxysilane compounds such as tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, trimethoxymethylsilane, and dimethoxydimethylsilane, and oligomer compounds thereof, and sodium silicate (sodium silicate).
- Water gala such as potassium silicate Compounds or colloidal silica may be used alone or as a mixture.
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as the raw materials can be dissolved to form silica.
- common inorganic organic solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetone, toluene, and hexane are used alone or as a mixture. It may be used in combination.
- the catalyst for example, water or an acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or acetic acid, or a base such as ammonia, pyridine, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide may be used.
- an acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or acetic acid
- a base such as ammonia, pyridine, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide
- the viscosity modifier is not particularly limited as long as it can adjust the viscosity of the solvent in which the raw materials are mixed.
- ethylene glycol, glycerin, polyvinyl alcohol, silicone oil, and the like may be used.
- the material may be gelled after mixing and dispersing the electron-emitting material together with the raw materials in a solvent.
- the method for drying the wet gel is not particularly limited.
- a normal drying method such as natural drying, heat drying, and reduced pressure drying, or a supercritical drying method or a freeze drying method may be used.
- a supercritical drying method from the viewpoint of suppressing the shrinkage of the gel due to drying.
- even when a normal drying method is used it is possible to suppress gel shrinkage due to drying by subjecting the surface of the solid phase component of the produced wet gel to water-repellent treatment.
- the solvent used for preparing the wet gel may be used as it is for the solvent used for the supercritical drying.
- the solvent contained in the wet gel may be replaced in advance with a solvent that is easier to handle in supercritical drying.
- the solvent to be replaced is commonly used as a supercritical fluid.
- Solvents such as methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, carbon dioxide, water, and the like.
- the solvent contained in the wet gel may be replaced in advance with acetone, isoamyl acetate, hexane, etc., which are easily eluted in these supercritical fluids.
- Supercritical drying may be performed, for example, in a pressure vessel such as an autoclave.
- a pressure vessel such as an autoclave.
- methanol used as a supercritical fluid
- the inside of the autoclave is subjected to a pressure of 8.09 MPa and a temperature of 2 which is a critical condition of methanol.
- the wet gel may be dried by maintaining the temperature at 39.4 ° C or higher and gradually releasing the pressure at a constant temperature.
- drying may be performed by maintaining the pressure at 7.38 MPa and the temperature at 31.1 ° C or higher, and gradually releasing the pressure at a constant temperature.
- drying may be performed by maintaining the pressure at 22.04 MPa and the temperature at 374.2 ° C or more, and gradually releasing the pressure while keeping the temperature constant.
- the time required for the drying may be, for example, the time required for the solvent in the wet gel to be replaced one or more times by the supercritical fluid.
- the surface treatment agent for the water-repellent treatment may be chemically reacted with the surface of the solid phase component of the wet gel and then dried. Since the surface tension generated in the pores of the wet gel can be reduced by the water-repellent treatment, the shrinkage of the gel during drying can be suppressed.
- the surface treatment agent include halogen-based silane treatment agents such as trimethylchlorosilane and dimethyldichlorosilane, alkoxy-based silane treatment agents such as trimethylmethoxysilane and trimethylethoxysilane, hexanemethyldisiloxane, and dimethylsiloxane oligomer.
- a silicone-based silane treating agent such as hexane, an amine-based silane treating agent such as hexamethyldisilazane, or an alcohol-based treating agent such as polyester pyranololecol or butyl alcohol may be used.
- a similar nanoporous material can be obtained by using an inorganic material or an organic polymer material other than the Si force.
- a material generally used for forming ceramitas such as aluminum oxide (alumina) may be used.
- the electron emission material can be dispersed and formed inside the porous body by using a method such as a vapor phase synthesis method.
- Example 1 using the S r T i O 3 as the transition body 3 was produced Unanetsu Suitsuchi element 1 by as shown in FIG 9.
- the A 1 is the electrode 2 a and the electrode 2 b, the insulator 9 A 1 2 O 3, the electrode 1 0 Using A u.
- FIGS. 20A to 20E show a method of manufacturing the thermal switch element 1 used in Example 1.
- FIG. 1 is the electrode 2 a and the electrode 2 b, the insulator 9 A 1 2 O 3, the electrode 1 0 Using A u.
- FIGS. 20A to 20E show a method of manufacturing the thermal switch element 1 used in Example 1.
- a S r T i resist 2 0 on the crystal of O 3 is a transition body 3 (FIG. 2 OA).
- a positive resist material was used for the resist, and a general resist coating method was used.
- the A 1 layer 21 was deposited over the entire surface by sputtering (FIG. 20B).
- the resist 20 and the portion of the Al layer 21 located on the resist 20 were removed by lift-off to form the electrodes 2a and 2b (FIG. 20C).
- an insulator 9 made of A 1 2 O 3 with a scan sputtering method FIG. 2 0 D.
- an electrode 10 made of Au was formed by sputtering (FIG. 20E), and the thermal switch element 1 shown in FIG.
- the distance d (corresponding to the length of one side of the transition body 3) between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b is about 5 ⁇ m
- the thickness of the insulator 9 is about 100 nm
- the thickness of the electrode 10 Is about 2 ⁇ m
- the size of the transition body 3 viewed from the arrow E shown in FIG. 19 was 10 z mX 0.5 ⁇ m.
- Electric energy is applied to the transition body 3 by applying a voltage between the electrode 10 and the transition body 3 to the thus-produced thermal switch element 1, and the electrode 2a before and after the energy application is applied.
- the change in the thermal conductivity between the electrode 2b and the electrode 2b was examined.
- the measurement of the thermal conductivity between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b was performed using the Harman method.
- the Harman method is a method of evaluating the state of heat conduction from the temperature difference between both ends of a sample caused by applying a current to the sample. More specifically, the thermal conductivity can be determined by the formula STI / ⁇ .
- thermopower V / K
- T the average temperature of the sample
- I the current value (A)
- ⁇ ⁇ (K) the temperature difference of the sample.
- the measurement of thermal conductivity was performed at room temperature unless otherwise specified. The same applies to the following embodiments.
- thermal switch element 1 as shown in FIG. 21 was manufactured, and similarly, a change in thermal conductivity between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b before and after the application of energy was examined.
- the fabrication of the thermal switch element 1 shown in FIG. 21 was performed as follows. Electrode 2 & was made of SrTiO 3 crystal (Nb: SrTiO 3 ) doped with 1 ⁇ in the range of 0.1 to 10 atomic% and sputtered on it. to form a transition body 3 consisting of S r T i 0 3 with. The transition body 3 was formed under a heating atmosphere of about 450 ° C. to 700 ° C.
- A consists of Electrodes 2 b, A 1 2 O 3 made of an insulating material 9, consisting of A u electrodes 1 0 was formed in the same manner as the thermal switch device 1 shown in FIG 9.
- the thickness of the transition body 3 (corresponding to the distance between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b) is about ⁇ , and the distance between the electrode 10 and the transition body 3 via the insulator 9 is about 100 nm. did.
- Electric energy is applied to the transition body 3 by applying a voltage between the electrode 10 and the transition body 3 to the thermal switch element 1 thus manufactured, and the electrode 2a before and after the energy application is applied.
- the change in the thermal conductivity between the electrode 2b and the electrode 2b was examined.
- Example 1 S r T i ⁇ 3 was used as a transition body.
- P r! was _ x C a x) Mn O 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0. 5) such as can be obtained similar results when used in the transition body 3.
- X 1 B a X 2 2 O 6 (X 1 such as G d B a Mn 2 O 6 is, L a, P r, N d, Sm, E u, G d, T b, D y , H o, is at least one element selected from E r, Tm and Yb, X 2 is an oxide and that the Mn and / or represented by a C o), formula (V ⁇ XS y) O x (0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0. 5, 1. 5 ⁇ x ⁇ 2. 5, X 3 is, C r, Mn, at least selected from F e, C o and N i is one element) Similar results could be obtained when the oxide represented by is used. (Example 2)
- Example 2 Cr is 0.1 atom as transition body 3. /. ⁇ 1 ⁇ S r T i 0 3 was Dobingu in atomic percent range: with (C r S i T i 0 3), to prepare a heat Suitsuchi element 1 as shown in FIG 2.
- a S r R U_ ⁇ comprising three electrodes 2 a on the base 2 2
- electrodes 2 a on the C r forming a S i T i 0 3 transition body 3 made of, its top to form consists P t electrodes 2 b further.
- the transition method 3 and the electrode 2b were also formed by the sputtering method.
- the transition body 3 and the electrode 2a were formed under a heating atmosphere of about 450 to 700 ° C.
- the thicknesses of the electrode 2a, the transition body 3, and the electrode 2b were about 200 nm, about 300 nm, and about 2 ⁇ m, respectively.
- Electric energy is applied to the transition body 3 by applying a voltage between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b to the thermal switch element 1 thus manufactured, and the electrode 2a before and after the energy is applied is applied.
- the change in the thermal conductivity between the electrode 2b and the electrode 2b was examined.
- the measurement of the thermal conductivity was performed in the same manner as in Example 1.
- non-volatile heat switch element can be realized by selecting the material used for the transition body 3.
- the use of non-volatile thermal switch elements allows the construction of thermal devices with even lower power consumption.
- C r as the transition body Example 2: S r T i O 3 and has been used, other its, S r Z R_ ⁇ 3, (L a, S r ) T I_ ⁇ 3, Y (T i , V) 0 3, S r T i O 3 _ d (0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0. 1), use the (P r C a x) Mn O 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.
- Example 3 using a laminate of the S r T i ⁇ 3 and L a S r Mn 0 3 as the transition body 3, to prepare a thermal switch device 1 as shown in FIG 3.
- Nb SrTiOa was used for the substrate 22, and the following thin films were deposited on the substrate 22 by using a laser application method. Deposition is 450. During the heating at C to 700 ° C., the heating was performed in an oxygen atmosphere of 10 to 500 mmTorr. First, the substrate 2 2 on the place S r T i 0 3 (thickness 5 0 nm), further thereon by placing L a S r Mn 0 3 (thickness 1 0 'O nm) transition Body 3 Next, place the S r R u 0 3 (thickness 1 O nm) on the transition body 3.
- the current 1 was applied to the electrode 10 for the thermal switch element 1 thus produced.
- a magnetic field 12 was applied to the transition body 3 by flowing 1, and the change in thermal conductivity between the electrodes 2a and 2b before and after the application of magnetic energy was examined.
- Example 2 The measurement of the thermal conductivity was performed in the same manner as in Example 1. In addition, a current was applied to all the electrodes 10 in the same direction.
- X 4 is at least one element selected from S r, Ca and Ba.
- the formula X 1 B a X 2 2 0 6 (X 1 such as SmB aMn 2 O s is, L a, P r, N d, Sm, E u, G d, T b, D y, H o , Er, Tm, and Yb, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of an oxide represented by the formula (V n X Sy) O x (X 2 is Mn and / or Co). 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0. 5, 1. 5 ⁇ x ⁇ 2. 5, X 3 is shown C r, Mn, at F e, a least one element selected from C o and N i) Similar results were obtained when oxides were used.
- Example 4 a thermal switch element including the configuration shown in FIG. 14B was manufactured.
- MgO was used as a substrate, and the following thin films were laminated on the substrate using a laser ablation method.
- the lamination was performed while heating at 450 ° C. to 700 ° C. in an oxygen atmosphere of 10 mm Torr to 500 mm Torr.
- P t (240 nm thick) by using a S r R u 0 3 sputtering-ring method on. The temperature during sputtering was 400 ° C.
- fine machining a laminate of a S r R u O 3 and P t, to produce a heat Suitsuchi element to form the electrodes 2 a and the electrode 2 b.
- Light energy is applied to the transition body 3 by applying a pulsed laser beam (wavelength: 532 nm) from the substrate side to the thermal switch element fabricated in this manner, and the electrodes before and after the application of light energy are applied.
- the change in thermal conductivity between 2a and electrode 2b was investigated.
- the measurement of the thermal conductivity was performed in the same manner as in Example 1. As a result, when no light was incident on the transition body 3, the thermal conductivity between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b was extremely small, and was not able to be measured.
- Example 5 using L i T a 0 3 as a substrate to produce a heat Suitsuchi element including the configuration shown in FIG. 1 5, and a thin film described below by magnetron sputtering onto a substrate.
- First was the V 2 0 3 (thickness 5 0 nm) transition body 3 by forming a on a substrate.
- a film of Pt (50 nm thick) was formed on the transition body 3 at 400 ° C., and the electrodes 2a and 2b were formed by fine processing.
- an Ni—Cr alloy (thickness: 100 nm) is formed into a resistor 15 by using an electron beam evaporation method, and a Au (300 nm) film is further formed by forming an electrode 10 Was formed.
- the resistor 15 was heated by applying a current to the electrode 10 with respect to the thermal switch element thus manufactured, and the generated heat was applied to the transition body 3.
- the change in the thermal conductivity between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b before and after the application of the thermal energy was examined.
- the measurement of the thermal conductivity was performed in the same manner as in Example 1.
- V 2 0 3 As the transition body Embodiment 5, other, VO x (1. 5 ⁇ ⁇ 2. 5), N i (S, S e) 2, E uN i ⁇ 3, SmN i ⁇ 3, (Y, X 4) V0 3, S r T i O 3 _ d (0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0. 1), (P r x _ x C a x) Mn O a (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0 The same results were obtained when .5) was used for transferer 3. However, X 4 is at least one element selected from S r, C a fe and B a.
- X 1 B a X 2 2 O 6 (X 1 is La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eii, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and X 2 is at least one element selected from Y b, and X 2 is Mn and Z or Co), or an oxide represented by the formula (Vi— y X 3 y ) O x (0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0. 5, 1. 5 ⁇ x ⁇ 2. 5, X 3 is, C r, M n, F e, oxide represented by C o and at least selected from n i is one element) Similar results could be obtained when using.
- Example 6 the thermal switch element 1 as shown in FIG. 24 was manufactured.
- L i T a O 3 (thickness 0. 8 ⁇ m) which is one of piezoelectric materials as the displacement body 1 6
- a thin film shown below using a sputtering-ring method on the displacement body 1 6 .
- I went in.
- La V0 3 (thickness 100 nm) was placed on the displacement body 16 to obtain a transition body 3.
- a 1 (thickness l OOO nm) was arranged on the transition body 3 to form electrodes 2 a and 2 b.
- an electrode 10 was formed by disposing A 1 (thickness l nm) on the surface of the displacement body 16 opposite to the surface in contact with the transition body 3.
- the electrode 10 was formed into a comb shape as shown in FIG. 24 using a photolithographic technique.
- the interval between the comb-shaped electrodes 10 was 2 m.
- X 4 is at least one element selected from S r, C a and B a, and a formula such as S mB a Mn 2 O 6 , X 1 B a X 2 2 O 6 (X 1 is , L a, P r, N d, S m, E u, G d, T b, D y, H o, is at least one element selected from E r, T m and Y b, X 2 Is an oxide of the formula (V — y X 3 y ) O x (0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5, 1.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.5, X 3 Is , Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni are at least one element), the same result could be obtained.
- Example 6 L i T a 0 3 a force S which was used as the displacement body 1 6, other, L i N B_ ⁇ 3 and (B a, S r) T i ⁇ 3, P b (Z r , it was possible to obtain T i) 0 3 similar results when using such.
- Example 7 the thermal switch element 1 including the insulator 4 as shown in FIG. 2 was manufactured.
- the first consisting of S r T i 0 3 on a substrate to form a S r R u 0 3 (thickness 2 0 0 eta m) the placed electrode 2 a.
- S r T i ⁇ 3 on the electrode 2 a doped in the range of C r a 0.1 atomic% to 1 0 atom 0/0 (C r: S r T i 0 3, thickness 3 00 nm ) was arranged to form transition body 3.
- the laser ablation method substrate temperature in the range of 450 ° C to 700 ° C was used to form the electrode 2a and the transition body 3.
- porous silica layer (thickness: about 0.1 ⁇ ) was disposed on the transition body 3 by using the above-described sol-gel method to obtain an insulator 4.
- a specific method for producing the porous silica layer will be described.
- a solution containing a silica raw material a solution was prepared by mixing tetramethoxysilane, ethanol, and an aqueous ammonia solution (0.1 N) at a molar ratio of 1: 3: 4 .
- diamond particles having an average particle diameter of about 10 ⁇ m were dispersed as an electron emitting material.
- spin-coating was performed on transition body 3 so as to have a thickness of about 0.1 / m. Thereafter, the coated silica sol was polymerized and gelled by drying.
- the swollen gel prepared as described above was washed with ethanol, the solvent was replaced, and then supercritical drying using carbon dioxide was performed to prepare a porous silica layer.
- the supercritical drying was performed under the conditions of a pressure of 12 MPa and a temperature of 50 ° C., and after elapse of 4 hours, the pressure was gradually released to atmospheric pressure, and then the temperature was lowered to room temperature.
- the dried sample was subjected to an annealing treatment at 400 ° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere to remove the adsorbed substances on the porous silica layer.
- the porosity of the produced porous silica layer was about 92% when evaluated using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET method). In addition, when the average pore diameter of the porous silicon layer was estimated by the same method, it was about 20 nm.
- BET method Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method
- the laminate of the electrode 2a, the transition body 3 and the insulator 4 thus produced was subjected to an annealing treatment at 400 ° C. in a hydrogen atmosphere.
- an annealing treatment the surface of the diamond particles contained in the porous silica layer is hydrogenated, and the diamond particles can be more activated as an electron emitting material.
- Pt thickness: 200 nm
- Electric energy is applied to the transition body 3 by applying a voltage between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b to the thermal switch element 1 thus manufactured, and the electrode 2a before and after the energy is applied is applied.
- the change in the thermal conductivity between the electrode 2b and the electrode 2b was examined.
- the measurement of the thermal conductivity was performed in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 7 a thermal switch element 1 including the insulator 4 and the electrode 8 as shown in FIG. 4 was manufactured, and the same evaluation was performed.
- the first consisting of S r T i ⁇ 3 on the substrate to form a S r R U_ ⁇ 3 (thickness 2 0 0 eta m) the placed electrode 2 a.
- Cr is 0.1 atom 0 /.
- a transition body 3 was formed by arranging S r T i ⁇ 3 (C r: S r T i O 3 , thickness 300 nm) doped in a range of 110 at%. Then, on the transition body 3 (S r, C a, B a) C0 3 ( thickness 5 0 nm) arranged electrodes 8 formed, further porous silica layer thereon (thickness 0.
- the electrode 2a, the transition body 3 and the electrode 8 were formed by a laser application method (substrate temperature in the range of 450 ° C to 700 ° C). Finally, using a sputtering method, Pt (thickness: 20000 nm) was arranged on the insulator 4 to form an electrode 2b, and a thermal switch element 1 as shown in FIG. 4 was produced.
- Electric energy is applied to the transition body 3 by applying a voltage between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b to the thermal switch element 1 thus manufactured, and the electrode 2a before and after the energy is applied is applied. Heat transfer between electrode 2 b The change in conductivity was investigated. The measurement of the thermal conductivity was performed in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the electrode 2a was brought into contact with Au kept at 30 ° C, and the temperature change of the electrode 2a was measured. A decrease phenomenon was observed, and the function as a heat switch element and a cooling element via the insulator 4 was confirmed.
- Example 7 the porous silica layer having a thickness of about 0.1 ⁇ m was formed as the insulator 4.
- the thickness of the insulator 4 was 0.05 ⁇ m to: L of about 0 ⁇ m. Similar results were obtained in the range.
- the thickness of the insulator 4 is not limited to the above range because the optimum thickness of the insulator 4 is considered to vary depending on the structure of the element, the material used, and the like.
- Example 7 (Sr, C a, B a) CO 3 was used as the electrode 8, but (S r, C a, B a) 10, C s _0, C s — S b , C s —T e, C s —F, R b —0, R b —C s —0, Ag, and one C s —O, etc., were able to obtain similar results.
- Example 8 using the C a 3 C o 4 0 9 as the transition body 3, to prepare a heat Suitsuchi element 1 as shown in FIG 2.
- a sapphire (A 1 2 0 3) as the substrate 2 2, sputtering To form a N a C o 2 0 6 made of the electrode 2 a on the substrate 2 2 using a ring method.
- a transition body 3 consisting of C a 3 C o 4 0 9 on the electrode 2 a, to form a N a C o of two 0 6 electrodes 2 b further thereon.
- the sputtering method was also used to form the transition body 3 and the electrode 2b.
- the transition body 3 and the electrode 2a were formed under a heating atmosphere of about 450 ° C. to 850 ° C.
- the thicknesses of the electrode 2a, the transition body 3, and the electrode 2b were about 200 nm, about 300 nm, and about 2 ⁇ m, respectively.
- Electric energy is applied to the transition body 3 by applying a voltage between the electrode 2a and the electrode 2b to the thermal switch element 1 thus manufactured, and the electrode 2a before and after the energy is applied is applied.
- the change in the thermal conductivity between the electrode 2b and the electrode 2b was examined.
- the measurement of the thermal conductivity was performed in the same manner as in Example 1.
- non-volatile heat switch element can be realized by selecting a material used for the transition body 3.
- the use of non-volatile thermal switching elements allows the construction of thermal devices with even lower power consumption.
- thermo switch element having a configuration completely different from that of the related art, capable of controlling heat transport by applying energy, and a method of manufacturing the same.
- the heat switch element of the present invention can be used in a heat dissipating part of a semiconductor chip such as a CPU used for an information terminal, a heat transfer part such as a refrigerator-freezer or an air conditioner, which is a typical heat engine, and a heat wiring part.
- a heat dissipating part of a semiconductor chip such as a CPU used for an information terminal
- a heat transfer part such as a refrigerator-freezer or an air conditioner, which is a typical heat engine
- a heat wiring part a heat wiring part.
- Any part can be used without particular limitation as long as it is a part that transports heat, such as a heat flow control part. In this case, it can be used not only for the part that needs to control heat transport but also for the part that does not need to control heat and that simply transports heat.
Landscapes
- Semiconductor Memories (AREA)
- Thermally Actuated Switches (AREA)
- Electrodes Of Semiconductors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2005504751A JP3701302B2 (ja) | 2003-01-30 | 2004-01-29 | 熱スイッチ素子およびその製造方法 |
US10/865,130 US20040232893A1 (en) | 2003-01-30 | 2004-06-10 | Thermal switching element and method for manufacturing the same |
US11/605,064 US20070069192A1 (en) | 2003-01-30 | 2006-11-28 | Thermal switching element and method for manufacturing the same |
US12/157,954 US20080258690A1 (en) | 2003-01-30 | 2008-06-13 | Thermal switching element and method for manufacturing the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2003-021841 | 2003-01-30 | ||
JP2003021841 | 2003-01-30 | ||
JP2003324404 | 2003-09-17 | ||
JP2003-324404 | 2003-09-17 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/865,130 Continuation US20040232893A1 (en) | 2003-01-30 | 2004-06-10 | Thermal switching element and method for manufacturing the same |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004068604A1 true WO2004068604A1 (ja) | 2004-08-12 |
Family
ID=32828909
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2004/000845 WO2004068604A1 (ja) | 2003-01-30 | 2004-01-29 | 熱スイッチ素子およびその製造方法 |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US20040232893A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3701302B2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2004068604A1 (ja) |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006028117A1 (ja) * | 2004-09-09 | 2006-03-16 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | 抵抗変化素子とその製造方法 |
JP2009117430A (ja) * | 2007-11-02 | 2009-05-28 | Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc | 熱電素子 |
JP2013108663A (ja) * | 2011-11-18 | 2013-06-06 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 磁気冷暖房装置 |
JP2013108664A (ja) * | 2011-11-18 | 2013-06-06 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 熱輸送器およびそれを用いた磁気冷暖房装置 |
WO2015030238A1 (ja) | 2013-09-02 | 2015-03-05 | 日本碍子株式会社 | セラミックス材料、および熱スイッチ |
JP2016216688A (ja) * | 2015-05-26 | 2016-12-22 | 国立大学法人名古屋大学 | 熱伝導率可変デバイス |
JP2017219213A (ja) * | 2016-06-03 | 2017-12-14 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 冷凍装置 |
WO2021166950A1 (ja) * | 2020-02-21 | 2021-08-26 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | 熱流スイッチング素子 |
WO2023162627A1 (ja) * | 2022-02-24 | 2023-08-31 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | 熱流スイッチング素子 |
US11944693B2 (en) | 2010-07-02 | 2024-04-02 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Method for delivering an active agent |
Families Citing this family (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6956716B2 (en) * | 2003-07-30 | 2005-10-18 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands, B.V. | Magnetic head having multilayer heater for thermally assisted write head and method of fabrication thereof |
KR100657911B1 (ko) * | 2004-11-10 | 2006-12-14 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 한 개의 저항체와 한 개의 다이오드를 지닌 비휘발성메모리 소자 |
US20070039641A1 (en) * | 2005-08-19 | 2007-02-22 | Yufeng Hu | Cobalt oxide thermoelectric compositions and uses thereof |
US8331057B2 (en) * | 2005-10-03 | 2012-12-11 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Electromagnetic field detecting element utilizing ballistic current paths |
KR100687760B1 (ko) * | 2005-10-19 | 2007-02-27 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 급격한 금속-절연체 전이를 하는 절연체 및 그 제조방법,이를 이용한 소자 |
JP4950490B2 (ja) * | 2005-12-28 | 2012-06-13 | 株式会社東芝 | 不揮発性スイッチング素子およびその製造方法ならびに不揮発性スイッチング素子を有する集積回路 |
US7615771B2 (en) * | 2006-04-27 | 2009-11-10 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands, B.V. | Memory array having memory cells formed from metallic material |
WO2008109564A1 (en) * | 2007-03-02 | 2008-09-12 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Complex oxides useful for thermoelectric energy conversion |
TW200839956A (en) * | 2007-03-30 | 2008-10-01 | Toshiba Kk | Information recording/reproducing apparatus |
DE102009004966A1 (de) | 2008-01-15 | 2009-07-23 | Mol Katalysatortechnik Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Solarzelle sowie Solarzelle |
US20090289736A1 (en) * | 2008-05-23 | 2009-11-26 | Seagate Technology Llc | Magnetic switches for spinwave transmission |
WO2009151000A1 (ja) * | 2008-06-12 | 2009-12-17 | 学校法人 慶應義塾 | 熱電変換素子 |
KR101109667B1 (ko) * | 2008-12-22 | 2012-01-31 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 방열 성능이 향상된 전력 소자 패키지 |
US20120145988A1 (en) * | 2009-01-29 | 2012-06-14 | Quitoriano Nathaniel J | Nanoscale Apparatus and Sensor With Nanoshell and Method of Making Same |
CN102084510B (zh) * | 2009-02-20 | 2014-04-16 | 松下电器产业株式会社 | 辐射检测器和辐射检测方法 |
JP5445689B2 (ja) | 2010-10-27 | 2014-03-19 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 半導体セラミックおよび抵抗素子 |
US11470693B1 (en) * | 2013-03-13 | 2022-10-11 | Government Of The United States As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Apparatus and method to control electromagnetic heating of ceramic materials |
US20160102235A1 (en) * | 2013-11-22 | 2016-04-14 | Sandia Corporation | Phase-Transition-Based Thermal Conductivity in Anti-Ferroelectric Materials |
US9255347B2 (en) * | 2013-11-22 | 2016-02-09 | Sandia Corporation | Voltage tunability of thermal conductivity in ferroelectric materials |
US9502647B2 (en) * | 2014-05-28 | 2016-11-22 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited | Resistive random-access memory (RRAM) with a low-K porous layer |
US9699883B2 (en) | 2015-01-08 | 2017-07-04 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Thermal switches for active heat flux alteration |
US10991867B2 (en) | 2016-05-24 | 2021-04-27 | University Of Utah Research Foundation | High-performance terbium-based thermoelectric materials |
TWI612538B (zh) * | 2016-08-03 | 2018-01-21 | 國立屏東科技大學 | 薄膜電阻合金 |
US10216013B2 (en) * | 2017-03-07 | 2019-02-26 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Vanadium dioxide-based optical and radiofrequency switches |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH03122464A (ja) * | 1989-10-06 | 1991-05-24 | Natl Res Inst For Metals | 磁気冷凍機 |
JPH09145195A (ja) * | 1995-11-20 | 1997-06-06 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 磁気冷凍機 |
JPH09196503A (ja) * | 1996-01-22 | 1997-07-31 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 磁気冷凍装置 |
US5966941A (en) * | 1997-12-10 | 1999-10-19 | International Business Machines Corporation | Thermoelectric cooling with dynamic switching to isolate heat transport mechanisms |
JP2000205695A (ja) * | 1999-01-12 | 2000-07-28 | Harunori Kishi | 熱エネルギ―回収装置 |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5278636A (en) * | 1989-09-29 | 1994-01-11 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Non-volatile, solid state bistable electrical switch |
US5978207A (en) * | 1996-10-30 | 1999-11-02 | The Research Foundation Of The State University Of New York | Thin film capacitor |
US6004830A (en) * | 1998-02-09 | 1999-12-21 | Advanced Vision Technologies, Inc. | Fabrication process for confined electron field emission device |
IL143649A0 (en) * | 1999-02-17 | 2002-04-21 | Ibm | Microelectronic device for storing information and method thereof |
US6680830B2 (en) * | 2001-05-31 | 2004-01-20 | International Business Machines Corporation | Tunnel valve sensor and flux guide with improved flux transfer therebetween |
DE10142634A1 (de) * | 2001-08-31 | 2003-03-20 | Basf Ag | Thermoelektrisch aktive Materialien und diese enthaltende Generatoren und Peltier-Anordnungen |
US7067862B2 (en) * | 2002-08-02 | 2006-06-27 | Unity Semiconductor Corporation | Conductive memory device with conductive oxide electrodes |
-
2004
- 2004-01-29 JP JP2005504751A patent/JP3701302B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-01-29 WO PCT/JP2004/000845 patent/WO2004068604A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2004-06-10 US US10/865,130 patent/US20040232893A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2006
- 2006-11-28 US US11/605,064 patent/US20070069192A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2008
- 2008-06-13 US US12/157,954 patent/US20080258690A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH03122464A (ja) * | 1989-10-06 | 1991-05-24 | Natl Res Inst For Metals | 磁気冷凍機 |
JPH09145195A (ja) * | 1995-11-20 | 1997-06-06 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 磁気冷凍機 |
JPH09196503A (ja) * | 1996-01-22 | 1997-07-31 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 磁気冷凍装置 |
US5966941A (en) * | 1997-12-10 | 1999-10-19 | International Business Machines Corporation | Thermoelectric cooling with dynamic switching to isolate heat transport mechanisms |
JP2000205695A (ja) * | 1999-01-12 | 2000-07-28 | Harunori Kishi | 熱エネルギ―回収装置 |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7446391B2 (en) | 2004-09-09 | 2008-11-04 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Electro-resistance element and method of manufacturing the same |
WO2006028117A1 (ja) * | 2004-09-09 | 2006-03-16 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | 抵抗変化素子とその製造方法 |
JP2009117430A (ja) * | 2007-11-02 | 2009-05-28 | Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc | 熱電素子 |
US11944693B2 (en) | 2010-07-02 | 2024-04-02 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Method for delivering an active agent |
JP2013108663A (ja) * | 2011-11-18 | 2013-06-06 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 磁気冷暖房装置 |
JP2013108664A (ja) * | 2011-11-18 | 2013-06-06 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 熱輸送器およびそれを用いた磁気冷暖房装置 |
WO2015030238A1 (ja) | 2013-09-02 | 2015-03-05 | 日本碍子株式会社 | セラミックス材料、および熱スイッチ |
JPWO2015030238A1 (ja) * | 2013-09-02 | 2017-03-02 | 日本碍子株式会社 | セラミックス材料、および熱スイッチ |
US9656920B2 (en) | 2013-09-02 | 2017-05-23 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Ceramic material and thermal switch |
JP2016216688A (ja) * | 2015-05-26 | 2016-12-22 | 国立大学法人名古屋大学 | 熱伝導率可変デバイス |
JP2017219213A (ja) * | 2016-06-03 | 2017-12-14 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 冷凍装置 |
WO2021166950A1 (ja) * | 2020-02-21 | 2021-08-26 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | 熱流スイッチング素子 |
WO2023162627A1 (ja) * | 2022-02-24 | 2023-08-31 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | 熱流スイッチング素子 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP3701302B2 (ja) | 2005-09-28 |
US20070069192A1 (en) | 2007-03-29 |
JPWO2004068604A1 (ja) | 2006-05-25 |
US20080258690A1 (en) | 2008-10-23 |
US20040232893A1 (en) | 2004-11-25 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
WO2004068604A1 (ja) | 熱スイッチ素子およびその製造方法 | |
KR101993382B1 (ko) | 기판상의 그래핀 및 상기 기판상 그래핀의 제조방법 | |
WO2007020775A1 (ja) | 熱電変換デバイス、並びにそれを用いた冷却方法および発電方法 | |
US20120161106A1 (en) | Photodetector using a graphene thin film and nanoparticles, and method for producing the same | |
US10636654B2 (en) | Wafer-scale synthesis of large-area black phosphorus material heterostructures | |
JP3874365B2 (ja) | 熱電変換デバイス、およびこれを用いた冷却方法および発電方法 | |
WO2004010508A1 (ja) | 不揮発性半導体記憶素子および製造方法 | |
KR102138527B1 (ko) | 상분리를 이용한 열전소재, 상기 열전소재를 이용한 열전소자 및 그 제조방법 | |
Cao et al. | Towards high refrigeration capability: The controllable structure of hierarchical Bi 0.5 Sb 1.5 Te 3 flakes on a metal electrode | |
CN106784279A (zh) | 一种高性能掺杂钛酸锶氧化物热电薄膜的制备方法 | |
Nguyen et al. | High-performance energy storage and breakdown strength of low-temperature laser-deposited relaxor PLZT thin films on flexible Ti-foils | |
Liang et al. | Preparation of two-dimensional [Bi2O2]-based layered materials: Progress and prospects | |
Parveen et al. | Room temperature variation in dielectric and electrical properties of Mn doped SnO2 nanoparticles | |
US20120205237A1 (en) | Method for forming gapless semiconductor thin film | |
Dhananjay et al. | Dielectric properties of c-axis oriented Zn1− xMgxO thin films grown by multimagnetron sputtering | |
CN100477312C (zh) | 热开关元件及其制造方法 | |
Mir et al. | The ultralow thermal conductivity and tunable thermoelectric properties of surfactant-free SnSe nanocrystals | |
JP5214068B1 (ja) | 膜構造体とその製造方法 | |
Vats et al. | Magnetocaloric effect and piezoresponse of engineered ferroelectric-ferromagnetic heterostructures | |
JP2012033910A (ja) | 多孔性絶縁体及び電界効果トランジスタ | |
JP2007246374A (ja) | 強磁性酸化物半導体薄膜及びその製造方法並びにこれを用いたスピントンネル磁気抵抗素子 | |
Wasa | Thin films as material engineering | |
Zhang et al. | Multiferroic properties of Bi0. 8La0. 2FeO3/CoFe2O4 multilayer thin films | |
Alvarez-Quintana | Solid state thermal rectification by chemical pressure tuning of magnetic properties in perovskites | |
Bäuerle et al. | Thin-film formation by pulsed-laser deposition and laser-induced evaporation |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 10865130 Country of ref document: US |
|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BW BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE EG ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NA NI NO NZ OM PG PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL SY TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): BW GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2005504751 Country of ref document: JP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 20048033512 Country of ref document: CN |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |